Thermodynamics - Formula Sheet

1 atm = 101.325 kPa 0°C = 273.15 K

First Law
Ideal Gas Law: pV nRT
First Law: U w q
Equipartition Theorem: Each quadratic contribution to energy gives rise to an average energy of ½kBT
Work:
Isothermal Reversible Process: ln
Enthalpy: H U PV
Heat Capacities: dU cV dT dH cP dT , ,
cp
Adiabatic Process: and
cv
1
Adiabatic Process (cont.): TV constant, pV = constant, and p1 T = constant

Second Law
Second Law: SUniverse S SSur 0
qrev ∆
Entropy Formulations: S ∆ S kB ln W
T
Entropy Changes: ∆ , ln (or ,
V2 P2
Isothermal Entropy Change: S nR ln nR ln
V1 P1

Free Energy
Free Energy: A U TS G H TS dG dH TdS

Phase Transitions
dp trsS
Clapeyron Equation:
dT trsV

fus H T fus H
Solid-Liquid Phase Boundary: p p* ln but T T* p p* (T T * )
fus V T* T *
fus V
H 1 1
Liquid-Vapour or Solid-Vapour: p p *e where trs

R T T*

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