Chapter 13 Section 1

 Describe chemical bonding

 Identify the number of valence electrons in an

atom

 Predict whether an atom is likely to form

bonds
1. C6H12O6
2. C2H5OH
3. C6H8O6
4. C6H8O7

 First, identify the elements in each…

 Then, predict if compounds are similar to

each other and why…
1. Glucose, a sugar
2. Ethyl alcohol
3. Vitamin C
4. Citric acid
 Chemical bonding: the joining of atoms to
form new substances

 The properties of these new substances are

different than the original elements

 Chemical bond: the interaction that holds 2

atoms together – electrons are either shared,
gained, or lost
 The atomic number determines the number of
electrons in an atom
 Atomic number = the # of protons and the # of
electrons in an atom
 Electrons are organized into energy levels
 Electrons carry a negative charge; atoms are
neutral
http://retr0bright.wikispaces.com/file/view/Chlorine.png/57502744/Chlorine.png
 This rule applies for elements 1-18 on the
periodic table

 The 1st energy level can hold 2 electrons

 The 2nd energy level can hold up to 8 electrons
 The 3rd energy level can hold up to 8 electrons
 Only the electrons in the outmost shell are
available for bonding

 These are called: valence electrons

  Chlorine

 Atomic number: 17
 Atomic mass: 35
 Protons/Electrons: 17
 Neutrons: 18

 How many valence electrons?

http://isbchem1.pbworks.com/f/chlorine.gif
 Group 1: one valence electron
 Group 2: two valence electrons
 Groups 3-12: no rule for valence electrons
 Groups 13-18: 10 fewer valence electrons than
their group # (except Helium - has 2)

electron

neutron

proton
 Valence electrons determine bonding

 Group 18 (Noble gases) do not usually form

bonds

 Noble gases have 8 valence electrons

  Atoms bond by
gaining, losing, or
sharing electrons

 Chlorine wants to
gain an electron

 Sodium wants to
lose an electron

http://www.classhelp.info/Biology/BondingIonic.jpg
 Use the 2-8-8 rule for elements atomic # 1-18
to determine the capacity of the outermost
energy level

 Helium (He) – the outermost shell (first energy

level contains 2 electrons – it is full!!
 What is the joining of atoms to form new
substances called?

 Why do some atoms rarely bond?

 Holt Science and Technology: Physical
Science. New York: Henry Holt & Co, 2007.
Print.