Resistance To Internal Faults: Martin Schaak Olaf Bischur Thomas Stommel

Resistance to Internal Faults
Martin Schaak
Olaf Bischur
Thomas Stommel
25 Years Gas-Insulated Medium-Voltage Switchgear from Siemens
Topics
Resistance to internal faults

 Causes and physical effects
 Basic standard IEC 62271-200
 Test object NXPLUS C
 Live test
 Analysis and review
 Open questions
© Siemens AG 2006
Page 2 June 07 Medium Voltage Division Power Transmission and Distribution
Causes of Internal Faults
 Ageing of insulating materials under

electrical stress
 Corrosion
 Overstressing
 Ferroresonance, overvoltages
 Defective installation, incorrect maintenance
 Maloperation
 Pollution, humidity, small animals penetrating in
the switchgear
© Siemens AG 2006
Electrical Accidents
Reported electrical accidents in the sphere of activity of BGFE
80 %
Electrical effects of high voltage
67.5 %
Institute for the research of
electrical accidents
60 %
1996-2000
49.3%
47.1%
2001-2005
40 %
27.4% 27.0%
20.8%
20 %
5.8%
1.5%
0%
Electric shock Arcing fault Electric shock Arcing fault with
and arcing fault electro-ophthalmia and
burns
1 internal arcing fault per 10,000 GIS panels and year
© Siemens AG 2006
Physical Effects of an Internal Fault
Energy balance
Radiation
Temperature rise
and pressure rise
Electric arc, Thermal conduction, Evaporation

plasma beam with a melting
temperature of about 20,000 °C
© Siemens AG 2006
Possible Effects of an Internal Fault
 Light effect (blinding, shock)

 Noise development (hearing damage)
 Thermal load (heat, burns)
 Smoke development (breathing)
 Projection of parts (cuts)
 Toxic effects (intoxication)
 Pressure development (damage to buildings /
walls and door), physiological influence on a
person (shock, falling caused by defensive
reaction, circulatory insufficiency)
© Siemens AG 2006
Avoidance of Internal Faults
 Quality during design, production and

installation
 Training of personnel (avoidance of
maloperation)
 Maintenance (replacement of worn-out parts,
cleaning)
 Active systems for fault detection
Other measures for avoidance of internal

arcs are described in IEC 62271-200,
Table 2: “Locations, causes and
examples of measures to reduce the
probability of internal faults”
© Siemens AG 2006
Comparison of the Internal Arcing Test
IEC 60298 vs. IEC 62271-200
Test conditions according to IEC 60298 Test conditions according to IEC 62271-200
Application of test conditions by agreement Test according to defined conditions of the

between manufacturer and operator standard
Any room height, distances Defined test setup, distances
Any points for arc initiation Defined points for arc initiation
Defined acceptance criteria can be applied Defined acceptance criteria must be applied
Feeding directions freely selectable Defined feeding direction
Internal arc classification (IAC) must be declared

Declaration on rating plate not necessary
on the rating plate
Description of test results Test passed / not passed

© Siemens AG 2006
Designation of the Internal Arc Classification
Classification: IAC ( “Internal Arc Classified” )
Accessibility: A (F, L, R)*

B (F, L, R)*
C
* F = Front; L = Lateral; R = Rear
Test values: Current [ kA ] and duration [ s ]
Example 1: IAC A FLR 25 kA 1s

Example 2: IAC B FL 25 kA 1s
© Siemens AG 2006
Test Procedure
For switchgears with internal arc classification

(IAC) according to IEC 62271‑200:
 Test object consists of 2 panels as a minimum
 Test in every compartment and at least in the
end panel
Busbar
 Completely equipped test specimen compartment
(reproductions are accepted)
 Test only on not pre-stressed functional
compartments Circuit-breaker
 Defined distances (walls, ceiling) compartment
 40 % to 50 % of the surface must be covered
with indicators
 Defined direction of power flow and points of
arc initiation
Cable
 SF6-insulation may be replaced by air compartment
 Evaluation of all five criteria
© Siemens AG 2006
Test Arrangement Conditions (1)
(a) Height of ceiling

- Height of test object + 600 mm ± 100 mm
- If height of test object ≤ 1.5 m 800 mm 600 mm
> Min. height of ceiling 2 m 100 mm
(b) Rear wall

- Non-accessible 100 mm ± 30 mm
- Accessible 800 mm + 100 mm
(c) Indicators
- Covering 40 to 50 % (checker pattern)
© Siemens AG 2006
Test Arrangement Conditions (2)
For the test object in the room mock-up For the indicators
5000 mm
5000 mm
100 mm
600 mm 600 mm F Indicators D
C
E
A
2750 mm
Indicators
Test
2250 mm
Infeed
B
object
5000 mm
C
F
Indicators
C
Three phase arc
ignition in circuit-
A: 1200 mm
breaker
compartment B: 1225 mm
C: 500 mm
D: 100 mm
E: 800 mm
300 mm
F: 300 mm
Three phase
Height of indicators = 2000 mm
infeed via
cable
© Siemens AG 2006
Acceptance criteria
Criteria according to IEC 62271-200
Correctly secured doors an covers do not open

new Deformations are accepted with restrictions
No. 1 Additionally, if distance to wall after installation is smaller than tested:
The permanent deformation is less than the intended distance to the wall
No fragmentation of the enclosure

No. 2 new No projection of parts above 60 g
No. 3 Arcing does not cause holes in the accessible sides up to a height of 2 m
No. 4 Indicators do not ignite due to the effect of hot gases
No. 5 The enclosure remains connected to its earthing point

© Siemens AG 2006
Test Setup
Current test object, open vessel and ignition wire
© Siemens AG 2006
Test Parameters
 Type of accessibility “A”

 Free-standing arrangement
 Short-circuit current: 25 kA
 Short-circuit duration: 1 s
 Height of ceiling: 2.8 m
 Switch position of all devices: “CLOSED”
 Operating tool inserted
 Infeed via right-hand disconnector panel
 3-phase arc initiation in gas vessel of CB-panel
at cable connection bushings
 Direction of power flow as feeder panel
 IAC A FLR 25 kA 1 s
© Siemens AG 2006
Test Preparations
Arrangement of test object in

room mock-up
© Siemens AG 2006
Live Test
Performance of internal arcing test

(Changeover to high-power testing
laboratory)
© Siemens AG 2006
Flashback (Slow Motion of Live Test)
Test recorded from different camera positions
Switchgear
front
Camera A
Switchgear
side
Camera C Camera B
© Siemens AG 2006
Acceptance Criteria
Criteria according to IEC 62271-200
No. 1 Correctly secured doors and covers did not open.
No fragmentation of the enclosure occurred and no parts with an individual mass > 60 g
No. 2
were projected.
No. 3 Arcing did not cause holes in the accessible sides of the enclosure up to a height of 2 m.
No. 4 No indicators ignited due to the effect of hot gases.
No. 5 The enclosure remained connected to its earthing point.
© Siemens AG 2006
Resulting Document
As an example
from previous tests
© Siemens AG 2006

Resistance To Internal Faults: Martin Schaak Olaf Bischur Thomas Stommel

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Resistance to Internal Faults

Resistance to internal faults

 Ageing of insulating materials under

Reported electrical accidents in the sphere of activity of BGFE

1 internal arcing fault per 10,000 GIS panels and year

Electric arc, Thermal conduction, Evaporation

 Light effect (blinding, shock)

 Quality during design, production and

Other measures for avoidance of internal

Application of test conditions by agreement Test according to defined conditions of the

Any room height, distances Defined test setup, distances

Feeding directions freely selectable Defined feeding direction

Internal arc classification (IAC) must be declared

Description of test results Test passed / not passed

Classification: IAC ( “Internal Arc Classified” )

Accessibility: A (F, L, R)*

Test values: Current [ kA ] and duration [ s ]

Example 1: IAC A FLR 25 kA 1s

For switchgears with internal arc classification

(a) Height of ceiling

(b) Rear wall

600 mm 600 mm F Indicators D

Criteria according to IEC 62271-200

Correctly secured doors an covers do not open

No fragmentation of the enclosure

No. 4 Indicators do not ignite due to the effect of hot gases

No. 5 The enclosure remains connected to its earthing point

Current test object, open vessel and ignition wire

 Type of accessibility “A”

Arrangement of test object in

Performance of internal arcing test

Test recorded from different camera positions

Criteria according to IEC 62271-200

No. 1 Correctly secured doors and covers did not open.

No. 4 No indicators ignited due to the effect of hot gases.

No. 5 The enclosure remained connected to its earthing point.

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