ESCUELA ANGLO AMERICANA

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Charles Darwin

CLASS: BIOLOGY

PROFESSOR: MR. DAVID CASTRO

PUPIL: ANDRÉS AGUILERA RISSO

COURSE: 11TH

DATE: DECEMBER 18TH 2009

MMIX
 BIOLOGY

1. Niches and relationships in the community

27.6 Two species cannot occupy the same niche – or can they?

The general principie that two or more species cannot continue to

occupy the same niche indefinitely. Finally this is formulated as the
competitive principle: completely competing species cannot coexist.
In others wods, potentially competing species can only coexist
through niche differentiation: evolution of one or more species so
their realizad niches don’t overlap strongly and they are using
different resources. Although the species are very similar and
apparently eat the same food, they divide the . by hunting in
different parts of the tree canopy. Two species can also share
resources through temporal division.

27.7 Niche differentiation is commonly determined by subtle

chemical factors

The important factors are often subtle and chemical. Subtle, specific
factors keep the niches of the four fruit flies separate from one
another. Notice that casual observations of the flies and cacti would
never have revealed any of this; only carefully chemical analysis
could show what is going on here.

C. Chemical interactions in the community

27.8 The members of a community are in perpetual “arms races”

with one another.

Each species acquiring adaptations that allow it to gain an upper

hand, or at least to mantain itself. All species are in arms race with
one another , a race that no one ever wins for long. Adaptations
may be morphological, behavioral, or biochemical. Morphological
feautures- the elements of the organism’s form- are the most
obvious. Behavioral adaptations include stereotyped behavior
patterns and a repertoire of rapid, automatic responses to certain
stimuli.
27.9 Many organisms use allomones in chemical warfare against
other species.

Many species make substances called allomones whose sole

functions are to hurt, inhibit, or repel other species. Some
allomones, such as the venoms of wasps and bees, are used for
defense or to subdrey prey. Conifers and certain other plants have
evolved a sneaky and very effective allomone defense by producing
phytoecdysones, which mimic ecdysones, the hormones that
regulate insects metamorphosis.

27.10 Some organisms create intolerate conditions for others.

Plants that have evolved a tolerante to juglone can grow in the zone
around the tree, but the walnut still regulates the plant community
in its vicinity. They invade the region to become dominant members
of a second stage of the succession. Being tolerant of these
conditions and of the materials they make, continue to dominate
and inhibit the invasión of the region by other species.

27.11 Many species react to kairomones produced by other species.

Kairomone; a substance that gives a selective advantage to a

species that receives it, in contrast to an allomone, which gives a
selective advantage to the species taht produces it. If a predator,
for instante, locates its prey by means of chemicals that they prey
species produces for other functions, those chemicals are
kairomones. The detections of kairomones produced by the worms.

D. Predation, symbiosis, and camouflage.

27.12 Predation is an essential activity in every community.

At each trophic level, the animals that eat are the predators, and
those that are eaten are the prey, even if the predator is an
herbivore and its prey its vegetation. Hawks, owls, wolves, and
wildcats are the victims of old prejudices about predation.
Predators can operate as density-dependent factors by limiting prey
populations. A predator’s effect on its prey is a controversial matter,
and the relationship varies considerably. In some situations,
predators clearly do not hurt their prey populations and may even
keep a prey population healthier than it would be otherwise.
27.13 Predator and prey populations may change in cycles.

Predation is a critical factor in keeping a population below the limits

set by availability of food or other resources. The sizes of predators
and prey populations to be closely correlated : the more predators,
the fewer prey; the few predators; and so on.

27.14 Many organisms engage in symbiotic relationships.

A whole series of intimate associations between species , broadly
know as symbiosis, is common in communities. A symbiotic
relationship can be categorized into one of four types: phoresis-
grades into commensalism-grades into parasitismo-grades into
mutualismo . A cleaning symbiosis: is a novel relationship in which
one species gets some of its food by cleaning another.

27.15 Many animals are camouflaged by their forms and colors.

Predation has been a major factor in shaping the evolution of

organisms’ characteristics. One obvious protective mechanism is to
become invisible, or as closet o invisible as possible.

27.16 Some animals are protected by warning coloration.

Some brightly colored animals seem to flaunt themselves in front of

prospective predators, as though daring the predators to eat them.
In some species, the bright colors have been selected for their role
in communication within th species – to attract sex perhaps. Brightly
colored insects may be coveying the same message, and in most
cases they can afford to do so only because theya are distasteful
and because their predators can learn to avoid them . Aposematic
coloration becomes more effective through Mullerian mimicry- as
phenomenon in which a number of species evolve a common color
pattern that warns predators of the treta they pose.
27.17 Mimics may survive by imitating warning coloration.

In contrast to Mullerian mimicry, Batesian mimicry occurs when a

harmless or palatable species called a mimic survives through a
kind of false advertising by evolving to resemble a dangerous or
distasteful model. The mimic and model species are engaded in a
contest.

Key Terms
1. Plant Association: certain groups of plants that live together,
as well as characteristics groups of associated animals.

2. Keystone species: whose role is so central that removing it

would drastically upset the community.

3. Fundamental niche: the volume a species could occupy in the

absence of any competitors.

4. Realized niche: in reality it may be forced by competition to

occupy a more limited volume.

5. Competitive exclusion principle: completely competing

species cannot coexist.

6. Niche differentiation: evolution of one or more species so their

realized niches don’t overlap strongly and they are using
different resources.

7. Allelochemic: a large and ecologically important class.

 8. Allelopathy is a biological phenomenon that is characteristic
of some plants, algae, bacteria, coral and fungi by which they
produce certain biochemicals that influence the growth and
development of other organisms.

9. Allomone: is any chemical produced and released by an

individual of one species that affects the behaviour of a
member of another species to the benefit of the originator.
Production of allomones is a common form of defence,
particularly by plant species against insect herbivores.

10. Phytoecdysone: the hormones that regulate insects

metamorphosis.

11. Antibiotic: is a substance or compound that kills, or inhibits

the growth of, bacteria.

12. Kairomone: A kairomone is a chemical substance produced

and released by a living organism that benefits the receiver
and disadvantages the donor.

13. Symbiosis: commonly describes close and often long-term

interactions between different biological species.

14. Phoresis: end of the spectrum.

15. Commensalism: is a class of relationship between two

organisms where one organism benefits but the other is
unaffected.

16. Parasitism: is a type of symbiotic relationship between

organisms of different species where one organism, the
parasite, benefits at the expense of the host

17. Ectoparasite: A parasite that affects the external

surfaces (including external surfaces of the gills) of an
organismo

18. endoparasite |ˌendōˈparəˌsīt|

noun Biology
a parasite, such as a tapeworm, that lives inside its host. Compare
with ectoparasite .

19. infection |inˈfek sh ən|:

the process of infecting or the state of being infected : strict
hygiene will limit the risk of infection.
• an infectious disease : a chest infection.
• Computing the presence of a virus in, or its introduction into, a
computer system.
ORIGIN late Middle English : from late Latin infectio(n-), from Latin
inficere ‘dip in, taint.

20. Brood parasites: Are organisms that use the strategy of brood-
parasitism, a kind of kleptoparasitism found among birds, fish or
insects, involving .

21.Mutualism: Biology symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms

involved.

22. Cryptic Coloration: coloring that conceals or disguises an

animal's shape.

23. Disruptive Coloration: Colors and patterns which disrupt body

shape and outline. Camouflage.

24. A posematic coloration :conspicuous coloration or markings of

an animal serving to warn off predators; "a skunk's aposematic
coloration"

25. Müllerian mimicry: (ü pronounced , appr. yu) is a natural

phenomenon when two or more harmful species, that are not
closely related and share one or more common predators, have
come to mimic each other's warning signals
26. Batesian mimicry is a form of mimicry typified by a situation
where a harmless species has evolved to imitate the warning signals
of a harmful species directed at a common predator. It is named
after the English naturalist Henry Walter Bates, after his work in the
rainforests of Brazil.

27. Mimic: To assume a resemblance to (some other organism of a

totally different nature, or some surrounding object), as a means of
protection or advantage.

28. Model: 1. A representation of something, often idealised or

modified to make it conceptually easier to understand.
2. Something to be imitated.

29. Cleaning Symbiosis: Is a novel relationship in which one species

gets some of its food by Cleaning another.

30. Search Images: Are patterns that focus on hunting and looping
for again and again for their prey.