ATOMIC COMPOSISTION

The Building Blocks of Matter:

Atoms

- -

++ +
- + + + -
+ +
-

- -

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Matter
• Anything that has mass and takes up
space (volume)
– Examples:
• A brick has mass and takes up space
• A desk has mass and takes up space
• A pencil has mass and takes up space
• Air has mass and takes up space

All of the above examples are considered matter because

they have mass and take up space. Can you think of anything
that would not be considered matter?

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Atoms
• Smallest possible unit
into which matter can
be divided, while still
- maintaining its
properties.
• Made up of:
- + For example, what is the
– protons
+ + -
– into
+
smallest possible unit
neutrons
which a long essay can be

+ divided and still have some meaning?

– electrons -
• The solar system is
- commonly used as an
analogy to describe the
structure of an atom

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Protons (+)
• Positively charged - -
particles -
• Help make up the -
++ +
+ + + -
nucleus of the atom + +
• Help identify the atom -
(could be considered an - -
atom’s DNA)
• Equal to the atomic
number of the atom
• Contribute to the
atomic mass
• Equal to the number of +
electrons

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Neutrons
- -
-
• Neutral particles;
++ +
- + + + - have no electric
+ + charge
-
- - • Help make up the
nucleus of the
atom
• Contribute to the
atomic mass

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Electrons (-)
• Negatively charged particles - -
• Found outside the nucleus of -
the atom, in the electron
orbits/levels; each orbit/level ++ +
- + + + -
can hold a maximum number + +
of electrons ( 1st = 2, 2nd = 8, 3rd =
8 or 18, etc…) -
• Move so rapidly around the - -
nucleus that they create an
electron cloud
• Mass is insignificant when
compared to protons and
neutrons
• Equal to the number of
-
protons
• Involved in the formation of
chemical bonds

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Hydrogen (H) Atom

• Notice the one electron in the first orbital

+ =1
- How many
=0 more
electrons
can fit in
- =1
+ the 1st
orbital/
level?

Even though there are no neutrons present,

Hydrogen is still considered an atom
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 ATOMIC COMPOSISTION

Oxygen (O) Atom

• Notice the two electrons in the first orbital/level
and the six in the second

+ =8
- - How many
=8 more
- electrons
can fit in
- =8
++ + the 2nd
+ + + orbital/
- - level?
+ +
-

- -

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Sodium (Na) Atom

• Notice the two electrons in the first orbital/level,
eight in the second, and one in the third

+ = 11 -
- - How many
= 12 more
- electrons
can fit in
- = 11
++ + the 3rd
- + + + - - orbital/
level?
+ +
-
- -
-
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The Atom’s “Center”

• Protons and neutrons are grouped together to

form the “center” or nucleus of an atom.
Notice that the electrons are not apart of the nucleus

-
-
+
+ +
-

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QUARKS
• Particles that make up protons and neutrons

Notice the Notice the

smaller smaller
particles particles
that make that make
up this
neutron
after you
+ up this
proton
after you
take a take a
closer look. closer look.

What do you notice about the number

of quarks in the neutron and proton?
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Sub-Atomic Particles
Weight Comparison
(protons, neutrons, electrons)

Neutron = 1.6749286 x10-27 kg

Proton = 1.6726231 x10-27 kg
Electron = 9.1093897 x10-31 kg

- -
- -
- - -
- - - - -
- - - - - - -
- -
- - -
- - - - -
- - - - - - -
+
1839 electrons = 1 neutron 1836 electrons = 1 proton

How do you think the mass of a neutron

compares to that of a proton?
+
1 neutron ≈ 1 proton
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Sub-atomic Particles
Size Comparison
(protons, neutrons, electrons, & quarks)

Size in Size in - -
atoms meters
(m) -
Atom 1 10-10
++ +
Nucleus __1__ 10-14 + + +
10,000 - -
Proton or ___1___ 10-15 + +
100,000
Neutron

Electron _____1____ 10-18 -

100,000,000
or Quark (at largest)

- -

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Atomic Number
• The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

-
What would
be the atomic
number of this
+ -
atom?
- ++

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Mass Number
• The total number of protons and neutrons in an atom’s nucleus
• Expressed in Atomic Mass Units (amu)
– Each proton or neutron has a mass of 1 amu

What would be the mass

number of this atom? -

+  3
 4
+ -
3 protons + 4 neutrons =
a mass number of 7 amu ++
Why did we not account for the -
electrons when calculating the
mass number?

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Building Atoms
Using the whiteboard and the proton, neutron,
and electron pieces, build the following atoms,
and determine their atomic and mass numbers.

Atoms Protons Neutrons Electrons

Carbon 6 6 6
Beryllium 4 5 4
Oxygen 8 8 8
Lithium 3 4 3
Sodium 11 12 11
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FORCES IN THE ATOM

• Gravitational Force
• Electromagnetic Force
• Strong Force
• Weak Force

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 ATOMIC COMPOSISTION

Gravitational Force
• The force of
attraction of
objects due to
their masses
• The amount of
gravity between
objects depends on
their masses and
the distance
between them

Do you think this force plays a significant

role in holding the atom together?

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Electromagnetic Force
• The force that + +
results from the
repulsion of like - +
charges and the
attraction of - -
opposites
Notice how the
• The force that holds particles with the same
the electrons around charge move apart and
the particles with
the nucleus different charges
move together.

Why are neutrons not

pictured above?

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Strong Force
• The force that Notice how the electromagnetic
force causes the protons to repel
holds the atomic each other but, the strong force
holds them together.
nucleus together
• The force that
counteracts the +
electromagnetic + +
force +

If you need help

remembering
strong force, Would an atom have a
just think of… nucleus if the strong
force did not exist?

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Weak Force
• This force plays a key Notice how the original
role in the possible particle changes to something
change of sub-atomic new.
particles.
– For example, a neutron
can change into a n
proton(+) and an +-
electron(-)
• The force responsible
for radioactive decay.
– Radioactive decay 
process in which the
nucleus of a
radioactive (unstable) If you need help
atom releases nuclear remembering
radiation. weak force, just
think of…

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Isotopes
• Atoms that have the same number of protons,
but have different numbers of neutrons
• Examples Notice that each of these atoms have one proton;
therefore they are all types of hydrogen. They
just have a different mass number (# of neutrons).

-
+ + +

-
Hydrogen (Protium) Hydrogen (Deuterium) Hydrogen (Tritium)

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Atomic Mass
• The weighted average of the masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes
of an element
• The average considers the percent abundance of each isotope in nature
• Found on the periodic table of elements
• Example
What would be the atomic mass (≈) of Hydrogen if these three isotopes
were found in the following percentages (99.9, 0.015, 0) respectively?

+ +
+ -

-
Hydrogen (Protium) Hydrogen (Deuterium) Hydrogen (Tritium)
Mass # = 1 amu Mass # = 2 amu Mass # = 3 amu
If you simply average the three, 2 amu (1 amu + 2 amu + 3 amu/3) would be the atomic mass,
but since 99.9% of the Hydrogen is Protium, the atomic mass is around 1 amu (.999 x 1 amu)

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Ion
• Charged particle
that typically
results from a loss - -
or gain of
electrons = 8
-
+
• Two types: = 8 ++ +
– Anion = negatively - + + + -
charged particle - =9
68
– Cation = positively
+ +
charged particle - -
Now
Now that
that three
Currently,this atom
this electrons
atom ofof oxygen
were just
oxygen lost,
is -
gained
the number
an electron,
of electrons
it is no(6)longer
and
-
neutral because it has an equal
protons
neutral
number of or
(8) an
is atom.
still (8)
electrons unbalanced;
It
andis protons
now
considered
therefore, anit is
ionstill
(anion).
(8).an ion,Thisbut ion
nowhas
it
ismore
specifically
electronsreferred
(9) thantoprotons
as a cation.
(8). Symbol
Symbol == O
O1-
2+

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Building Ions
Using the whiteboard and the proton, neutron,
and electron pieces, build the following ions,
and determine their atomic and mass numbers.
Ions Protons Neutrons Electrons
Carbon (C³¯) 6 6 9
Hydrogen (H¹+) 1 0 0
Oxygen (O²¯) 8 8 10
Lithium (Li³+) 3 4 0
Sodium (Na¹¯) 11 12 12
Be aware that the atomic and mass numbers are not
impacted by the loss or gain of electrons.
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Relative Isotopic Mass
Knowing the mass of an individual atom is not very useful because
we usually work with large quantities of atoms.

The International Union of Physics and Chemistry decided that the

relative atomic weights of elements would be calculated relative to
the most common isotope of carbon: 12C.
Element Isotopes Relative Isotopic Abundance (%)
Mass
1H 1.008 99.986
Hydrogen 2H 2.014 0.014
3H 3.016 0.0001
12C 12 EXACTLY 98.888
Carbon 13C 13.003 1.112
14C 14.003 Approx. 10-10
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Relative Atomic Mass

A naturally occurring sample of an element contains the
same isotopes in the same proportions, regardless of
the source.

Therefore we use an average of the relative isotopic

masses of the isotopes that make up an element  the
relative atomic mass.
Relative atomic mass has the symbol Ar
In general
R.A.M. = (R.I.M.1 x abundance1) + (R.I.M.2 x abundance2)
100

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Example
Imagine taking 100 atoms from a sample of chlorine.
There will be:
• 75.80 atoms of 35Cl
• 24.20 atoms of 37Cl

Average relative mass of one chlorine atom:

= 34.969 x 75.8 + 36.966 x 24.20
100
= 35.452
The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45
Ar (Cl) = 35.45

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Relative Molecular Mass
The relative molecular mass (Mr) of a compound is the mass of
one molecule of that substance relative to the mass of a 12C
atom.
e.g. Oxygen
Mr(O2) = 2 x Ar (O)
= 2 x 16.0
= 32.0
Have a go!
Find the relative molecular mass of CO2
Mr(CO2) = Ar (C) + 2 x Ar (0)
= 12.0 + 2 x 16.0
= 44.0
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What is a mole?
Since atoms are so small it is impossible to measure
out how many individual atoms of a particular
element is needed in reactions.

Therefore, a unit called the mole was established

which allows us to measure out an exact number
of atoms.
Avogadro's number, number of units in one mole of any
substance (defined as its molecular weight in grams),
equal to 6.022140857 × 10 23. The units may be electrons,
atoms, ions, or molecules, depending on the nature of the
substance and the character of the reaction (if any).

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One mole contains:
6.02 x 1023 entities
(entities can be atoms, molecules etc.)

• One mole of sodium ions contains 6.02 x 1023

sodium ions
• One mole of water contains 6.02 x 1023 water
molecules
• One mole of doughnuts
contains 6.02 x 1023
doughnuts

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The weight of a mole depends on what substance is being

measured.

e.g. 6.02 x 1023 peas weighs less than 6.02 x 1023 water
melons
The weight of 1 mole of atoms of an element is defined
as the relative atomic mass of that element in grams.

e.g. What is the weight of 1 mole of Magnesium?

M(Mg) = 24g mol-1

Atomic
M means molar mass mol-1 means per
mass mole
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Give it a go!
How much will 1 mole of Helium weigh?

M(He) = 4g mol-1

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Molar Mass
One mole of any substance (an element or a
compound) will have a mass in grams equal to
the sum of the relative atomic masses of all the
atoms in the formula.
This is called the molar mass (M).

e.g. one mole of chlorine gas (Cl2) weighs:

M(Cl2) = 2 x Ar(Cl)
= 2 x 35.5
= 71.0g
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Give it a go!
Calculate the Molar mass of hydrogen
chloride (HCl).

M(HCl) = Ar (H) + Ar (Cl)

= 1.00 + 35.5
= 36.5g

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Solving Problems with the Mole

The number of moles of a Mass of substance

substance =
Molar mass of the substance

Using symbols this can be written as……

m is the symbol
n= m for mass (of the
sample
n is the symbol M
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An easy way to remember this
equation…..

m Cover up the corner of the

triangle that symbolises the
value you are looking for.

n M
e.g. if you need to calculate the mass of a sample and you know
the number of moles and the molar mass of the sample
Cover the m
 equation: m = n x M
Give it a go! What is the equation if you’re looking for Molar
mass? M = m/n
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Example!
How much does 0.024 mole of Chlorine gas (Cl2)
weigh?

1. Work out what you’re calculating: mass

2. Equation to use: m = n x M
3. Substitute in the values that you have been given:
m = 0.024 x (2 x Ar (Cl))
m = 0.024 x (2 x 35)
m = 0.024 x 70
m = 1.68
4. Remember the units: 1.68g
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