The Mole Concept

THE MOLE
CONCEPT
The Mole
It is a quantity referring to
602, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000 units
How big is it?

The richest man in the world (Carlos Slim Helú and
family of Mexico), has a net worth of
$53.5 B.
In peso, this amount is
PhP 2,650,000,000,000
1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 2

The Mole
By an incredible chance, you own 1 mole of
peso. Who is richer, you or Carlos Slim Helú ?
Your wealth: 602, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000
Carlos’ wealth: 2, 650, 000, 000, 000
By how many folds richer is the richer man

compared to the less rich man?
The questions means the same as : “how many
times is 10 bigger than 2?”

The Mole 602, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
602, 000,
2,650,000,000,000 000, 000, 000,
2,650,000,000,000 000, 000,2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
÷ 2, 650,
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 000, 000,2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 227, 170, 000,2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000 2,650,000,000,000
The Mole 602, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000, 000
In scientific notation, it is
6.02 x 1023
This number is called
Avogadro’s Number
The Mole
1 mol marbles = 6.02 x 1023 pieces marbles
1 mol sand = 6.02 x 1023 particles sand
1 mol water = 6.02 x 1023 molecules water

The Mole
How many molecules are there in
2 mol O2?
 6.02x10 molecules O2 
23
?molecule O2 = 2 mol O2  
 1 mol O2 
 12.04 x 1023 molecules O2
24
= 1.204 x 10 molecules O2

The Mole
How many molecules H2O are there in
0.15 mol H2O?
 6.02x1023 molecules H2 O 
?molecules H2 O= 0.15 mol H2 O  
 1 mol H2 O 
 9.03 x 1022 molecules H2 O

The Mole
How many moles contain 3.01 x 1023
molecules O2?
23
 1 mol O2 
?mol O2 = 3.01x10 molecules O2  23 
 6.02x10 molecules O2 
 0.5 mol O2

The Mole
If there is 1 “molecule” of Fe2(SO3)3,
how many atoms of Fe are there?
 2 atoms Fe 
?atoms Fe= 1 molecule Fe2  SO3 3  
 1 molecule Fe2  SO3  
 3
 2 atoms Fe

The Mole
If there is 1 “molecule” of
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, how many atoms of Fe
are there?
 
7 atoms Fe
?atoms Fe= 1 molecule Fe4 Fe  CN6   
3  1 molecule Fe Fe CN  
 4   6 3 
 7 atoms Fe

The Mole
If there are 6.02 x1023 molecules of
Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, how many atoms of Fe
are there?
 
7 atoms Fe
?atoms Fe= 6.02x1023 molecule Fe4 Fe  CN6   
3  1 molecule Fe Fe CN  
 4   6 3 
 42.14x1023 atoms Fe
= 4.214x1024 atoms Fe

The Mole
If there is 0.75 mol of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3,
how many moles of Fe are there?
 
 7 mol Fe 
?mol Fe= 0.75 mol Fe4 Fe  CN6 
3  1 mol Fe Fe CN  
 4   6 3 
 5.25 mol Fe

The Mole (Exercise)
1. How many molecules of water are there in 0.10 mol H2O?
2. If there is 0.25 mol of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, how many moles of C

are there?
3. What is the total number of atoms present in 1 mole of

oxygen gas?
4. Which has the greatest number of oxygen atoms 1mol O,

1mol O2, 1mol O3 ? (PROVE)
5. Which has greatest number of oxygen atoms, 1g O, 1g O2, 1g

O3 ? (PROVE)

The Mole (Exercise)
 6.02 x 1023 molecules H2O 
1. ?molecules H2O = 0.10mol H2O    6.02 x 1022 molecules H2O
 1 mol H2O 
 
 
2. ?mol Fe Fe CN  = 0.25 mol Fe Fe CN   18 mol C   4.5 mol C
4  6 3 4  6 3  
1 mol Fe4 Fe  CN6 
 3 
3. ?atom O = 1 mol O  6.02x10 molecules O2   2 atoms O   1.204x1024 atoms O

23
2    
 1 mol O2  1 molecule O2
 6.02x1023 atoms O 
4. ?atom O = 1 mol O    6.02x1023 atoms O
 1 mol O 
 
 6.02x1023 molecules O2   2 atoms O 
?atom O = 1 mol O2      1.204x1024 atoms O
 1 mol O2   1 molecule O2 
 
 6.02x1023 molecules O2   3 atoms O 
?atom O = 1 mol O3      1.806x1024 atoms O
 1 mol O2   1 molecule O2 
 
Therefore, 1 mol O3 has the greatest number of O atoms
The Molar Mass
•is the mass of 1 mol of an element or a
compound.
• it is numerically the same as formula mass but
the unit of the molar mass is grams per mole
(g/mol).
Formula mass Molar mass
H2O 18.02u 18.02 g/mol
NaOH 40.00u 40.00 g/mol

The Molar Mass
What is the mass of 0.5mol H2O?
 18.02 g H2O 
?g H2O = 0.5 mol H2O  
 1 mol H2O 
 9.01g H2O

The Molar Mass
What is the mass of 2.1 mol KMnO4?
 158.04 g KMnO4 
?g KMnO4 = 2.1 mol KMnO4  
 1 mol KMnO4 
 331.9g KMnO4
What is the mass of 1.25 x 10-4 mol

oxygen gas?
-4  32.00 g O2 
?g O2 = 1.25x10 mol O2  
 1 mol O2 
 4.00x10 g O2
-3

The Molar Mass
How many moles is 10.0g CO2?
 1 mol CO2 
?mol CO2 = 10.0g CO2  
 44.01g CO2 
 0.227 mol CO2

The Molar Mass
How many moles is 25.0g CCl4?
 1mol CCl4 
?mol CCl4 = 25.0g CCl4  
 153.81 g CCl4 
 0.163 mol CCl4
How many mole is 1.0g Na2C2O4?

 1mol Na2C2O4 
?mol Na2C2O4 = 1.0g Na2C2O4  
 134.0 g Na2C2O4 
 7.46x10-3 mol Na2C2O4

Percentage Composition
Recall that the percentage composition tells the
fraction of the mass of each of the composing
elements of the total mass of the compound.
Total mass may mean formula mass or molar
mass.
Na = 39.34%
NaCl Cl = 60.66%

Na = 39.34%
NaCl
1/7/2011
Cl = 60.66%
THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 22

mass A
%A= x 100
mass  A+B+C.... 
Na = 39.34%
NaCl
1/7/2011
Cl = 60.66%

mass Na
% Na = x 100
mass Na+Cl
Na = 39.34%
NaCl
1/7/2011
Cl = 60.66%

What is the percentage composition of S2Cl2?
In 5.00g S2Cl2 how many grams of sulfur is present?

In 5.00g S2Cl2 how many grams of chlorine is
present?
How many grams of sulfur and chlorine are present

in 7.000g S2Cl2?

Empirical Formula
• Empirical Formula shows only the ratio of

elements in a compound.
• For example, hydrogen peroxide is H2O2, its
empirical formula is HO.
What is the empirical formula of sodium

oxalate?
Na2C2O4 = NaCO2

Empirical Formula
from the given percentage composition, the
empirical formula can be determined by:
A Assume that the percentage given is its mass
B Derive the number of moles from the given

mass
C Get the molar relationship based on the

smallest number of mole

Empirical Formula
What is the empirical formula of the
compound that is 66.0% Ca and 34.0%P?
The compound has 66.0g Ca and 34.0g P

Since the ratio must be
in whole number,
doubling the 1.5 makes
66.0g Ca = 1.65 mol it 3. and by doubling
34.0g P = 1.10 mol one component, do the
same to the rest
Ca = 1.65 mol ÷ 1.10 mol = 1.5

P = 1.10 mol ÷ 1.10 mol = 1 Ca3P2
Empirical Formula
Determine the empirical formula of the
compound that is 34.31% sodium, 17.93%
carbon and 47.76% oxygen.
34.31
Na =  1.492  1
22.99
17.93
C=  1.493  1
12.01
O=
47.76
16.00
 2.985  2 NaCO2

Empirical Formula
Calculate the empirical formula of a compound
that contains 1.67g cerium and 4.54g iodine.
1.67
Ce =  0.0119  1
140.12
4.54
I=  0.0358  3
126.90
CeI3

Empirical Formula
2-Methylpropene is a compound used to synthetic
rubber. A sample of 2-methylpropene contains
0.556g C and 0.0933g H. Determine its empirical
formula.
0.556
C=  0.0463  1
12.01
0.0933
H=  0.0924  2
1.01
CH2
Comment on the problem below on determining
the molecular formula of the compound
The empirical formula of the

compound is NaCO2. What is its
molecular formula?

Molecular Formula
The empirical formula of the compound is C2OH4
and a molar mass of 88 g/mol. What is the
molecular formula of the compound ?
mass MF 88
n=  =2
mass EF 44.06
So, MF = 2 x EF
2 x C2OH4 = C4O2H8

Molecular Formula
An unknown compound has the following
percentage composition 47.0% potassium, 14.5%
carbon and 38.5% oxygen. If the molar mass of
the compound is 166.22g/mol, what is the
molecular formula of the compound?
47
K=  1.20  1 mass MF 166.22
39.10 n=   2
mass EF 83.11
14.5
C= = 1.21  1
12.01
38.5 So, MF= K2C2O4
O= = 2.41  2
16.00

Demanding Problems on
Percent Composition, Empirical & Molecular Formulas
A sample of a compound that contains only carbon, hydrogen and sulfur was
burned in oxygen and 9.682g of CO2, 4.956g H2O and 3.523g of SO2 were
obtained.(a) What mass of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur were present before
burning? (b) What was the mass of the sample that was burned? (c) What is
the empirical formula of the compound?
(a) What mass of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur were present before burning?
gCin CO2 = mass CO2 x %Cin CO2
12.01
%Cin CO2 = x 100  27.29%
44.01
 27.29gC 
gCin CO2 = 9.682g CO2    2.642gC
 100g CO2 
 12.01gC 
gCin CO2 = 9.682g CO2    2.642gC
 44.01g CO2 
(a) What mass of carbon, hydrogen and sulfur were present before burning?
 12.01gC 
gCin CO2 = 9.682g CO2    2.642gC
 44.01g CO2 
 2.02gH 
gHin H2O = 4.956g H2O    0.5556gH
 18.02g H2O 
 32.07gS 
gSin SO2 = 3.523g SO2    1.763gS
 64.07g SO2 

(b) What was the mass of the sample that was burned?
g sample = g C+ g H + g S
= 2.642g + 0.5556g + 1.763g
= 4.961g

(c) What is the empirical formula of the compound?
2.642
C=  0.2200  4
12.01
H=
0.5556
= 0.5501  10
So, EF= C4H10S
1.01
1.763
S= = 0.0550  1
32.07

In an analysis of 5.21g sample of a compound that contains tin and chlorine,
the chlorine in the sample was converted into AgCl. The process yields 11.47 g
of AgCl. What is the empirical formula of the chloride of tin?
 35.45g Cl 
? g Cl = 11.47g AgCl  = 2.837g Cl
 143.32 g AgCl 
? g Sn = 5.21 - 2.837 = 2.373g Sn
 1 mol Sn 
? mol Sn  2.373g Sn    1.999 x 10 -2
 118.71 g Sn 
 1 mol Cl 
? mol Cl  2.837g Cl    8.000 x 10 -2
 35.45g Cl 
1.999 x 10-2
Sn   1
1.999 x 10 -2
So, EF= SnCl4
8.000 x 10-2
Cl  -2
 4
1.999 x 10
Caproic acid, the substance responsible for the aroma of dirty gym socks and
running shoes, contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. On combustion
analysis, a 0.450 g sample of caproic acid gives 0.418 g of H2O and 1.023 g CO2 .
What is the empirical formula of caproic acid? If the molar mass of caproic acid
is 116.2 g/mol, what is the molecular formula?
What is the empirical formula of caproic acid?

 12.01gC  0.2792
 0.02325  3
gC = 1.023g CO2    0.2792gC C=
12.01
 44.01g CO2 
0.0469
 2.02gC  H= = 0.0464  6
gH = 0.418g H2O    0.0469gC 1.01
 18.02g H2O  0.124
O= = 0.00775  1
gO = 0.450g sample - (0.2729gC + 0.0469gH) 16.00
= 0.124g O
So, EF= C3H6O
Caproic acid, the substance responsible for the aroma of dirty gym socks and
running shoes, contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. On combustion
analysis, a 0.450 g sample of caproic acid gives 0.418 g of H2O and 1.023 g CO2 .
What is the empirical formula of caproic acid? If the molar mass of caproic acid
is 116.2 g/mol, what is the molecular formula?
If the molar mass of caproic acid is 116.2 g/mol, what is the molecular formula?
EF= C3H6O
mass MF 116.2
n=   2
mass EF 58.09
MF= C6H12O2

Cinnamaldehyde, a compound found in common cinnamon oil,
contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The combustion of a 6.50g
sample yields 19.49g of CO2 and 3.54g H2O. What is the
percentage composition of cinnamaldehyde?
What is the percentage composition of cinnamaldehyde?
 12.01 g C 
?g C  19.49 g CO2    5.319gC 5.319
44.01 g CO %C x 100  81.8%
 2  6.50
 2.02 g H  0.397
?g H  3.54 g H2O    0.397 g H %H x 100  6.11%
 18.02 g H O
2  6.50
?g O  g sample - (gC  gO) 0.784
%O x 100  12.1%
 6.50 g - (5.319  0.397)g  0.784 g O 6.50

A plastic derived from methyl methacrylate contains carbon,
hydrogen and oxygen. The combustion of a 12.62g sample of a
plastic yields 27.73g of carbon dioxide and 9.09g of water. What is
the percentage composition of the water?
Solution and answer on the document Demanding Problems

Sulfur-containing compounds are undesirable component in some
oils. The amount of sulfur in an oil can be determined by oxidizing
the sulfur to SO42- and precipitating the sulfate ion as BaSO4,
which can be dried and weighed. From a 6.300g sample of an oil,
1.063g of BaSO4 was obtained. What is the percentage of sulfur in
an oil?

Muscone, the odor-bearing constituent of must, has a molecular
formula C16H30O.
(a) If 5.000g of muscone is burned in oxygen and if all the
compound was converted into CO2, what mass of CO2 is
obtained?
(b) If all the hydrogen is converted into H2O, what mass of H2O is
obtained?

In the analysis of 8.61g sample of a compound that contains
chromium and chlorine, the chlorine in the sample was converted
into AgCl.the process yields 20.08g AgCl. What is the empirical
formula of the chloride of chromium?

The Mole Concept

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

The Mole Concept

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

THE MOLE

How big is it?

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 2

By how many folds richer is the richer man

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 3

1 mol marbles = 6.02 x 1023 pieces marbles

1 mol sand = 6.02 x 1023 particles sand

1 mol water = 6.02 x 1023 molecules water

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 6

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 7

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 8

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 9

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 10

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 11

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 12

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 13

2. If there is 0.25 mol of Fe4[Fe(CN)6]3, how many moles of C

3. What is the total number of atoms present in 1 mole of

4. Which has the greatest number of oxygen atoms 1mol O,

5. Which has greatest number of oxygen atoms, 1g O, 1g O2, 1g

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 14

3. ?atom O = 1 mol O  6.02x10 molecules O2   2 atoms O   1.204x1024 atoms O

Formula mass Molar mass

H2O 18.02u 18.02 g/mol

NaOH 40.00u 40.00 g/mol

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 16

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 17

What is the mass of 1.25 x 10-4 mol

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 18

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 19

How many mole is 1.0g Na2C2O4?

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 20

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 21

THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 22

THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 23

THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 24

In 5.00g S2Cl2 how many grams of sulfur is present?

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 25

How many grams of sulfur and chlorine are present

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 26

• Empirical Formula shows only the ratio of

What is the empirical formula of sodium

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 27

A Assume that the percentage given is its mass

B Derive the number of moles from the given

C Get the molar relationship based on the

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 28

The compound has 66.0g Ca and 34.0g P

Ca = 1.65 mol ÷ 1.10 mol = 1.5

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 30

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 31

The empirical formula of the

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 33

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 34

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 35

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 37

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 38

(c) What is the empirical formula of the compound?

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 39

What is the empirical formula of caproic acid?

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 42

What is the percentage composition of cinnamaldehyde?

1/7/2011 THE MOLE CONCEPT | REDG 43

Solution and answer on the document Demanding Problems