8/15/08
Essay Qn 1a
TYS Unit 7
(Science Biology)
Transport in Mammals
Essay Qn 1a
  The left ventricle (B) then contracts
(ventricular systole), pushing blood out
into the aortic arch, which carries
blood to the rest of the body;
  Blood is prevented from flowing back
into the left atrium due to the closure
of the bicuspid/mitral valve [1/2]
Essay Qn 1a
  The right ventricle (C) then contracts
(ventricular systole), pushing blood out
into the pulmonary arteries, which
carries blood to the lungs;
  Blood is prevented from flowing back
into the right atrium due to the closure
of the tricuspid valve [1/2]
  Oxygenated blood coming from the
lungs enters into the left atrium (A) via
the pulmonary veins [1/2]
  Blood then enters into the left ventricle
(B) due to a pressure gradient, and
due to the contraction of the left atrium
(atrial systole);
Essay Qn 1a
  Deoxygenated blood returning from
the rest of the body enters into the
right atrium (D) via the vena cavae
[1/2]
  Blood then enters into the right
ventricle (C) due to a pressure
gradient and due to the contraction of
the right atrium(atrial systole);
Essay Qn 3a (structure only)
Structure Function
Artery: Thicker layer of Withstand high pressure of
muscle and elastic tissue blood, elastic tissue allows
compared to the veins, artery to recoil and push blood
smaller lumen; along;
Veins: Thinner layer of Pressure in the veins is lower,
muscle & elastic tissue hence this layer can be
compared to arteries, larger thinner;
lumen;
Veins: Semi-lunar valves To prevent the backflow of
present along length of blood in veins where pressure
vein, absent in most is lower;
arteries;
1

Structured Qn 1
(a)  Produce antibodies; (lymphocytes)
Ingest foreign particles; (phagocytosis)
(b)  (i) Person may feel weak; and may
become breathless with exertion;
(ii) Person may feel weak as less
oxygen would be transported to the
body cells for respiration due to
reduced number of RBC;
Person may become breathless as
insufficient oxygen is supplied to cells
during exercise;
Structured Qn 1d
  Antibodies;
  Carbon dioxide (as bicarbonate ions);
  Glucose;
  Amino acids;
  Plasma proteins;
  Hormones;
  Any 2, maximum 2 marks
Structured Qn 2bi
  Blood pressure in the veins is much
lower than in the arteries causing
blood flow to be slower, thus there is
a higher tendency for backflow of
blood;
  This backflow of blood is prevented
by the presence of valves in the
veins;
8/15/08
Structured Qn 1c
  Damaged tissues release
thromboplastin which converts
prothrombin into thrombin; (Calcium
ions must be present)
  Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen
into insoluble fibrin threads, which
traps platelets and blood cells, forming
the clot;
Structured Qn 2a
(i)  The heart is made of muscle, which
by contracting and relaxing, help to
drive the blood around the body;
(ii)  The valves prevent the backflow of
blood into the atria when the
ventricles are contracting;
Structured Qn 2bii
  They have a thin wall made of one layer
of flattened cells (one cell thick
endothelium), which decreases diffusion
distance for exchange of materials
between the blood and surrounding cells;
  They have pores to increase the rate of
exchange of substances;
  They are highly branched to increase the
surface area available for exchange of
materials;
2
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Structured Qn 2c Structured Qn 3a
  During an injury, platelets help in the   Red blood cells: Transport oxygen
formation of a blood clot [1/2]   Platelets:Converts fibrinogen to fibrin
  Damaged tissues release   Plasma: Transports soluble food
thromboplastin which converts substances
prothrombin into thrombin in the
  White blood cells: Forms antibodies
presence of calcium ions;
  Deduct 1 mark for 1 mistake, 1/2 mark
  Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen
for 2nd-3rd mistake
into insoluble fibrin threads, which
traps platelets and blood cells, forming
the clot [1/2]

Structured Qn 3bi Structured Qn 3bii

  Red blood cells do not have a nucleus
while white blood cells contain nuclei
[1/2]
  Red blood cells have a circular bi-
cell surface concave disc shape, while white blood
cells have an irregular shape;
membrane
  Red blood cells contain haemoglobin
in their cytoplasm and hence appear
red, while white blood cells do not
contain haemoglobin and appear
colourless [1/2]

Structured Qn 3biii MCQ Unit 7 ANSWERS

  Bi-concave disc shape increases the 1.  C 6. D
surface area to volume ratio for 2.  A 7. D
diffusion of oxygen in and out of RBC;
3.  A 8. C
  Absence of nucleus allows for more
4.  C 9. C
haemoglobin to be packed into
cytoplasm which allows RBC to carry 5.  C 10. B
more oxygen; 6.  D 11. A
  Hb is present in the RBC to allow for
reversible binding of Oxygen;