Thermodynamics

0th law
if a thermometer reads the same temp. in two substances, they are in thermal equilibrium
1st law
U QW
2nd law
entropy of the universe always increases
3rd law
 there is no finite sequence of events that can reach 0k
Ideal gas law
PV  NkT
Total thermal energy
1
U thermal  Nf kT
2
 Work done by gas
W  PV
W   V P(V )dV
Vf
 i

Adiabat
f

 VT 2
 cons tan t
 
V P  constan t

 f  2
f
Heat capacity at constant volume *
 U 
CV   
 T V
Heat capacity at constant pressure *
U  V  H 
CP     P    
 T P T P T P
Enthalpy *
H  U  PV
Change in enthalpy at constant pressure

H  U  PV
Ways of choosing n objects out of N *
N!
 N, n  
n!N  n !
Permutations of a paramagnet *
 N!
N  
 N!N!
Permutations of an Einstein Solid *
N,q 
q  N 1!
 q!N 1!
Stirlings approximation *


 N! N N e N 2N
Useful equation
x
e  10
x ln10
 Entropy
S  k ln
Change in entropy at constant volume *
 Q

SV 
T
Change in entropy at constant pressure *
CP
SP  T
Tf
dT
 i T
Change in entropy at constant volume *
CV

Tf
SV  dT
Ti T
 Total energy of an Einstein solid
U es  NkT
Important energy, volume, entropy equation*
 1 P
dS  dU  dV
T T
 Pressure with constant energy and molecules *
S 
P  T 
V U ,N

efficiency
benefit
e
 cos t

