V Energy is measured in kilocalories(kcal)

P E.g., 1g of carbs ² 4kcal

V ood composed of carbon, hydrogen,
O2 & nitrogen (protein only)

ood Adenosine Triphosphate(ATP)

V Our muscles dependence on carbs
during exercise is related to carbs
availability & our muscle·s well
developed system for metabolism.
V Carbs are converted to glycogen
V Glycogen storage
P 40% liver 60% skeletal muscle
V Our body stores more fat than carbs
V Energy reserve from fat is higher than
carbs
P 1g fats ² 9 kcal energy
V ½ut fat is less accessible for cellular
metabolism.
V Why? It must first reduce from its complex
form
P triglycerides to its basic component: glycerol
& A
 Gluconeogenesis

AA/glycerol Glucose

Lipogenesis

Protein A

V Protein supply 5 ² 10% of energy to

sustain prolonged exercise
V ½asic unit of protein - AA
ATP = Adenosine + 3 Inorganic Phosphate (Pi)

V When acted by enzyme ATPase, the last

phosphate group split away from ATP &
rapidly release energy
V This reduce ATP to ADP (Adenosine
Diphosphate)
V ATP ² PCr system
V Glycolytic system
V Oxidative system
PCr = Phosphocreatine / Creatine Phosphate

V èelease of energy is facilitated by

enzyme creatine kinase (CK), which acts
on PCr to separate Pi from creatine
V The energy release used to couple Pi to
an ADP forming ATP.
V Glycolysis produce pyruvic acid
V When conducted without O2, pyruvic
acid is converted to lactic acid.
V One mole of glucose yields 2 moles of
ATP, but one mole of glycogen yields 3
mole of ATP.
V This energy system does not produce large
amounts of ATP.
V The ATP-PCr and Glycolytic systems are
major contributors during the early minutes
of high intensity exercise.
V Limitation:
P causes accumulation of Lactic Acid.
P Acidification of muscle fiber inhibits further
glycogen breakdown (impair glycolytic enzyme
function)
P Decrease the fiber calcium binding capacity
(impede muscle contraction)
V Involves breakdown of fuel with the aid of
O2.
V This system yield more energy

Oxidation of Carbohydrate
V Involve 3 process:
P Glycolysis
P Kreb cycle
P Electron transport chain
V Glycolysis
P In the presence of O2, the pyruvic acid is
converted to acetyl co enzyme (acetyl CoA)
V Kreb cycle (citric acid cycle)
P Once form, acetyl CoA enters the KC
P End of cycle ² 2 mole of of ATP, carbon and
hydrogen
P èemaining carbon then combine with O2 ² CO2
P The CO2 transported to the lung via blood to be
expired
V Electron transport chain
P During glycolysis, hydrogen is released
P More hydrogen is released during Kreb cycle.
P Hydrogen released by both cycle will combine
with two coenzyme
P NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and
AD (flavin adenine dinucleotide)
P NAD and AD will carry the hydrogen atom to
the electron transport chain & split into protons &
electron.
P End of chain ² H+ combine with O2 to form H2O
(prevent acidification)
P End result ² H2O, CO2 and 38 or 39 ATP
V Only triglycerides are major energy source
V Triglycerides are stored in fat cell & skeletal muscle fiber.
V To be used as energy, a triglycerides must be broken down into 1
glycerol + 3 A
V This process is call lipolysis (enzyme ² lipase)

ß Oxidation
Oxidation,, Kreb Cycle & ETC
V at oxidation begins with ß oxidation of free fatty acids, then
follow the same path as carbohydrate oxidation.
V However the complete combustion of a A molecule requires
more O2 because A carries more carbon than glucose =
V (A
A ² C16 H32 O0; G C6 H12 O6)
V More carbon in A - more acetyl CoA - more electron more
energy
V However, only 40% energy release used to form ATP, 60%- heat
V Îome amino acids (½CAA-leusine,
isoleusine, valine) can be converted into
glucose(gluconeogenesis)
V Our body utilized less protein (5-10% of
total energy expenditure) during rest
and exercise
V Chemically, protein contain the same
atoms as carbs & lipids ² carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen. ½ut protein also
contain nitrogen.