Ασκήσεις-Λύσεις ανάλυση Γ κατευθυνσης του υπουργειου παιδειας

1
1. ( )
:
x
+ 4 x 3
2x
i. f (x) =
ii. f (x)
=
1 x + x
( )
2. ( )
:
i. f (x) =
ii. f (x) = 2
x 3 + 3x + 4
x x
( )
3. ( )
:
i. f (x) = ln( x 2 + 9)
ii. f ( x=
) (2 + x) x
( )
2
4. ( )
3 :
x 1, x 1
3
x 5, x > 1
i. f (x) =
x 1, x 2
2
x 6, x < 2
ii. f (x) =
( )
5. ( )
:
i. f (x)
=
x 3
ii. f (x) =
1 + ln(x 2)
( )
6. ( )
:
ex
i. f (x) =
2 ex
ii. f ( x ) = 2 x 2
( )
3
7. ( )
:
i. f ( x )= 6 2x 3
ii. f ( x ) =
x 5
2x + 4
( )
8. ( )
f ( x ) =
5x
.
x +3
2
( )
9. ( )
f =
(x)
e 2x 1 .
( )
10. ( )
f ( x ) =
3 lnx 1 .
( )
11. ( )
f g f ( x )= x + 2 g ( x ) =
i. Cg .
ii. Cg Cf .
( )
x + 4 .
4
12. ( )
x , f
xx , f ( x=
) x 3 4x .
( )
13. ( )
x , f
g, f ( x ) = e 2x g ( x=
) ex + 2 .
( )
14. ( )
f .
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
f.
0 f.
f.
f(2).
f(x)=0.
vi. f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) < 0 .
( )
5
15. ( )
f, g, , h.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
f, g, , h .
( )
6
16. ( )
f f (x) = ln x .
:
i.
y = f (x)
y = f (x)
iii. =
y f (x 1)
iii. =
y f (x + 1)
y f ( x) +1
iv. =
ii.
y f ( x ) 1
iv. =
( )
17. ( )
f .
x3 , x 0
f (x) =
x, x < 0
:
i.
ii.
v.
iii.
y = f (x)
y = f (x)
y= f ( x)
y =f ( x)
iv. y = f (x)
v. y
=
( )
1
( f ( x ) f (x) )
2
7
18. ( )
f = g . f g ,
f ( x ) = g(x) .
f ( x ) = ln x ln x 1 , g ( x ) = ln
x
x 1
( )
19. ( )
f g f ( x ) =
:
x
g(x)
=
lnx
1 2x .
f
f + g,f g,
g
( )
20. ( )
f : .
:
i. g ( x ) =
f ( x ) + f ( x)
.
2
ii. h ( x ) =
f ( x ) f ( x)
.
2
iii. f R
.
( )
8
21. ( )
f g f (x) =
4 x 2 ,g (x) =
x +1 .
fog gof.
( )
22. ( )
f ( x ) lnx,x > 0 =
f g =
g(x)
1
,x > 0 .
x
i. t tof = g .
ii. fo = g .
( )
23. ( )
f f ( x=
)
1 x2 .
h h ( x=
) f ( lnx 1) + f ( 2 x ) .
( )
24. ( )
f =[1,2] .
:
i.
h=
( x ) f ( x 1)
ii.
=
( x ) f ( x3 6)
( )
9
25. ( )
= ). ()=4 ()=x,
(
x.
( )
26. ( )
f :
f ( 2x 1) =
x 3 , x .
( )
27. ( )
x .
K(x) = 4 2x 2 . (x) = x 5
:
i. x.
ii. .
( )
28. ( )
f: :
i. f(x 1) = x 2 3 x .
ii. f(3x) = x 3 x .
( )
10

1
i. f , 1
x
0 4 x 3 0 .
2x
.
f.
x
2xx
2 2x
0
0
0 (2 2x)(2 x) 0
2x
2x
2x
2x 0
x 1 x 2
x 1 x > 2,
x2
4 x 3 0 x 3 4 4 x 3 4 1 x 7
:
0
x 1 x > 2
2x
1 x 1 2 < x 7
1 x 7
4 x 3 0
1
f Df =
[ 1,1] (2, 7] .
ii. f 1 x 0 x 0 .
x 0 x 1 x ( x 1
1
x ) .
:
1 x 0
x
x0
x0
x 0
f D=
[0, +) .
f
11
2
i. f x 3 + 3x + 4 0 .
-1.
Horner -1 :
x+1 :
P ( x ) = x 3 + 3x + 4 = ( x + 1) (x 2 x + 4) .
:
x 3 + 3x + 4 0 x 1
f D f = [1, +) .
ii. f x x 0 .
x x 0 x x x
f D f = .
12
3
i. f x 2 + 9 > 0
x 2 + 9 > 0 3 < x < 3

f D f = (3,3) .
ii. f 2 + x > 0 .
:
2 + x > 0 x > 2 x ( x 1 x ) .
f D f = .
4
i.
x 1 f (x) = 3 .
:
=
f (x) 3 =
x 1 3 =
x 4
.
x 1
x 1
x 1
x > 1 f (x) = 3 .
:
f (x) 3=
x 2
x 3 5 3 =
x 3 8
=
x=
x >1
x > 1
x >1
x >1
f(2)=3, 3 f.
ii. x 2 f (x) = 3 .
:
=
f (x) 3
x 1 9 =
x 10
x 1 =
3 =
10
x=
x2
x2
x2
x 2
f(10)=3, 3 f.
13
5
=
i. f
[3, + ) .
y y = f (x) ,
[3, + ) . :
y = f (x) =
y 3 x 3
xA
x 3
y3 =
x 3
x=
3 + y3
x3 x3
y 0
y 0
3 + y 3 3
y3 0
y0
y0
y0
f f ( A=
) [0, +) .
ii. f
= (2, +) .
y y = f (x) ,

= (2, +) . :
y = f (x)
y = 1 + ln(x 2)
y 1 = ln(x 2)
xA
x>2
x>2
e y 1 =
x 2
x=
2 + e y 1
x>2
x>2
2 + e y 1 > 2 e y 1 > 0 y ( e x > 0 x ).
f f ( A ) = .
14
6
i. f = \ {ln2} .
y y = f (x) ,
= \ {ln2} . :
ex
x
x
y = f (x)
ye
=
+ 2y e x e=
(y + 1) 2y
y=
x
2e
xA
x ln 2
x ln 2
x ln 2
:
) y + 1 0 y 1 :
2y
>0
y +1
2y
x
x
e (y + 1) =
2y e =
2y
y + 1 =
x ln
y + 1
x ln 2
x ln 2
x ln 2
2y(y + 1) > 0
y > 0 y < -1
y > 0 y < -1
2y
x=
ln
2y
2y
ln
ln 2
2
1+ y
1+ y
1+ y
x ln 2
y > 0 y < -1 y > 0 y < -1
y > 0 y < -1
2y 2 + 2y
0y 2
) y = 1 e x 0 = 2 . 1 f (A) .
f f ( A ) =
( , 1) (0, +) .
ii. f = .
y y = f (x) ,
. :
y =f ( x ) y = 2 x 2 x 2 = 2 y
= x , x 2 0
2 y 0 y 2 .
f f ( A ) = (, 2] .
15
7
i. f = .
y y = f (x) ,
= .
:
y = f (x) y = 6 2x 3 2x 3 = 6 y x 3 =
6 y
(1)
2
(1) A = y . f :
f (A) = .
ii. T f = {2} .
y y = f (x) = {2} .
:
x 5
y=
f (x)
x 5
y=
(2x + 4)y =
2x + 4
xA
x
2
x 2
(2y 1)x =
4y 5 (1)
x 2
:
) 2y 1 0 y
1
. :
2
1
1
2
y
1
y
1
4y 5
2
(1)=
x
2 y
4y 5
2y 1
2
2 0y 7
2y 1
x 2
1
y
:
2
4y 5
2 =
4y + 2 =
4y 5 0y =
7 .
2y 1
y
4y 5
1
2 .
2
2y 1
1
f.
2
16
. 2y 1 = 0 y =
1
2
1
f.
2
1
1
4 5 0x = 7
2 1 x =
(1) 2
2
x 2
x 2
1
f.
2
1
2
f f ( A ) = \ .
8
f = .
y y = f (x)
= . :
y= f (x) y=
5x
yx 2 5x + 3y= 0 (1)
x +3
2
:
) y = 0 . :
(1) 0x 2 5x + 3 0 = 0 x = 0
0 f (A) .
) y 0 . (1) x 0 . :
0 25 12y 2 0 y 2
y
5
2 3
25
5
y
12
12
5 3
5 3
5 3
y
6
6
6
5 3
5 3
5 3 5 3
y
, 0 0,
6
6 y
6
6
y0
5 3 5 3
.
6
6
f ( A ) = ,
17
9
f
= [0, +) .
y y = f (x) ,

= [0, +) .
:
y0
y = f (x) =
y
e 2x 1
2
2x
y = e 1
xA
x 0
x 0
y0
y0
y0
y 2 + 1 = e 2x 2x = ln(y 2 + 1) x =
ln(y 2 + 1)
2
x 0
x0
x0
y0
y0
y0
1
2
2
2
ln(y + 1) 0 ln(y + 1) 0 ln(y + 1) ln1
2
y0
y0
y0
y 2 + 1 1
y2 0
f f ()= [0, +) .
10
=
f
[e, + ) .
y y = f (x) ,

= [e, +) .
:
y = f (x)
y = 3 ln x 1
ln x 1 = 3 y
xA
xe
xe
y3
3 y 0
y3
ln x 1 =
(3 y) 2 ln x =
1 + (3 y) 2 x =
e1+ (3 y)
xe
xe
xe
18
y3
e1+ (3 y)
y3
y3
y3
2
(3 y) 2 0
e 1 + (3 y) 1
f f ( A ) = (, 3] .
11
f D f = .
g D g = (, 4] .
i.
Cg xx, 0 g.
x D g f (x) = 0 . :
=
x + 4 0
f (x) 0
x=
+4 =
0
4
x=
x4
x4
x 4
4 D g , g ( 4 ) = 0 .
Cg xx, (4,0).
Cg yy, 0 D g .
0 Dg . Cg yy (0,g(0)) (0,2).
ii. Cf Cg , x D f Dg
f (x) = g(x) . f (x) = g(x)
Df Dg =
( , 4] .
x 2
f (x) = g(x)
x + 2 = x + 4
(x + 2) = x + 4
x Df Dg
x4
x4
x 2
x 2
2 x 4
2
x + 4x + 4 = x + 4 x + 5x =0
x =0
x = 0 x = 5
x4
x4
g=
( 0 ) f=
( 0) 2 .
Cf Cg (0,2).
19
12
f .
Cf xx,
x , f (x) < 0 . :
x
x
x
3
f (x) < 0
x 4x < 0
x(x 2 4) < 0
x(x 2 4) .
x
x < 2 0 < x < 2
x(x 2 4) < 0
13
f, g . :
f (x) > g(x) e 2x > e x + 2 e 2x e x 2 > 0
x Df Dg
x
x
(e x ) 2 e x 2 > 0
e x = > 0 , :
2 2 > 0, > 0
2 2 1 2. 2 2 > 0
] < 1 > 2 . :
2 2 > 0 < 1 > 2

x
> 2 e > 2 x > ln 2

>0
>0
20
14
i. Cf [ 6, 0 ) (0, 4) .
f :
Df =
[ 6, 0 ) (0, 4)
ii. 0 f y = 0 Cf (6, 0) .
iii. Cf [ 0, 4] {2} .
f [ 0, 4] {2} .
iv. x = 2 Cf (2 2) . f (2) = 2 .
v. f (x) = 0 , Cf
xx. Cf xx
(6, 0) .
f (x) = 0 x = 6 .
vi. f (x) > 0 ( f (x) < 0 )
Cf (
).
:
f ( x ) > 0 x ( 6, 0 ) ( 0, 2 )
f ( x ) < 0 x [2, 4)
15
i. f , Cf
.
ii. g , 1 D g 1 Dg .
iii. , 0 D ( 0 ) =1 0 .
. 2 D 2 D .
iv. h 1 D h h ( 1) = 0 1 = h(1) .
21
16
i. f x > 0 x 0 .
f D f = \ {0} .
:
x>0
ln x,
f (x) =
ln( x), x < 0
f .
y = lnx x>0
yy.
:
ii. y = f (x) y = f (x) . ( )
22
iii. =
y f (x 1) ,
f .
iv. =
y f (x + 1) ,
f .
v. =
y f (x) + 1 ,
f .
23
=
y f ( x ) 1 ,
vi.
f .
24
17
i. y = f (x) .
y = x 3 x 0
y = x x < 0 .
ii. y = f (x)
y = f (x) ,
xx.
iii. y= f ( x)
y = f (x) ,
yy.
25
iv. y =f ( x)
y = f (x) ,
.
v. g = f (x)
Cf xx ,
xx, Cf xx.
26
vi. f(x) 0 y = f(x) f(x) = 0

2
1
f(x) < 0 y = f(x) + f(x) = f(x)
f (x) 0
0,
y=
f (x), f (x) < 0
27
18
x > 0 x 1 > 0 .
f
x > 0
x 0
x 0,1
x 1 > 0
x 1
D f = \ {0,1} .
g
x
>0
x 1
x
> 0 x ( x 1) > 0 x < 0 x > 1 .
x 1
D g =
( , 0 ) (1, +) .
D f Dg : f g .
x D g :
x
x
x
g=
x 1 f (x)
( x ) ln = ln = ln = ln x ln =
x 1
x 1
x 1
g ( x ) = f (x) x ( ,0 ) (1,+) .
f ( x ) = g(x)
( ,0 ) (1,+) .
f g ( ,0 ) (1,+) .
28
19
f
Df
=
x>0
x > 0
x (0,1) (1, +) .
ln x 0
x 1
( 0,1) (1, +) .
g 1 2x 0 x
1
.
2
Dg = , .
2
D f
Dg 0, . f + g f g
=
2
1
0, . :
2
x
+ 1 2x
lnx
x
x 1 2x
(f g)(x)
1 2x
= f (x)g(x)
=
=
lnx
lnx
( f + g )( x ) =
f (x) + g(x) =
1
1
1 0< x
x Df Dg
0<x
2 0 x 1
2
2
< <
g(x) 0
1
2
x
1 2x 0 1 2x 0
2
0<x
f
f (x)
=
)
( x=
g(x)
g
f
:
g
x
x
1
lnx =
, 0 < x <
2
1 2x lnx 1 2x
29
20
i. D g = :
f ( x ) + f [ ( x) ]
g ( x ) =
,
2
f ( x ) + f (x)
g ( x ) =
,
2
g ( x ) =
g ( x ) x .
g .
ii. D h = :
f ( x ) f [ ( x) ]
h ( x ) =
,
2
f ( x ) f (x)
h ( x ) =
,
2
h ( x ) =
f ( x ) f ( x)
,
2
h ( x ) =
h ( x ) x .
h .
iii. x :
g ( x ) +=
h (x)
f ( x ) + f ( x) f ( x ) f ( x)
+
=
2
2
f ( x ) + f ( x ) + f ( x ) f ( x) 2f (x)
= = f (x)
2
2
f ( x ) x . f R
g ( x ) + h ( x ) =
30
21
f D f =
[ 2, 2]
g Dg = .
) fog
1= x Dg|g(x) Df .
x Dg
x
2 x + 1 2 3 x 1
g(x) Df (x + 1) [2, 2]
1 = [ 3,1] fog. 1
fog.
fog :
(fog)(x) = f (g(x)) = f (x + 1) = 4 (x + 1) 2 = x 2 2x + 3 3 x 1
) gof 2=
{x D |f (x) D } .
f
x [2, 2]
x Df
x [2, 2]
f (x) Dg
4 x 2
2 = [ 2, 2] gof. 2
gof. gof :
( gof )( x ) = g ( f ( x ) ) =
4 x2 =
4 x 2 + 1 2 x 2
31
22
= D=
i. tof = g D tof
g
( 0, + )
( tof )( x ) = g ( x )
x > 0.
( f ( x ) ) =g ( x ) t
( lnx ) =
( tof )( x ) =g ( x )t
1
.
x
lnx = x = e .
:
t ( =
)
1
t ( =
) e , t ( x ) = e x ,x
e
t :
=
t ( x ) e x ,x
ii. fo=g D fo
= D=
(0, +) ( fo )( x ) = g ( x ) x > 0 .
g
f ( ( x ) )= g ( x ) ln(
( x ))=
1
1
( x )= e x .
x
:
1
x
=
( x ) e ,x > 0
23
f D f = [1,1] .
t=
( x ) f (lnx 1) .
t D t =
{x > 0|lnx 1 Df }
x>0
x>0
x>0
ln x 1 Df 1 ln x 1 1 0 ln x 2
x>0
x>0
1 x e2
ln x
2
2
e e e 1 x e
0
D t = [1, e 2 ] .
x ) f (2 x) .
g ( =
g D g =
x
x
1 x 3
2 x Df
1 2 x 1
D g = [1,3] .
{x : 2 x D f } .
32
D t D g = [1,3] . h.
D h = [1,3] .
h :
h ( x=
) f ( lnx 1) + f ( 2 x=)
= 1 (lnx 1) 2 + 1 (2 x) 2 = ln 2 x + 2lnx + x 2 + 4x 3
24
i. g(x) =x 1,x 0 .
=
h ( x ) f=
h(x)
= f ( x 1)
(g ( x ))
H h :
{x 0|1
( fog ) (x) .
x 1 2
x0
x0
( x 1) [1, 2] 1 x 1 2
x0
x0
4x9
4 x 9
2 x 3
D h = [4,9] .
x 3 6,x .
ii. g ( x ) =
( x ) f=
=
( x ) f (x 3 6) =
(g ( x ))
( fog ) (x)
H :
{x |1 x
6 2}
x Dg
x
g(x) Df (x 6) [1, 2]
x
x
x
3
3
x [ 7, 2]
3
3
1 x 6 2
7 x 8
7 x 2
D = 3 7, 2 .
33
25
.
()=x ()=4 . :
2
() 2 = ( )( ) ()
=
() 2 () 2 .
=
( )
42 x 2
x2
() 2 () 2 () 2
=4
=
=
4
4
()
()
( ) = f (x)
x2
4
f ( x )= 4 .
f x > 0 f ( x ) > 0 .
:
x2
x < 4
x 2 < 16
> 0
0<x<4
>
x
0
>
x
0
x > 0
0 < x < 4 , ()=x

()=4.
f D f = (0, 4) .
34
26
2x 1 = x =
+1
.
2
+1
f ()
=
,
2
3
x +1
( x) x3 ,x .
) 2x 1, x =
,x g ( x=
2
3
=
f ( x )
( fog )( x ) = ( x ) x .
:
x Df
x
x
g(x) Df 2x 1
D fog = . D =
, Dfog = D .
:
2x 1 + 1
x3 =
(x) x .
( fog ) (x) =f (g(x)) =f ( 2x 1) =
=
2
27
i. x :
(x) = x (x) = x(x 5),
x>0
P(x) :
(x) = E(x) K(x)
(x) = x(x 5) (4 2x 2 )
(x) = x 2 5x + 4 + 2x 2
(x) = x 2 5x + 4 ,
x>0
ii. (x) > 0 (x) < 0 .

x 2 5x + 4 1 4.
(x) > 0 0 < x < 1 x > 4 (x) < 0 1 < x < 4 .
35
28
i. x 1 = x = + 1 .
:
f() = ( + 1)2 3 f() = 2 + 2 + 1 3 f() = 2 + 2 2
:
f(x) = x 2 + 2x 2 , x .
ii. 3x = x =
:
3
f() = f() =
3
:
f(x) =
x3
27
, x .
3
27
36

1. ()
f (x) =
. f
2 x
[ 0, 4 ) ( 4, + )
= R + \ {4} .
( )
2. ()
:
i.
f (x) =
ii.
g(x) =
5
9 x2
2x
3 + x2
( )
3. ()
:
i. f (x) =
11x
11 x
ii. g(x)
= ln(x ) e x
( )
37
4. ()
:
i.
f (x)=
1
x
x
ii.
g(x) =
2x + 3
x 1
( )
5. ()
) f ( 0 + ) f (x) > 0 x ( 0, + )
g(x)
=
1
1
+ f ( 0, + ) .
f (x)
x
) h(x) =
1
1
x
+
e
ln x .
ex
( )
6. ()
) f , , [ 0, ] , > 0 ,
f ( 0 ) = , f ( ) =0 .
i. f [ , 0] [ 0, ] .
ii. f f [ , 0]
[0, ] .
) h(x)
= 1 1 x2
( )
) [ 1,1] .
2
38
7. ()
A) f
g(x) =f 3 (x) + 3f (x 3 ) + 2 .
B) h(x) =e3x + 3e x + 2
.
3
( )
8. ()
) f g f()
f g .
) g(x) = x 3 x + 1 [ 1,1] .
) h(x) = 3 x x + 1 [ 0, ] .
( )
9. ()
f (x) = e x + x 3 + x
. f .
. f (x) = 1 .
. g
g(x 3 + e x ) < g(1 x) .

( )
10. ()
A) f (x)
= lnx + x ( 0, + ) .
) ln(x 2 + x + 1) + x 2 < ln(x + 2) + 1 .
( )
39
11. ()
x x [ 0, ] .
2
) f (x)
=
B)
e
>
.
2e e 1
( )
12. ()

.
2
) f (x)= e x x 0,

) e 4
< 3.
( )
13. ()
) f (x) =x 2 + ln(1 + x 2 ) .
) f
.
( )
14. ( )
f (0,2), (1,3)
| 2f (x) 5 | 1 .
( )
40
15. ( )
i. f f
.
ii. =
f (x)
[0, + ) .
( )
xe x e x x + 1
41

1
( x 0 2- x 0 ) ( x 0
R + \ {4} .
x 4 ) x A =
f =
f (x 2 ) f (x1 )

x 2 x1
x1 , x 2 A .
x2
x1
2 x 2 2 x1
2( x 2 x1 )
2(x 2 x1 )
=
=
=
x 2 x1
(x 2 x1 )(2 x 2 )(2 x1 ) (x 2 x1 )(2 x 2 )(2 x1 )( x 2 + x1 )
2
.
(2 x 2 )(2 x1 )( x 2 + x1 )
2 x 2 2 x1 . :
x1 , x 2 [ 0, 4 ) ( 0 x1 < 4 0 x 2 < 4 ) ( x1 < 2
x 2 < 2 )
(2 x 2 )(2 x1 ) > 0 .
> 0 .
x1 , x 2 ( 4, + ) ( x1 > 4 x 2 > 4 ) ( x1 > 2
x 2 > 2 )
(2 x 2 )(2 x1 ) > 0 .
> 0 .
x1 [ 0, 4 ) x 2 ( 4, + ) x1 < 4 < x 2
x1 < 2 < x 2 (2 x 2 )(2 x1 ) < 0 .
< 0 .
[ 0, 4 ) ( 4, + ) > 0 f
.
42
2
i. f 9 x 2 > 0 x ( 3,3) = .
x1 , x 2 (3, 0] x1 < x 2 :
x1 < x 2 0 x12 > x 22 x12 < x 22 9 x12 < 9 x 22

9 x12 < 9 x 22
5
9x
2
1
>
5
9 x 22
f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) .
f (3, 0] .
x1 , x 2 [0,3) x1 < x 2 :
0 x1 < x 2 x12 < x 22 x12 > x 22 9 x12 > 9 x 22

9 x12 > 9 x 22
5
9 x12
<
5
9 x 22
f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) .
f [0,3) .
ii. g .
x1 , x 2 [0, +) :
g(x1 ) < g(x 2 )
2x1
3 + x12
<
2x1
3 + x 22
4x12
4x 22
<
12x12 + 4x12 x 22 < 12x 22 + 4x12 x 22
2
2
3 + x1 3 + x 2
4x12
4x 22
>
12x12 + 4x12 x 22 > 12x 22 + 4x12 x 22
3 + x12 3 + x 22
x1 > 0
x12 < x 22 x1 < x 2

x 2 >0
x1 , x 2 (, 0] :
g(x1 ) < g(x 2 )
2x1
3 + x12
<
2x1
3 + x 22
x1 < 0
x12 > x 22 x1 < x 2

x 2 <0
x1 < 0 < x 2
2x1
3+ x
2
1
<0<
2x 2
3 + x 22
g(x1 ) < g(x 2 ) .
x1 , x 2 :
x1 < x 2 g(x1 ) < g(x 2 ) g .
43
3
i. H f = {x R : 11 x > 0} = {x R : x < 11}
( ,11) .
x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 :
x1 < x 2 x1 > x 2 11 x1 > 11 x 2 11 x1 > 11 x 2
x1 < x 2 11x1 < 11x 2
1
1
<
11 x1
11 x 2
(1)
(2).
(1) (2) ( )
11x1
11x 2
<
f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) , f .
11 x1
11 x 2
ii. H g = {x R : x > 0} = {x R : x > }
( , + ) .
x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 :
ln x
x1 < x 2 x1 < x 2 ln(x1 ) < ln(x 2 )

ex
(3)
x1 < x 2 x1 > x 2 x1 > x 2 e x1 > e x 2 e x1 < e x 2
(4).
(3), (4) g(x1 ) < g(x 2 ) g .
44
4
( 0, + ) .
i. H f
= {x R : x 0 x 0} =
x1 , x 2 x1 x 2 :
1
1
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
f (x 2 ) f (x1 ) x 2
x1 x 2
=
x1
=
=
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
x1x 2 (x 2 x1 )
x 2 x1
x1 x 2
x1 x 2
x 2 x1
( x 2 x1 ) (
1
x 2 + x1
)(
x 2 + x1
x 2 + x1
)=
1
x1 x 2
( x 2 x1 )
( x 2 x1 ) ( x 2 +
x1
< 0 x1 , x 2 (0, +) .
f (x) ( 0, + ) .
ii. H g = {x R : x 1} =
( ,1) (1, + ) .
x1 , x 2 x1 x 2 :
2x 2 + 3 2x1 + 3 2x 2 x1 2x 2 + 3x1 3 2x 2 x1 3x 2 + 2x1 + 3
( x 2 1)( x1 1) =
g(x 2 ) g(x1 )
x2 1
x1 1
=
=
=
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
2x 2 + 3x1 3x 2 + 2x1
=
( x 2 x1 )( x 2 1)( x1 1)
5(x 2 x1 )
=
( x 2 x1 )( x 2 1)( x1 1)
5
( x 2 1)( x1 1)
x1 , x 2 (,1) x1 1 < 0 x 2 1 < 0 (x1 1)(x 2 1)>0 < 0 .

x1 , x 2 (1, +) x1 1>0 x 2 1>0 (x1 1)(x 2 1)>0 < 0 .
x1 (,1) , x 2 (1, +) x1 1 < 0 x 2 1>0 (x1 1)(x 2 1)<0
> 0.
g
( ,1) (1, + )
.
45
5
A) x1 , x 2 (0, +) x1 < x 2 :
f (x ) > 0
x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 )
x1 < x 2
1
1
>
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
(1)
1
1
1 f 1
>
f > f (2)
x1 x 2
x1
x2
(1), (2) : g(x1 ) > g(x 2 ) g ( 0, + ) .

) e x ( 0, + ) .
x1 , x 2 (0, +) x1 < x 2 :
1
1
1
A f (x) = e , x1 < x 2 g(x1 ) > g(x 2 ) x + e x1 > x + e x 2 (3)
1
e
e2
x
ln x
x1 < x 2 ln x1 < ln x 2 ln x1 > ln x 2
(4)
(3), (4) h(x1 ) > h(x 2 ) h
( 0, + ) .
46
6
) i. f [ 0, ]
x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) (1), x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) (2) x1 , x 2 [0, ] .
f ( 0 ) = > 0 = f ( ) f ( 0 ) > f ( )
0 <
(2) f
[0, ] .
x1 , x 2 [, 0] x1 < x 2 :
x1 < x 2 0 x1 > x 2 0 f [ 0, ]
f
f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) .

f [, 0] .
ii. x1 , x 2 [, 0] x1 < x 2 . :
x1 < x 2 0
f [ ,0]
f () f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f (0) f () f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f (0)
0 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) .
f (x1 ), f (x 2 ) [0, ] f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f
[0, ] f ( f (x1 ) ) > f ( f (x 2 ) )
f f
[, 0] .
f f [ 0, ] .
x1 , x 2 [0, ] x1 < x 2 . :
0 x1 < x 2
f [0, ]
f (0) f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) f () f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) 0 .
f (x1 ), f (x 2 ) [0, ] f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) f
[0, ] f ( f (x1 ) ) < f ( f (x 2 ) )

[ 0, ] .
f f
) f (x) = 1 x 2 .
f (x) = 1 x 2 :
f ( x) = 1 ( x 2 ) = 1 x 2 = f (x) . x f .
47
x 2 + x +
= 1 < 0
( , 0]
, +
2
2
[ 0, + ) f
[0,1] .
f ( 0 ) = 1 f (1) = 0 .
f f , h(x) =1 (1 x 2 ) 2
[ 1, 0] [ 0,1] .
7
) x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 :
f
x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f 3 (x1 ) < f 3 (x 2 ) (1)

f
x1 < x 2 x13 < x 32 f (x13 ) < f (x 32 ) 3f (x13 ) < 3f (x 32 ) (2)

(1), (2) f 3 (x1 ) + 3f (x13 ) < f 3 (x 2 ) + 3f (x 32 )
f 3 (x1 ) + 3f (x13 ) + 2 < f 3 (x 2 ) + 3f (x 32 ) + 2 g(x1 ) < g(x 2 )

g .
) A f (x) = e x
f 3 (x) + 3f (x 3 ) + 2 = (e x )3 + 3e x + 2 = e3x + 3e x + 2 = h(x) .

3
h .
8
) x1 < x 2 x1 , x 2 . f
f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) .
f (x1 ), f (x 2 ) f ( ) g ,
g(f (x1 )) < g(f (x 2 )) (g f )(x1 ) < (g f )(x 2 ) , g f

x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 (g f )(x1 ) < (g f )(x 2 ) .
48
) x1 , x 2 [ 1,1] x1 < x 2 :
x1 < x 2 x13 < x 32 x13 > x 32 (1).

x1 < x 2 x1 > x 2 (2).
(1) (2) :
x13 x1 > x 32 x 2 x13 x1 + 1 > x 32 x 2 + 1 g(x1 ) > g(x 2 )

g [ 1,1] .
) h g(x) = x 3 x + 1
[ 1,1] , f (x) = x [ 0, ] .
1 x 1 x [ 0, ] g ([0, ]) =[ 1,1] .
() f (x) = x g(x) =
x3 x + 1
g f h(x) = 3 x x + 1
[ 0, ] .
9
) x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 :
ex
x1 < x 2 e x1 < e x 2
x1 < x 2 x13 < x 32

x1 < x 2
(1)
(2)
(3)
(1), (2), (3) : e x1 + x13 + x1 < e x 2 + x 32 + x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 )

f .
) x = 0 f ( 0 ) = e0 + 03 + 0 = 1, x = 0
f (x) = 1 f
, < f (x) = 1 f () = f () = 1 ,
f () < f () 1 < 1 .
x = 0 f (x) = 1 .
) g (x 3 + e x ), (1 x )
:
f
g(x 3 + e x ) < g(1 x) x 3 + e x > 1 x x 3 + e x + x > 1 f (x) > f (0) x > 0 .

x ( 0, + ) .
49
10
) x1 , x 2 ( 0, + ) x1 < x 2 :
ln x
x1 < x 2 ln x1 < ln x 2 (1)

x1 < x 2 (2)
(1), (2) : l n x1 + x1 < l n x 2 + x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 )
f ( 0, + ) .
) x > 2 :
ln(x 2 + x + 1) + x 2 < ln(x + 2) + 1 ln(x 2 + x + 1) + x 2 + x + 1 < ln(x + 2) + 1 + x + 1

f
ln(x 2 + x + 1) + x 2 + x + 1 < ln(x + 2) + x + 2 f (x 2 + x + 1) < f (x + 2) x 2 + x + 1 < x + 2

x 2 < 1 x < 1 1 < x < 1 x > 2 .
11
) x1 , x 2 [0, ] x1 < x 2 :
x1 < x 2 x1 > x 2
x1 < x 2
x [0, ]
x1 > x 2
2
2
x1 > x 2
(1).
(2).
x1 , x 2 0, x1 < x 2 x1 > 0 , x1 > 0 , x 2 0 , x 2 0

2
2
(1), (2) f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) ,
f 0,
2.
x1 , x 2 , x1 < x 2 x1 0 , x1 0 , x 2 < 0 , x 2 < 0

2
2
(1), (2) f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) ,
f ,
2 .
) f ,
2 2 < e < . :
f (e) < f () e e < e ee < e < ee

2
2
2
2
2
e
e < 2ee (e 1) < 2ee
>
( e 1 < 0 ) .
2e e 1
50
12
) x1 , x 2 0, x1 < x 2 :
0 < e x1 < e x 2 (1) e x .

2

0 x1 < x 2 < 0 x1 < x 2 (2) x 0, .
2
2
(1) (2) f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f
0 x1 < x 2 <

0,
2 .
) f 0,
2 0 < 4 < 3 < 2
e >0 e 4
f < f e 4 < e 3 e 4 < e 3 3 < 3 e 4 3 < 3 .

4
3
4
3
e3
x
13
) f 1 + x 2 > 0 x .
x1 , x 2 ( , 0] x1 < x 2 :
ln x
x1 < x 2 x12 > x 22 1 + x12 > 1 + x 22 ln(1 + x12 ) > ln(1 + x 22 ) (1)
x1 < x 2 x12 > x 22 (2)

(1), (2) f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) f ( , 0] .
x1 , x 2 [0, +) x1 < x 2 :
ln x
x1 < x 2 x12 < x 22 1 + x12 < 1 + x 22 ln(1 + x12 ) < ln(1 + x 22 ) (3)
x1 < x 2 x12 < x 22
(4)
(3), (4) f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f [0, +) .
51
) f ( x ) = 0 .
x = 0 f ( 0 ) =02 + ln 1 + 02 =0 , x = 0
f ( x ) = 0 .
> 0
f ( ) =0 (5) .
f
(5)
f [0, +) > 0 f () > f (0) 0 > 0

.
< 0 .
x = 0 f ( x ) = 0
f ( ).
14
:
2f (x) 5 1
1 2f (x) 5 1
4 2f (x) 6
2 f (x) 3 x . (1)
f (0,2) (1,3)
f ( 0 ) = 2 f (1) = 3 .
(1) : f ( 0 ) f (x) f (1) x .
f f (1) = 3 f ( 0 ) = 2 .
52
15
i. 1 < 2 f .
f (1 ) = f (2 ) = 0
(1) .
f : 1 < 2 f (1 ) < f (2 ) 0 < 0

.
f : 1 < 2 f (1 ) > f (2 ) 0 > 0
.
f
f .
ii. H : f (x)= e x ( x 1) ( x 1) = ( x 1)(e x 1) .
f (x) =
0 ( x 1)(e x 1) =
0
( x 1=0 e x 1 = 0 )
( x =1 e x = 1 )
( x=1 x = 0 )
f [0, +) (i) f
[0, +) .
53

1. ( 1-1 f 1 f )
f (x) =
x
1+ x
f 1 .
( )
2. ( 1-1 f 1 f )
f=
( x ) 2e x +1 3
f 1 .
( )
3. ( 1-1 f 1 f )
f ( x ) = ln e x e 2
f 1 .
( )
4. ( 1-1 f 1 f )
f ( x ) =
x2
A
= [0, +) .
x2 +1
) .
) .
) .
) .
( )
54
5. ( 1-1 f 1 f )
f (x)
= x 2 ,
.
( )
6. ( 1-1 f 1 f )
f ( x ) 1-
1.
( )
7. ( 1-1
)
f ( x ) 1-1
f 1 ( x ) .
( )
8. ( 1-1
)
f : R R , ( fof )( x ) = xf ( x ) , (1) x R
) f ( 0 ) = 0
) f ( x ) 0 x 0 f .
( )
55
9. ( 1-1 )
f : R R * f ( x + y )= f ( x ) f ( y ) , (1)
) f ( 0=
) 1,
f ( x=
)
1
f (x)
) f ( x ) > 0
) f 1-1 f 1 ( x =
y ) f 1 ( x ) + f 1 ( y ) ,
x, y > 0
( )
10. ( , f , f 1 )
f ( x ) = x 3 + 2x + 2
.
( )
11. ( , f , f 1 )
f ( x )= e x 3 + x e 2
) f
) f ( x ) = f 1 ( x )
) f 1 ( 2 ln x=
+ 2 ) f 1 ln 2 x 1
( )
12. ( 1-1
)
f ( x ) =x 3 + 6x 2 + 12x + 10
)
) ( fof )( x ) = 3
( )
56
13. ( )
( )
x R 12f x 2 4f 2 ( x ) 9, (1) , f .
( )
57

1
x 0 1 + x 0 ( ) x 0
.= A= D=
[0, +)
f
1 : f (x1 ) = f (x 2 )
x1 =
x1
x
= 2 x1 + x1 x 2 = x 2 + x1 x 2
1 + x1 1 + x 2
x 2 x1= x 2 f 1-1.
2 : y= f (x)=
1+ x
y + y x=
x y=
y 1
x (1 y)
y
x
=
1 y
y 1
1 > y 0
y 1
2
0
y (1 y ) 0
y
, (1)
1 y
x =
2
1
y
2
y
x = y
x = 1 y
1 y
3 : (1) x y y x
x
y f=
=
( x )
1 x
f ( x ).
1
D f 1 = [0,1) ,
58
2
A D=
.
T =
f
1 +1
f ( x=
f ( x 2 ) 2e x1 +1 =
3 2e x 2 +1 3 2e x=
2e x 2 +1 =
x1 x 2 1-1.
1)
y = f ( x ) x y
y = f ( x ) f D f
y+3
x +1 =
ln
y+3
y+3
x ln
2=
1
x +1
x +1
y f ( x=
) 2e 3 e =
2
2
y+3 > 0
y > 3
2
(1) x y y x
x +3
1
y f=
=
( x ) ln
1 Df 1 = ( 3, + ) ,
2
f ( x ) .
x e 2 0 e x e 2 > 0 x e 2 e >
x e 2 x e 2 e 2 > x e 2
x e 2 2e 2 > x 2e 2 > x e 2 .= A= Df= [e 2 , 2e 2 )
) (
f ( x1 ) =
f ( x 2 ) ln e x1 e 2 =
ln e x 2 e 2 e x1 e 2 =
e
x 2 e2
x1 e 2 =
x 2 e 2 x1 = x 2 f 1-1.
y = f ( x ) x y
y = f ( x ) f
y =f ( x ) =ln e x e 2 e y =e x e 2 x e 2 =e e y
e e y 0
e1 e y
1 y
2
y 2
2
y 2
2
y 2
x e = ( e e )
x = e + ( e e )
x = e + ( e e ) , (1)
59
x = e 2 + e e y
e 2 , x= e 2 + ( e e y ) < 2e 2 2e y +1 + e 2y < 0
2
ey ( e y 2e ) < 0 e y 2e < 0 e y < 2e y 1 e y e1 < 2e

+
(1) x y y x
y = f 1 ( x ) = e 2 + ( e e x ) = 2e 2 2e x +1 + e 2x Df = (,1] ,
2
f ( x ) .
x2
x2 +11
1
=
= 1 2
2
2
x +1
x +1
x +1
1
1
x 2 > x1 0 x 22 > x12 0 1 + x 22 > 1 + x12 1
<
2
1 + x 2 1 + x12
1
1
1
1
>
1
> 1
f ( x 2 ) > f ( x1 ) f .
2
2
2
1+ x2
1 + x1
1+ x2
1 + x12
) f ( x ) =
) 0 f ( x ) =
x2
f ( 0 ) f ( x ) f x 0 = 0 0
x2 +1
) f [0, +) f 1-1 .
y = f ( x ) x y
y = f ( x ) f A
= [0, +)
y 1
y
1
x2
y
2
2
2
x 0
yx + y =x y =
y=
f (x) = 2
(1 y ) x x 2 = y x =
x +1
1 y
1 y
y
0
1 y
y 1
0 y < 1
y
x
1
=

0 x < 1
y f ( x ) =
x
=
x
1
y
1
x
1 y
y (1 y ) 0
60
) f y = f 1 ( x ) f ( A ) = [0,1)
5
x 2 0 x 2 A
= D=
[2, +)
f
f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 )
x1 2 =
x 2 2 x1 2 = x 2 2 x1 = x 2 1-1.
y = f ( x ) x y
y = f ( x ) f.
y = f (x) =
y 0
y 0
2
x2 2
x, (1)
y = x 2
y + 2 =
(1) x y y x =
y f 1 ( x=
) x2 + 2
D f =
[0, +) , f ( x )
1
=
y f 1 ( x=
) x 2 + 2 , g ( x ) = x 2
2
f ( x=
)
x 2 y = f 1 ( x ) 1 3
y = x ,
61
6
f ( x + T ) = f ( x T ) = f ( x ) T > 0 x T x f ( x )
1-1.
7
f ( x ) =
f ( x ) =
y
.
y = f ( x ) x = f 1 ( y ) x = f 1 ( y ) , (1)
y = f ( x ) y = f ( x ) x = f 1 ( y ) , ( 2 )
(1) ( 2 ) x =
f 1 ( y ) =
f 1 ( y ) f 1 ( y ) f 1 ( x ) .
8
) x = 0 (1) ( fof )( 0 )= 0 f ( 0 ) f ( f ( 0 ) ) = 0 ( 2 )
x = f ( 0 ) (1) ( fof ) f (=
0) f ( 0) f f ( 0)
( 2)
f ( ( fof )( 0 ) ) = f ( 0 ) 0 = 0 f ( 0 ) = 0
) 1 : x1 , x 2 0
(1)
x2
f ( x1 ) =f ( x 2 ) f ( f ( x1 ) ) =f ( f ( x 2 ) ) x1f ( x1 ) =x 2 f ( x 2 ) x1 =
f ( x1 ) , f ( x 2 ) 0
2 : x1= 0 x 2
x1 =0 x 2 f ( x1 ) =f ( 0 ) =0 f ( x 2 )
f 1-1, .
62
9
) f ( x ) R * f ( x ) 0 x
f ( x ) 0
y = 0 (1) f ( x + 0=
) f ( x ) f ( 0 ) f ( x=) f ( x ) f ( 0 ) =1 f ( 0 )
x x y x (1) f ( x x =
) f ( x ) f ( x )
1
f ( 0=
) f ( x ) f ( x ) 1= f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x ) = f ( x ) 0
f (x)
) x
f (x) > 0
x x
x
x
x
x
x
y
(1) f ( + )= f ( ) f ( ) f (x)= f 2 ( ) > 0
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
f 1 ( x ) =t x =f ( t )
f ( t + v ) = f ( t ) f ( v ) f ( t + v ) =x y
1
=
=
f
y
v
y
f
v
(
)
(
)
t +=
v f 1 ( x y ) f 1 ( x ) + f 1 ( y ) =f 1 ( x y )
10
1 :
x y y x
y = x 3 + 2x + 2
y = x 3 + 2x + 2
3
3
3
x = y + 2y + 2
y x = x y + 2x 2y
3
3
y = x + 2x + 2
y = x + 2x + 2
2
2
2
2
0 = ( x y ) ( x + xy + y ) + 3 ( x y ) 0 = ( x y ) ( x + xy + y + 3)
y = x 3 + 2x + 2
=
x y 0 x 2 + xy +=
y 2 + 3 0 ( )
( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 2 ) =
0
x = x 3 + 2x + 2
x 3 + x + 2 = 0
x = 1
+
=
y = 1
x y=
x y
y = x
63
2 :
f
x 3 , x + 2 7 f ( x ) = f 1 ( x )
f ( x ) = x f 1 ( x ) = x
f ( x ) = x x = x 3 + 2x + 2 x 3 + x + 2 = 0 ( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 2 ) = 0
x =1 y =1
11
A D=
.
) T =
f
e x , x 3
e x 3 . x e 2 ,
f ( x )= e x 3 + x e 2 1-1.
) f
Cf , Cf 1 y = x ( 7)
f ( x ) = f 1 ( x ) f ( x ) = x e x 3 + x e 2 = x e x 3 = e 2
x 3 = 2 x = 5
) x > 0 ,
( 2 ln x + 2=)
( ln
f 1
x 1) 2 ln x +=
2 ln 2 x 1
11
ln x = t
ln x = t
ln 2 x 2 ln x 3 = 0 2
1 t 2 =
3
0 t1 =
t 2t 3 =
ln x =
1 ln x =
3 x=
e 1 x =
e3
e x .
11
64
12
A D=
) T =
f
f f ( x ) = x 3 + 6x 2 + 12x + 10 = x 3 + 3 x 2 2 + 3 x 22 + 23 + 2 =
( x + 2)
+ 2.
x + 2 x 3
f ( x ) =( x + 2 ) + 2 .
3
1-1 .
y =f ( x ) =( x + 2 ) + 2 x
3
y = ( x + 2) + 2 ( x + 2) = y 2
3
y 2 x + 2 =
y < 2 x + 2 =
3 2 y x =
3 2 y 2 f 1 (x) =
3 2 x 2 x < 2
y 2 x=
y 2 2 f 1 (x) =
x 2 2 x 2
3 x 2 2, x 2
f ( x ) =
, (1)
3
2 x 2, x < 2
1
) f , fof .
( fof )( x ) =
3 f (f ( x )) =
3 f (x) =
f 1 ( 3) , ( 2 )
(1) x = 3 f 1 ( 3) =3 3 2 2 =
1 2 =1
(2) f ( x ) =1 ( x + 2 ) + 2 =1 ( x + 2 ) =3 x + 2 = 3 3 x =2 3 3.
3
65
13
(1) x
x = 0 12 f ( 0 ) 4 f 2 ( 0 ) 9 0 4 f 2 ( 0 ) 12 f ( 0 ) + 9
2
3
0 ( 2 f ( 0 ) 3) f ( 0 ) =
2
x =1 12 f (1) 4 f 2 (1) 9 0 4 f 2 (1) 12 f (1) + 9

2
3
0 ( 2 f (1) 3) f (1) =
2
f=
( 0)
f=
(1)
3
f 1-1, .
2
66

1.
f x 0 , f ;
( )
2.
;
( )
3.
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) ;
x x0
x x0
( )
4.
:
i) lim 3x 5x + 8 +
x 1
iii) lim ln x e x + x 2 + 4
x 1
3x 2 + 6x
ii) lim
x 2 x 5 1
2011
iv) lim ( x10 2 )
x 2011 2010
x 1
( )
5.
:
x6 1
i) lim
x 1 1 x 5
x
iii) lim
x
x
( )
ii) lim
x 3 + (1 2e ) x 2 + ( e 2 2e ) x + e 2
2x 2 ex e 2
7x + 2 4x + 1
iv) lim
x 1
x 1
x e
67
6.
x 4 + x 3 2
= 1 , , .
x 1
x2 1
lim
( )
7.
*
lim
x
x 2 x + 3 2
= e.
2
x + 2
( )
8.
h ( x ) x 0 = 1 , x 0 = 2 x 0 = e
3x 2011 + x,
: h ( x )= 3x + 5x 2 4x,
5x 2 + x ln x,
x 1
1< x 2 .
x>2
( )
9.
z 3
, z 2i z = + i , ,
z 2i
10
5
2 Im ( w ) x + Re ( w ) x + 2011 ln ( x ) , x 1
.
: f ( x ) =
3
x > 1
2 Im ( w ) x Re ( w ) x,
z, w w =
z
lim f ( x ) .
x 2
( )
68
10.
:
) lim
x 3
x 3
) lim
x 3
3x x + 5 x 2 + 2x + 2
.
x
x+
5x
.
2
x 9
x 2 + 1 7x 11
x 3
) lim
( )
11.
:
x+2
) lim 2
.
x 2 x 4
) lim
2x 2 9x + 4 + x 2 + 4x
x4
x 4
( )
12.
:
5x 4 + 3x + 1 3
.
x 1
x2 1
10 x 3 3x + 5 1
) lim
.
x 1
x3 1
) lim
) lim
x 1
3x 2 2x 1
.
x2 x
( )
13.
2x 1, x < 1
f ( x ) = x 3
.
+ 3, x 1
4
) f f 1 ( x ) .
f 1 ( x ) f 1 (1)
.
x 1
x 1
) lim
( )
69

1
f x 0 , f
x 0 , f ( , x 0 ) ( x 0 , )
( x 0 , ) ( , x 0 ) .
2
f 1 ,
x x 0 ( x < x 0 ) , :
lim f ( x ) = 1
x x 0
:
f ( x ) , x x 0 , 1 .
f 2 ,
x x 0 ( x > x 0 ) , :
lim f ( x ) = 2
x x 0+
:
f ( x ) , x x 0 , . 2 ..
70
1 = lim f ( x ) 2 = lim+ f ( x )
x x0
x x0
f x 0 1 f x 0 , 2
f x 0 .
:
lim f ( x ) = , lim
f (x)
=
x x0
x x0
lim
f (x)
=
x x 0+
3
f ( , x 0 ) ,
( x 0 , ) , :
lim f ( x ) = lim f ( x ) .
x x0
x x0
i)
: lim 3x 4 5x 3 + 8 + = 3 ( 1) 5 ( 1) + 8 + = 16 + .
ii)
( 3x 2 + 6x ) 3 ( 2 )2 12 12 12
3x 2 + 6x xlim
2
: lim =
=
=
= 0.
5
x 2 x 5 1
32 1
lim ( x 5 1)
( 2 ) 1
x 1
x 2
iii)
lim ln x e x + x 2 + 4 =ln1 e1 + (1) + 4 =e + 3 .
iv)
lim x10 2
x 1
x 1
=
(110 2 )
2011
2011
x 2011 2010 =
12011 2010 =
( 1)
2011
1 2010 =
2011 .
71
5
i)
x6 1
, x 1 .
: g ( x ) =
1 x5
x = 1 ,
0
0
x 1
.
x 6 1 Horner.
: x 6 1 = ( x 1) x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 .
:
x6 1=
(x )
3 2
12 =
(x
1)( x 3 + 1) =
( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x 2 x + 1) .
x 5 + 1 Horner.
: 1 x 5 =
g ( x ) =
g(x)
=
x6 1
=
1 x5
( x 1) ( x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1) .
x6 1
x 1 , :
1 x5
( x 1) ( x 5 + x 4 + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1)
=
( x 1) ( x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1)
x5 + x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x + 1
.
x 4 x3 x 2 x 1
x5 + x 4 + x3 + x 2 + x + 1
6
= .
4
3
2
x 1
x x x x 1
5
, lim g ( x ) = lim
x 1
72
ii)
f ( x ) =
x e x
x 3 + (1 2e ) x 2 + ( e 2 2e ) x + e 2
2x 2 ex e 2
e
.
2
x = e ,
x e
.
0
,
0
x 3 + (1 2e ) x 2 + e 2 2e x + e 2
Horner.
x 3 + (1 2e ) x 2 + ( e 2 2e ) x + e 2 = ( x e ) ( x 2 + (1 e ) x e ) =
( x e )( x e )( x + 1) =
( x e ) ( x + 1) .
2
2x 2 ex e 2 = x 2 ex + x 2 e 2 = x ( x e ) + ( x + e )( x e ) = ( x e )( 2x + e )
x 3 + (1 2e ) x 2 + ( e 2 2e ) x + e 2
=
=
, lim f ( x ) lim
x e
x e
2x 2 ex e 2
( x e ) ( x + 1=
)
lim
x e ( x e )( 2x + e )
2
iii)
( x e )( x + 1=) ( e e )( e + 1=)
x e
( 2e + e )
( 2x + e )
lim
0
= 0.
3e
x = ,
0
, x
0
.
1:
0
x 0
= lim
lim
x
x x
( x ) (
x
x+
)(
x+
)=
)
lim
x
( x ) (
x+
= 2 .
x
73
2 :
0
x 0
x
lim
= lim
= lim
x
x
x x x
iv)
)(
x+
= 2 .
x
x = 1

0
,
0
.
0
7x + 2 ( 4x 1)
7x + 2 4x + 1 0
=
lim
lim
=
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
7x + 2 ( 4x 1) 7x + 2 + ( 4x 1) x + 1
lim
=
x 1
x 1 x + 1 7x + 2 + ( 4x 1)
( 7x + 2 ) ( 4x 1) ( x + 1)
=
x
1
7x
2
4x
1
+
+
(
)
(( ) )
lim
x 1
)(
7x + 2 16x 2 + 8x 1 x + 1
=
lim
x 1
( x 1) 7x + 2 + ( 4x 1)
( x 1)( 16x 1) ( x + 1)
=
x 1
( x 1) 7x + 2 + ( 4x 1)
lim
17
3
x 4 + x 3 2
x 1 x 1 .
f ( x ) =
x2 1
lim f ( x ) = 1 , x 1 x 1 :
x 1
f ( x ) ( x 2 1=
) x 4 + x 3 2 .
lim f ( x ) x 2=
1 lim x 4 + x 3 2 .
x 1
x 1
1 0 = 1 + 2 = 2 1 . (1)
74
(1)
x 4 + ( 2 1) x 3 2
x 4 + x 3 2
=
1
lim
=1
x 1
x 1
x2 1
x2 1
lim
x 3 ( x 1) + 2 ( x 3 1)
x 4 + 2x 3 x 3 2
=1 lim
=1
lim
x 1
x 1
x2 1
x2 1
lim
x 3 ( x 1) + 2 ( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)
x2 1
x 1
=1
( x 1) x 3 + 2 ( x 2 + x + 1)
x 3 + 2 ( x 2 + x + 1)
lim
=1 lim
=1
x 1
x 1
x +1
( x 1)( x + 1)
:
1 + 6
1
= 1 = (1) = 2 .
2
2
7
:
f (x) =
x 2 x + 3 2
x 2 , lim f ( x ) = e .
x 2
x + 2
f ( x ) x + 2 = x 2 x + 3 2 .
2
, lim f ( x ) x + =
x 2
0 = 2 + 2 + 3 2 = 2 2
lim
x
lim
x 2
lim x 2 x + 3 2
x 2
(1)
(1)
x 2 x + 3 2
2 2x 2 x + 3 2
=
e lim
=
e
2
x 2
x + 2
x+ 2
( x + 2 )( 2 2x + 3) =
2
e lim
(x + 2)
e = 7 =
x 2
7 e
.
e
2x + 3
=
e
75
8
x 0 = 1 :
=
+ x) 4 .
lim=
f ( x ) lim ( 3x 2011
x 1
x 1
lim f ( x=
) lim+ ( 3x + 5x 2 4x=) 4 .
x 1+
x 1
, lim f ( x ) = 4 .
x 1
x 0 = 2 :
lim f ( x=
) lim ( 3x + 5x 2 4x=) 21 .
x 2
x 2
lim f ( x ) =lim+ ( 5x 2 + x ln x ) =18 ln2 .
x 2+
x 2
lim f ( x ) .
x 2
x 0 = e :
lim f ( x ) =lim ( 5x 2 + x ln x ) =5e 2 + e 1 .

x e
x e
9
lim f ( x )
x 1
: lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) .
x 1
x 1
=
ln ( x )
lim 2 Im ( w ) x10 + Re ( w ) x 5 + 2011
x 1
lim 2 Im ( w ) x 3 Re ( w ) x
x 1+
2 Im ( w ) + Re ( w )
2 Im ( w ) Re ( w ) =
Re ( w ) = 2 Im ( w )
z 3 ( 3) + i
w =
=
=
z 2i + ( 2 ) i
(1) .
3 + 2 2 ) + i ( 2 + 3 6 )
=
2
2 + ( 2 )
76
2 3 + 2 2
+ ( 2 )
2
Re ( w ) =
2 + 3 6
2 + ( 2 )
2 3 + 2 2
+ ( 2 )
2
i.
, Im ( w ) =
2 + 3 6
2 + ( 2 )
(1) :
2 3 + 2 2
+ ( 2 )
2
= 2
2 + 3 6
+ ( 2 )
2
2 7 + 2 8 + 12= 0
7
65
2
+ ( 4 ) = .
2
4
7
2
65
, ( 0, 2 ) ,
2
K , 4
z 2i .
10
)
0
.
0

, :
( x 3)
x 3
( x 3) 5x
5x
5x
1
=
lim
lim
=
lim
=
2
2
x 3
x
x 9 x 3
x
x 9 x 3 x ( x 3)( x + 3)
2
lim
x 3
1
x
( x 3) 5x
( x + 3)
=0.
0
.
0

, :
3x x + 5 x 2 + 2x + 2
=
x
x+
lim
3x x + 5 x +
= lim ( 3x 5 ) = 3 5 .
x
x
x+
lim
77
0
.
0

, :
x 2 + 1 7x 11
lim
x 3
(
lim
x 3
x 3
x 3
x 2 + 1 7x 11
( x 3) (
x 2 + 1 7x 11
x 3
= lim
)(
x 2 + 1 + 7x 11
x 2 + 1 + 7x 11
)=
( x 3)( x 4 )
x 2 7x + 12
lim
= lim
=
x 3
x 3
(x 3) x 2 + 1 + 7x 11
(x 3) x 2 + 1 + 7x 11
1
10
=
20
2 10
11
)
0
, :
0
x 2 , x + 2 = x 2
x+2
lim 2
=
x 2 x 4
x 2
lim
=
2
x 2 x 4
lim
x 2
( x + 2)
1
.
=
( x + 2 )( x 2 ) 4
0
,
0
x 0 = 4 x 4 , .
x 4 x 4 = x + 4 x 2 + 4x =
x 2 + 4x ,
x 2 + 4x =
x(x 4) > 0 x 4
2x 2 9x + 4 + x 2 + 4x
2x 2 9x + 4 x 2 + 4x
lim
=
: lim=
x 4
x 4
x4
x + 4
( x 4 )( x 1) = 3 .
x 2 5x + 4
lim
= lim
x 4
x 4
x + 4
x + 4
78
x 4+ x 4 = x 4 x 2 + 4x = x 2 4x ,
x 2 + 4x =
x(x 4) < 0 x 4+
2x 2 9x + 4 + x 2 + 4x
2x 2 9x + 4 + x 2 4x
lim=
lim
=
x 4+
x 4+
x4
x4
( x 4 )( 3x 1) 11 .
3x 2 13x + 4
=
lim+
lim
=
x 4
x 4+
x4
x4
lim
2x 2 9x + 4 + x 2 + 4x
x4
x 4
lim
lim+
2x 2 9x + 4 + x 2 + 4x
x4
x 4
2x 2 9x + 4 + x 2 + 4x
x4
x 4
12
) lim 5x 4 =
2.
1 lim 3x + 1 =
x 1
x 1
3 1 2 , .
:
0
5x 4 + 3x + 1 3 0
5x 4 1 + 3x + 1 2
lim
lim
=
=
2
x 1
x 1
x 1
x2 1
5x 4 1
3x + 1 2
lim
+
=
2
x 1
x2 1
x 1
lim
x 1
)(
5x 4 1
(x
1)
)+(
5x 4 + 1
5x 4 + 1
3x + 1 2
(x
1)
)(
5x 5
3x 3
lim
+
x 1
x 2 1) 5x 4 + 1 ( x 2 1) 3x + 1 + 2
(
3x + 1 + 2
=
3x + 1 + 2
5 ( x 1)
3 ( x 1)
lim
+
x 1
( x 1)( x + 1) 5x 4 + 1 ( x + 1)( x 1) 3x + 1 + 2
= 5 + 3 = 13 .
4 8 8
79
) lim 3 3x
=
2 lim 2x
=
1 1.
x 1
x 1
1 1
.
:
0
3
3x 2 2x 1 0
3x 2 2x 1 + 1 1
=
lim
lim
=
2
x 1
x
1
x x
x2 x
3
3 3x 2 1
2x 1 1
lim
=
2
x 1
x2 x
x x
lim
x 1
x ( x 1)
lim
x 1
x ( x 1)
lim
x 1
x
(
((
((
)
3x 2 ) +
3
3x 2 13
2
3x 2 + 1
3 ( x 1)
3
3x 2
+ 3 3x 2 + 1
(( 3x 2 ) +
2
3x 2 + 1
x ( x 1)
2x 1 + 1
=
2x 1 + 1
)(
2x 1 1
=
2x 1 + 1
2 ( x 1)
x ( x 1)
0.
=
2x 1 + 1
) lim 10 x =
2.
3 lim 3 3x + 5 =
x 1
x 1
1 3 2 .
:
10 x 3 3x + 5 1
10 x 3 3 3x + 5 + 2
=
lim
lim
=
x 1
x 1
x3 1
x3 1
10 x 3 3 3x + 5 2
lim
=
3
3
x 1
x
1
x
1
lim
x 1
10 x 3
(x
1)
)(
10 x + 3
10 x + 3
(x
1)
((
=
2
3
3
3x + 5 + 2 3x + 5 + 4
3x + 5 23
80
x + 1
lim
3
x 1
+
(x
1)
10
x
3
(x 3 1)
((
=
2
3
3
3x + 5 + 2 3x + 5 + 4
1
lim
2
x 1
( x + x + 1) 10 x + 3 ( x 2 + x + 1)
3x 3
((
5
=
.
36
3x + 5 + 2 3 3x + 5 + 4
13
f 1-1.
x < 1 : f ( x=
) 2x 1 , 1-1 .
x3
+3.
4
x3
x 23
x3 x 3
+ 3 1 = 2 x13= x 23 x1= x 2 ,
f ( x1 )= f ( x 2 ) 1 + 3=
4
4
4
4
x 1 : f ( x=
)
1-1.
x1 < 1 x 2 1 ,
( 2 )
+ ( 1)
x1 < 1 2x1 < 2 2x1 1 < 1 f ( x1 ) < 1 ,

:( 4 )
x 2 1 x 23 1
x 2 3 1 + ( 3) x 2 3
13

+ 3 > 1 f ( x 2 ) > 1 ,
4
4
4
4
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 )
x1 x 2 f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) f 1-1.
f 1-1 , .
f ( x ) = y x .
x < 1 : f ( x )= 2x 1 y= 2x 1 x =
x < 1
y +1
,
2
y +1
x +1
x < 1 .
< 1 y < 1 , f 1 ( x ) =
2
2
81
x 1 :
x3
x3
f (x)=
+3 y=
+ 3 x 3 = 4y 3
4
4
3
4y 3 0
y
4
3 4y 3
=
x
x 3 4y 3
x 1
f 1=
(x)
4y 3 1 4y 3 1 y 1 ,
4x 3 x 1 .
x +1
,
x <1
.
: f (x) = 2
3 4x 3, x 1
f 1 ( x ) f 1 (1)
) lim
, x 0 = 1
x 1
x 1
x +1
1
f 1 ( x ) f 1 (1)
x 1
1
2
lim
lim
= lim
=
=
.
x 1
x 1
x 1 2 ( x 1)
x 1
x 1
2
3
f 1 ( x ) f 1 (1)
4x 3 1
lim+ = lim
=
+
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
lim
x 1+
lim+
x 1
( x 1)
( x 1)
lim
x 1
((
((
(
3
4x 3 1
4x 3
4 ( x 1)
3
4x 3
+ 4x 3 + 1
3
+ 3 4x 3 + 1
4
.
3
f 1 ( x ) f 1 (1)
f 1 ( x ) f 1 (1)
,
lim+
x 1
x 1
x 1
f 1 ( x ) f 1 (1)
lim
.
x 1
x 1
82

1. ( )
x
.
x 0 3x
lim
( )
2. ( )
lim
x 0
x x
.
x2
( )
3. ( )
lim
x 1
(x 1) 1
.
x 1
( )
4. ( )
f : , :
f 2 (x) x 2 x .
:
2
. lim f (x) = 0 .
x 0
. lim f (x) = 0 .
x 0
. lim f (x) = 0 .
x 0
( )
83
5. ( )
f : , :
7x x 3 < f (x) < x 4 + 5 1.

. lim f (x) .
x 1
. lim f 2x 2 1 .
x 1
( )
6. ( )
f : , :

1 xx < f (x) < x x 0,
2
. lim+
x 0
(1).
f(x) 1
.
x
. lim f (x) = f ( 0 ) , lim f (x) .

x 0
x 0
( )
7. ( )
f : f (A) = (5, 2) . :
lim x f ( x ) = 0 .
x
( )
84
8. ( )
f f (x) = ln x 1 x .
. .
. f .
. f (, 0] . :
0 < f 1 (x) 1 x 0 .
. lim x 2 f 1 ( x ) .
x 0
( )
9. ( )
f : , lim
x 0
f (x)
= 2.
x
. lim f (x) .
x 0
. x f (x) > 0 , 0.
. f g x f (x) g(x) x 2 x 2 f 2 (x) 0,
lim g(x) .
x 0
( )
85
10. ( )
f : , :
f 1 (x) x , x
2
lim f (x) = 1 .
x 1
. : f (x) x , x .
. : y
y2 + 1
, y .
2
. N lim f (x) .
x 1
( )
11. ( )
f , g : ,:
4x 3 f (x) 3x 4 + 1 , x ,
lim
x 1
g(x) + 3
= 5.
x +1
:
. lim g(x) .
x 1
. lim
f (x) 4
.
x +1
. lim
f (x)g(x) + 12
.
x +1
x 1
x 1
( )
86
12. ( )
f : , :
f (x) + 1 x 2 + 1 , x
lim
x 0
f (x)
= , .
x
. .
. f(x) f 2 (x) +
x2
f (x) 1
, x , lim 2 = .
x 0 x
2
2
( )
13. ( )
f : , :
2x 1 f (x) x 2 , x .
. lim f (x) .
x 1
. lim f (1 + h) .
h 0
. f (x) 1 1, lim
x 1
( )
f 2 (x) 3 + f (x) 3
f (x) 1
87

1
,
.
x 0 , :
x
x
lim
= lim x
x 0 3x
x 0 3x
x
(1) .
3x
, =3x :
x 0
x
lim
3x
3
= lim
= lim
= 3 1 = 3 .
x 0
0
0
x
lim
x
1
lim x = ,
x 0 3x
3
x
(1) :
lim
x 0
x 1
= .
3x 3
2
,
.
:
x
x
x x
x x x
x lim =
=
=
lim
lim
2
2
x 0
x
0
x
0
x
x
x 2 x
x ( x 1)
x x 1 1
= lim
= 1 0 1 = 0 .
2
x 0
x 0
x x
x
x
x
lim
88
3
,
.
:
(x 1) 1 x + 1
(x 1) 1
(x 1) 1
lim = lim
=
lim
x 1
x
1
x
1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x +1
(x 1) 1
, =x-1 :
x 1
x 1
lim
(x 1) 1
1
lim = lim
= 0.
x 1
0
x 1
(x 1) 1
lim
x 1
x 1
x +1 = 0 2 = 0 ,
(1) :
(x 1) 1
= 0.
x 1
x 1
lim
x + 1 (1) .
89
4
. :
0 f 2 (x) x 2 x (1).
=
lim 0 lim
=
x2 0 ,
x 0
x 0
lim f 2 (x) = 0 .
x 0
. (1) :
0 f (x) x x (2).
lim 0 lim
x 0,
=
=
x 0
x 0
lim f (x) = 0 .
x 0
. (2) :
x f (x) x , x ,
lim (=
- x ) lim
=
x 0,
x 0
x 0
lim f (x) = 0 .
x 0
90
5
.
3
lim ( 7x x=
5) 6 ,
) lim ( x 4 +=
x 1
x 1
lim f (x) = 6 .
x 1
. ,=
2x 2 1 :
lim f ( 2x 2 =
1) lim f (=
) 6 .
x 1
6
.
:
1 xx < f (x) < x

xx < f (x) 1 < x 1 .
x > 0 :
x x f (x) -1 x -1
<
<
x
x
x
x <
f(x) -1 x -1
.
<
x
x
lim+ ( =
x ) lim+
x 0
x 0
x -1
= 0,
x
lim
x 0+
f (x) 1
=0.
x
91
.
lim f (x) = f ( 0 )
x 0
lim f (x) , :
x 0
lim f (x) = lim+ f (x) .
x 0
x 0
, lim+ f (x) .
x 0
lim (1 x x ) =lim+ x = 1 ,
x 0+
x 0
(1)
lim f (x) = 1 , lim f (x) = 1 .
x 0+
x 0
7
(5, 2) 5 < f (x) < 2 , x .

, x > 0 , :
2
5 < f (x) < 2

5x < x f(x) < 2x .
lim ( 5
=
x ) lim 2
=
x 0,
lim x f ( x ) = 0 (1).
x ,
3
x < 0 , :
2
5 < f (x) < 2
5x > x f (x) > 2x .
92
lim ( 5
=
x ) lim+ 2
=
x 0,
x +
lim x f ( x ) = 0 (2).
x +
(1) (2) :
lim x f ( x ) = 0 .
x
8
. f x > 0 1 x 0 0 < x 1 .
D f = 0,1] .
. f 1-1, ,
.
x1 < x 2 Df :
ln x1 < ln x 2 (1) 1 x1 > 1 x 2 1 x1 > 1 x 2 1 x1 < 1 x 2 (2)

(1) (2) f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) , f
.
. f 1 f, 0,1] .
0 < f 1 (x) 1 x 0 .
. :
0 < f 1 (x) 1 0 x 2 x 2 f 1 (x) 1 x 2 0 x 2 f 1 (x) x 2
=
lim 0 lim
=
x2 0 ,
x 0
x 0
lim x 2 f 1 ( x ) =
0.
x 0
93
9
.
h(x) =
f (x)
x 0 ,
x
f (x)= x h(x) ,
lim f (x) = lim [ x h(x) ] = 0 2 = 0 .
x 0
. lim
x 0
x 0
f (x)
= 2>0,
x
f (x)
> 0 0,
x
x f (x) > 0 0.
. :
x f (x) g(x) x 2 x 2 f 2 (x) 0,

:
x 2 f 2 (x) x f (x) g(x) x 2 x 2 f 2 (x)

x 2 f 2 (x) + x 2 x f (x) g(x) x 2 f 2 (x) + x 2
( x f (x) > 0 )
- x 2 f 2 (x) + x 2
x 2 f 2 (x) + x 2
g(x)
x f (x)
x f (x)
- x 2 f 2 (x)
x2
x 2 f 2 (x)
x2
+
g(x)
+
x f (x)
x f (x)
x f (x)
x f (x)
- x f (x) +
x
x
g(x) x f (x) +
f (x)
f (x)
- x f (x) +
1
1
.
g(x) x f (x) +
f (x)
f (x)
x
x
94
1
1
1 1
lim - x f (x) +
lim x f (x) +
00 + =
=
=
,
x 0
x
0
f (x)
f (x)
2 2
x
x
:
lim g(x) =
x 0
1
.
2
10
. :
f 1 (x) x
f :
f ( f -1 (x) ) f(x) ,
x f (x) , x .
. :
y2 + 1
2
2y y 2 + 1 0 y 2 2y + 1 0 ( y 1)
2
, .
. :
x f (x)
f 2 (x) + 1
, x .
2
f 2 (x) + 1
=
lim x lim
= 1,
x 1
x 1
2
:
lim f (x) = 1 .
x 1
95
11
. :
h(x) =
g(x) + 3
,
x +1
x 1 , :
g(x) + 3 =
( x + 1) h(x) g(x) = ( x + 1) h(x) 3 ,
lim g(x) =lim ( x + 1) h(x) 3 =0 5 3 =3 .
x 1
x 1
.
,
4x 3 f (x) 3x 4 + 1
4x 3 4 f (x) 4 3x 4 + 1 4
4x 3 4 f (x) 4 3x 4 3
(1)
x < 1 , (1) x + 1 :
4x 3 4 f(x) 4 3x 4 3
(2),
x +1
x +1
x +1
x > 1 , (1) x + 1 :
4x 3 4 f(x) 4 3x 4 3
(3).
x +1
x +1
x +1
:
4x 3 4
4(x 3 + 1)
4(x + 1)(x 2 x + 1)
=
lim
lim
= lim
=
x 1
x 1
x 1
x +1
x +1
x +1
2
lim 4(x x + 1) =12
x 1
3x 4 3
3(x 4 1)
3(x 2 1)(x 2 + 1)
=
lim
lim
= lim
=
x 1 x + 1
x 1
x 1
x +1
x +1
2
3(x 1)(x + 1)(x + 1)
lim
1) 56 .
= lim 3(x 1)(x 2 +=
x 1
x 1
x +1
96
4x 3 4
3x 4 3
= lim
= 12 ,
x 1
x 1 x + 1
x +1
lim
(2) (3) :
lim
x 1
f (x) 4
f (x) 4
= 12 lim+
= 12 ,
x 1
x +1
x +1
f (x) 4
= 12 .
x 1 x + 1
lim
. , (
lim f (x) = 4 )
x 1
.
, -1 :
f (x)g(x) + 12
x +1
f (x)g(x) 4g(x) + 4g(x) + 12

=
x +1
f (x)g(x) 4g(x) 4g(x) + 12 f (x) 4

g(x) + 3
+
=
g(x) + 4
(4).
x +1
x +1
x +1
x +1
, (4) :
lim
x 1
f (x)g(x) + 12
g(x) + 3
f (x) 4
= lim
=12 ( 3) + 4 5 =16 .
g(x) + 4
x
1
x +1
x + 1
x +1
97
12
. :
f (x) + 1 x 2 + 1 f (x) x 2 + 1 1 .
x > 0 :
f(x)
x2 +1 1
(1),
x
x < 0 :
f(x)
x2 +1 1
(2).
x
x 0
x2 +1 1
x2 +1 1 x2 +1 +1 x2 +11
1
=
=
x
x
x
x2 +1 +1
x2 +1 +1
x2
1
1
,
x
=
x
x2 +1 +1
x2 +1 +1
x2 +1 1
1
1
= lim x
=0 =0 .
2
x
0
x
2
x + 1 + 1
lim
x 0
f (x)
x 0
x
(1) (2) lim
f (x)
x2 +1 1
f (x)
lim+
=
lim
0 , lim
0 0 (3).
x
0
x 0+
x
0
x
x
x
lim
x 0
f (x)
x2 +1 1
f (x)
lim
=
0 , lim
0 0 (4).
x
x
0
x
x
x
(3) (4) :
f (x)
= = 0 .
x 0 x
lim
98
.
f (x) + 1 x 2 + 1 f(x) f 2 (x) +
x2
,
2
x 2 + 1 1 f(x) f 2 (x) +
x2
.
2
x 2 0 ,
,
x + 1 1 f(x)
2
x2
x
2
f 2 (x) +
x2
x2
2
x 2 + 1 1 f(x) f 2 (x) x 2
2 2 + 2
x2
x
x
2x
x 2 + 1 1 f(x) f 2 (x) 1
2 2 +
x2
x
x
2
(5).
x 0
x2 +1 1
x2 +1 1 x2 +1 +1 x2 +11
1
=
= 2
=
2
2
2
2
x
x
x
x +1 +1
x +1 +1
x2
1
1
,
1
=
2
x
x2 +1 +1
x2 +1 +1
x2 +1 1
1
1
lim
=
lim
=
2
2
x 0
x
0
x
x +1 +1 2
(6).
f 2 (x) 1
1 1
lim 2 + = 02 + =
x 0
2
2 2
x
(7).
(5), (6) (7)
f (x) 1
= .
x 0 x 2
2
lim
99
13
. :
lim(2x =
1) lim =
x 2 1,
x 1
x 1
lim f (x) = 1 .
x 1
. :
lim f (1 + h) = lim f (x) , lim f (1 + h) =

1.
x 1
h 0
h 0
lim f 2 (x) 3 =2 < 0

x 1
f 2 (x) 3 < 0 1.
:
f 2 (x) 3 + f (x) 3
f (x) 1
lim
x 1
f 2 (x) + 3 + f (x) 3 f 2 (x) + f (x) f (x) ( f (x) 1)

=
=
= f (x).
f (x) 1
f (x) 1
f (x) 1
f 2 (x) 3 + f (x) 3
f (x) 1
1 .
= lim [ f (x) ] =
x 1
100

1. ( f x x 0 (,
)
f ( x ) =
i.
ii.
x2 1
x2 x 2
f .
f 2.
( )
2. ( f x x 0 (,
)
x2 4
.
x 1 x 2 + 2x + 1
lim
( )
3. ( f x x 0 (,
)
f ( x ) =
i.
ii.
( x 2 ) x
x 3 4x
f .
lim+ f ( x ) .
x 2
( )
4. ( f x x 0 (,
)
f
2010 x + 1
lim
= + .
2
f (x)
x
2
lim f (x) .
x
( )
101
5. ( f x x 0 (,
)
1
4
+ 2
x+2 x 4
f=
(x)
i.
ii.
f .
lim f (x) .
x 2
( )
6. ( f )
x + 1
x 1 , x < 1
f ( x ) =
2
x 1 , x > 1
x 1
i.
ii.
lim+ f ( x ) .
x 1
lim f ( x ) .
x 1
( )
7. ( f x x 0 (,
)
f (x) =
i.
ii.
x 3 2x + 5 x + 7
( x 2)
f .
lim+ f (x) .
( )
x 2
102
8. ( )
x x
x 1.
i.
N x.
ON
, .
OM
ii.
iii.
ON OM
.
( )
9. ( )
x)
f (=
i.
ii.
9x 2 + 1 3x .
f (x)
.
x
x
lim
lim ( f (x) + 6x ) .
x
( )
10. ( )
i.
lim f ( x ) .
3x 5
3x 2 + 10
x > 0 .
f (x)
x
x2
x +
ii.
5x 2 2x
.
x +
x 2 + 100
lim
( )
103
11. ( )
f (0, + ) . lim 2x 4x 2 + 1 + 3f (x) =

6,
x +
lim f (x) .
x +
( )
12. ()
f (x) =
i.
x +3
16x 2 4x
f +
.
ii.
lim f (x) lim f (x) .
iii.
lim f (x) lim f (x) .
x +
x0
1
4
( )
13. ( )
i.
ii.
5x
x
x
3 +2
lim
x +
x + 5x
.
lim
x + 2 x 5x
( )
104
14. ()
f ( x ) =
i.
x 4 10000
g ( x ) = lnx
x 4 + 10000
f g .
ii.
lim (gof )(x) .
iii.
lim (gof )(x) .
x +
( )
15. ()
2x 2 +
> 0 .
2x
f ( x ) = ln
i.
ii.
iii.
f .
lim f (x) .
x 0
lim f (x) .
x +
lim f ( x ) ln x .
x +
( )
16. ( )
:
i.
ii.
iii.
lim
x 2 + 3x x .
lim
4x 2 + x 2x .
lim
x 2 + 3x 4x 2 + x + x .
x +
x +
x +
( )
105
17. ( )

i.
ii.
x 1 + 2 x
.
x
x 1 + 2 x
.
lim
x
x
lim
x +
( )
18. ( f )
f (x)
=
x 2 x + 2010 x , .
i.
. lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) ;
ii.
lim f (x) .
iii.
x +
x +
lim f (x) .
x
( )
19. ( f )
P(x)
, P(x) = ( 1)x 2 x + 5
Q(x)
Q(x) = ( + 2)x 3 + x 2 + 2 . lim f (x) .
f ( x ) =
x +
( )
106
20. ( f )
x2 +1
( x + ),
2x + 1
,
=
f (x)
i.
ii.
lim f (x) = 0 .
x +
lim f (x) = 1 .
x +
( )
107

1
x 2 x 2 0 . x 2 x 2 =
0 x =1 x = 2 .
i.
D f =
ii.
( ,
1) ( 1, 2 ) ( 2, + )
lim f (x) = lim

x 2
x 2
(x + 1)(x 1)
( x + 1) ( x 2 )
x 1
1
= lim = lim (x 1)
x 2 x 2
x 2
x 2
0 x 2 > 0 x > 2 , lim+

lim+ ( x 2 ) =
x 2
x 2
1
= + .
x2
1 , lim+ f (x) = + .
lim+ ( x 1) =
x 2
x 2
lim (x 2) =
0 x 2 < 0 x < 2 , lim
x 2
x 2
1
= .
x2
1 , lim f (x) = .
lim ( x 1) =
x 2
x 2
lim f (x) lim+ f (x) , lim f (x) .

x 2
x 2
x 2
2
x2 4
x2 4
1
=
=
lim
lim
x
4
(
) x +1 2
2
x 1 x 2 + 2x + 1
x 1
( )
( x + 1) x 1
lim
0 ( x + 1) > 0 x 1 ,
lim ( x + 1) =
2
x 1
lim
x 1
( x + 1)
3 ,
= + . lim ( x 2 4 ) =
x 1
2
x2 4
1
=
=
lim
x
4
(
)
2
x 1 x 2 + 2x + 1
x 1
( x + 1)
lim
108
3
i.
x 3 4x 0 .
x 3 4x = 0 x(x 2)(x + 2) = 0 x = 2 x = 0 x = 2 .
D f = R {2, 0, 2}
ii.
=
lim+ f ( x )
x 2
lim+
x 2
(x 2)x
=
x(x + 2)(x 2)
x
lim=
+
x 2 x(x + 2)
1 x
lim+
x 2 x + 2
x
0 x + 2 > 0 x > 2 , lim

lim+ ( x + 2 ) =
x 2
x 2
x
x
lim+=
x 2
1
= + .
x+2
2
(2) 2 2
0 < 2 <
> 0.
= =
2
2
2
2
1 x
= +
x+2 x
lim+ f ( x ) = lim+
x 2
x 2
4
g(x) =
2010 x + 1
2010 x + 1
, lim g(x) = + f (x) =
.
f (x)
g(x)
x
2
1
=0 .
x g(x)
lim ( 2010 x =
+ 1) 2010 1=
+ 1 2011 lim
x
2010 x + 1
1
= lim ( 2010 x + 1) =
=
0 0
2011
g(x)
g(x)
x
x
2
2
lim f=
(x) lim
x
5
i.
ii.
x + 2 0 x 2 4 0 x 2 . f
Df = {2, 2} = ( , 2 ) ( 2, 2 ) ( 2, + )
4
x 2+4
1
lim f (x)
= lim
+ 2 =
xlim
x 2 x + 2
2
x 4
( x + 2 )( x 2 )
x 2
= lim
x 2
x+2
1
1
= lim
=
x
2
x2
4
( x + 2 )( x 2 )
109
6
i.
ii.
lim+ f ( =
x ) lim+
x 1
x 1
x2 1
(x 1)(x + 1)
= lim+
= lim(x
+=
1) 2 .
x 1+
x 1 x 1
x 1
R lim f ( x ) lim f ( x ) = 2 .
x 1
x < 1 f ( x ) =
x 1
x + 1
= (x 1) f ( x ) .
, x + 1
x 1
lim ( x +=
1) lim (x 1) f ( x )
x 1
x 1
+ 1= 0 2
+ =1
(1)
lim f ( x ) = 2 + =1 ,
x 1
lim
x + ( + )
=2
x 1
lim
(x 1)
=2
x 1
x 1
x 1
=2
=2 , (1) = 1 .
7
i.
ii.
( x 2 ) 0 x 2 . D f= {2}
2
lim x 3 2x + 5 =9 > 0 lim ( x + 7 ) =9 > 0 , 2

x 2
x 2
x 2x + 5 > 0 x + 7 > 0 .
3
x 3 2x + 5 x + 7
x 3 2x + 5 x 7
=
=
lim+ f (x) lim
lim
2
2
x 2
x 2+
x 2+
( x 2)
( x 2)
( x 2 )( x + 1) lim ( x + 1)
x 3 3x 2
= lim
=
lim+ =
2
2
+
x 2
x 2
x 2+ x 2
( x 2)
( x 2)
2
1
2
= lim+ ( x + 1)
x 2
x 2
110
0 x 2 > 0 x > 2 , lim+

lim+ ( x 2 ) =
x 2
x 2
lim+ ( x + 1) 2 =
9 lim+ f (x) = +
x 2
1
= + .
x2
x 2
i.
ON ) ( OM ) + ( MN )
(=
2
( ON )=
2
x 2 + 12
=
( ON
)
x2 +1
f =
(x)
ii.
ON
=
OM
x2 +1
x2 +1
, lim
.
x +
x
x
x 2 1 + 2
x +1
x
=
=
lim
lim
x +
x
+
x
x
x2 1+
x +1
= im
x +
x
im
x +
iii.
ON OM
=
lim
x +
x2 +1 x
x = x
x > 0 ,
2
lim
x +
1
x2
1
2
1
x=
im 1 + =
1
x +
x
x2
x 1+
x 2 + 1 x
(
=lim
x +
)(
x2 +1 x
x2 +1 + x
x2 +1 + x
x2 +1 x2
1
= lim
= lim
= 0
x +
x 2 + 1 + x x + x 2 + 1 + x
x2 +1 , x 0 .
111
: lim
x +
x2 +1 + x = + .
9
i.
f (x)
=
lim
x x
9x + 1 3x
=
lim
x
x
x 2 9 + 2 3x
x
1
x 9 + 2 3x
x
lim
=
x
x
lim
x 9 +
lim
1
3x
x2
1
=
lim 9 + 2 + 3 =
6
x
x
ii.
lim ( f (=
x ) + 6x )
lim
9x 2 + 1 9x 2
=
lim
x
9x 2 + 1 3x
lim
9x 2 + 1 3x
=
+ 6x
lim
9x 2 + 1 + 3x
lim
9x 2 + 1 3x
9x 2 + 1 3x = + ,
lim=
( f ( x ) + 6x )
1
lim = 0
x
9x 2 + 1 3x
10
i.
3x 2 + 10
3x 2
3x
= 3 . ,
lim
lim
= 3 lim =
x +
x + x 2
x + x
x2
lim f ( x ) = 3 .
3x 5
lim =
x +
x
x +
ii.
5x 2 2x
x +
x + 100
lim=
2
5x 2
2x
2
lim 2
.
x + x + 100
x + 100
5x 2
5x 2
2x
1
=
lim=
lim
.
2
2 5 2
x + x 2 + 100
x +
x + 100 x + 100
x
112
1
2x
1
1
1
lim 2
2
2
lim 2
0,
=
=
x
x
+
+
x + 100 x + 100 x + 100
x + 100
x + 100
2x
lim 2
=0.
x + x + 100

5x 2
2x
5x 2 2x
= lim 2
2
lim
=5+0 =5
2
x +
x
+
x + 100
x + 100 x + 100
11
g(x) = 2x 4x 2 + 1 + 3f (x) , lim g(x) = 6
x +
4x 2 + 1 2x g(x) 1
1
g(x)
f (x) =
+
=
+
.
3
3
3 4x 2 + 1 + 2x
3
1
1
g(x) 1
6
lim f (x) = lim
+
= 0 + = 2
x +
x + 3
3 3
3
4x 2 + 1 + 2x
12
i.
2
2
lim (16x 4x) = lim 16x = + , ( , + )
x
( , ) , 16x 4x > 0
2
+ .
ii.
x + x > 0
lim f (x)
=
x+
x +3
lim
=
x+
16x 2 4x
lim
x+
x +3
4
x 2 16
x
x +3
x +3
= lim
= lim
x +
x +
4
4
x 2 16
x 16
x
x
3
x 1 +
x +3
x
= lim
= lim
x +
x +
4
4
x 16
x 16
x
x
113
3
1+
1
x
= lim
=
x +
4 4
16
x
iii.
f ( , 0 ) ,
( 0, ) lim f (x) = lim f (x) .
x0
lim f=
(x) lim
x0
x0
x0
x +3
1
= lim ( x + 3)
2
2
16x 4x x 0
16x 4x
0 16x 2 4x > 0 lim

lim 16x 2 4x =
x 0
x0
3.
lim ( x + 3) =
1
16x 2 4x
= + .
x 0
lim f (x) = +
x 0
1
4
, f , + ,
lim f=
(x)
x
1
4
lim+
1
4
1
, lim1 f (x) = lim1 + f (x) .
4
x
x
4
x +3
1
= lim+ ( x + 3)
.
16x 2 4x x 14
16x 2 4x
lim+ 16x 2 4x =
0 16x 2 4x > 0 lim+
x
1
4
13
4
lim+ ( x + 3) = .
x
1
4
lim f (x) = + .
x
1
4
1
4
1
16x 2 4x
= + .
114
13
x
i.
5
3 +2
=
x
x
3 x
5x
5x
=
x
3 2x
+
5x 5x
1
x
3 2
+
5 5
x
2
5
3
5
2
5
lim + =
0 + > 0
x +
ii.
1
lim
x
x
x +
3 2
+
5 5
x
= + . lim 5
x + 3x + 2 x
= +
x 5
5
+
1 + ( )x
x
1+ 0 1
x + 5x

> 5 , lim
lim
lim
=
=
=
=
x
x
x
x + 2 5
x +
x +
5 x 20 2
x 5
2( )
2 x
x + 5x
x + 2 5
=5 , lim =
x
x
2 5x
lim
=
2
x + 5x
+1
x
x
+5
5
0 < < 5 , lim
= lim x
= 1 .
x
x
x + 2 5
x +
2 1
5
x
115
14
i.
f D f =
g(f (x))
( ,
+ ) , g D=
g
{x D
/ f (x) Dg }
( 0,
+ ) .
x ( , + )
x 4 10000
> 0 ( x 4 10000 ) > 0
4
x + 10000
f (x) > 0
x 4 > 10000 4 x 4 > 10
x > 10 x < 10 x >10

= ( , 10 ) (10, + )
gof
x 4 10000
=
(gof
)(x) g=
( f (x) ) ln 4
.
x + 10000
ii.
iii.
x 4 10000
x 4 10000
x4
.
,
=
u
f
=
(x)
=
lim
=
1
x +
x + x 4 + 10000
x + x 4
x 4 + 10000
x 4 10000
=
=
f (x) ) lim ln 4
lnu 0 .
lim g (=
lim
x +
x +
x + 10000 u 1
lim
=
f (x)
lim
x 4 10000
x4
x 4 10000
.
=
lim
=
1
=
u
f
=
(x)
x
x x 4 + 10000
x x 4
x 4 + 10000
x 4 10000
=
=
f (x) ) lim ln 4
lnu 0 .
lim g (=
lim
x
x
x + 10000 u 1
lim
=
f (x)
lim
: :
x 4 10000
x 4 10000
lim g ( f (x)
lim ln 4
ln
im
=
=
=
= 0.
)
x + 4
ln1
x +
x +
x + 10000
x + 10000
116
15
i.
ii.
2x 2 +
> 0 x > 0 . D=
f
2x
( 0, + )
2x 2 +
2x 2 +
1
=
=
=
lim f ( x ) lim
ln
ln
lim
ln lim+
2x 2 + )
(
+
+
x 0
x 0
x 0 2x
2x
x 0 2x
lim+
x 0
1
1
= + lim+ ( 2x 2 + ) = > 0 , lim+
( 2x 2 + ) = + .
x 0
x 0 2x
2x
lim f ( x ) = ln lim+
2x 2 + ) = +
(
x 0
x 0 2x
iii.
iv.
=
lim f ( x )
x +
2x 2 +
2x 2 +
2x 2
=
=
=
lim
ln
ln
lim
ln
lim
x +
x +
+
x +
2x
2x
2x
x + >0
2x 2 +
lnx
lim ( f=
x ) ln x ) lim ln
(
x +
x +
2x
2x 2 +
= lim ln
2
x +
2x
2x 2 +
= ln lim
= 0
ln1
=
2
x +
2x
117
16
i.
xlim
+
x + 3x x
2
(
=
lim
x 2 + 3x x
)(
x 2 + 3x + x
x 2 + 3x + x
x +
3x
3x
3x
, (x > 0)
= lim
= lim= lim
2
x +
x +
x +
3
3
x + 3x + x
2
x 1+ + x
x 1 + + x
x
x
3x
3
3
= lim= lim
=
x +
x +
2
3
3
x 1+ + x
1+ +1
x
x
ii.
lim
x +
4x + x 2x
2
(
=
lim
4x 2 + x 2x
)(
4x 2 + x + 2x
4x 2 + x + 2x
x +
x
x
= lim
= lim = lim
2
x +
x +
x +
1
4x + x + 2x
x
x 2 4 + + 2x
x
x
1
4 + + 2x
x
, (x > 0)
x
1
1
= lim = lim
=
x +
x +
4
1
1
x 4 + + 2x
4+ +2
x
x
iii.
lim
x +
x 2 + 3x 4x 2 +=
x +x
lim
x +
3 1 5
= .
2 4 4
) (
x 2 + 3x x
4x 2 + x 2x
118
17
i.
lim
x +
x 1 + 2 x
x 1 + x 2
.
= lim
x +
x
x
x + , >2 x 1 > 0 x 2 > 0 .

:
lim
x +
x 1 + 2 x
x 1 + x 2
= lim
x +
x
x
x 1 + x 2
x +
x
= lim
2x 3
= lim
= 2
x +
x
ii.
x , x < 1 x 1 < 0 x 2 < 0 . :
lim
x 1 + 2 x
x 1 + x 2
= lim
x
x
x
= lim
x + 1 x + 2
x
= lim
2x + 3
= 2
x
18
i.
x 2 x + 2010 0 x . x 2 x + 2010
= (1) 2 4 1 2010 < 0 x 2 x + 2010 > 0

x .
f R
f + .
ii.
lim f ( x )
x +
lim
=
f (x) lim
x +
x +
x 2 x + 2010 x
1 2010
1 2010
= lim x 2 1 + 2 =
x lim x 2 1 + 2 x
x +
x +
x
x
x
x
119
1 2010
1 2010
= lim x 1 + 2
=
x lim x 1 + 2
x +
x +
x
x
x
x

lim x = + lim 1
x +
x +
1 2010
+ 2 = 1
x
x
1 2010
+ 2 = +
x
x

1 > 0 < 1 , lim f (x) = lim x 1
1 < 0 > 1 , lim f (x) = lim x 1
1 = 0 = 1 ,
(+) 0 . =1
f, :
x +
x +
x +
lim=
f ( x ) lim
x +
x +
x +
x 2 x + 2010
lim
=
x
x +
1 2010
+ 2 =
x
x

x + 2010
x x + 2010 + x
2
2010
2010
x 1 +
1 +
1
x
x
= lim
= lim
=
x +
2
1 2010
1 2010 x +
1 + 2 +1
x 1 + 2 + 1
x
x
x
x
+ ,
1
lim f (x) = ,
x +
2
,
iii.
< 1
= 1 .
> 1
lim f (x)
x
lim
=
f ( x ) lim
x 2 x + 2010 x
1 2010
1 2010
= lim x 2 1 + 2 =
x lim x 2 1 + 2 x
x
x
x
x
x
x
120
1 2010
1 2010
x lim x 1 + 2 +
= lim x 1 + 2 =
x
x
x
x
x
x
lim ( x ) = + lim 1
x
x
1 2010
+ 2 + = 1 +
x
x
1 2010
+ 2 + = +
x
x

1 + > 0 > 1 , lim f (x) = lim x 1
1 + < 0 < 1 , lim f (x) = lim x 1
1 + = 0 = 1 ,
(+) 0 . = 1
f, :
lim=
f ( x ) lim
=
+x
x x + 2010
lim
2
1 2010
+ 2 + =
x
x

x 2 x + 2010 x 2
x 2 x + 2010 x
2010
2010
x 1
1
1
x
x
= lim =
=
lim
x
2
1 2010
1 2010 x
1 + 2 +1
x 1 + 2 + 1
x
x
x
x
, < 1
1
lim f (x) = , = 1
x
2
+, > 1
121
19
( 1)x 2 x + 5
x + ( + 2)x 3 + x + 2
lim f ( x ) = lim
x +
( 1)x 2 1
1
=
lim =0
3
x + ( + 2)x
+ 2 x + x
1 2 , lim f (x) =lim
=1 , lim f (x) =
lim 3
= 2 , =
lim f (x)
x +
x +
x +
x +
x + 5
x
1
1
==
lim 3 lim 2 =
0
x
x
+
3x + x + 2
3x
3
x
3x 2 x + 5
3x 2 3
=
lim
=
x +
x + 2x 2
2x 2 + 2
2
lim
0, 1 2
=
1
lim f ( x ) 0, =
x +
3
,
= 2
2
20
i.
=
f (x)
x2 +1
( x=
+ )
2x + 1
(1 2 ) x 2 ( + 2 ) x + 1
2x + 1
(1 2 ) x .
1
,
=
lim f (x) lim
x +
x +
2
2
1
= ,
2
1 2 0
ii.
+ 2 x + 1
2
=
lim f (x) =
0 lim
0
x +
x +
2x + 1
1
+ 2
2
=0=1

2
4
1
1
, lim f (x) = 0 = =
x +
4
2
lim f (x) = 1
x +
1
5
= .
4
2
122

1. ( )
x 0 = 0 :
x +e x e
, x0
. f (x) =
x
2,
x=0
x x
,
x<0
. g(x) = x 2 + 1 1
1 + x 3 2x, x 0
( )
2. ( )
f , g, h : h ( x ) = x f ( x ) e x g ( x ) .
h x 0 g x 0 ,
f x 0 .
( )
3. ( )

2x 2 2 x
,
+
f (x) =
x 1
8 + x + 4x + 3,
x <1
x 0 = 1.
x 1
( )
4. ( )
1
+2
e
, x0
1
f ( x ) =
x
e +1
x =0
+ 1,
.
( )
123
5. ( )
f
A (1,5 ) : ( x 1) f ( x ) = x 2 + x 2 x .
, f (x) .
( )
6. ( )
f : x1 = 0 :
f ( x + y ) = y f ( x ) + x f ( y ) + xy (*) x, y *
. f ( 0 ) .
. f .
( )
7. ( )
f : x1 = 0 f ( 0 ) = 0
: f ( x ) f ( x + y 1) f ( x ) f ( y 1) x, y .
f .
( )
8. ( )
f : * x1 = 1 :
f ( x y ) = x f ( y ) + y f ( x ) xy (*) x, y * .
. lim f ( x ) .
x 1
. f * .
( )
124
9. ()
f x 0 = 3 lim
x 3
f (x) x + 6
=
x 3
. f A ( 3,3) .
. lim
x 3
f ( x ) 2 1
x 3
= 1.
( )
10. ()
f ( x0 + h )
= .
h 0
2h
f x 0 : lim
. lim f ( x ) .
x x0
. lim
h 0
f ( x0 + h ) f ( x0 )
=6.
h
( )
11. ()
f : : f 2 ( x ) + 2f ( x ) + 2 x 0 x .
N f x 0 = 0 .
( )
12. ()
f , g :
f ( x ) g ( x ) g ( x ) ln x x > 0 .
2
g x 0 = 1 , f
x 0 = 1 .
( )
125
13. ()
f : : f 3 ( x ) + f ( x=
) x 2 + x x .
N :
. f ( x ) x 2 + x x .
. f x 0 = 0 .
( )
14. ()
f : 6x x 2 f ( x ) x 2 6x + 18
x .
. f x 0 = 3 .
f (x) 9
,x3
. g ( x ) = x 3
3, x =3
g x 0 = 3 .
( )
15. ()
f ( x ) =
x2
x,
2
( 6 x ) z 1 x,
2
x>2
z .
( )
126
16. ()
f : [ 0, + ) f ( 0 ) = 2 :
1
1
1
f 2 ( x + 1) x > 0 .
x
x
x
. lim ( x + 1) .
x +
x
. o f x 0 = 0 .
( )
127

1
. :
x +e x e
( x + e x e )( x + e + x e ) =
=
= lim
lim f ( x ) lim
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x ( x + e + x e )
x +e x e
( x + e) ( x e)
lim
= lim
=
x 0 x x + e + x e
(
) x 0 x ( x + e + x e )
2
4xe
4e
4e
4e
= lim
=
= = 2
x 0 x x + e + x e
(
) x 0 x + e + x e e + e 2e
lim
f ( 0) = 2
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) , f x 0 = 0 .
x 0
. :
x x
lim g ( x ) lim
lim
=
=
x 0
x 0
x 2 + 1 1 x 0
x + 1 + 1)
(=
( x + 1 1) ( x + 1 + 1)
x x
2
x x x 2 + 1 + 1
x x x 2 + 1 + 1
lim
=
lim
=
2
x 0
x 0
x2
2
2
x +1 1
lim
x
x 0
x 2 + 1 + 1 = 1 2 = 2
lim+ g ( x ) = lim+ (1 + x 3 2x ) = 1 + 0 0 = 1 .
x 0
x 0
g ( 0 ) =1 + 03 0 =1 .
lim g ( x ) , g x 0 = 0 .
x 0
128
2
h x 0 : lim h ( x ) = h ( x 0 )
x x0
(1)
f x 0 .
: lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 )
(2)
x x0
x :
ex 0
h ( x ) = x f ( x ) e x g ( x ) g ( x ) =
x f ( x ) h ( x )
ex
(3)
x f ( x ) h ( x ) (1),(2) x 0 f ( x 0 ) h ( x 0 )
=
.
x x0
ex
e x0
: lim
(3) : lim g ( x ) = g ( x 0 ) , g x 0
x x0
.
f x 0 .
3
, f
x 0 = 1 .
=
=
f ( x ) lim
f ( x ) f (1) .
: lim
+
:
x 1
(1)
x 1
x2 x
2 x 2 2 x
lim f ( x ) = lim +
lim
2
=
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
)( x + x )( x + 1) =
)( x + 1)( x + x )
x2 x
lim + 2
x 1
x 1
) =
)
x4 x ) x +1
(
lim + 2
x 1
( x 1) x 2 + x
) =
x ( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) x + 1
lim + 2
x 1
( x 1) x 2 + x
129
) = + 2 1 3 2 = + 6 .
x(x 2 + x + 1) x + 1
lim + 2
x 1
x2 + x
lim f (x) = lim+ 8 + x + 4x + 3 = 3 + 4 + 3 .
x 1+
x 1
f (1) = 8 + 1 + 4 1 + 3 = 3 + 4 + 3 .
(1) :
3 + 4 + 3 = + 6 2 2 = 3 2 ( ) = 3 2 ( )
( , ) 3 .
f
x0 = 1.
4
f .
f , , x 0 = 0, :
lim
f ( x ) lim
f ( x ) f ( 0) .
=
=
+
x 0
(1)
x 0
:
1
lim f ( x ) = lim
x 0
x 0
ex + 2
1
x
e +1
1
= u . x 0 u , :
x
eu + 2 0 + 2
lim
f ( x ) lim =
=
= 2 , lim e u = 0 .
u
u
u
x 0
e +1
0 +1
1
lim f ( x ) = lim+
x 0+
x 0
ex + 2
1
x
e +1
1
= u . x 0+ u + , :
x
130
2
eu + u
+ u
e + 2
e
e = + 0 = , lim 1 = 0
lim+ f ( x ) = lim
= lim
= lim
u
u + e u
u
u
u
+
+
+
x 0
1
1
e +1
1+ 0
1+ u
eu 1 + u
e
e
u
lim e = + .
u
u +
f ( 0) = + 1.
=
2 =
2
.
+1 2 =
=
1
(1) :
5
A (1,5 ) , : f (1) = 5 .
x ) f=
f , , x 0 = 1 , : lim f (=
(1) 5 .
x 1
( x 1) f ( x ) = x 2 + x 2 , :
lim ( x 1) f ( x=
) lim ( x 2 + x 2 ) : 0 5 = + 2 + = 2
x 1
(1)
x 1
x 1 :
( x 1) f ( x ) = x 2 + x 2 f ( x ) =
x 2 + x 2 (1)
x 1
( x 2 1) + ( x 1)
x 2 + x ( + )
f (x)
=
=
f (x)
x 1
x 1
f (x) =
( x 1)( x + 1) + ( x 1)
f ( x ) = ( x + 1) + .
x 1
: lim f ( x ) = 5 lim ( x + 1) + = 5 2 + = 5 .
x 1
x 1
(1) (2) : =3 = 1 .
:
( x + 1) + , x 1
3 ( x + 1) 1, x 1
=
f (x)
=
f (x)
x 1=
x 1
=
5,
5,
3x + 2,
f (x) =
5,
x 1
3x + 2, x .
f (x) =
x =1
(2)
131
6
. x= y= 0 :
f ( 0) =
1 f ( 0 ) + 1 f ( 0 ) + 0 f ( 0 ) =
0.
()
. f x1 = 0, : lim f ( x ) =
f ( 0 ) lim f ( x ) =
0.
x 0
x 0
x 0 .
f x 0 , lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) .
x x0
x= x 0 + h . x x 0 h 0 , :
x= x 0 +h
lim f ( x=
)
x x0
(*)
lim f ( x 0 + =
h ) lim h f ( x 0 ) + x 0 f ( h ) + x 0=
h
h 0
h 0
1 f ( x 0 ) + x 0 0 + x 0 0 = f ( x 0 )
( lim f ( h ) h =
u h 0 u 0 , :
h o
(1)
lim=
f ( kh ) lim
=
f ( u ) 0 .)
h 0
u 0
lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) , f .
x x0
7
f x1 = 0 f ( 0 ) = 0 , :
lim f ( x ) =
f ( 0 ) lim f ( x ) =
0.
x 0
x 0
(1)
x 0 .
f x 0 , lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) .
x x0
x = x 0 + h 1 . x x 0 h 1 , :
x = x 0 + h 1
lim =
f (x)
x x0
lim f ( x 0 + h 1) .
h 1
(2)
(1)
132
, x = x 0 y = h :
f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 + h 1) f ( x 0 ) f ( h 1) .
: lim f ( x 0 ) = f ( x 0 )
h 1
h 1=u
lim f ( x 0 ) f ( h 1) =
h 1
(1)
lim f ( x 0 ) f ( u=
0 f ( x0 ) ,
) f ( x 0 ) =
u 0
lim f ( x 0 + h 1) =
f ( x 0 ) , (2) : lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) .
h 1
x x0
f .
8
. x= y= 1 :
f (1) =
1 f (1) + 1 f (1) 11 f (1) =
1.
f x1 = 1 ,:
lim f ( x ) =
f (1) lim f ( x ) =
1
x 1
x 1
(1)
. x 0 * .
f x 0 , lim f ( x ) = f ( x 0 ) .
x x0
=
x x 0 h . x x 0 h 1 , :
x = x0h
lim f=
(x)
x x0
(*)
(1)
lim x 0 f ( h ) + h f ( x 0 ) x 0 h =
lim f ( x=
0 h)
h 1
h 1
x 0 1 + 1 f ( x 0 ) x 0 1 =f ( x 0 ) .
f * .
133
9
. g(x) =
f (x) x + 6
:
x 3
lim g(x) = f (x) =(x 3)g(x) + x + 6 .
(1)
x 3
lim f (x) = lim (x 3)g(x) + x + 6 = 0 + 3= 3 .

x 3
x 3
f x 0 = 3 , : lim f ( x ) = f ( 3) f ( 3) = 3 .
x 3
f A ( 3,3) .
. lim f ( x ) 2 = 3 2 =1 > 0 , f ( x ) 2 > 0 3.
x 3
f ( x ) 2 1
f ( x ) 2 1
f ( x ) 3 (1)
x 3
x 3
: lim = lim =
lim
=
x 3
x 3
lim
( x 3) g ( x ) +
x 3
x +6 3
x 3
x 3
lim g ( x ) +
x 3
x +6 3
( x 3) (
x 3
x + 6 3
lim g ( x ) +
=
=
x 3
x 3
)(
1
1
lim g ( x ) +
= + 6.
x 3
x + 6 + 3
lim
x 3
f ( x ) 2 1
x 3
x +6 +3
x + 6 32
=+
lim g ( x )
x 3
x +6 +3
( x 3) x + 6 + 3
= 1 , : +
1
5
= 1 =
.
6
6
134
10
. g ( h ) =
f ( x0 + h )
lim g ( h ) = f ( x 0 + h ) = 2h g ( h ) .
h 0
2h
lim f ( x ) =
x x0 + h .
x x0
x x 0 h 0 , :
=
x x0 + h
lim f ( x ) =
x x0
(1)
lim f ( x 0 + h )= lim 2h g ( h ) = 0 = 0
h 0
h 0
. f x 0 lim f ( x ) = 0 , :
x x0
f ( x 0 ) lim
f (x) 0
=
=
x x0
(2)
f ( x 0 + h ) f ( x 0 ) (2)
f ( x 0 + h ) (1)
2h g ( h )
= lim
=
lim=
h 0
h 0
h 0
h
h
h
: lim
2h
2h
g ( h ) =
g ( h ) =
lim
lim 2
2 1 =
2.
h 0
2h
h
h 0
( lim
h 0
2h
2h = u h 0 u 0 , :
2h
2h
u
= 1)
lim= lim
h 0 2h
u 0 u
f ( x0 + h ) f ( x0 )
= 6 , : 2 = 6 = 3 .
h 0
h
lim
11
x :
f 2 ( x ) + 2f ( x ) + 2 x 0 f 2 ( x ) + 2f ( x ) + 1 2 x 0
f ( x ) + 1 2 x f ( x ) + 1 x x f ( x ) + 1 x
2
1 x f ( x ) 1 + x .
(1)
(1)
135
(1) x = 0 : 1 f ( 0 ) 1, f ( 0 ) = 1 .
lim ( 1 x ) = 1 lim ( 1 + x ) = 1 ,
x 0
x 0
: lim f ( x ) = 1 .
x 0
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) , f x 0 = 0 .
x 0
12
g x 0 = 1 : lim g ( x ) = g (1) .
x 1
(1)
x > 0 :
f ( x ) g ( x ) g ( x ) ln x
2
g ( x ) ln x f ( x ) g ( x ) g ( x ) ln x
2
g ( x ) g ( x ) ln x f ( x ) g ( x ) + g ( x ) ln x
2
(2)
(2) x = 1 :
g (1) g (1) 0 f (1) g (1) + g (1) 0 g (1) f (1) g (1) ,

2
f (1) = g (1)
(3)
: lim g ( x ) g ( x ) ln x
x 1
lim g ( x ) + g ( x ) ln x
x 1
) = g (1) g (1) 0
(1)
) = g (1) + g (1) 0
(1)
= g (1)
= g (1) ,
: lim f ( x ) = g (1) .
x 1
(4)
(3) (4) lim f ( x ) = f (1) f x 0 = 1 .

x 1
136
13
. x :
f 3 ( x ) + f ( x=
) x 2 + x f ( x ) f 2 ( x ) + 1= x 2 + x
x 2 + x
f 2 ( x ) + 1 0 x .
f (x) = 2
f ( x) +1
:
f (x)=
x 2 + x
x 2 + x
= x 2 + x x 2 + x= x 2 + x x 2 + x
2
f (x) +
0 +1
x 2 + x
=
f 2 (x) + 1
f 2 ( x ) 0 x x x .
: f ( x ) x 2 + x x .
. x : f ( x ) x 2 + x x 2 x f ( x ) x 2 + x
(1)
(1) x = 0 : 0 f ( 0 ) 0 , : f ( 0 ) = 0 .
lim x 2 x =
0 ,
0 lim x 2 + x =
x 0
: lim f ( x ) = 0 .
x 0
x 0
lim f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) , f x 0 = 0 .
x 0
14
. x : 6x x 2 f ( x ) x 2 6x + 18
(1)
(1) x = 3 :
18 9 f ( 3) 9 18 + 18 9 f ( 3) 9 , : f ( 3) = 9 .
lim 6x x 2 =
9 lim x 2 6x + 18 =
9 ,
x 3
x 3
(1) : lim f ( x ) = 9 .
x 3
lim f ( x ) = f ( 3) , f x 0 = 3 .
x 3
137
. x 3 (1) :
6x x 2 9 f ( x ) 9 x 2 6x + 18 9
( x 2 6x + 9 ) f ( x ) 9 ( x 2 6x + 9 )
( x 3) f ( x ) 9 ( x 3)
2
(2)
(2) x > 3 :
f ( x ) 9 ( x 3)
f (x) 9
( x 3)
( x 3)
x 3
x 3
x 3
x 3
( x 3)
, lim+ ( x 3=
3) 0 ,
) xlim
( x =
x 3
3+
: lim+
x 3
f (x) 9
=
0 lim+ g ( x ) =
0.
x 3
x 3
(2) x < 3 :
f ( x ) 9 ( x 3)
f (x) 9
( x 3)
( x 3)
x 3
x 3
x 3
x 3
( x 3)
, lim ( x 3=
3) 0 ,
) xlim
( x =
x 3
3
: lim
x 3
f (x) 9
=
0 lim g ( x ) =
0.
x 3
x 3
=
g ( x ) lim
=
g ( x ) 0 , : lim g ( x ) = 0 .
lim
+
x 3
x 3
x 3
g x 0 = 3 : lim g ( x ) = g ( 3)
x 3
O: 0 = 3 = 3 .
138
15
f x .
, f x 0 = 2 .
:
lim =
f ( x ) lim
=
x 2
x 2
x 2
=
lim
f ( x ) lim+ f 2 ( 6 x 2 ) z 1 x
x 2
(1)
x 2+
f 2 6 x 2
f1 ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) f 2 ( x )= 6 x 2 , :
lim f 2 ( 6 x 2 ) = f 2 ( 6 22 ) = f 2 ( 2 ) .
x 2+
x ) f 2 ( 2) z 1 2
(1) : lim+ f (=
x 2
f ( 2) = 2 .
(2)
(3)
(2), (3), : lim+ f ( x ) = 4 z 1 2 .

x 2
=
f ( x ) lim
=
f ( x ) f ( 2) .
f x 0 = 2 : lim
+
x 2
x 2
: 4 z 1 2 = 2 2 z 1 = 2 z 1 = 1 z (1 + 0i ) = 1 .
z K (1, 0 )
=1 .
16
. :
1 x
1
1
1
lim ( x + 1) =
lim x 1 + =
lim 1 +
x +
x x + x
x x + x 1
1
: lim 1 + =1 + 0 =1 .
x +
x
(1)
139
1
x 1 = u . x + u 0 , :
1
x
x
lim
x +
u
x lim
= 1.
lim=
x +
u 0 u
1
x
(1) :
1 x
1
lim ( x + 1) = lim 1 +
= 1 1 = 1 .
x +
x x + x 1
x
. f [ 0, + ) ,
f ( 0 ) lim+ f ( x ) =
2.
x 0 = 0 , lim+ f ( x ) =
x 0
x 0
x > 0 :
1
1
1
f 2 ( x + 1)
x
x
x
1
1
1
1
1
( x + 1) f 2 ( x + 1)
x
x
x
x
x
2 1+
1
1
1
1
1
( x + 1) f 2 + 1 + ( x + 1)
x
x
x
x
x
1
1 ()
lim 2 1 + ( x + 1) = 2 1 + 0 1 = 2
x +
x
x
1
1 ()
lim 2 + 1 + ( x + 1) = 2 + 1 + 0 1 = 2 ,
x +
x
x
1
= 2.
x
: lim f
x +
lim+ f ( x ) .
x 0
1
1
+
= u . x + u 0 , :
x
x
lim f
x +
(1)
140
(1)
1
lim
f lim
f
u
2 , lim+ f ( x ) = 2 .
=
=
(
)
+
x +
x 0
x u 0
lim+ f ( x ) = f ( 0 ) , f x 0 = 0 .
x 0
141

1. ( Bolzano)
x 1
x > 2 .
x2 1
Bolzano [0,1] .
f (x) =
( )
2. ( 2 (, ) )
x 1= 3x [, 0]
.
( )
3. ( (, ) )
3x + 2x + 1 =
0 (1, 2) .
( )
4. ( )
f 1-1
.
( )
0)
5. ( f (x) = 0 f (x1 ) + f (x 2 ) + f (x 3 ) =
f [0,5] f (1) + f (2) + f (3) =
0 (1).
f (x) = 0 [0,5] .
( )
142
6. (
)
g [, ] . x1 , x 2 , x 3 [, ]
x 0 [, ] :
g(x 0 ) =
( )
1g(x1 ) + 2 g(x 2 ) + 3g(x 3 )

1 , 2 , 3 > 0
1 + 2 + 3
143

1
f (2, +) f
.
[0,1] (2, +)
Bolzano.
2
: x 1= 3x 3x x + 1= 0
f (x) = 3x x + 1
3x x + 1 .
[, 0] .
[, ], [
, 0]
2
f () = 3() + + 1 = 0 + + 1 > 0
4
f ( ) =3( ) + + 1 =3 + + 1 =
<0
2
2 2
2
2
f (0) = 30 0 + 1= 1 > 0
[, ] f ( ) f ( ) < 0 .
Bolzano [, ]
(, ) .
, 0] f ( ) f (0) < 0 .
2
2
Bolzano [ , 0] ,
2
( , 0) .
2
[
2 x 1= 3x
[, 0] .
144
2
( )
Bolzano .
3
f (x) = 3x + 2x + 1
3x 2x + 1 . [1, 2] .

1
2
f (1) = 2 + 1 = < 0 f (2) = 9 + 4 + 1 = 14 > 0 . f (2) f (1) < 0 .
3
3
Bolzano [1, 2] .
f (x) = 3x + 2x + 1 (1, 2) .
f (1, 2) .
3x . 2x + 1 .
f (x) = 3x + 2x + 1
. 1-1.
.
4
:
, . f 1-1 f () f () .
< f () < f () . (, )
f () < f ( ) < f () .
. f () > f ( ) .
f [ , ] ,
f ( ) f () . f ( ) < f () < f () , 1 ( , )
f (1 ) = f () f 1-1.
f ( ) > f () . f [, ] ,
f () f ( ) .
f () < f () < f ( ) 2 (, ) f ( 2 ) = f () f
1-1. f () f ( ) f () f 1-1.
f () < f ( ) < f () (, ) f
[, ] . f
.
145
5 (2 )
:
(1)
f=
(1) f =
(2) f=
(3) 0
2 .
i) f (1) f (2) < 0 f [1, 2] [0,5]
Bolzano . (1, 2) f () =0
f (x) = 0 (1, 2) .
ii) f (1) f (3) < 0 f (x) = 0
(1,3) .
iii) f (2) f (3) < 0 f (x) = 0
(2,3) .
f [0,5] .
:
, f (x) 0 f (x) > 0 f (x) < 0 x [0,5] .
f (1) + f (2) + f (3) > 0 f (1) + f (2) + f (3) < 0 .
1. 2 :
x1 , x 2 , x 3
x1 , x 2 , x 3
Bolzano .
2. .
146
6
g [, ] , m.
m g(x) M x [, ] .
m = g
x 0 [ , ]
1g(x1 ) + 2 g(x 2 ) + 3g(x 3 ) (1 + 2 + 3 )g(x 0 )

= = g(x 0 ) .
(1 + 2 + 3 )
1 + 2 + 3
m < m g(x1 ) M 1m 1g(x1 ) 1M
m g(x 2 ) M 2 m 2 g(x 2 ) 2 M
m g(x 3 ) M 3 m 3g(x 3 ) 3 M
:
(1 + 2 + 3 )m 1g(x1 ) + 2 g(x 2 ) + 3g(x 3 ) (1 + 2 + 3 )M

g(x ) + 2 g(x 2 ) + 3g(x 3 )
m 1 1
M.
1 + 2 + 3
x 0 ( , )
g(x 0 ) =
1g(x1 ) + 2 g(x 2 ) + 3g(x 3 )

.
1 + 2 + 3
x 0 [ , ] g(x 0 ) =
1g(x1 ) + 2 g(x 2 ) + 3g(x 3 )

.
1 + 2 + 3
147

1.(
(, ) )
z1 = 1 + i z 2 + ( ) z 5 + = 0 ,
, R. (0,1) : 3 + ( ) + e = 0.
( )
2. (
(, ) )
f R lim f ( x ) = 2.
x 0
x 0 ( 0,1) f ( x 0 ) = 1.
( )
3. ( )
f R f ( 5 ) = 7.
f ( x ) = 6 f R.
( )
4. ( Bolzano)
, , : 0 + 2 < 0.
2 4.
( )
148
5. (
(, ) )
z, w : z = 1 w = 2.
f R :
f 3 ( x ) + z + w f 2 ( x ) + 5f ( x ) = x 2 + 2x 1 x R.
x 0 ( 0,1) f ( x 0 ) = 0.
( )
6. (
[, ) )
f [ 0,1] , 0 f ( x ) 1 x [ 0,1] .
x
f ( x0 ).
x 0 [ 0,1) f 2 ( x 0 ) + x 0 e 0 =
( )
7. (
[, ] )
1 , 2 , , 100 [ 0,1] , [ 0,1] :
1 + 2 + + 100 = 50.
( )
8. (
[, ] )
z, w f ( x ) = w x 3 z x 2 + w z .
x 0 [ 1,1] f ( x 0 ) = 0.
( )
149
9. (
(, ) )
ln 2 x + e x = 0 x 0 0, .
( )
10. (
)
f (x)
f (x)
= 1.
= 0 lim
x +
x
x
x
f R : lim

f .
( )
11. ()
x 2,
x0
> 0.
f ( x ) =
ln ( x + 1) 3x, 1 < x < 0
. f .
.
x +=
2 ln ( x + 1) .
( )
12. ( (, ) )
1
2
2
0 0,
+
=
. +
x x+ x
1 , 2 ( , ) .
.
1 1
+ = 2 2 , .
1 2
( )
150
13. ( f (x)
= f (x + c) )
f : [ 2, 4] R, [ 2, 4] f ( 2 ) =
f ( 4).
. g ( x )= f ( x 1) f ( x + 1)
.
. : g ( 1) + g (1) + g ( 3) =
0.
. [ 1,3] : f ( 1)= f ( + 1) .
( )
14. ( )
f ( x ) = 2x x [ 0, ] .
( )
15. ( )
f R : f 2 ( x ) + 2f ( x ) =
x x 2 + 2 x
x R f ( 0 ) = 2.
. g=
( x ) f ( x ) + x
x R.
. f.
( )
16. ( )
f R :
f ( x ) ( x 3 x + e x ) e x x + 1 x R.
f ( x ) .
( )
151

1
z 2 + ( ) z 5 + = 0 z1 = 1 + i
, , z 2 =z1 z 2 =
1 i.
z1 + z 2 =
1 (1 + i ) + (1 i ) =
Vieta :
5 +
(1 + i ) (1 i ) = 5 +
z z =
1 2
1
=2
5 + = 2
= 1
= 3
(0,1) : 3 + 2 e = 0.
f ( x ) = x 3 + 2x e x . Bolzano [ 0,1] .
f [ 0,1] .
f ( 0 ) f (1) =( 1) ( 3 e ) =e 3 < 0 .
( 0,1) f ( )= 0 3 + 2 e = 0.
0.
x 0 ( 0,1) f ( x 0 ) 1 =
g=
( x ) f ( x ) 1 . Bolzano [0,1].
g [ 0,1] f [ 0,1] R.
g ( 0 ) g (=
1) f ( 0 ) 1 f (1) 1
(1)
f R, x R, x R
f ( x ) =
f ( x ) .
152
f ( 0 ) 2f ( 0 ) =
0 f ( 0) =
0.
x = 0 : f ( 0 ) =
(2)
f ( x ) , , :
lim f ( x ) = 2 f (1)= 2.
x 0
(3)
(1) (2) (3) : g ( 0 ) g ( 2 ) =( 0 1) ( 2 1) =1 < 0.

x 0 ( 0,1) g ( x 0 ) = 0 f ( x 0 ) 1 = 0 f ( x 0 ) = 1.
3
f R, x R, x R
f ( x ) =
f ( x ) .
f ( 0 ) 2f ( 0 ) =
0 f ( 0) =
0.
x = 0 : f ( 0 ) =
f R.
g=
( x ) f ( x ) 6 . Bolzano [0,5].
g [ 0,5] f R.
g ( 0 ) g ( 5 ) =f ( 0 ) 6 f ( 5 ) 6 =( 0 6 )( 7 6 ) =6 < 0
x 0 ( 0,5 ) g ( x 0 ) = 0 f ( x 0 ) 6 = 0 f ( x 0 ) = 6
f ( x ) = 6 .
f R.
153
4
f ( x ) = x 2 + x + . Bolzano [ 1, 0] .
f [ 1, 0] .
f ( 1) f ( 0 ) = ( + ) = + 2 < 0
f ( x )= 0 x 2 + x + = 0 (
( 1, 0 ) )
x 2 + x + .
: 2 4 0 2 4.
5
x R : f ( x ) f 2 ( x ) + z + w f ( x ) + 5 = x 2 + 2x 1.
(1)
f 2 ( x ) + z + w f ( x ) + 5, f ( x ) = y,
y 2 + z + w y + 5 = z + w 20 < 0 :
2
z + w z + w =1 + 2 =3, : z + w 3 z + w 9 z + w 20 11 < 0.
2
f 2 ( x ) + z + w f ( x ) + 5 > 0 x R.
(2)
x 2 + 2x 1
(1) : f ( x ) = 2
f (x) + z + w f (x) + 5
. Bolzano f [ 0,1] .
f [ 0,1] R.
f ( 0 ) f (1)
=
2
1
2
< 0 (2).
f ( 0 ) + z + w f ( 0 ) + 5 f (1) + z + w f (1) + 5
2
x 0 ( 0,1) f ( x 0 ) = 0.
154
6
x
0.
x 0 [ 0,1) f 2 ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) + x 0 e 0 =
g ( x ) = f 2 ( x ) f ( x ) + xe x .
:
g [ 0,1] [ 0,1] .
g ( 0 ) = f 2 ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) 1 0 0 f ( 0 ) 1
.
g (=
1) f 2 (1) f (1) + e < 0 f (x) = y , y 2 y + e
=
( 1)
4 1 e = 1 4e < 0.
: g ( 0 ) g (1) 0.
g ( 0 ) g (1) < 0, , . olzano, x 0 ( 0,1)
g ( x 0 ) = 0.
g (1) 0
g ( 0 ) g (1) =
0 g ( 0) =
0, x 0 = 0 g ( x ) = 0.
x 0 [ 0,1) :
g ( x0 ) =
0 f 2 ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) + x 0ex0 =
0.
155
7
[ 0,1] :
1 + 2 + + 100 50 = 0.
f ( x )=
x 1 + x 2 + + x 100 50.
f [ 0,1]
f ( 0 ) = 1 + 2 + + 100 50 =
( 1 + 2 + + 100 ) 50, 1 , 2 , , 100

f (1) = 1 1 + 1 2 + + 1 100 50=
(1 1 ) + (1 2 ) + + (1 100 ) 50=
50 ( 1 + 2 + + 100 ) , 1 1 0, 1 2 0, , 1 100 0.
: f ( 0 ) f (1)= ( 1 + 2 + + 100 ) 50 50 ( 1 + 2 + + 100 ) =
( 1 + 2 + + 100 ) 50 0.
2
f ( 0 ) f (1) < 0, , . olzano, ( 0,1)

f ( ) =0.
0, f ( 0 ) = 0 f (1) = 0, =0 =1
f ( 0 ) f (1) =
f ( x ) = 0.
[ 0,1] :
156
8
f [ 1,1] .
f ( 1) =
w z + w z 0 : w z = w + ( z ) w + z w + z .
f (1) = w z + w z 0 :
w z = w + ( z ) w z = w z ( w z ) = w + z .
: f ( 1) f (1) 0.
f ( 1) f (1) < 0, , . olzano,
x 0 ( 1,1) f ( x 0 ) = 0.
0 , f ( 1) =
0 f (1) = 0, x 0 = 1 x 0 = 1
f ( 1) f (1) =
f ( x ) = 0.
x 0 [ 1,1] : f ( x 0 ) = 0.
f ( x=
) ln 2 x + e x
x 0 0, f ( x 0 ) = 0.
lim f ( x ) = lim+ ln ( 2 x ) + e x = + 1 = .
x 0+
x 0
( lim+ ln 2 x 2 x = u. x 0+ u 0+ , :
x 0
lim+ ln ( 2 x ) = lim+ ln ( u ) = )
x 0
u 0
lim+ f ( x ) = , f ( x ) < 0 .
x 0
157
0 < x1 <
: f ( x1 ) < 0.
2
f =ln1 + e 2 =0 + e 2 > 0.
2
Bolzano f x1 , :
2
f x1 , .
2
f ( x1 ) f < 0.
2
x 0 0, f ( x 0 ) = 0.
10

y= x + R.
f ( x )= x + .
g =
( x ) f ( x ) x
x 0 R g ( x 0 ) = 0.
:
f (x)
lim g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) x = lim x

x
x
x
x

= ( 0 1 0 ) = +
x

= + ( 1 1 0 ) =
x
< 0 : g ( ) > 0.
f (x)
lim g ( x ) = lim f ( x ) x = lim x

x +
x +
x +
x
> 0 : g ( ) < 0.
Bolzano g [ , ] :
g [ , ] f R.
158
g ( ) g ( ) < 0.
x 0 ( , ) g ( x 0 ) = 0.
11
. x > 0, f y = x 2.
1 < x < 0, f ln ( x + 1) 3x
.
x = 0, :
lim f ( x ) = lim+ ( x 2 ) = 1 2.
x 0+
x 0
lim f ( x )= lim ln ( x + 1) 3x = 0 0= 0.
x 0
x 0
f ( 0 ) = 0 2 =1 2.
f : 2 1= 0 =
1
.
2
1
1
. = : x + 2= ln ( x + 1) + 2 ln ( x + 1=
) 0.
2
2
x
1
g ( x=
) + 2 ln ( x + 1)
2
x 0 ( 0, + ) g ( x 0 ) = 0.
:
g ( 0 ) =1 + 2 0 = 3 > 0.
1 x
lim g ( x ) = lim + 2 ln ( x + 1) = 0 + 2 ( + ) =
x +
x +
2
g ( x ) < 0 +. > 0 : g ( ) < 0.

Bolzano g [ 0, ] :
g [ 0, ] .
g ( 0 ) g ( ) < 0.
159
x 0 ( 0, ) ( 0, + ) g ( ) =0.
x 0 , g
( 0, + ) .
x1 , x 2 ( 0, + ) x1 < x 2 :
x
1
y = ( 0, + ) :
2
x
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
x1 < x 2 > + 2 > + 2
2
2
2
2
(1)
y = ln x ( 0, + ) :
x1 < x 2 x1 + 1 < x 2 + 1 ln ( x1 + 1) < ln ( x 2 + 1) ln ( x1 + 1) > ln ( x 2 + 1)
( 2)
(1) (2) x1 , x 2 ( 0, + ) x1 < x 2

:
x
1
2
1
1
x1 < x 2 + 2 ln ( x1 + 1) > + 2 ln ( x 2 + 1) g ( x1 ) > g ( x 2 )
2
2
g ( 0, + ) , x 0 .
12
. x , 0, :
1
2
2
+
+
= 0 ( x + )( x ) + 2 x ( x ) + 2 x ( x + )= 0
x x+ x
f ( x =
)
( x + )( x ) + 2 x ( x ) + 2 x ( x + )
. Bolzano [ , 0] [ 0, ] .
f ( )
[ , 0] [0, ].
160
: f ( ) = 2 2 2 > 0 0.
f ( 0 ) = 2 < 0 0.
f ( ) = 2 2 2 > 0 0.
: f ( ) f ( 0 ) = 2 4 2 < 0 f ( 0 ) f ( ) = 2 4 2 < 0.
, f ( x ) = 0 1 ( , 0 )
2 ( 0, ) .
f ( x =
)
( x + )( x ) + 2 x ( x ) + 2 x ( x + )
f ( x=
) x 2 2 + 2 x 2 2 x + 2 x 2 + 2 x
f (x=
)
(1 +
+ 2 ) x 2 + ( 2 2 ) x 2
, .
f ( x ) = 0 1 , 2 ( , )
.
. 1 , 2 f ( x =
)
(1 +
+ 2 ) x 2 + ( 2 2 ) x 2
( 2 2 )
2
2 2
=
1 + 2 =
=
1 2
1
2
1 + 2 + 2
1 + 2 + 2
1 + 2 + 2
( 2 2 )
:
1 1 2 + 1 1 + 2 + 2 2 2
+=
=
=
2
1 2 1 2
2
2
1+ +
1 1
2 2
+ = 2 2
= 2 2 2 2 = (2 2 )
1 2
2 ) (1 ) = 0 ( 2 = 2 = 1) ( = =1). :
= = ,
.
, =1.
161
13
. f ( x 1) , f ( x ) D f =
[ 2, 4] h ( x )=
x 1
xR
1 x 5 x [ 1,5] .
D h = R, :
2 x 1 4
f ( x + 1) , f ( x ) D f =
[ 2, 4] ( x ) =x + 1
xR
D = R, :
3 x 3 x [ 3,3] .
2 x + 1 4
g : D g = [ 1,5] [ 3,3] = [ 1,3] .
g D g
.
. g ( x )= f ( x 1) f ( x + 1) x = 1, x = 1 x = 3,
: g ( 1) = f ( 2 ) f ( 0 ) , g=
(1) f ( 0 ) f ( 2 ) g=
( 3) f ( 2 ) f ( 4 ) .
, :
g ( 1) + g (1) + g ( 3) =
f ( 2 ) f (4) =
0.
(1)
. :
(1) : g ( 1=
) g (1=) g ( 3=) 0. 1, 1, 3
g ( x ) = 0 .
(1) .
. g ( 1) g (1) < 0.
[ 1,1] . Bolzano g ( x ) , g
[ 1,1] [ 1,3]. ( 1,1) ( 1,3)

: g ( ) =0. , g ( 1) g ( 3) < 0 g (1) g ( 3) < 0,
g ( x ) = 0 ( 1,3) (1,3) ( 1,3) .
[ 1,3] :
g ( )= 0 f ( 1)= f ( + 1) .
162
14
f [ 0, ] .
f ( x )= 0 2x x= 0 2x x x= 0 x ( 2x 1)= 0
x = 0 2x 1 = 0.
x = 2 , .
2
2
x [ 0, ] , : x = .
2
5
2x 1 = 0 x = x= 2 + x= 2 + , .
6
6
6
5
.
x [ 0, ] , : x = x =
6
6
: x = 0 x =
f.

0, 6

6,2
5
2, 6
5
6 ,
x 0
2
3
f ( x0 )
1
2
3 1
+
1
2
3 1
1
+
15
. ( ) g
R. x1 , x 2 R x1 < x 2 , g ( x1 ) g ( x 2 ) < 0.
g . Bolzano [ x1 , x 2 ]
( x1 , x 2 ) g ( ) =0 f ( ) =.
x = :
f 2 ( ) + 2f ( ) = 2 + 2 ( ) + 2 ( ) = 2 + 2
2
2 = 2 + 2 2 2 = 2 1 = 2 , .
163
g R.
g ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) + 0 = 2 + 1 = 1 < 0. g ( x ) < 0 x R.
. x R :
f 2 ( x ) + 2f ( x ) =
x x 2 + 2 x f 2 ( x ) + 2f ( x ) =
x x 2 + 1 2 x
f 2 ( x ) + 2f ( x ) x + 2=
x x 2 + 1 [f (x) + =
x]2 ( x 2 + 1) 2
g 2 (x) ( x 2 + 1) 2 = 0 [g(x) x 2 + 1] [g(x) + x 2 + 1] = 0.
(1)
g ( x ) < 0 x R, : g(x) x 2 + 1 < 0 x R.
(1) : g(x) + x 2 + 1 =0 g(x) = x 2 + 1
f (x) + x = x 2 + 1 f (x) = x x 2 + 1, x R.
16
f R. x1 , x 2 R
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) < 0.
f [ x1 , x 2 ] R, . Bolzano f
[ x1 , x 2 ] .
( x1 , x 2 ) f ( ) =0.
f ( x ) x 3 x + e x e x x + 1 x =
0 e + 1 R :
e > 0 1 1 + 1 0, e + 1 > 0 .
f R.
x = 0 : f ( 0 ) 1 1 1 + 1 f ( 0 ) 1.
f ( 0 ) f R, f ( x ) > 0
x R.
164

1. ( f (x) = 0 - )

1
= ln x , .
2x
( )
2. ( f (x) = 0 - )
f : . f ( , 2] ,
[ 2, + ) , lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (2) = 0 , :

x
x +
) f.
) f (x) = 0 .
( )
3. ( f (x) = 0 - )
f : [ 0, 2] [3, 4] f (0) =
2, f (2) =
2, f (3) =
1, f (4) =
7.
f , :
) f.
) f (x) = 0 .
( )
165
4. ( f (x) = 0 - )
f (x)=
1
x + 2, x ( 0,1) .
ln x
) f.
1 , ( 0,1) .
) ( x + 1) ln x =
( )
5. ( f (x) = 0 - )
f: ( 0, + ) f (x)
= ln x + e x 2 .
) f.
e x e 2 ( ln x ) , .
) =
) e ln x + e x 1 =
1.
( )
6. ( f )
f [ , ] f () < f () ,
x o (,) f(x 0 ) =
f () +2f ()
.
3
( )
7. ( f )
f :
f 4 (x) f 3 (x) + 2f 2 (x) 4f (x) 8 =
0 x .
( )
166
8. ( f )
f [1,3] . [ , ] ,
f () =
f (1) + 3f (2) + 5f (3)

.
9
( )
9. ()
f f 2 (x) + f (x) = x 2 + x + 2,
x (1) f (0) = 1 . :
) f (x) = 0 .
) f (x) > 0, x .
1 + 17
f
4
x 0 ( 0,1) .
) y =
( )
10. ()
f : ( 1,1) ,
lim
x 1
f (x) + 2
= 1 2(x + 1) ( x + 1) f (x) 1 x 2 (1).
x 1
) lim f (x) lim+ f (x) .

x 1
x 1
) h(x) = f (x) +
1
2.
x +1
) g(x) =
: y = x 1 x 0 ( 1,1) .
( )
1

f (x) 2
167
11. ()
f : :
8, x (1). :
f (1) = 3 f ( f(x) ) + f (x) =
) f 1 1 .
) x 0 (1,3) , g(x 0 ) = 6, g(x)
= f (x) + x .
) f ( 3, 01, 4,99 ) .
( )
12. ()
f : [1, 2] z1 = 1 + 2i
z2 =
f (1) + f (2)i, f (2) 0 . z1 z 2 , :
) f (x) = 0 (1, 2 )
) , f f (2) < 0 , :
i) f (x) f (1), x [1, 2] .
ii) f y =
f (2)
.
2
( )
13. ()
f : [1,5] f (1) = 5 f (5) = 1 .
) f.
) f (x) = c, c [1,5] .
) (1,5 ) 9f () = 2f (2) +3f (3) +4f (4) .
( )
168
14. ()
f :
f (x 2 2x) + f (x) = 3x 2 3x + 8, x (1). :
) x 0 ( 0, 2 ) f (x 0=
) x0 + 5 .
) y = c c (1,13) f
x1 ( 1,3) .
( )
15. ()
f, g [ 0, 2] :
f 2 (0) + f 2 (2) = 4 ( f (2) 1)
0 g(x) 2 x [ 0, 2]
(1)
) x 0 ( 0, 2 ) , f (x 0 ) = 1 .
) f g
x1 [ 0, 2] .
) f , f (x)
= f (2 x)
( 0, 2 ) .
( )
169

1
f (x)
=
1
ln x, x ( 0, + ) .
2x
: x1 , x 2 ( 0, + ) ,
1
1
> x 2 lnx1 < ln x 2 lnx1 > ln x 2 .
x1
2
2
1
1
x ln x1 > x ln x 2 f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) .
21
22
1
lim+ f (x) = lim+ x ln x = 1 () = + .

x 0
x 0 2
lim f (x) = lim x ln x = 0 (+) = .

x +
x + 2
x1 < x 2 2 x1 < 2 x 2
( lim f (x), lim f (x)) =

x +
x 0+
( , + ) =
, f (x) = 0 .
f , 1 1 .
2
) f ( , 2] ,
1 =
( lim f (x), f (2) =
( , 0] .
( lim f (x), f (2) =
( , 0] .
f [ 2, + ) ,
2 =
x +
f = 1 2 =
( , 0] .
) f (x) = 0 x = 0 , ( , 2] , f
( , 2] f (2) = 0 .
, f (x) = 0 x = 0 , [ 2, + ) , f
[ 2, + ) f (2) = 0 .
x = 0 .
170
3
) [ 0, 2] f
0 < 2 f (0) > f (2) . [ 0, 2]

1 =
[f (2), f (0)] = [ 2, 2] .
[3, 4] f
3 < 4 f (3) < f (4) . [3, 4]

2 =
[f (3), f (4)] = [ 1, 7] .
1 2 =
f =
[ 2, 7] .
) f (x) = 0 ( 0, 2 ) , f
1 ( 0
2).
f (x) = 0 ( 3, 4 ) , f
2 ( 3
4).
.
4
) .
: x1 , x 2 ( 0,1) ,
x1 < x 2 ln x1 < ln x 2
1
1
x1 > x 2 x1 + 2 > x 2 + 2 .
>
ln x1 ln x 2
1
1
x1 + 2 >
x 2 + 2 f (x1 ) > f ( x 2 ) .
ln x1
ln x 2
lim f (x) = lim+

x + 2 = 0 0 + 2 = 2.
x 0 ln x
lim f (x) = lim

x + 2 = 1 + 2 = . ( lim ln x = 0 x < 1 ln x < 0 )
x 1
x 1 ln x
x 1
x 0+
f lim f (x), lim+ f (x) =

x 1
x 0
) x ( 0,1) ( x + 1) ln x = 1 x + 1 =
( , 2 ) .
1
1
x + 2 = 3 f (x) = 3 .
ln x
ln x
3 f f (x) = 3
1.
( 0,1) . ( x + 1) ln x =
171
5
) f .
:
x1 < x 2 ln x1 < ln x 2 (1)

x1 2 < x 2 2 e x1 2 < e x 2 2 (2). (1) (2)
ln x1 + e x1 2 < ln x 2 + e x 2 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) .
lim+ f (x) = lim+ ( ln x + e x 2 ) = +
x 0
x 0
1
= lim f (x) = lim ( ln x + e x 2 ) = + + (+) = +
2
x +
x +
e
( lim f (x), lim f (x)) =

x 0+
x +
( , + ) =
ex
= ln x ln x + e x 2 = f (x) = .
e2
f, , x 0 ( 0, + ) f(x 0 ) = 0 . x 0
f . f (x) =
) e x =e 2 ( ln x )
e x e 2 ( ln x ) .
=
) x 0 = 1 e ln1 + e11 = 1 1 = 1 .
e ln x + e x 1 =1 e ln x +
ex
=1 e 2 ln x + e x =e e x =e e 2 ln x
e
e x= e 2 ln x . (3)
e
, =
x 0 = 1 .
1
, (3) . ,
e
172
6
f [ , ] f () f () .
=
f () <
f () +2f ()
f () +2f ()
f () <
< f ()
3
3
f () +2f ()
3f () < f () +2f () f () < f ()
3
f () +2f ()
< f () f () + 2f () < 3f () f () < f () .
3
, x 0 ( , )
f(x 0 ) =
f () +2f ()
.
3
7
. Horner :
f 4 (x) f 3 (x) + 2f 2 (x) 4f (x) 8 = 0 ( f (x) + 1) ( f (x) 2 ) ( f 2 (x) + 4 ) = 0 x .
1 f (x) =
2] x , f 2 (x) + 4 > 0 x .
[ f (x) =
:
f (x) = 1 x (1)
f (x) = 2 x (2)
1, x 1
f (x) =
(3) , 1 , 2
2, x 2
1 2 =
1 2 =
.
(3).
1 2 .. < , f () =
1 f () =
2.
f [ , ] = 0 f () < 0 < f () ,
, x 0 ( , ) f (x 0 ) = 0 .
f 4 (x 0 ) f 3 (x 0 ) + 2f 2 (x 0 ) 4f (x 0 ) 8 = 0 8 = 0 ().
f (x) = 1 x f (x) = 2 x .
173
8
f f =
(x) c, c . f=
(1) f =
(2) f=
(3) c
f (1) + 3f (2) + 5f (3)

c + 3c + 5c
()
() c .
f=
f=
9
9
[1,3] .
f ()
=
f
[1,3] , .
, m . :
m f (1) M (1)
m f (2) M 3m 3f (2) 3M (2)
m f (3) M 5m 5f (3) 5M (3)
(1) (2) :
9m f (1) + 3f (2) + 5f (3) 9M m
f (1) + 3f (2) + 5f (3)

M .
9
f (1) + 3f (2) + 5f (3)

f , [1,3]
9
f () =
f (1) + 3f (2) + 5f (3)

.
9
9
) f (x) = 0 . f () = 0
(1) f 2 () + f () = 2 + + 2 2 + + 2 = 0 < 0 .
f (x) = 0 .
) f f (x) 0 , x , f
. f (0)= 1 > 0 . f (x) > 0, x .
1 + 17
.
4
(1), x = 1 , f 2 (1) + f (1) 4 =
0 . f (1)
) x 0 ( 0,1) , f (x 0 ) =
1 + 17
1 17
=
f (1)
< 0 ().
2
2
1 + 17 1 + 17
f (0)= 1 f (1) 1 <
<
4 < 1 + 17 < 2 + 2 17
4
2

f (1)
=
.
, x 0 ( 0,1) ,
f (x 0 ) =
1 + 17
.
4
174
10
f (x) + 2
f (x) + 2= g(x) (x 1) f (x)= g(x) (x 1) 2 .
x 1
lim f (x) =lim [ g(x) (x 1) 2] =1 0 2 =2 .
) g(x)=
x 1
x 1
, x ( 1,1) x + 1 > 0 (1) x + 1 :
( x + 1)
(1 x ) ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) f (x) 1 x .
f (x)
x +1
x +1
x +1
lim+ (1 x ) =
2 lim+ 2
x 1
x 1
lim ( x + 1) =
0)
( x + 1)
u
= 2 lim
= 2 1 = 2 .( x + 1 =u
u
0
x +1
u
x 1+
, lim+ f (x) = 2 .
x 1
) h ( 1,1) , f
x 1 .
1
x +1
h .
h x1 , x 2 ( 1,1)
x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) (2)

1
1
1
1
x1 + 1 < x 2 + 1
>
2>
2 (3).
x1 + 1 x 2 + 1
x1 + 1
x2 +1
(2) (3)
f (x1 ) +
1
1
2 > f (x 2 ) +
2 h(x1 ) > h(x 2 )
x1 + 1
x2 +1
lim+ h(x) = lim+ f (x) +

2 = 2 + 2 = +
x 1
x 1
x +1
1
1
7
lim h(x) =lim f (x) +

2 =2 + 2 = .
x 1
x 1
x +1
2
2
7
2
h lim h(x), lim+ h(x) = , + .

x 1
x 1
) x 0 ( 1,1) , g(x 0 ) = x 0 1
1
1
1
= x 0 1 2 f (x 0 ) =
f (x 0 ) +
2 =0 h(x 0 ) =0 .
f (x 0 ) 2
x0 +1
x0 +1
h ,
x 0 ( 1,1) : h(x 0 ) = 0 . x 0
h .
175
11
) (1) x = 1 , f ( f(1) ) + f (1) = 8 f (3) + 3 = 8 f (3) = 5 .
(1) x = 3 , f ( f(3) ) + f (3) = 8 f (5) + 5 = 8 f (5) = 3 .
, 1 5, f (1) = f (5) . f 1 1 .
) g [1,3] .
g(1)= f (1) + 1= 4 g(3)= f (3) + 3= 8 . g(1) g(3) . = 6 ,

g(1), g(3) .
x 0 (1,3) ,
g(x 0 ) = 6 .
) f [1,3] f(1) f(3) . = 3, 01
f(1) f(3) (3 < 3,01 < 5) .

x1 (1,3) , f(x1 ) = 3, 01 .
8 f (3, 01) + 3, 01 =
8 f (3, 01) =
4,99 .
(1) x = x1 , f ( f(x1 ) ) + f (x1 ) =
f ( 3, 01, 4,99 ) .
12
) z1 z 2 , z1 z 2 =
z1 z 2 z1 z 2 =
z1 z 2
(1 + 2i ) ( f (1) f (2)i ) =
(1 2i ) ( f (1) + f (2)i )
f (1) f (2)i + 2f (1)i + 2f (2) =
f (1) f (2)i + 2f (1)i 2f (2)
2f (1) =
4f (2) f (1) =
2f (2) .
f [1, 2] f (1) f (2) =
2f 2 (2) < 0, f (2) 0 .
Bolzano f (x) = 0 (1, 2 ) .
176
) i) () f (1) = 2f (2) . f (2) < 0 f (1) > 0 ,
1 < 2 f (1) > f (2) f , .
f , [ f (2), f (1) ] . , f (1)
f (x) f (1), x [1, 2] .
ii) f [1, 2] f (1) f (2) . =
f (2) f (1)
f (2) <
.
f (2)
f (2)
< f (1) 2f (2) < f (2) < 2f (1) 2f (2) < f (2) < 4f (2) 3f (2) < 0 < 3f (2)
2
x 0 (1, 2 )
f (2)
. x 0 f .
2
f (2)
f y =
.
2
f (x 0 ) =
13
) 1 < 5 f (1) > f (5) f .
.
,
[f (5), f (1)] = [1,5] .
) c [1,5] f,
, x 0 [1,5] f (x 0 ) = c . x 0
f .
) f [1,5] .
i.
ii.
f (1) f (5) .
1 < 2 < 5 f (1) > f (2) > f (5) 2f (1) > 2f (2) > 2f (5) (1)
1 < 3 < 5 f (1) > f (3) > f (5) 3f (1) > 3f (3) > 3f (5) (2)
1 < 4 < 5 f (1) > f (4) > f (5) 4f (1) > 4f (4) > 4f (5) (3)
177
(1), (2), (3) :
9f (1) > 2f (2) + 3f (3) + 4f (4) > 9f (5) f (1) >
2f (2) + 3f (3) + 4f (4)

> f (5) .
9
, (1,5 )
f () =
2f (2) + 3f (3) + 4f (4)

9f () = 2f (2) +3f (3) +4f (4) . f
9
14
) (1) x = 0 , f (0) + f (0) =
8 f (0) =
4 x = 2 ,
f (0) + f (2) = 12 6 + 8 f (2) = 10 .
g(x)= f (x) x 5, x [ 0, 2] .
g [ 0, 2] .
g(0) =f (0) 5 =4 5 =1 < 0 g(2) = f (2) 2 5 = 10 7 = 3 > 0 .
g(0) g ( 2 ) < 0 .
Bolzano x 0 ( 0, 2 )
g(x 0 ) =
0 f (x 0 ) =
x0 + 5 .
) f [ 1,3] (1) x = 3 ,
f (3) + f (3) = 27 9 + 8 2f (3) = 26 f (3) = 13 , x = 1

f (3) + f (1) = 3 + 3 + 8 f (1) =14 13 f (1) =1 .
f (1) f (3) . , c
f (1) f (3) , c (1,13) , x1 ( 1,3) , f (x1 ) = c .
y = c c (1,13) f
x1 ( 1,3) .
178
15
) (1) :
f 2 (0) + f 2 (2) 4f (2) + 4 = 0 f 2 (0) + ( f (2) 2 ) = 0 f (0) = 0 f (2) = 2 .

f (0) f (2) 1 f (0) f (2) .
2
f [ 0, 2] .
x 0 ( 0, 2 ) ,
f (x 0 ) = 1 .
) x1 [ 0, 2] ,
f (x1 ) = g(x1 ) f (x1 ) g(x1 ) = 0 .
f (x) g(x), x [ 0, 2] . [ 0, 2]
h(x) =
.
h(0) =
f (0) g(0) =
g(0) 0 h(2) =
f (2) g(2) =
2 g(2) 0 .
h(0) h(2) 0 . :
h(0) h(2) < 0 , Bolzano
x1 ( 0, 2 ) h(x1 ) =
0 f (x1 ) g(x1 ) =
0.
h(0) h(2) =
0 h(0) =
0 h(2) =
0 , 0 2
h(x) = 0 .
x1 [ 0, 2] , f (x1 ) = g(x1 ) f (x1 ) g(x1 ) = 0 .

) (x) = f (x) f (2 x) . :
x [ 0, 2] 0 2 x 2 2 x 0 0 x 2 .
[ 0, 2] .
H [ 0, 2] .
(0) =f (0) f (2) =2 < 0 (2) =

f (2) f (0) =>
2 0 . (0) (2) < 0 .
Bolzano (x) = 0 ( 0, 2 ) ,
:
f , f (0) = 0 < 2 = f (2) .
x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) (2)

x1 > x 2 2 x1 > 2 x 2 f (2 x1 ) > f (2 x 2 ) f (2 x1 ) < f (2 x 2 ) (3).
(2) (3)
f (x1 ) f (2 x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f (2 x 2 ) ( x1 ) < (x 2 ) .
179

1. ( f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 ) )
=
f (x) x 2 - x - x x 0 = 0 .
( )
2. ( f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 ) )
f (x) =(x + 1) x + 1 x 0 = -1 .
( )
3. ( f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 ) )
f (x) = (x -1) x -1 x 0 = 1 .
( )
4. ( f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 ) )
f (x) = 2 x x 0 = 0 .
( )
5. ( f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 ) )
x 3 + 1, x < 0
x 0 = 0 .
x,
x
0
f (x) =
( )
6. ( f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 ) )
2 1
x , x 0
f (x) =
x 0 = 0 .
x
0,
x=0
( )
180
7. ( f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 ) )
f (x) = x - 3 x 0 = 3 .
( )
8. ( f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 ) )
f (x) = x 2 - 5x x 0 = 2 .
( )
9. ( )
f f (x) 2 x x .
f x 0 = 0 .
( )
10. ( )
f 1 + 3x - x 2 f (x) xe x + 2x +1 x .
f x 0 = 0 .
( )
11. ( )
f , x 0 = 0 ,
xf (x) 2 x x 4 x . f
x 0 = 0 .
( )
181
12. ( )
f (x) - 2
= 3 ,
x 1
x -1
f x 0 = 1 lim
f x 0 = 1 .
( )
13. ( f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 ) )
g x 0 = 1 ,
f (x) = x 2 -1 g(x) x 0 = 1 , g(1) = 0 .
( )
14. ( )
x 2 +
, x <1

, , f (x) = x - 2
x 2 + 3, x 1
x 0 = 1 .
( )
15. ( )
f x o = ,
lim
x
xf () - f (x)
= f () - f ()
x -
( )
16. ( )
f x 0 f (x 0 ) = ,
lim
h 0
f (x o + 2h)- f (x o - 3h)
= 5
h
( )
182
17. ( )
f 0 f (0) = 1 , x, y
(1)
f (x +=
y) f (x) 2y + f (y) 2x
f x 0 , f (x 0 ) = 2x 0 .
( )
18. ( )
f 1 f (1) = 2 , x, y *
f (x y)= f (x) + f (y)
(1)
f x 0 * , f (x 0 ) =
2
.
x0
( )
19. ( )
f 0 f (0) = 1 , :
f (x) > 2 x
(1)
f (x) + 2f (y ) - 6
x, y
(2).
f (y) - 2
f x 0 , f =
(x 0 ) f (x 0 ) 2 .
f (x - y) =
( )
20. ( )
f , f () = 2 3 ,
f ( x + y )= f (x) + f (y) + 2xy + 4
(1) x , y .
2x 0 3 .
f x 0 , f (x=
0)
( )
183
21. ( )
f > 0 , f ( ) = ,
f (x=
y) f (x) + f (y)
(1), x , y (0, + ) . f
x 0 (0, + ) , f (x 0 ) =
1
.
x0
( )
22. ()
f x, y
f (x) - f (y) ( x - y )
(1).
:
i.
ii.
f (x) - f (y) ( x - y ) x, y .
2
f x 0 , f (x 0 ) = 0 .
( )
23. ()
z = 1 + i w = - i , ,
=
f (x)

xz - w , x .
f x 0 = 0 f (0) =
( )
Re(zw)
.
w
184

1
x 0 :
f (x) - f (0) x 2 - x - x - 0
x
,
= = x -1x -0
x
x
lim
x 0
f (x) - f (0)
x
= lim x -1- =
-1-1 -2 .
0=
x
0
x -0
x
f x 0 = 0 f (0) = 2 .
2
x 1 :
f (x) - f (-1) (x + 1) x + 1 - 0
=
=
x - (-1)
x +1
x + 1 ,
f (x) - f (-1)
1 0.
= lim x +=
x 1
x 1
x - (-1)
lim
f x 0 = 1 f (-1) = 0 .
3
f A=
[1, + ) .
x > 1 :
f (x) - f (1) (x -1) x -1 - 0

= =
x -1
x -1
x -1 ,
f (x) - f (1)
lim+ = lim
x -1 0 .
=
x 1
x 1
x -1
f x 0 = 1 f (1) = 0
185
4
x 0 :
f (x) - f (0) 2 x -1 1- 2 x
2 x
x
=
= = - = x ,
x -0
x
x
x
x
f (x) - f (0)
x
= lim x = -1 0= 0 .
x 0
x
0
x -0
x
lim
f x 0 = 0 f (0) = 0 .
5
x < 0 :
f (x) - f (0) x 3 + 1-1 x 3

=
= = x 2 ,
x -0
x
x
lim
x 0
f (x) - f (0)
x2 0 .
= lim
=
x
0
x -0
x > 0 :
f (x) - f (0) x - 0 x -1
,
= =
x -0
x
x
f (x) - f (0)
x -1
lim+= lim
= 0.
x 0
x 0
x -0
x
:
f (x) - f (0)
f (x) - f (0)
lim
0.
= lim
=
+
x
0
x -0
x -0
x 0
f x 0 = 0 f (0) = 0 .
186
6
x 0 :
f (x) - f (0)
=
x -0
1
x 2 - 0
x = x 1 ,
x
x
f (x) - f (0)
1
= lim x
=
0.
x 0
x 0
x -0
x
lim
, x 0 :
1
x =
x
1
x =
1
x
x ,
x x
1
x .
x
lim x = lim x= 0 :
x 0
x 0
lim x = 0 .
x 0
x
f x 0 = 0 f (0) = 0 .
7
x 3 :
f (x) - f (3)
=
x -3
-(x - 3)
, x<3
x - 3 - 0 x - 3
1, x < 3
.
=
=
x -3
x - 3 , x > 3 1, x > 3
x - 3
x < 3 :
lim
x 3
f (x) - f (3)
= lim(-1)
= -1
x 3
x -3
x > 3 :
lim+
x 3
f (x) - f (3)
= lim1
= 1
x 3
x -3
187
:
-1 = lim
x 3
f (x) - f (3)
f (x) - f (3)
lim+
=1
x 3
x -3
x -3
f x 0 = 3 .
8
lim(x 2 - 5x)
= - 6 < 0 , x x 0 = 2 :
x 2
x 2 - 5x < 0 , x 2 - 5x
= -x 2 + 5x
x 2 :
f (x) - f (2)
=
x-2
x 2 - 5x - 6 -x 2 + 5x - 6 -(x - 2)(x - 3)
=
=
= -(x
=
- 3) 3 - x
x-2
x-2
x-2
f (x) - f (2)
(3 - x) 1.
= lim
=
x 2
x 2
x-2
lim
f x 0 = 2 f (2) = 1 .
9
x = 0 :
f (0) 0 , f (0) = 0
(1)
x :
f (x) 2 x - 2 x f (x) 2 x
(2)
x < 0 (2) :
- 2 x f (x) 2 x (1) 2 x f (x) - f (0) - 2 x

.
x
x
x
x
x -0
x
:
lim
x 0
2 x
x
= lim x
= 0 1= 0
x 0
x
x
188
lim
x 0
- 2 x
x
= lim - x
= 0 1= 0
x 0
x
x
lim
x 0
f (x) - f (0)
= 0.
x -0
x > 0 (2) :
- 2 x f (x) 2 x (1) - 2 x f (x) - f (0) 2 x

.
x
x
x
x
x -0
x
:
lim+
- 2 x
x
= lim - x
= 0 1= 0
x 0
x
x
lim+
2 x
x
= lim x
= 0 1= 0
x 0
x
x
x 0
x 0
lim+
x 0
f (x) - f (0)
= 0.
x -0
f (x) - f (0)
f (x) - f (0)
lim
lim
0.
=
=
+
x 0
x 0
x -0
x -0
f x 0 = 0 f (0) = 0 .
10
x = 0 :
1 f (0) 1 , f (0) = 1
(1)
x :
(1)
1 + 3x - x 2 f (x) xe x + 2x +1 3x - x 2 f (x) -1 xe x + 2x
3x - x 2 f (x) -f (0) xe x + 2x x(3 - x) f (x) -f (0) x(e x + 2)

x < 0 (2) :
x(3 - x) f (x) -f (0) x(e x + 2)

f (x) -f (0)
ex + 2
3- x .
x
x
x
x -0
(2)
189
:
lim (e x + 2) =
3
x 0
lim (3 - x) = 3
x 0
lim
x 0
f (x) - f (0)
= 3.
x -0
x > 0 (2) :
x(3 - x) f (x) -f (0) x(e x + 2)

f (x) -f (0) x
3- x
e + 2 .
x
x
x
x -0
:
lim (3 - x) = 3
x 0 +
lim+ (e x + 2) =
3
x 0
lim+
x 0
f (x) - f (0)
= 3.
x -0
f (x) - f (0)
f (x) - f (0)
lim
lim
3.
=
=
+
x 0
x 0
x -0
x -0
f x 0 = 0 f (0) = 3 .
11
x * :
xf (x) - x x xf (x) - x x
2
f (x) -
xf (x) - 2 x
x
x
3
x f (x) - 2 x
3
x
x
2 x
2 x
2 x
2 x
3
3
3
3
3
- x f (x)
x - x f (x) x
+ x .
x
x
x
x
190
:
2 x
x
3
3
lim
- x = lim x
- x = 0 1- 0= 0
x 0
x
0
x
2 x
x
3
3
+ x =
+ x =
lim
lim x
0 1 + 0 =
0.
x 0
x
x
x 0
lim f (x) = 0 .
x 0
f x 0 = 0 f (0) = lim f (x) f (0) = 0

x 0
(1)
x * :
xf (x) - x x xf (x) - x x
2
xf (x) - 2 x
x
x f (x) - 2 x
x
x2
2
x
2
(1)
f (x) 2 x
f (x) 2 x
2 x 2 f (x) 2 x
2
- 2 x2 - x2
- 2 x2
x
x
x
x
x
x
x2
x
x2
2 x 2 f (x) - f (0) 2 x
-x
2 + x2 .
x2
x -0
x
x 2 2 2
2 x 2
lim 2 - x=
lim
1=
-0 1
x 0
- x=
x 0
x
x 2 2 2
2 x
2
lim 2 + x =
lim
1 0=
1.
+ x =+
x 0
x
x 0 x
lim
x 0
x 0 = 0 f (0) = 1 .
f (x) - f (0)
= 1 , f
x -0
191
12
g(x) =
f ( x ) - 2
=
f (x)
, x 1,
x -1
( x -1) g ( x ) + 2 .
lim g(x) = 3 , lim f ( x ) = lim ( ( x -1) g ( x ) + 2 ) = 0 3 + 2 = 2 .

x 1
x 1
x 1
f x 0 = 1 f (1) = lim f (x) , f (1) = 2

x 1
(1)
x 1 :
f (x) - f (1) (1) f (x) - 2

,
=
x -1
x -1
f (x) - f (1)
f (x) - 2
lim= lim
= 3
x 1
x 1
x -1
x -1
f x 0 = 1 f (1) = 3 .
13
g x 0 = 1 g (1) = lim g (x)
x 1
(1)
x 1 :
f (x) - f (1)
=
x -1
(x 2 -1)g(x)
, x -1 x > 1
x -1 g(x)
(x + 1)g(x), x -1 x > 1
x
-1
=
=
2
-1 < x <1
x -1
-(x + 1)g(x),
- (x -1)g(x) ,
-1 < x <1
x -1
2
lim
x 1
(1)
f (x) - f (1)
= lim ( -(x + 1)g(x) ) = - 2g(1)
x 1
x -1
lim+
x 1
(1)
f (x) - f (1)
= lim ( (x + 1)g(x) ) = 2g(1)
x 1
x -1
(2)
(3)
f x 0 = 1 , (2) (3) :
-2g(1) =
2g(1) 4g(1) =
0
g(1) =
0
192
g(1) = 0 , (2) (3) :
lim
x 1
f (x) - f (1)
f (x) - f (1)
= lim+
x
1
x -1
x -1
f x 0 = 1 .
f x 0 = 1 g(1) = 0 .
14
f x 0 = 1 .
:
x 2 + +
=
= - -
x 1
x-2
1- 2
lim- f (x) = lim
x 1
lim f (x)= lim x 2 + 3=
x 1+
f (1)
=
x 1
4= 2
=
4 2
f x 0 = 1 , limf
=
=
(x) lim
f (x) f (1)
+
x 1
x 1
- - = 2 = - - 2
(1)
(1) f :
x 2 - - 2
, x <1
f (x) = x - 2
x 2 + 3, x 1
f x 0 = 1 .
x < 1 :
x 2 - - 2
x 2 - - 2 - 2x + 4
-2
f (x) - f (1)
x 2 - - 2x + 2
x-2
x-2
= =
=
x -1
x -1
x -1
(x -1)(x - 2)
193
(x 2 -1) - 2(x -1) (x -1)(x + -2) x + -2

,
= =
(x -1)(x - 2)
(x -1)(x - 2)
x-2
lim-
x 1
f (x) - f (1)
x + -2 2 -2
= lim
=
= 2 -2
x 1
x -1
x-2
-1
x > 1 :
f (x) - f (1)
=
x -1
x2 +3 -2
=
x -1
x2 +3 -2
(x -1)
)(
x 2 + 3- 4
(x -1)(x + 1)
= =
(x -1) x 2 + 3 + 2
(x -1) x 2 + 3 + 2
lim+
x 1
x +1
x2 +3 + 2
f (x) - f (1)
x +1
2 1
.
= lim
= =
2
x 1
x -1
x +3 +2 4 2
f x 0 = 1 , :
lim-
x 1
f (x) - f (1)
f (x) - f (1)
.
= lim+
x 1
x -1
x -1
2 -2=
x2 +3 + 2
=
x2 +3 + 2
1
1
3
,
2= 2 - =
2
2
4
(1) :
3
11
= - - 2 = - - 2 = - .
4
4
194
15
f x 0 = , lim
x
f (x) -f ()
= f () (1).
x -
x :
xf ( ) - f (x) xf () -f () +f () - f (x)
= =
x -
x -
xf ( ) - f () f (x) - f () x -
f (x) - f ()
f ( ) -
=
=
x -
x -
x -
x -
= f ( ) -
f (x) - f ()
x -
xf () - f (x)
f (x) - f () (1)
= lim f () -
= f () - f ()
x
x
x -
x -
lim
16
f x 0 f (x 0 ) = ,
lim
h 0
f (x o + h) -f (x o )
= f (x 0 ) =
h
(1)
h 0 :
f (x 0 + 2h)- f (x 0 - 3h) f (x 0 + 2h)-f (x 0 ) + f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 - 3h)

= =
h
h
f (x 0 + 2h)- f (x 0 ) f (x 0 - 3h) - f (x 0 )
.
h
h
f (x 0 + 2h)- f (x 0 ) 2h =
f (x 0 + )- f (x 0 )
lim=
=
lim
h 0
0
h
2
195
f (x o + )- f (x o ) (1)
= lim 2
= 2f (x o ) = 2 .
0
f (x 0 - 3h)- f (x 0 ) -3h = t
f (x 0 + t)- f (x 0 )
lim
=
lim
=
h 0
t 0
t
h
-3
f (x 0 + t) f (x 0 ) (1)
=lim 3
= 3f (x 0 ) =3 .
t 0
t
lim
h 0
f (x 0 + 2h)- f (x 0 - 3h)
=
h
f (x 0 + 2h)- f (x 0 ) f (x 0 - 3h) - f (x 0 )
=
lim
h 0
h
h
f (x 0 + 2h)- f (x 0 )
f (x 0 - 3h) - f (x 0 )
lim
=
- lim
h 0
h 0
h
h
= 2 (3) = 5 .
17
x= y= 0 f (0) = f (0) + f (0) f (0) = 0
f 0 f (0) = 1
lim
h 0
(2).
(3),
(2),(3)
f (0 + h) -f (0)
f (h)
f (0) lim
1
=
=
h 0 h
h
(4).
x 0 , h 0 :
f (x 0 + h) -f (x 0 ) (1) f (x 0 ) 2h + f (h) 2x 0 -f (x 0 )
=
=
h
h
f (x 0 ) 2h -f (x 0 ) f (h) 2x 0
2h -1 f (h)
+
= f (x 0 )
+
2x 0
h
h
h
h
196
:
lim f (x 0 ) = f (x 0 ) , f (x 0 ) .
lim
1-2 2 h -1
-2 2 h
2h -1
h
1 0
= lim
= lim
= lim -2h
=
-2 0 =
h 0
h 0
h 0
h
h
h
h
lim
f (h)
=1 , (4).
h
lim ( 2x 0 ) = 2x 0 , 2x 0 .
h 0
h 0
h 0
h 0
f (x 0 + h) -f (x 0 )
2h -1 f (h)
=
=
+
2x 0
lim
lim f (x 0 )
h 0
h 0
h
h
h
= lim f (x 0 ) lim
h 0
h 0
2h -1
f (h)
+ lim
lim (
=
2x 0 )
h 0
h
h h 0
= f (x 0 ) 0 + 1 2x 0 = 2x 0
f x 0 f (x 0 ) = 2x 0 .
18
x= y= 1 f (1) = f (1) + f (1) f (1) = 0
f 1 f (1) = 2
lim
x 1
(2)
(3),
(2),(3)
f (x) -f (1)
f (x)
=
=
f (1) lim
2
x 1 x -1
x -1
(4)
x 0 * , x * x x 0 x = x 0 h , x x 0
h 1 :
f (x) -f (x 0 ) x = x 0 h f (x 0 h) -f (x 0 ) (1) f (x 0 ) + f ( h) -f (x 0 )
=
=
=
x - x0
x0 h - x0
x 0 (h -1)
:
lim
h 1
1
1
1
=
.
x0
x0
x0
1 f ( h)
x 0 h -1
197
f (h)
= 2 , (4)
h 1 h 1
lim
lim
x x0
1 f ( h)
f (x) -f (x 0 )
= lim
=
h 1
x - x0
x
h
-1
0
= lim
h 1
1
f ( h)
lim
=
x 0 h 1 h -1
1
2=
x0
2
x0
f x 0 * f (x 0 ) =
2
.
x0
19
x= y= 0 (2) f (0)
=
3 ( f (0)- 2 ) (1)
3f (0)- 6
f (0)
=
f (0)
= 3
f (0)- 2
f (0)- 2
f 0 f (0) = 1
lim
x 0
(3).
(4),
(3),(4)
f (x) -f (0)
f (x) -3
=
=
f (0) lim
1
x 0
x- 0
x
(5)
x x 0 h , x x 0
x 0 , x x x 0 =
h 0 :
x = x 0 -h
f (x) -f (x 0 )
=
x - x0
(2)
f (x 0 -h) -f (x 0 )
=
x0 - h - x0
f (x 0 ) + 2f (h ) - 6
-f (x 0 )
f (h) - 2
=
-h
f (x 0 ) + 2f (h ) - 6 -f (x 0 )f (h) + 2f (x 0 ) 3f (x 0 ) + 2f (h ) - 6 -f (x 0 )f (h)
= =
- h ( f (h) - 2 )
- h ( f (h) - 2 )
=
2( f (h ) - 3) -f (x 0 ) ( f (h ) - 3)
=
- h ( f (h) - 2 )
-f (x 0 ) )
( f (h ) - 3)( 2=
- h ( f (h) - 2 )
f (x 0 ) - 2 f (h ) - 3
f (h) - 2
h
198
:
f 0, ,
(3)
lim f (h) =
f (0) lim f (h) =
3
h 0
(6)
h 0
f (x o ) - 2 (6) f (x o ) - 2
= f (x o ) - 2 f (x 0 ) .
lim =
h 0 f (h) - 2
3- 2
lim
h 0
f (h ) - 3
=1 , (5).
h
lim
x x0
f (x 0 )-2 f (h )-3
f (x)-f (x 0 )
f (x 0 ) - 2
f (h )-3
= lim
= lim
lim
= f (x 0 )-2
h
0
h
0
h
0
x - x0
h
f (h) - 2
h
f (h) - 2
(x 0 ) f (x 0 ) 2 .
f x 0 f =
20
f f () = 2 3
lim
x
(2),
(1)
f (x) -f ()
f (x) -f ()
= f () lim
= 2 - 3 (3)
x
x-
x-
x 0 x x x 0 x= x 0 + h , x x 0
h :
f (x) -f (x 0 ) x = x 0 + h- f (x 0 + h - ) -f (x 0 ) f ( h + (x 0 - ) ) -f ( + (x 0 - ) ) (1)
=
=
=
x - x0
(x 0 + h - ) - x 0
x0 + h - - x0
f (h) + f (x 0 - ) + 2h(x 0 - ) + 4 -f ( ) - f (x 0 - ) - 2 (x 0 - ) - 4
=
h -
=
:
f (h) -f () 2(h - )(x 0 - ) f (h) -f ()

+
=
+ 2x 0 - 2
h -
h -
h -
f (h) -f ( )
= 2 - 3 (3).
h
h-
lim (2x 0 - 2=
) 2x 0 - 2 , 2x 0 - 2 .
lim
h
199
f (h) -f ( )
f (x)-f (x 0 )
lim
lim
=
=
+ 2x 0 - 2
x x0
h
x - x0
h -
= lim
h
f (h) -f ()
+ lim (2x 0 - 2) = 2 - 3+ 2x 0 - 2 = 2x 0 - 3 .
h
h -
2x 0 3 .
f x 0 f (x=
0)
21
f > 0 f () =
lim
x
(2)
f (x) -f ()
f (x) -f () 1
= f() lim
=
x-
x-
(2),
(3).
x 0 (0, + ) , x (0, + ) x x 0 x =
x0h
h > 0 ,
x x 0 h :
x=
f (x) -f (x 0 )
=
x - x0
xo h
x h
x x
f 0 -f (x 0 ) f 0 h -f 0 (1)

=
=
x0h
x 0 h - x 0
- x0
x
x
f 0 + f ( h ) -f 0 -f ( )
f ( h ) -f ( )
=
=
x 0 (h - )
x0
h -
lim
= ,
.
x0 x0
x0
lim
f (h) -f ( ) 1
= , (3).
h-
f ( h ) -f ( )
f (x)-f (x 0 )
=
lim
=
h
x - x0
h -
x0
f (h) -f () 1
1
= lim lim
=
=
h x
h
h -
x0 x0
0
lim
x x0
f x 0 (0, + ) f (x 0 ) =
1
.
x0
200
22
i.
(1) x, y , x, y (1) :
f (y) f (x) ( y x )
2
f (x) + f (y) ( x y )
2
( x y ) f (x) f (y) (2).

2
(1) (2) :
( x y ) f (x) f (y) ( x y )
2
f (x) f (y) ( x y ) x, y .
2
ii.
x, x 0 x x 0 :
f (x) f (x 0 ) ( x x 0 )
2
f (x) f (x 0 ) x x 0
2
f (x) f (x 0 )
x x0
x x0
f (x) f (x 0 )
x x0
x x0
x x0
f (x) f (x 0 )
x x0
x x0
lim ( x x 0=
0,
) lim x x=
0
x x0
x x0
f (x) f (x 0 )
=
0 f (x 0 ) =
0
x x0
x x0
lim
f x 0 f (x 0 ) = 0
201
23
x :
xz - w = x(1 + i) - ( - i)= x + xi - + i= (x - ) + (x + 1) i
f (x)
=
=
xz - w=
2
(x - ) 2 + (x + 1)=
(x - ) + (x + 1)=
i
(1 + 2 )x 2 + 2( - )x + 1 + 2
f (0)
=
w=
1 + 2
(1)
(2)
1 + 2
zw = (1 + i)( + i) = + i + i + i 2 = ( - ) + ( + 1) i , Re(z w) = -
x 0 :
2
2
2
2
f (x) - f (0) (1),(2) (1 + )x + 2( - )x + 1 + - 1 +
= =
x -0
x
(1 + )x + 2( - )x + 1 + - 1 + )( (1 + )x + 2( - )x + 1 + + 1 + )
(=
x ( (1 + )x + 2( - )x + 1 + + 1 + )
2
(1 + 2 )x 2 + 2( - )x + 1 + 2 -1- 2
(1 + 2 )x 2 + 2( - )x
= =
x (1 + 2 )x 2 + 2( - )x + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2
x (1 + 2 )x 2 + 2( - )x + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2
) (
(1 + 2 )x + 2( - )
(1 + 2 )x 2 + 2( - )x + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2
f (x) - f (0)
(1 + 2 )x + 2( - )
lim
lim
=
=
x 0
x 0
x -0
(1 + 2 )x 2 + 2( - )x + 1 + 2 + 1 + 2
=
2( - )
=
2 1 + 2
Re(z w)
-
-
= - = w
1 + 2
1 + 2
f x 0 = 0 f (0) =
Re(zw)
.
w
202

1. ( )
f x 0 :
i.
ii.
f (x) = x 2 + x + 1, x 0 = 0 .
3
f (x) =
x + x, x 0 =
1.
iii.
f (x) =ln x 1 , x 0 =2 .
iv.
f (x) = (x 2 1), x 0 = 1 .
v.
f (x) = 2x, x 0 =
.
6
2
3
vi. =
f (x) x=
, x0 1.
( )
2. ( )
f x 0 :
f (x)
=
i.
x3 1
, x0
=
.
2 x
2
ii.
g(x)
=
x ln x 1
, x0 1 .
=
ex
e
iii. =
h(x) e=
, x0 0 .
x
iv.
(x) = x 2 , x 0 =
( )
.
2
203
3. ( )
:
i.
f (x) = x + x
1 + ln 2
x2 +1
ii.
f (x) =
iii.
f (x)= e x x,
iv.
f (x)
= x2
v.
1
x
f (x)
= x 2 x ln x
( )
4. ( )
f + g :
3
2
2
3
i. =
f (x) x=
, g(x) x .
4
ii. =
f (x) x=
, g(x) x 5 .
iii.
f (x) =
x 2 x , g(x) =
x2 .
( )
5. ( )
.
i.
ii.
f (x) = x , x 0
f (x) =
( x 1)
xx
, x >1
iii.
=
f (x) log x 1 (x), 1 < x <
iv.
=
f (x) 33 , x
( )
204
6. ( )
:
i.
ii.
h(x)
= (x 1)
2
5
h(x)= (1 ln x)
5
3
( )
7. ( )
f : :
i.
f f .
ii.
f f .
( )
8. ( )
f : , f (0) = 0 ,
=
g(x) (fof )(x) + 2e x g(0) = 2 .
( )
9. ( )
f ,
.
i.
g(x)= f (x + x 2 ) ,
=
g(x) f ( f (ln x) ) , x > 0 ,
ii.
iii.
g(x)
= f 3 (x) ,
iv.
g(x) = ( f (f (x)) )
( )
205
10. ( )
:
i.
ii.
2
x<0
x + x,
f (x) =
x x , x 0
2 1
x + x, x < 0
f (x) =
x
x x,
x0
( )
11. ( )
f f (x) = xe x .
: f (0) + f (0) + f (0) =
6
( )
12. ( f , f (x1 ), f (x 2 ) )
f
x x, x < 0
f (x) = 2
x0
x + ,
, , .
, , f .
( )
206
13. ( )
.
( )
14. ( )
:
i.
ii.
lim
x +
x2 x +1 x
ex 1
x 0
x
lim
( )
207

1
i.
f D f = .
f f (x) =2x + 1, x .
f (0) = 2 0 + 1 = 1 .
ii.
f D=
f
[0, + ) .
f ( 0, + )
f (x) =
13
1 32
x + x = x + x = x +1 .
f (1) =
iii.
1
4
+1 = .
3
3
f D f= {1} .
f
=
f (x)
1
, x 1.
x 1
f (2) = 1 .
iv.
f D f = .
f
f (x)
= 2x ( x 2 1) , x .
f (1)= 2 10= 2 .
v.
+ ,
2 4
f D f=
f
f (x)
=
2

, x + .
2
2 4
2x
208
Df .
6

1 1
1
1
= + = + = =
6
2 4
6 2 4
12 2
6
.

vi.
2
2
2
=
= = 8
Df . f =
6
6 2 2 2 1
6
3 4
f D=
f
[0, + ) .
2 23 1
2 53
H f (0, +) , f (x) =
x
=
x .
3
3
f (1) =
2
.
3
2
i.
f D f = .
f
=
f (x)
(x 3 1)(2 x) (x 3 1)(2 x)
=
(2 x) 2
3x 2 (2 x) (x 3 1)(x)
=
(2 x) 2
3x 2 ( 2 x ) + ( x 3 1) x
( 2 x )
, x
2
3
3 2 + 1
4
2 8
2 32
f =
=
2
4
2
209
ii.
g D=
f
.
g(x)
( 0, + ) ,
(x ln x 1)e x (x ln x 1)(e x )
=
(e x ) 2
(1 + ln x)e x (x ln x 1)e x
=
(e x ) 2
=
1 + ln x x ln x + 1
=
ex
2 + ln x(1 x)
, x>0
ex
g(1)
=
iii.
2 + ln x(1 x) 2
=
ex
e
f (x) = e x .
h = fof .
(x) e x , x .
f f=
h
x
e x
(x) f ( f (x) ) f=
(x) f (e x ) (e
=
h=
) e=
e ex +e , x
x
:
0+ e
(0) e=
h=
e
0
iv.
D = .
=
g(x) x 2 , x .
f (x) = x, x
=fog .
210
(x) 2x, x .
H g g=
H f f (x) = x, x .

(x) = f ( g(x) ) g(x) = f (x 2 ) 2x = (x 2 )2x = 2xx 2 , x .

:
2

2
2
.

=
= 2
= =
2
4
2
2
2
2
3
i.
f :
D=
+ ,
f
2
1
3 x + 1
f (x) = (x) + (x) = x +

, x + ,
=
2
2
x
x
2
ii.
f D f = .
f
=
f (x)
iii.
(1 + ln 2)(x 2 + 1) 2x(1 + ln 2)
=
, x
(x 2 + 1) 2
(x 2 + 1) 2
{ } .
f D=
f
f
f (x) = e x x + e x ( x ) =
211
1
= e x x + e x 2 =
x
1 e x (x x 1)
=
e x x 2
, x ,
x
2 x
iv.
f D=
f
[0, + ) {,
} .
3 12 ( x ) 3 12 x
=
f (x) =
x
x +
, x 0 x ,
2 x
2 x
2
2
v.
D=
f
( 0, + ) +
,
2
(x)
f=
x )
( x ) x ln x + x ( x ) ln x + x x ( ln=
2
= 2x x ln x +
= 2x x ln x +
x 2 ln x x 2 x
+
=
x
2 x
x 2 ln x
+ x x, x > 0 x + ,
2
x
2
4
i.
f D=
f
[0, + ) .
g D=
g
[0, + ) .
D f +=
g
[0, + ) .
f [ 0, + ) f (x) =
3 12
x .
2
212
g ( 0, + ) g(x) =
2 13
x .
3
f + g ( 0, + )
3 12 2 13
(f + g) (x) = f (x) + g (x) = x + x , x > 0 .

2
3
f + g 0.
f 0, g 0, f + g
0. f + g 0
g = (f + g) f 0
. .
:
3 12 2 13
(f + g)(x) = x + x , x > 0
2
3
ii.
f D=
f
[0, + ) .
g D=
g
[0, + ) .
D f +=
g
[0, + ) .
1 34
f ( 0, + ) f (x) = x .
4
g ( 0, + ) g(x) =
2 53
x .
5
f + g ( 0, + )
1 34 2 53
f
g
(x)
f
(x)
g
(x)
x + x , x>0
+
=
+
=
(
)
4
5
f + g 0
(f + g)(x) (f + g)(0)
f (x) + g(x) f (0) g(0)
=
lim+
lim
=
+
x 0
x 0
x
x
213
2
2
1
14
5
x4 + x5
x
x
= lim+
= lim+
+ =
x 0
x
0
x
x
x
1
1
= lim+ 3 + 3
x 0
x4 x5
= lim 1 + 1 = +
x 0+ 4 3 5 3
1 34 2 53
x + x , x>0
4
5
( f + g ) (x) =
iii.
f D=
f
[0, + ) .
g D=
g
[0, + ) .
D f +=
g
[0, + ) .
f ( 0, + ) f (x)
= 2x
(x)
g ( 0, + ) g=
1
2 x
1 12
1
=
x
.
2
2 x
f + g ( 0, + )
(f + g)(x) =
f (x) + g(x) =
2x
1
2 x
1
2 x
=
2x, x > 0
f + g 0.
( f + g ) (x) ( f + g ) (0) lim

f (x) + g(x) f (0) g(0)
=
=
lim+
+
x 0
x
0
x
x
1
x2 x + x 2
x2 x + x
x2
= lim+
= lim+
= lim
=
=
lim
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0+ x
x 0+
x
x
f + g 0.
214
:
( f + g ) (x) = 2x,
x0
: :
i)
f x 0 g x 0 f + g
x 0 .
ii)
f , g x 0 f + g
x 0 .
5
i.
f ( 0, + ) .
f (x) = ( x )( x ) =
= ( x )( x )( x ) =
x x
2 x
, x>0
f 0.
lim+
x 0
f (x) f (0)
1 x ( x )
( x )
= lim+
= lim
= +
x 0
x
x
x
x
x
x
u
lim=
lim
=
1
+
+
x 0
u 0
u
x
lim+
x 0
( x )
= lim
=
1
+
0
lim+
x 0
1
= +
x
215
f 0. :
( x ) x
, x>0
2 x
=
f (x)
ii.
f (x) =
(x 1) xx =
eln(x 1)
xx
=
e xx ln(x 1) ,x > 1
=
f (x) e xx ln(x 1) [ xx=
ln(x 1) ]
xx
, x > 1
= (x 1) xx x ln ( x 1) + xx ln ( x 1) +
x 1
iii.
=
f ( x ) log x 1 (=
x )
ln(x)
, 1< x <
ln(x 1)
1
1
ln(x)
x ln ( x 1)
x 1
x
f ( x ) =
=
[ln ( x 1)]2
( x 1) x ln ( x 1) x ln(x) ,
( x 1) x[ln ( x 1)]2
iv.
1< x <
f
x
3x
( ) 3=
=
f x
ln 3) 3x ( ln 3)
( ln 3) ( 3x ) 33 (=
= 33
+x
(ln 3) 2 , x
216
6
i.
h D=
h
[1, + ) .
2
5
h (1, + ) h (x) =(x 1) 5 , x > 1 .

h 1.
2
h(x) h(1)
(x 1) 5
1
=
=
lim = lim
lim
3
+
+
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
5
(x 1)
= lim+
x 1
1
5
(x 1)3
= +
h 1.
:
3
2
h (x) =(x 1) 5 , x > 1
5
ii.
1 ln x 0 1 ln x ln e ln x e x x > 0 ,
h D h = ( 0, e ] .
h ( 0, e )
2
2
5
5(1 ln x) 3
1
h (x) = (1 ln x) 3 =
, 0 < x < e.
3
3x
x
h e .
5
h ( x ) h(e)
1 ln x ) (1 ln x) 3
(
(1 ln x) 3
2
ln x ln e 3
=
=
=
lim
lim
lim
lim
1
( ln x ) =
x e
x
e
x
e
x
e
x e
x e
x e
x e
=
lim
x e
ln x ln e
1
lim 3 (1 ln x) 2 =
0 =
0
x
e
xe
e
( f (x) = ln x lim
x e
ln x ln e
1
(e)
= f=
)
x e
e
217
h e h (e) = 0
:
h (x) =
2
3
5(1 ln x)
, 0<xe
3x
7
i.
f : :
f ( x) =
f (x) x .
f :
f ( x ) = f (x) [f ( x)]( x)= f (x)
f ( x) =
f (x) f ( x) =
f (x) x
f .
ii.
f : :
f ( x) =
f (x) x .
f :
[f ( x)] =
f (x) [f ( x)]( x) =
f (x)
f ( x) =
f (x) f ( x) =
f (x) x .
f .
218
8
g
=
g(x) f ( f (x) ) f (x) + 2e x , x
=
g(0) f ( f (0) ) f (0)
=
+ 2e0
= f (0)f (0)
=
+2
=
[f (0)]
+2
(1).
f f f (0) = 0 . (1)
:
g(0) = 2 .
9
i.
g
2
g(x)
= f ( x + x 2 ) ( x + x =
)
= f ( x + x 2 ) ( x + 2x )
ii.
( f (ln x) ) [ f (ln x) ]
=
g(x) f=
1
= f ( f (ln x) ) [ f (ln x) ] , x > 0
x
iii.
= 3f 2 (x) [ f (x)
=
g(x)
]
= 3f 2 (x) [ f (x) ] (=
x)
= 3f 2 (x) [ f (x) ] (=
x)
= 3xf 2 (x) [ f (x) ]
219
iv.
g(x) = ( f ( f (x) ) ) ( f ( f (x) ) ) =

= ( f ( f (x) ) ) f ( f (x) ) f (x) =
= f (x) f ( f (x) ) ( f ( f (x) ) ) .
10
i.
f (, 0)
f (x) =
2x + 1, x < 0 .
f (0, +)

=
f (x)
x x=
1
2 x
x + x
1
2 x
=
x
x + x x
, x>0
2 x
f 0.
f 0.
f (x) f (0)
x2 + x
x(x + 1)
= lim
= lim
= lim (x +=
lim
1) 1
x 0
x
0
x
0
x 0
x
x
x
f (x) f (0)
x x
x
lim+ = lim+ = lim
=
1
+
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
x
f 0 f (0) = 1 .
f :
2x + 1,
x0
f (x) = x + x x
, x>0
2 x
220
ii.
f (, 0)

1
1
1
1
f (x)= x 2 + (x)= 2x + x 2 2 +=
1
x
x
x
= 2x
1
1
+ 1, x < 0 .
x
x
f (0, +)

f (x) = (x x) = 1 x, x > 0 .
f 0.
lim f (x)= lim+ (x x)= 0= f (0)
x 0+
x 0
1
1
lim f (x)= lim x 2 + x = 0= f (0) ( lim x 2 = 0 )

x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
1
x
: x 2 =
x 2
1
1
x 2 1 x 2 x 2 x 2
x
x
2
0 lim x 2
lim( x ) =
x 0
x 0
1
= 0.
x
f 0.
lim
x 0
f (x) f (0)
= lim
x 0
x
( lim x
x 0
lim+
x 0
1
+x
1
x
= lim x =
+ 1 1 .
x
0
x
x
x 2
1
= 0 , )
x
f (x) f (0)
x x
x
= lim+
= lim+ 1
= 0.
x 0
x 0
x
x
x
f 0.
f :
1
1
2x + 1, x < 0
f (x) =
x
x
1 x,
x>0
221
11
f . :
f (x) =
e x + xe x =
(1 + x)e x , f (0) =+
(1 0)e0 =
1.
f (x) = e x + (1 + x)e x = (2 + x)e x , f (0) =
(2 + 0)e0 =
2.
f (x) = e x + (2 + x)e x = (3 + x)e x , f (0) =
(3 + 0)e0 =
3.
:
f (0) + f (0) + f (0) =1 + 2 + 3 = 6 .
12
f (, 0) f (x) = + x , , .
f (0, +) f (x) = 2x , , .
, , f 0.
, , f 0.
f 0
lim f (x) = f (0)

lim (x x) =
x 0
lim f (x) = f (0)

lim (x 2 + ) =
x 0+
x 0+
x 0
1 =
= 1
f 0 = 1 .
= 1 f :
x x, x < 0
f (x) =
2
x0
x 1,
lim
x 0
f (x) f (0)
x x + 1
1 x
1 x
= lim
= lim +
= + lim
= +0=
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
x
x
f (x) f (0)
x2 1 +1
x2
= lim+
= lim
= lim
=
lim
x 0.
x 0+
x 0
x 0+ x
x 0+
x
x
f 0 =0 = 1 .
: =0 = 1 f .
222
13
lim
f (x) f (0)
=
AB =
0
x 0
lim+
f (x) f (0)
20
=

=
1
x 0
02
x 0
x 0
lim
x 0
f (x) f (0)
f (x) f (0)
lim+
x 0
x 0
x 0
f 0. f 0.
( Cf ).
lim
f (x) f (2)
=
=
1
x2
lim+
f (x) f (2)
60 6
=
=
==
3
x2
42 2
x 2
x 2
lim
x 2
f (x) f (2)
f (x) f (2)
lim+
x
2
x2
x2
f 2. f 2.
( Cf ).
lim
f (x) f (4)
3
=
=
x4
lim+
f (x) f (4)
64
=
=
=
1 .
x4
46
x 4
x 4
lim
x 4
f (x) f (4)
f (x) f (4)
lim+
.
x 4
x4
x4
f 4. f 4.
( Cf ).
f [2, 0) f (x) =
=
0 2 x < 0 .
f (0, 2) f (x) =
=
1 0 < x < 2 .
f (2, 4) f (x) =
=
3 2 < x < 4 .
f ( 4, 6] f (x) =
=
1 4 < x 6 .
223
f .
:
1. M(x 0 , f (x 0 )) Cf f ,
:
i.
H f x 0 .
ii.
lim+
x x0
f (x) f (x 0 )
f (x) f (x 0 )
, lim
.
x x0
x x0
x x0
.
iii.
lim+
x x0
f (x) f (x 0 )
f (x) f (x 0 )
lim
x x0
x x0
x x0
Cf . f
x 0 .
2. A(x1 , f (x1 )) B(x 2 , f (x 2 ))
f , Cf . x1 < x 2 ,
f x1 < x < x 2 f (x) = . (
).
14
i.
lim
x +
x=
x 2 x +=
1x
1
u
1 1
1
lim+ 2 +=
1
u 0
u
u u
1 u + u2 1
f (u) f (0)
1
= f (0) =
lim+
= lim+
u 0
u 0
u
u 0
2
224
f (u)=
ii.
u 2 u + 1 , . f f (u) =
ex 1 (*)
f (x) f (0)
(0) 1
lim
= f=
=
x 0
x 0
x
x 0
lim
(*) f (x) = ex , x
f f (x)
= ex x , x
2u 1
2 u2 u +1
, u .
225

1. ( Cf )
Cf x 0 , f ( x 0 ) :
i.
f (x) =
3x 3 + 1 x 0 = 1
x2
x 0 = 2
1 x
ii.
f (x) =
iii.
f ( x ) = ln x 3e x + 1 x 0 = 1
iv.
f ( x ) = 2 x + 2x x 0 =
3
2
( )
2. ( Cf )
x3 + 2 .
f ( x ) =
i.

( 0,18 ) .
ii.
Cf Cf
.
( )
3. ( Cf )
: f ( x ) = x 1 3x .
, Cf 1, f (1) .
( )
226
4. ( Cf )
x 2 + 2 x
x + 2011 ,
,
: f (x) =
x,
i.
ii.
x<0
x =0 .
x>0
* f x 0 = 0 .
Cf 0, f ( 0 ) .
( )
5. ( Cf )
3
f ( x ) = x + 2x 1 .
, Cf :
i.
=5 .
ii.
x x .
iii.
= 3 .
xx
iv.
: x 14y + 1975 =0 .
v.
: 6x 3y + 2007 =
0.
( )
6. ( Cf )
4
2
f ( x ) =x 8x + 5 . Cf
x x , Cf
.
( )
227
7. ( Cf )

f (x) =
x 2 4 x +
x x .
e 2x
( )
8. ( () Cf )
: y =
4x 1
f ( x=
) x 5 4x .
( )
9. ( () Cf )
f ( x ) =
i.
ii.
: y = x + , x > 0 .
x
, () Cf .
=4 , Ox ,
Oy ().
( )
10. ( () Cf )
f : y = x + 3
Cf ( 0, f ( 0 ) ) .
Cg

g ( x=
) f ( x x ) + 2x , g .
4 4
( )
228
11. ( () Cf )
f ( x ) = e x
+x
+ e x , Cf
( 0, 2 ) (1, 6 ) .
( )
12. ( () Cf )
f ( x=
)
( x 1) e x
, Cf .
( )
13. ( Cf , Cg )
2
2
f ( x ) = x x 2 g ( x ) = ln x .
x 0 = 1 .
( )
14. ( Cf , Cg )

f ( x=
x 2 + 4x + 2 .
) x 2 + 6 g ( x ) =
( )
15. ()
i.
z=
(1 i ) + 3 4i
z () .
ii.
f ( x ) = x ln x
.
( )
229
16. ()
f : x 2 f ( x ) + 2x 2 x x 4 x . f
, :
i.
ii.
f ( 0) = 0 .
Cf x 0 = 0 .
( )
17. ()
f ( x ) 3x 2011
=0
x 0
3x
f : : lim
i.
ii.
f ( 0 ) .
f x 0 = 0 ,
Cf 0, f ( 0 ) .
iii.
f ( x + 1) 2011
.
x 1
x2 + x
lim
( )
230

1
i.
2
f f ( x ) = 9x .
4 f ( 1) =
9
x 0 = 1 , f ( 1) =
( 1, 4 ) :
y f ( x 0 ) = f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) y f ( 1) = f ( 1)( x + 1)
y 4 =9 ( x + 1) y =9x 5 .
ii.
x 1 , f f ( x ) =
x 2 + 2x
(1 x )
x 0 = 2 , f ( 2 ) = 4 f ( 2 ) = 0
( 2, 4 ) :
yf =
( x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) y f=
( 2 ) f ( 2 )( x 2 )
y + 4 =0 ( x 2 ) y =4 .
iii.
x > 0 , f f ( x =
)
1
3e x .
x
3e + 1 f (1) = 1 3e
x 0 = 1 , f (1) =
(1, 3e + 1) :
y f (=
x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) y f=
(1) f (1)( x 1)
y + 3e 1 = (1 3e )( x 1) y = (1 3e ) x .
iv.
f f ( x ) = 2xx + 2 .
x 0 =
3
,
2
3 2
3
3
f
f = 1+
= 2
2
2
2
231
,1 +
3 2
:
2
3
3 3
y f=
( x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) y f =
f x
2
2
2
3 2
y 1 +
=
2
2 x y=
2
2x + 1 .
2
i.
f f ( x ) = 3x 2 .
( 0,18 ) f
, x = 0 , f ( 0 )= 2 18 .
x 0 , f ( x 0 ) , Cf
x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 )
( 0,18 ) : ( ) : y f (=
x 03 + 2
(1) f ( x 0 ) =
f ( x 0 ) = 3x 0 2 .
( ) ( 0,18 ) ,
, x = 0 y = 18 (1) :
18 ( x 03 + 2 ) =3x 0 2 ( 0 x 0 ) x 03 =8 x 0 =2 .
x 0 = 2 , f ( 2 ) = 6 f ( 2 ) = 12
( 2, 6 ) :
y + 6 =12 ( x 2 ) y =12x + 18 .
ii.
Cf Cf ,
f ( x ) = y x 3 + 2 = 12x + 18 x 3 + 12x 16 = 0 .
(i) x = 2 , Horner : x = 2
x = 4 .
( 2, 6 ) ( 4, 66 ) .
232
3
x 1 3x,
x + 1 3x,
x 1
2x 1,
f ( x ) =
x <1
4x + 1,
: f ( x ) =
x 1
x <1
f x 0 = 1 , lim f ( x ) = lim+ f ( x ) = f (1) = 3 .

x 1
x 1
f x 0 = 1 .
lim
f ( x ) f (1)
4 ( x 1)
4x + 1 + 3
= lim
= lim
= 4
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
lim+
f ( x ) f (1)
2 ( x 1)
2x 1 + 3
= lim+
= lim+
= 2
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
4 2 f x 0 = 1
Cf 1, f (1) .
4
i.
f x 0 = 0 , x 0 = 0
f ( x ) lim
f ( x ) f ( 0 ) , 0 = 0 = =0
=
=
: lim
+
x 0
x 0
f ( 0) = 0 .
f x 0 = 0 , :
f ( x ) f ( 0)
f ( x ) f ( 0)
=
=
f ( 0 ) lim
lim+
x 0
x 0
x
x
x 2 + 2 x
x ( x + 2 )
f ( x ) f ( 0)
x
+
2011
= lim =
lim= lim
x 0
x 0
x 0 x ( x + 2011)
x
x
lim
x 0
2
x + 2
,
=
x + 2011 2011
lim+
x 0
f ( x ) f ( 0)
x
x u = x
u
= lim
=
lim
=+
lim+
= .
+
+
+
x
0
x
0
x
u
0
x
x
x
u
233
ii.
2
= 2 2011 = 0 = 2011 0 , f ( 0 ) = 2011 .
2011
0, f ( 0 ) :
yf =
( x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) y f=
( 0 ) f ( 0 )( x 0 )
y = 2011x .
x ) 3x 2 + 2 .
f ( x ) = x 3 + 2x 1 f (=
x 0 , f ( x 0 ) Cf ,
x 0 ) 3x 0 2 + 2 ():
f ( =
x0 )
( ) : y f (=
f ( x 0 )( x x 0 )
:
i.
=5 ,
f ( x 0 ) = 5 3x 0 2 + 2 = 5 x 0 = 1 x 0 = 1
4 , f (1) = f ( 1) = 5 .
f (1) = 2 f ( 1) =
(1, 2 ) , ( 1, 4 ) :
y 2 = 5 ( x 1) y = 5x 3 y + 4 = 5 ( x + 1) y = 5x + 1 .
ii.
() x x
/ /x x f ( x 0 ) = 0 3x 0 2 + 2 = 0 ,
Cf x x .
iii.
= 3
() x x
4
3
3x 0 2 + 2 = 1 x 0 2 = 1 ,
4
= 3 .
Cf x x
4
f ( x 0 ) =
234
iv.
: x 14y + 1975 =0
f ( x 0 ) =1 3x 0 2 + 2
1
=1
14
13 f ( 2 ) = f ( 2 ) = 14 .
x 0 2 =4 x 0 =2 x 0 = 2 , f ( 2 ) = 11 f ( 2 ) =
( 2,11) , ( 2, 13) :
y 11= 14 ( x 2 ) y= 14x 17 y + 13= 14 ( x + 2 ) y= 14x + 15 .

v.
: 6x 3y + 2007 =
0
/ / f ( x 0 ) = 3x 0 2 + 2 = 2 x 0 = 0 , f ( 0 ) = 1 .
( 0, 1)
( ) : y + 1=
2 ( x 0 ) y = 2x 1 .
6
3
f f ( x ) = 4x 16x = 4x ( x 2 )( x + 2 ) .
() x x
/ /x x f ( x 0 ) =0 4x 0 ( x 0 2 )( x 0 + 2 ) =0
f ( 2 ) =
11 .
x 0 = 0 x 0 = 2 x 0 = 2 , f ( 0 ) = 5 f ( 2 ) =
( 0,5 ) , ( 2, 11) ( 2, 11) Cf
x x .
: y = 5 y = 11 .
Cf , ,
: f ( x ) = y .
( 0,5 ) Cf y = 5
f ( x ) = y x 4 8x 2 + 5 = 5 x 2 ( x 2 8 ) = 0
x = 0 x = 2 2 x = 2 2 .
235
) (
y = 5 Cf 2 2,5 , 2 2,5 .
( 2, 11) , ( 2, 11) Cf y = 11
f ( x ) =
y
x 4 8x 2 + 5 =
11 x 4 8x 2 + 16 =
0
x = 2 x = 2 .
y = 11 Cf .
x 2 4x +
e
f ( x ) =
f
=
2x
e 2x ( 2x 4 ) 2 ( x 2 4x + )
=
=
e 4x
e 4x
( 2x 4 ) e2x 2 ( x 2 4x + ) e2x
( 2x 4 ) 2 ( x 2 4x + )
e 2x
Cf x x x 0 : f ( x 0 ) = 0
f ( x0 ) = 0 .
x 0 2 4x 0 +
f ( x 0 )= 0
= 0 x 0 2 4x 0 + = 0
2x 0
e
( 2x 0 4 ) 2 ( x 0 2 4x 0 + )
f ( x 0 ) =
0
2x
(1)
=
0
(1)
( 2x 0 4 ) 2 ( x 0 2 4x 0 + ) = 0 2x 0 4 = 0 x 0 = 2 .
2
2
2
(1) : 4 8 + = 0 4 + = 0 ( 4 + 1) = 0
=0 =
1
4
=0 =
x x .
1
f
4
236
8
: y =
4x 1 Cf , :
f ( x 0 ) = x 0 + f ( x 0 ) = = .
x ) 5x 4 4 .
f f (=
4
f ( x 0 ) = 5x 0 4 =4 x 0 =0
f ( x 0 ) = x 0 + x 05 4x 0 = 4x 0 1 x 0 = 1 .
, : y = 8x 21 Cf .
9
x > 0 , f f ( x ) =
i.
.
x2
: y = x + Cf ,
: f ( x 0 ) = x 0 + f ( x 0 ) = .
f (x
) =
f ( x 0 ) = x 0 +
=1 x
x 02
2
0
= x 0 =
(1) x > 0
(1)
= x 0 + x 0 2 + x 0 = 0
x0
+ = 0
2 = 0 = 2 =4 > 0 .
=4 .
ii.
=4 : : y = x + 4 .
Ox ( 4, 0 ) Oy ( 0, 4 ) .
( =
)
1
1
4 8 ..
( )( =) 4 =
2
2
237
10
x g
( f ( x x ) + 2x=
)
g ( x=
)
f ( x x )( x x ) + 2x ( 2x ) =
f ( x x )( x + x ) + 2 2x .

, g :
4 4
Cg

y g=
g g x .
( x 0 ) g ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) y =
4
4
4
f 0, f ( 0 )
: y = x + 3 : f ( 0 ) = 0 + 3 = 3 f ( 0 ) = 1 .
x 0 =
:
4
+=
1 f ( 0 ) +=
1 4
g =
f + 2= f
4
4
4
2
2
4

= 2.
= f + + 2
4
4
4
4
4
4

, 4 :
4
Cg
y 4 = 2 x y = 2x +
+4.
4
4
11
x , f
f ( x ) = e x
+x
( x
2
+ x ) + ( e x ) = ( 2 x + ) e x +x + e x .
y y 6 2
=
= 4 ,
x x 1 0
238
f ( x 0 ) = f ( 0) = 4 2 + = 4
(1)
(1)
f ( 0 ) = 2 + = 2 2 2 = 0 = 1 =2 .
= 1 (1) =3 .
=2 (1) =0 .
12
Cf x x
f ( x ) 0 .
f ( x ) =
(( x 1) e ) = ( x 1) e
x2
x2
( ) =
+ ( x 1) e x
e x + 2x ( x 1=
) e x e x ( 2x 2 2x + 1) 0 e x 0 2x 2 2x + 1
2
= 4 < 0 .
Cf .
13
2
f ( x ) = x x 2 f ( x ) = 2x .
g ( x ) = ln x x > 0 g ( x ) =
2
2
.
x
g (1) ,
, 1, f (1) =
, Cf Cg :
f (1) = g (1) f (1) = g (1) .

f (1) = g (1) 2 = 0 = 2
(1)
f (1) = g (1) 2 = 2 = 0 =2 = 1
2
(2).
, =2 (1) =0 , = 1 (1) = 3 .
239
14
x ,
, :
f ( x ) =g ( x ) x 2 + 6 = x 2 + 4x + 2 2x 2 4x + 4 =0 = 16 < 0 .
Cf Cg .
( 1 ) Cf x1 , f ( x1 ) , :
yf=
=
y f ( x1 ) x f ( x1 ) x1 + f ( x1 )
( x1 ) f ( x1 )( x x1 )
( 2 ) Cg x 2 , g ( x 2 ) , :
y g=
y g ( x 2 ) x g ( x 2 ) x 2 + g ( x 2 ) .
( x 2 ) g ( x 2 )( x x 2 ) =
( 1 ) ( 2 ) :
f ( x1 ) = g ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) x1 + f ( x1 ) =
g ( x 2 ) x 2 + g ( x 2 ) .
f f ( x ) = 2x
2x + 4 .
g g ( x ) =
f ( x1 ) =g ( x 2 ) 2x1 =2x 2 + 4 x1 = x 2 + 2 x 2 =2 x1
g ( x 2 ) x 2 + g ( x 2 )
f ( x1 ) x1 + f ( x1 ) =
(1)
2x12 + x12 + 6= 2x 2 2 4x 2 x 2 2 + 4x 2 + 2 x12 + 4= x 2 2

x12 + 4 = ( 2 x1 ) 2x12 4x1 = 0 2x1 ( x1 2 ) = 0
2
x1 = 0 x1 = 2 .
x1 = 0 :
=
y f ( 0) x f ( 0) 0 + f ( 0)
=
y 6.
x1 = 2 :
y = f ( 2 ) x f ( 2 ) 2 + f ( 2 ) y = 4x + 2 .
(1)
240
15
i.
z = (1 i ) + 3 4i =
( + 3) + ( 4 ) i
x = + 3 y = 4
x + y =1 y = x 1 z ()
y = x 1 .
ii.
x ) ln x + 1 . x 0 , f ( x 0 )
x > 0 f f (=
Cf ( ) : y = x 1
f ( x 0 ) =1 ( ln x 0 + 1)( 1) =1 ln x 0 + 1 =1 ln x 0 =0 x 0 =1 ,
f (1) = 0 .
Cf (1, 0 )
() : y= x 1 .
16
i.
x 2 f ( x ) + 2x 2 x x 4
x 4 2x 2 x x 2 f ( x ) x 4 2x 2 x
x 0
x 2 2x
(1).
x 4 2x 2 x
x 4 2x 2 x
f
x
( )
x2
x2
2 x
2 x
2
f
x
x
2x
(
)
x2
x2
(2).
2
2
x
2
, lim x 2x
= 0 0 1 = 0
x 0
x
2
2
x
2
lim x 2x
= 0 0 1 = 0 .
x 0
x

lim f ( x ) = 0 : f ( 0 ) =
lim f ( x ) =
0 f ( 0) =
0.
x 0
ii.
x 0
Cf 0, f ( 0 )
f ( 0 )
f ( x ) f ( 0)
f (x)
:
f ( 0 ) lim
=
= lim
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
241
x > 0 , (1) :
2
x 4 2x 2 x x f ( x ) x 4 2x 2 x
x3
x3
x3
2x 2 x f ( x )
2x 2 x
2
x
2 .
x
x
x
x
x
2x
x 0
x
2x u = 2x
u
=
2 lim
2
x 0
2x x 0 u 0 u 0 u
:
=
lim
2 lim
=
2x
lim+ x
x 0
x
2x
lim+ x
x 0
x
=0 2 1 =2
=0 2 1 =2 .
, lim+
x 0
x < 0 , lim
x 0
f (x)
= 2 .
x
f (x)
= 2 .
x
f ( 0 ) = 2 .
Cf 0, f ( 0 ) :
y f ( x0 ) =
f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) y f ( 0 ) =
f ( 0 )( x 0 ) y =2x .
17
h ( x ) =
f ( x ) 3x 2011
x 0 .
3x
f =
( x ) h ( x ) 3x + 3x + 2011 lim h ( x ) = 0 .
x 0
i.
f :
=
f ( 0 ) lim
=
f ( x ) lim h ( x ) 3x + 3x +=
2011 2011 .
x 0
x 0
242
f ( x ) f ( 0)
h ( x ) 3x + 3x + 2011 2011
ii.
lim
=
lim
=
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
h ( x ) 3x + 3x
3x 3x
= lim 3h ( x )
+ = 3 0 1 + 3 = 3
x 0
x 0
x
3x
x
lim
3x u =3x
u
=
lim
1
x 0 3x
x 0 u 0 u 0 u
lim
=
f ( 0 ) = 3 . 0, f ( 0 ) :
yf =
( x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) y f=
( 0 ) f ( 0 )( x 0 )
y 2011 = 3x y = 3x + 2011 .
iii.
f ( x + 1) 2011
u x= u 1 x 1
, x + 1 =
x 1
x2 + x
f ( x + 1) 2011
f ( u ) f ( 0)
u 0 lim = lim
=
x 1
u 0
x ( x + 1)
u ( u 1)
lim
f ( u ) f (0) 1
lim
f ( 0 )( 1) =
3 .
=
u 0
u
u 1
243

1. ( )
g g ( x )= x f(x) .
f f (x) = 0,1 , x ,
g g(x)
= 20 0, 2x , x , :
. f (x) .
. g ( 50 ) .
( )
2. ( )
A = 90o .

. 8 m ,
,
.

,
24 m
8 m/sec.
( )
3. ( )
, ,
t ( ) f (t) 100 e0,3t .
. .
. .
.
t 10 sec.
( )
244
4. ( )
Q(t) 3 2t , t 0 , ( ), t
.

.
( )
5. ( )
H ( )
:
(t) t 4 2t 2 12t 1 , ( t )
. .
.
.
( )
6. ( )

dV
4
80 cm3/sec. ( V R 3 4R 2 )
3
dt
.
dR
dE

dt
dt
R 2 cm.
. R
( )
dR
,
dt
dE
20 cm2/sec.
dt
245
7. ( )
, , t , sec,
S(t) t 3 2t 2 4t , 0 t 5 .
. t .
. t 4 sec.
.
.
( )
246

1
. g :
g ( x =
)
( x ) f ( x ) + x f ( x )
20 0, 2x
= f ( x ) + x ( 0,1)
f ( x=
) 20 0,1x (1).
. g (1) :
g(x) =
x f (x)
g(x)
= 20x 0,1x 2 ,
x = 50
g ( 50 ) = 20 50 0,1 502 =1000 0,1 2500 = 750 .
2

( ).
t o

t o .
(AB) = 8 m, (B) =24 m, = x(t o ) , x (t ) = 8 m/sec

(t o ) .
v t
(t) =
x(t)
.
8
247
1
x (t)
(t)
2
(t)
8
t o
x (t o )
1
.
(t o )
(t o )
8
2
8
(t o )
8
8

24
2
1
(t o ) 1
2
1

3
1
1
(t o ) rad/sec.
3
9
2
3
. t 0 sec
f 0 100 e0,30 100 gr.
.
0 t1 t 2
t1 t 2
e x . .
et1 et 2
100 et1 100 et 2
f (t1 ) f (t 2 ) .
f , .
.
f (t) (100 e0,3t ) 100 e0,3t 0,3t 30 e0,3t gr/sec

t 10 sec f (10) 30 e3 gr/sec.
248
4
t o
:
1
Q(t o ) Q(0)
2
1
3 2-t o 3 20
2
2-t o
2-t o 2-1
t o 1 .
t
Q(t) 3 2t (t) ln 2 3 2t ln 2
o t o
Q 1 3 21 ln 2 1,5ln 2 1, 0397
104 /.
5
. :
(1) 14 2 12 12 1 1 10 oC.
. (t) 4t3 4t 12.
1, 2 (1) (2) 4 28 112 0 ,
Bolzano 1, 2 ,
.
249
6
. V
4 3
R t
3
4
V(t) R 3 (t) .
3
( )
dV dV dR
dt
dR dt
dV 4
dR
dR
3R 2 (t)
4R 2 (t)
(1),
dt
3
dt
dt
t1
dV(t1 )
dR(t1 )
4R 2 (t1 )
.
dt
dt
80 4 22
dR(t1 )
dt
dR(t1 )
5 cm/sec.
dt
4R 2 t
(t) 4R 2 (t) .
( )
dE dE dR
dt dR dt
dE
dR
dR
4 2R(t)
8R(t)
dt
dt
dt
(2),
t1
dE(t1 )
dR(t1 )
8R(t1 )
.
dt
dt
:
dE(t1 )
8 2 5
dt
dE(t1 )
80 cm2/sec.
dt
250
. (1)
dV
dR
4R 2 (t)
,
dt
dt
t 2
dV(t 2 )
dR(t 2 )
4R 2 (t 2 )
dt
dt
80 4R 2 (t 2 )
20 R 2 (t 2 )
dR(t 2 )
dt
dR(t 2 )
(3).
dt
(2)
dE
dR
8R(t)
,
dt
dt
t 2
dE(t 2 )
dR(t 2 )
8R(t 2 )
dt
dt
20 8R(t 2 )
5 2R(t 2 )
dR(t 2 )
dt
dR(t 2 )
(4).
dt
(3) (4) R(t 2 ) 8 cm

(4)
dR(t 2 ) 5
cm/sec.
dt
16
251
7
. S ,
U t S(t) (t 3 2t 2 4t) 3t 2 4t 4
t U (t) (3t 2 4t 4) 6t 4 .
. t
, (t) U (t) 6t 4 .
t 4 sec (4) 6 4 4 20 m/sec2.
. 0,5

.
252

1. ( f (x) = 0 , f '(x) = 0 )
x 7 + 2 x 3 + x + 3 =
0 (1) .
( )
2. ( f (x) = 0 f (x) = 0 )
2x 2 + x + = e 2x , ,
.
( )
3. ( f (x) = 0 , f (x) = 0 Rolle

h , h )
f [ , ] ( , ) .
f x
=
g ( x ) e ( ) ( x )( x ) ,
( x0 )
x 0 ( , ) f=
1
1
.
+
x0 x0
( )
4. ( f (x) = 0 , f (x) = 0 )

=
h ( x ) f ( x ) ln x 2 + x , f ( x )
2 f ( 4 ) 0 . h ( x ) Rolle
[ 2, 4] f ( 2 ) =
[ 2, 4] , x 0 ( 2, 4 )
f ( x 0 ) ln x 0 x + f ( x 0 ) =
0.
0
( )
253
5. ( f f () = f () . Rolle
f )
f ( x ) f ( + 1=
) ef ( ) .
x 0 ( , + 1) f ( x 0 ) = f ( x 0 ) .
( )
6. ( f (x) = 0 f (x) = 0 )
y = x + , 0
f ( x ) = e x .
( )
7. ( f f () = f () . Rolle
f )
f [ 0,1] f (1) = 1 ,
x 0 ( 0,1) f ( x 0 )= 3
2
f ( x 0 ) (1).
x0
( )
8. ( f (x) = 0 , f (x) = 0 )
x ) e x 2 + x g ( x )= e 2 x x + 4 .
f (=
f , g ,
.
( )
254
9. ( f (x) = 0 , f (x) = 0 Rolle
h , h )

x 3
+ + x 2 + ( ) x + + + + = 0 .
3 2
3 2
( 0,1) f
xx .
f (=
x)
( - 1989)
( )
10. ( f (x) = 0 , f (x) = 0 )

x 4 + e x = 3x + 10 , ,
.
( )
11. ( f (x) = 0 , f (x) = 0 )

f ( 0, + ) ,
f 2 ( x ) + f ( x ) 6x= 3ln x + 2011 (1) x . Cf xx

.
( )
12. ( f f () = f () . Rolle
f )
f [1, e ] ,
f (e)
+ 1 (1). x 0 (1, e )
e
Cf A ( x 0 , f ( x 0 ) ) B ( 0, x 0 ) .
f=
(1)
( )
255
13. ( f f () = f () . Rolle
f )
f [ , ] , f ( x ) 0
x ( , ) z =e + if ( ) , w =f ( ) ie .
) 0 z = 1 .
) Im ( zw ) = 0 x 0 ( , ) f ( x 0 ) = 0 .
u zw I ( , ) ,
) =
f ( ) = f ( ) .
( )
256

1
f ( x ) = x 7 + 2x 3 + x + 3 .
f ( x ) lim f ( x ) = lim x 7 = , lim f ( x ) = lim x 7 = + ,
x
x +
x +
.
0 ( , + ) = , f ( x ) = 0
.
:
.
.Rolle.
(1) x1 , x 2 f=
( x1 ) f=
( x 2 ) 0 ,
Rolle [ x1 , x 2 ] . f ( x ) = 0
, f ( x =
) 7x 6 + 6x 2 + 1 > 0 . f ( x ) = 0
.
2
f ( =
x ) 2x 2 + x + e 2x .
.
f ( x ) = 0 . T, f
, Rolle f ( x ) = 0
. f ( x ) = 0
f ( x ) = 0 .
A f ( x=
8e 2x 0 ,
) 4x + 2e2x , f ( x )= 4 4e2x f ( x ) =
f ( x ) = 0 .
257
3
g ( x ) [ , ] ( , ) .
g ( ) = g ( ) = 0 Rolle, x 0 ( , )
g ( x 0 ) = 0 .
=
g ( x ) ef ( x ) f ( x )( x )( x ) + ef ( x ) ( x ) + ef ( x ) ( x ) .
f x
f x
f x
x = x 0
=
g ( x 0 ) e ( 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x 0 )( x 0 ) + e ( 0 ) ( x 0 ) + =
e ( 0 ) ( x0 ) 0
f ( x 0 )( x 0 )( x 0 ) + ( x 0 ) + ( x 0 ) = 0
f ( x 0 )( x 0 )( x 0 ) =
( x 0 ) + ( x 0 )
f ( x0 ) =
( x 0 ) + ( x 0 )
( x 0 )( x 0 )
( x0 )
f=
1
1
+
x0 x0

=
h ( x ) f ( x ) ln x 2 + x
Rolle [ 2, 4] , h ( 2 ) = h ( 4 )
f ( 2 ) ln (=
4 + 2 ) f ( 4 ) ln (16 + 4 ) 2 f ( 4 ) ln (=
4 + 2 ) f ( 4 ) ln (16 + 4 )
2 ln ( 4 + 2=
) ln (16 + 4 ) ln ( 4 + 2=
) ln (16 + 4 )
2
( 4 + 2 ) = 16 + 4 2 + 3 = 0 = 3 = 0 .
2
=0 h ( x ) = f ( x ) ln x 2 = 2f ( x ) ln x f ( x ) [ 2, 4] ln x 2
( , 0 ) ( 0, + ) , =
h ( x ) 2f ( x ) ln x
2
.
x
. Rolle, x 0 ( 2, 4 )
. , D h = [ 2, 4] h =
( x ) 2f ( x ) ln x + f ( x )
h ( x 0 ) = 0 2f ( x 0 ) ln x 0 + f ( x 0 )
2
1
=
0
0 f ( x 0 ) ln x 0 + f ( x 0 ) =
x0
x0
x 0 f ( x 0 ) ln x 0 + f ( x 0 ) =
0 f ( x 0 ) ln x 0 x 0 + f ( x 0 ) =
0.
= 3 h ( x ) = f ( x ) ln x 2 3x f ( x ) [ 2, 4] ln x 2 3x
x 3x > 0 x ( , 0 ) ( 3, + ) , h ( x )
2
. D h = (3, 4] , [ 2, 4] ,
= 3 .
258
5
f ( x 0 ) = f ( x 0 ) f ( x ) f ( x ) =
0 e x f ( x ) e x f ( x ) =
0 e x f ( x ) =
0.
g ( x ) = e x f ( x ) , ,
[ , + 1] . [ , + 1] .
g ( =
) e f (=
) g () .
1) e 1 f ( +=
1) e 1 e f (=
) e f ( ) g ( +=
g ( x ) = e x f ( x ) Rolle,
x 0 ( , + 1) g ( x 0 ) = 0 ,
e x f ( x ) + e x f ( x ) g ( x 0=
g ( x ) =
) e x0 f ( x 0 ) e x0 f ( x 0=) 0
( e x f ( x ) ) ' =
f ( x0 ) .
f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ) =
0 f ( x0 ) =
6
Cf x + = e x
e x x = 0 .
g ( x =
A D=
.
) e x x , =
g
g ( x ) = 0 , g ( x )
. . Rolle g ( x ) = 0
e x = 0 .
Rolle g ( x ) = e x ,
, .
g ( x ) =0 e x =0 , e x > 0 .
y = x + f ( x ) = e x ,
.
259
7
2
f ( x ) ,
x
/ x
xf ( x ) + 2f ( x ) 3x =0 x 2 f ( x ) + 2xf ( x ) 3x 2 =0 ( x 2 f ( x ) ) ( x 3 ) =0 .
(1) x 0 x f ( x )= 3
=
g ( x ) x 2f ( x ) x 3 .
g ( x ) [ 0,1] (
[0,1] ).
g ( 0 ) = 0 g (1=
) f (1) =1 0 , Rolle.
x 0 ( 0,1) g ( x 0 ) = 0 .
2
g (=
x ) x 2 f ( x ) x 3 g (=
x ) x 2 f ( x ) + 2xf ( x ) 3x 2 g ( x=
x 02 f ( x 0 ) + 2x 0f ( x 0 ) 3x
=
0
0)
0
x 0 ( x 0 f ( x 0 ) + 2f ( x 0 ) 3x 0 ) =
0 x 0 f ( x 0 ) + 2f ( x 0 ) 3x 0 =
0 , ( x 0 ( 0,1) x 0 0 )
2
x 0f ( x 0 ) =
3x 0 2f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) =
3 f ( x0 )
x0
8
f , g
f ( x ) = g ( x ) .
f ( x )= g ( x ) e x 2 + x= e 2 x x + 4 e x 2 e 2 x + 2x 4= 0 ,
x 0 = 2 .
Rolle.
e x 2 e 2 x + 2x 4 =
0 x1 = 2, x 2 .
h ( x ) = e x 2 e 2 x + 2x 4
[ x1 , x 2 ] [ x 2 , x1 ] .
h ( x1 )= 0= h ( x 2 ) , . Rolle,
x 0 ( x1 , x 2 ) ( x 2 , x1 ) h ( x 0 ) = 0 . h ( x )= e x 2 + e 2 x + 2 0 ,
.
e x 2 e 2 x + 2x 4 =
0 .
x 2
: h ( x ) = e e 2 x + 2x 4
.
e x 2 ( e x , x 2 ), e 2 x (
e x , 2 x ) 2x 4 ,
h ( x )= e x 2 e 2 x + 2x 4= 0 x 0 = 2 .
260
9

A ( , f ( ) ) f ( ) .
xx , f ( ) =0 .
Rolle f ( x ) [ 0,1] .
f ( x ) [ 0,1] .
f ( x ) ( 0,1) .
f ( 0 ) = , f (1)=

+ + + = 0 f =
( 0 ) f=
(1) 0 .
3 2
. Rolle, ( 0,1) f ( ) =0 .
10
x 4 + e x = 3x + 10 x 4 + e x 3x 10 = 0 .
f ( x ) = x 4 + e x 3x 10 .
f ( x ) = 0 . f
, . Rolle, f ( x ) = 0
f ( x ) = 0 .
f ( x ) = 4x 3 + e x 3 f ( x )= 12x 2 + e x > 0 x , .
.
261
11
f xx A ( x1 , f ( x1 ) ) ,
B ( x 2 , f ( x 2 ) ) , f=
( x1 ) f=
( x2 ) 0 .
Rolle f [ x1 , x 2 ] (0, +) .
f [ x1 , x 2 ] , .
f=
( x1 ) f=
( x2 ) 0
. Rolle, ( x1 , x 2 ) f ( ) =0 .
) ( 3ln x + 2011)
(1), f 2 ( x ) + f ( x ) 6x =
3
2f ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( x ) 6 = (2).
x
3
(2) x = 2f ( ) f ( ) + f ( ) 6 = f ( ) =0 , 6 = .
() > 0 , f
xx , .
12
Cf A ( x 0 , f ( x 0 ) )
x0 )
( ) : y f (=
f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) .
( ) B ( 0, x 0 ) :
( ) x 0 f ( x 0 )= f ( x 0 )( 0 x 0 ) x 0 f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) + x 0 = 0
x 0f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) + x 0
= 0
x 02
x 0f ( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) 1
f ( x 0 )
=0 , f ( x ) + ln x =
0
ln
x
+
=
+
(
)
0
x 02
x0
x
x0
(1, e ) .
f=
(x)
f (x)
+ ln x [1, e ] .
x
g ( x ) Rolle [1, e ]
:
g [1, e ] (
).
f (1)
f (e)
f ( e ) (1)
e)
+ ln=
e
+=
1 g (1) , g ( x ) = 0
+ ln1 = f (1) g (=
e
e
1
(1, e ) .
g (1) =
262
13
) z = 1 e + if ( ) = 1
( e )
+ f 2 ( ) = 1 e2 + f 2 ( ) = 1 f 2 ( ) = 1 e2 0
1 e 2 e0 e 2 0 2 0 0 =0 .
)(
) zw = e + if ( ) f ( ) ie =e f ( ) + f ( ) e + i f ( ) f ( ) + e+ (1)
Im ( zw ) =0 f ( ) f ( ) + e+ =0 f ( ) f ( ) =e+ < 0 .
f [ , ] , .
f ( ) f ( ) < 0 , Bolzano,
x 0 ( , ) f ( x 0 ) = 0 .
f ( x ) = 0
.
. f [ , ] ,
[, ] , Rolle f ( x ) = 0 , .
f ( x ) 0 .
) (1) u = zw I e f ( ) + f ( ) e = 0
Rolle g ( x ) =
f ( ) f ()
(2).
=
e
e
f (x)
[ , ] .
ex
g ( x ) [ , ] , .
f ( ) ( 2)
f ()
g ( ) = , g ( ) =
g ( ) = g ( ) ,
e
e
Rolle.
( , ) g ( ) =0 .
f ( x )
e
g ( x ) =
=
x
g ( ) = 0
f ( x ) ex f ( x ) ex f ( x ) f ( x )
=
x 2
ex
e
( )
f () f ()
= 0 f () = f ()
e
263

1. ( ... )
x + (x) ,
f (x) =
x 2 + 2x ,
x0
x>0
f [ 2, 2]
( 2, 2 ) .
( )
2. ( ... )
(,f()) (,f()) < (): y= x + 3
f f (x)
= x 2 + e x :
i. N ... f [ , ] .
ii. N < 0 .
( )
3. ( ... )
.
1
f ( x =
) x 1 lnx , e .
e
1
e
. , e ( 1) ln + ( 1) = 1 .
( )
264
4. ( ... )
x 2 + 5,
2
x + x + ,
f f (x) =
x2
.
x>2
, f ... [ 2,3] .
( )
5. ( ... )
2x + (x), x 0
2
2
x + 4, x > 0
f f (x) =
, , 0 .
f ... [ 2,3 ]
, .
( )
6. ( ... )
x 2 + x,
f f (x) =
xe + ,
x
x0
.
x>0
. , , 0 , f
... [ 1,1] .
f (1) f (1)
2
( ... f ( 1,1)
. = e ( 1,1) f () =
).
( )
265
7. ( ( 1 , 2 ) )
. f [ 0, + ) > 0 > 0
f () f ()
.
f () =
. 0,
.
=
( )
8. ( ( 1 , 2 ) )
. f, g f
, f (g())= f (g()) , g() g() . g( )
g() , g()
g( ) g() = g() g( ) 1 , 2
f (1 ) + f (2 ) =
0.
. f f ( ln ) = f ( ln )
1 < < . 1 , 2 f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) =
0.
(: 2 = )
1
1
=f
1 < < . 1 , 2 f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) =
0.
2
(: =
)
+
. f f
( )
266
9. ( ( 1 , 2 ) )
f ( , ) [ , ] .
1 , 2 , 3 ( , ) 1 2 f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) 2f (3 ) =
0.
( )
10. ( )

, 0<< .

2
2
2

( )
11. ( )
. x > 0
. li m
x 1
x 1
ln x x 1 (1).
x
ln x
.
x 1
( )
12. ( )

, 0 x < x < xx x 0,
2
2
xx < x < x .
. x
. li m
x 0
( )
x
.
x
267
13. ( )

, 1 xx x 1 .
2 2
. x
. li m
x 0
( )
x 1
.
x
268

1
f x < 0
x > 0 . x 0 = 0 :
li m=
f (x) li m x + =
(x) 0 ,
x 0
x 0
li m f (x)
= li m ( x 2 + 2x=
) 0
x 0+
x 0+
f ( 0) = 0
li=
m f (x) li=
m f (x) f (0) f x 0 = 0 .
x 0
x 0+
f [ 2, 2] .
f x < 0 f (x) = 1 + (x) x > 0
f (x)
= 2x + 2 . x 0 = 0 :
x + (x)
f (x) f (0)
li m
= li m
= li m
x 0 x 0
x
x 0
x 0
=
x
u
(x)
u
lim
1)
(: lim = =
x 0
u 0
x
u
f (x) f (0)
li m
= li m
+
x 0 x 0+
x 0
(x)
2,
1 +
=
x
x 2 + 2x
x(x + 2)
2
= li m+
= li m+ ( x + 2 ) =
x
x
x
0
x 0
f (x) f (0)
f (x) f (0)
= li m+
= 2= f (0) f
x 0 x 0 x 0
li m
x 0
x 0 = 0 . f ( 2, 2 )
f (x)
1 + (x) x < 0
x 0 .
2
=
2x + 2
x > 0

f [ 2, 2] ( 2, 2)

f ()
=
5
8 (2)
f (2) f (2)
f ()
f () =
=
4
2
2 (2)
269
: 0 f ( 0 )= 2
5
.
2
5
3
( ) = > 1 .
2
2
5
1
1
( 0, 2 ) : 2 + 2=
().
2= =
2
2
4
( 2, 0 ) : 1 + ( )=
2
f
() : 2 + e = + 3 (1) 2 + e = + 3 (2).
i. f , [ , ] ,
= 2x + e x .
x 2 e x . H f ( , ) f (x)
f ... f [ , ] .
ii. ... f [ , ] ( , )
f ()
=
2 + e ) ( 2 + e ) (1),(2)
(
f () f ()
f ()
=
f () =

( + 3 ) ( + 3)

f () =1 .
:
f () = 1 2 + e = 1 (3).
(3) = 0 (4), , f
( , ) ( x1 , x 2 ( , ) x1 < x 2 2x1 < 2x 2 e x1 < e x 2

2x1 + e x1 < 2x 2 + e x 2 f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) ).
(4)
( , ) < < < 0 < , < 0 .
270
3
. f , e x 1 lnx .
e
( x 1) l n x x < 1

f (x) =
x 1
0
=
x 1 l n x x > 1
)
(
1
e
x 1
.
x
x , e f (x) =
( ( x 1) ln x ) =(x 1) ln x (x 1)(ln x) = ln x
x 1
.
x
x (1, e ) f (x) = ( ( x 1) ln x ) = (x 1) ln x + (x 1)(ln x) = ln x +
f (x)
=
(
1
e
x 1
(x 1)
ln x +
)
| x 1|
x
1 , e :
f (x) f (1)
li m
= li m
x 1 x 1
x 1
| x 1| ln x
= li m
x 1 x 1
(x 1) ln x
0
= li m ( ln x ) =
x 1
x 1
f (x) f (1)
li m
= li m
x 1 x 1+
x 1+
| x 1| ln x
= li m
x 1 x 1+
(x 1) ln x
= li m ( ln x ) = 0
x 1 x 1+
f (x) f (1)
f (x) f (1)
= li m+
= 0= f (1)
x 1 x 1 x 1
li m
x 1
1
e
1
... f , e .
e
f x 0 = 1 , e .
. ... f , e , e
e
e
1
1
1
1
f (e) f
( e 1) 1
| e 1| ln e | 1| ln
e f () = 1
e f ()
e
e f () =
=
f () =
1
1
1
e
e
e
e
e
e
1
( 1)
ln +
= 1 ( 1) ln + ( 1) 2 = + 1 .
| 1|
271
4
f x < 2 x 2 + 5 () x .
x > 2 , .
... f [-2,3] f
[-2,3] x 0 = 2 .
li=
m f (x) li=
m f (x) f (2) . x 0 = 2 :
x 2+
li m f (x) = li m
x 2
x 2
x 2
x2 + 5 =
3 (1),
li m f (x) = li m x 2 + x + = 4 + 2 + (2)
x 2+
x 2+
f ( 2 ) = 3 (3)
4 + 2 + = 3
= 7 2 (4).
x 2 + 5,
x2
x + x + 7 2,
x>2
f f (x) =
f x < 2 x 2 + 5
()
x f (x) =
x
x2 + 5
. x > 2
f (x) = 2x + .
... f [-2,3] f (-2,3)
x 0 = 2 .
f (x) f (2)
f (x) f (2)
= li m+
= f (2) . x 0 = 2 :
x 2 x 2 x 2
li m
x 2
f (x) f (2)
li m
= li m
x 2 x 2
x 2
( x 2 )( x + 2 )
li m
x 2 ( x 2 )
x2 + 5 + 3
x2 + 5 3
x2 + 5 9
= li m
x 2 x 2 x 2
x2 + 5 + 3
(
)
= li m
x 2
x+2 2
2
=
x +5 +3 3
272
x 2 + x + 7 2 3
x 2 + 4 + x 2
f (x) f (2)
=
li
m
li
m
=
x2
x2
x 2 x 2+
x 2+
li m
+
x 2
( x 2 )( x + 2 ) + ( x 2 )
li m
= li m+ ( x 2 + ) = 4 +
x2
x 2+
x 2
4 + =
28
7
2
14
(4) = 7
=
= .
3
3
3
3
5
f ... [-2,3]
x 0 = 0 . li=
m f (x) li=
m f (x) f (0) .
x 0
li m f (x) = li m
( 2x + (x) ) = 0 ,
li m f (x) = li m
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
) (
x 2 + 2 4 =
x 0+
2 4 = 4
f ( 0) = 0
4 = 0 = 4 = 4 (2).
f ... [-2,3]
(-2,3) x 0 = 0 .
f (x) f (0)
f (x) f (0)
li m
= li m+
= f (0) . x 0 = 0 :
x 0 x 0 x 0
x 0
f (x) f (0)
2x + (x) 0
li m
= li m
= li m
x 0 x 0
x
x 0
x 0
f (x) f (0)
li m
= li m
x 0 x 0+
x 0+
x 2 + 2 4 (1)
= li m
x
x 0+
x
li m
= 0 (4)
x 0+
x 2 + 162 + 4
2 + = 0 = 2 .
(x)
2 +
x
= 2 + (3)
x 2 + 162 + 4
x2
273
6
. f x < 0 x > 0
. x 0 = 0 :
li m f (x) = li m ( x 2 + x ) =
0 (1)
li m f (x) = li m ( xe x + ) = (2)
f ( 0 ) = 0 (3)
x 0
x 0+
x 0
x 0+
... f [-1,1]
x 0 = 0 .
li=
m f (x) li=
m f (x) f (0) (1), (2), (3) =0 .
x 0+
x 0
x 2 + x
f f (x) =
xe
x 0
.
x > 0
f x < 0 f (x) = 2x + 1 x > 0
f (=
x ) xe x + e x . x 0 = 0 :
x 2 + x 0
f (x) f (0)
x(x + 1)
li m
1 (4)
= li m
= li m ( x + 1) =
= li m
x
x
x 0 x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
xe x 0
xe x
f (x) f (0)
= li m ( e x ) = 1 (5)
= li m
li m
= li m
x 0 x 0+ x x 0+ x x 0+
x 0+
f (x) f (0)
f (x) f (0)
(0) 1 f
=
= li m+
f=
x 0 x 0 x 0
(4) (5) li m
x 0
2x + 1 x < 0
(-1,1) f '(x) = 1
x = 0 .
x
x
xe + e x > 0
274
x<0
2ex + 1
ex 2 + x, x 0
. A = e f (x) = x
f '(x) = 1
x = 0 .
x>0
xe
x
x
xe + e x > 0
() , ... f [-1,1]
( 1,1)
f ()
=
f (1) f (1)
e (e 1)
f ()
1 (1)
2
1
f () =
2
0 f (0)= 1
( 1, 0 ) : f ( ) =
1
.
2
1
1
1
1
2e + 1 = 2e = = ( )
2
2
2
4e
( 0,1) f ( )=
1
1
e + e=
,
2
2
f (=
x ) xe x + e x ,
, [0,1] ( 0,1)
> 0 f () > f (0) f () > 1 >
1
.
2
... f (-1,1) .
7
. : f () =
f () f ()
f () + f () = f () (1)
g(x) = xf (x) x [0, ] :
g [ 0, ]
g ( 0, ) =
g(x) xf (x) + f (x) x (0, )
... ( 0, )
g() =
g() g (0)
f ()
f () + f () =
f () + f () = f ()
0
275
1
= 1 + = 1 .
f f (x) = x , x [0, +)
[0, +) f (x) = x () = .
2
2
.
0,
=
2
. : =
8
A. g() < g() ( g() > g() ).
g() < g( ) < g() ... f [ g(), g( ) ] ,
[g( ), g()] ( )
( g(), g( ) ) , ( g( ), g() ) .
1 ( g(), g( ) ) 2 ( g( ), g() ) :
f (g( )) f (g())
(1)
g( ) g()
1 ( g(), g( ) ) f (1 ) =
f (g()) f (g( ))
(2)
g() g( )
2 ( g( ), g() ) f ( 2 ) =
(1), (2) g( ) g() = g() g( ) f ( g() =

) f ( g() )
f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) =
0.
. () g(x) = lnx x > 0 .
g( ) g()= g() g( ) ln ln = ln ln 2 ln = ln + ln
ln 2 = ln() 2 = =
( , )
1 < < < 0 < ln < ln < ln . ... f [ln, ln] ,
[ln, ln] (), :
f (ln ) f (ln )
ln ln
(3)
f (ln ) f (ln )
ln ln
(4)
1 ( ln , ln ) f (1 ) =
2 ( ln , ln ) f ( 2 ) =
(3), (4) ln ln = ln ln, f (ln) = f (ln)

f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) =
0.
276
1
.
x
1 1 1 1

g( ) g() = g() g( ) =
=
=

2
.
2 = ( + ) =
+
. () g(x) =
1 1 1
2
( , ) 1 < < < 0 < < < .
+

1 1 1 1
... f , , , (),

=
1 1
f f
1 1
1 , f (1 ) =
1
1

1 1
f f
1 1

2 , f ( 2 ) =
1 1

(5), (6)
f (1 ) + f (2 ) =
0.
1 1 1 1
1
= , f =

(5)
(6)
1
f
277
9
... f ,
f ( , ) , [ , ] .
+
+

,
2
2
+
f
f ()
2
+
f (1 )
1 ,
=
+
2
2
+
f
f ()
2
(1)
f (1 ) =
2
+
f () f
+
2
f (2 )
=
,
2
+
2
f () f
2 (2)
f (2 ) =
2
... f [ , ]
3 ( , ) =
f (3 )
f () f ()
f () f ()
(3).
2f (3 ) =
(1), (2) (3)

f (1 ) + f (2 ) 2f (3 ) =
0.
278
10
= .
< :

2

2
< 0
1

1
2

2
1

1
2
<
1

1
.
<
<
2

2
f (t) = t t [, ] [ , ]
1
(1). ...
2 t
f () f ()
( , )
f ()
=
1

(2).
=
2

( , ) f (t) = (t) =
0 < < < > > ( x

0, ).
2

2 > 2 > 2 ( x > 0 x 0, )
2
1
1
1

( 2 x > 0 x 0, )
<
<
2
2
2

2
(2)
1

1
<
<
2

279
11
. x = 1 (1) . (1) x 1 .
0 < x < 1 : f (t) = lnt t [ x,1]
1
t
( x,1) f (t) = . ...
f ()
=
( x,1)
f (1) f (x)
1 ln1 ln x
1 x
1 x
ln x
1
(2).
=
x 1
0 < x < < 1
(2) 1
x 1<0 x 1
1 1
ln x
< ln x < x 1
> >1 >
>1
x
x x 1
x
x > 1 : f (t) = lnt t [1, x ]
1
t
(1, x ) f (t) = . ...
f ()
=
(1, x )
1 < < x 1 >
ln x 1
1 1 (3)
>
> 1>
x 1 x
x
f (x) f (1)
1 ln x
=
(3).
x 1
x 1
x 1>0
x 1
< ln x < x 1
x
x 1
ln x x 1 .
x
. () :
0 < x < 1
1 ln x
1
>
> 1 li m = 1 , li m 1 = 1
x x 1
x 1
x 1 x
li m
x 1
x > 1 1 >
ln x 1
1
> li m = 1 , li m 1 = 1
+
x 1 x
x 1+
x 1 x
li m
x 1+
li m
x 1
ln x
= 1.
x 1
ln x
= 1.
x 1
ln x
= 1.
x 1
280
12

, 0 : f (t) = t t [ x, 0]
2
( x, 0 ) f (t) = t . ...
. x
f ()
=
( x, 0 )
x
(1).
x
< x < < 0

2
x ( ,0)
2
f (0) f (x)
0 x
=

0x
0x
(1)
x < < 0 x <
x <0
x
<1
x
x < x < xx .
: f (t) = t t [ 0, x ]
2
( 0, x ) f (t) = t . ...
x 0,
f ()
=
( 0, x )
x
(2).
x
0 < < x <

2
x (0, )
x 0
f (x) f (0)
=

x 0
x 0
(2)
0 > > x x <
x >0
x
<1
x
xx < x < x .
. () x <
x

< 1 x , x 0 .
x
2 2
li m(x) = 0 = 1 li m(1) = 1
x 0
x
= 1.
li m
x
x 0
x 0
281
13

, 0 : f (t) = t t [ x, 0]
2
( x, 0 ) f (t) = t .
. x
f ()
=
... ( x, 0 )
0 x
x 1
=
(1).
0x
x
< x < < 0

2
x >
f (0) f (x)
0x
x ( ,0)
2
(1)
x < < 0 x > > 0
x <0
x 1
> 0 xx < x 1 < 0 1 xx < x < 1
x
: f (t) = t t [ 0, x ]
2
( 0, x ) f (t) = t . ...
x 0,
f ()
=
( 0, x )
=
x 1
x 0
=
x 0
x
0 < < x <

2
0>
f (x) f (0)
x 0
(2).
x (0, )
(2)
0 < < x 0 > > x
x >0
x 1
> x 0 > x 1 > xx 1 xx < x < 1 .
x
x = 0 . 1 xx x 1 .
282
. . ()
:
0<
x 1

= li m(
=
x) 0
< x x , 0 li m(0)
x
x 0
x 0
2
li m
x 0
x 1
= 0.
x
x <
li m
x 0+
x 1

= li m(
=
x) 0
< 0 x 0, li m(0)
x
x 0+
x 0+
2
x 1
= 0.
x
li m
x 0
x 1
= 0.
x
283

1. ( ( 1 , 2 ) )
[ , ] Rolle.
i. [ , ] .
ii. 1 , 2 3 ( , )
f (1 ) + f (2 ) + f (3 ) =
0.
( )
2. ( ( 1 , 2 ) )
f [ 0, 10] , ( 0, 10 )
f (0) = 5 f (10) = 20 . 1 , 2, , 10
( 0, 10 ) , : f (1 ) + f ( 2 ) + f (10 ) =
15 .
( )
3. ( ( 1 , 2 ) )
f [ , ] , ( , )
f () f ()= 4 ( ) . 1 , 2, 3
( , ) , : 2f (1 ) + 3f ( 2 ) + 4f (3 ) =
36 .
( )
4. ( )
f [ , ] f
. ( , ) , f ( ) =0 .
f ( )( ) + f ( )( ) < 0 .
( )
284
5. ( ... Rolle)
f .
x1 , x 2 , x 3 , ,
, f (x1 ), f (x 2 ) , f (x 3 ) , ,
, x 0
f (x 0 ) = 0 .
( )
6. ( ... Rolle)
f [ , ]
( , ) .
( , f () ) B ( , f () ) f
( , f ( ) ) . ( , ) , f ( ) =0 .
( )
7. ( ... Rolle)
f f ( x ) 0 ,
x . f
.
( )
8. ( ..., Rolle Bolzano)

f [ , ] , ( , )
f () f ()= 2( ) . x1 , x 2 x 3
( , ) , :
5
6
9
+
+
=
10
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) f ( x 3 )
( )
285
9. ( ... Rolle)
f (0, + ) ,
Cf ()
. :
i. Cf () .
ii. Cf O(0, 0)
.
( )
10. ( )
f :
[ 2, + ) .
( 2, + ) .
f (2) = 0 .
f ( 2, + ) .
g(x) =
( )
f (x)
, g(x) > 0 , x ( 2, + ) .
x2
286
11. ( ... Rolle)
i. f g [ , ] :
[ , ] .
( , ) .
g(x) 0 , x ( , ) .
( , ) , :
f () f () f ()
=
g() g() g()
ii. 0 < < <
, ( , ) , :
2

= .

( )
12. ( )
( + 1) + ( + 3) =
x
( + 4)
+ x , > 0 , x .
( )
13. ( )
f (x) =
x

, f (x) < 0 , x 0, .
x
2
( )
14. ( )
f f ,
2f (x + 1) < f (x) + f (x + 2) , x .
( )
287
15. ( )
f [1, 2] ,
(1, 2 ) f=
(1) f=
( 2 ) 0 . (1, 2 ) ,
f ( ) > 0 , :
i. x1 , x 2 (1, 2 ) f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) < 0 .
ii. x 0 (1, 2 ) f ( x 0 ) < 0 .
( )
16. ( )
f
.
i. ,
+ f () + f ()
.
f
<
2
2
ii. ,
+
e + e
>e 2 .
2
( )
17. ( )
1 +
( )
x
x
< 1 + x < 1 + , x > 0 .
2
2 1+ x
288
18. ( )
f (x) = x 3 + x 2 + x + , > 0 .
x1 , x 2 x1 x 2
f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
3 2
.
x1 x 2
3
( )
19. ( ..., Rolle Bolzano)

f : [ , ] [ , ] , ( , )
f () = 3 f () = 3 .
i. f (x) = 3x ( , ) .
ii. 1 2 ( , ) ,
f ( 1 ) f ( 2 ) =
9.
( )
20. ( )
x
x + 1 > e x +1 , x > 0 .
( )
289

1
i. [ , ] .
.
3
2 +
+ 2
=
=
+
+ 2
.
3
3
3
3
, ,
ii. f [ , ] Rolle,
2 +
3
2 + + 2
, 3 ,
3
+ 2
3 , .
1 ,
2 +
2 + + 2
,

, 2
3
3
3
+ 2
, :
3
3
2 +
2 +
f
f () f
f ()
3
3
f ( 1 )
=
=
2 +
3
3
f ( 2 )
(1)
+ 2 2 +
+ 2 2 +
f
f
f
f
3 3
=
3 3
+ 2 2 +
3
3
3
+ 2
+ 2
f () f
f () f
3
3
=
=
f ( 3 )
+ 2
3
3
(3)
(2)
290
(1), (2) (3) :
f ( 1 ) + f ( 2 ) + f ( 3 ) =
2 +
+ 2 2 +
+ 2
f
f ( ) + f
f
+ f () f
3
3 3
3
=
f () f ()
= 0, f () = f () .
: ,
[ , ]
.
.
3
2
f
[0, 1] , [1, 2] , [ 2, 3] , , [9, 10] .
1 , 2, , 10 ( 0, 1) , (1, 2 ) , , ( 9, 10 )
, :
f (1 )=
f (1) f (0)
= f (1) f (0)
1 0
f (2 )= f (2) f (1)
f (10=
) f (10) f (9)

f (1 ) + f (2 ) + f (10 ) = f (10) f (0) = 20 5 = 15 .
291
3
x1 , x 2 [ , ]
(x1 )=
2
3
4
( ) , ( x 2 x1 )=
( ) ( x 2 )=
( ) .
9
9
9
[ , x1 ] ,
[ x1 , x 2 ] [ x 2 , ]
. 1 ( , x1 ) , :
=
f ( 1 )
f ( x1 ) f ( ) f ( x1 ) f ( ) 9 ( f ( x1 ) f ( ) )
=
=
,
2
x1
2
(
)
( )
9
9 ( f ( x1 ) f ( ) )
2f ( 1 ) =
( )
(1)
2 ( x1 , x 2 ) 3 ( x 2 , )
9 ( f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) )
3f ( 1 ) =
( )
(2)
9 ( f ( ) f ( x 2 ) )
4f ( 3 ) =
( )
(3)
(1), (2) (3)
9 ( f (x1 ) f () ) 9 ( f (x 2 ) f (x1 ) ) 9 ( f () f (x 2 ) )
+
+
( )
( )
( )
2f (1 ) + 3f (=
2 ) + 4f (3 )
9 ( f (x1 ) f () + f (x 2 ) f (x1 ) + f () f (x 2 ) )
9 ( f () f () ) 9 4 ( )
= = 36
292
4
( , )
1 ( , ) ,
( 1 )
f=
f ( ) f ( ) 0 f ( ) f ( )
=
=
(1)
, ( , )
2 ( , ) ,
f =
( 2 )
f () f ( ) f () 0 f ()
=
=
(2)
1 < 2 f , f ( 1 ) > f ( 2 ) .
f ( )
f ()
>
f ( ) ( ) > f ( ) ( )
f ( ) ( ) + f ( ) ( ) < 0
5
, f
[ x1 , x 2 ] [ x 2 , x 3 ] .
1 ( x1 , x 2 ) 2 ( x 2 , x 3 ) :
f (x ) f (x1 )
f ( 1 ) = 2
x 2 x1
(1)
f (x 3 ) f (x 2 )
x3 x 2
f ( 2 ) =
(2)
, x1 , x 2 , x 3 ,
x 2 x1 = x 3 x 2 , f (x1 ), f (x 2 ) , f (x 3 )
, f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) = f ( x 3 ) f (x 2 ) .
(1) (2) , f ( 1 ) = f ( 2 )
(3)
f , f
[ 1 , 2 ] . (3),
f [ 1 , 2 ]
Rolle. x 0 ( 1 , 2 ) R ,
f ( x 0 ) = 0 .
293
6
.
f , [ , ]
. x1 ( , ) ,
f ( ) f ( )
f ( ) f ( )

.
. f ( x1 ) = .
f ( x1 ) =
x 2 ( , ) , f ( x 2 ) = . x1 ( , )
x 2 ( , ) , f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) = .
f ( , ) ,
f [ x1 , x 2 ] .
, , f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 ) .
f Rolle [ x1 , x 2 ] . ( , )
f ( ) =0 .
:
:
1. ,
.
2. ( x1 , x 2 ) Cf .
294
7
f ,
( , f () ) , B ( , f () ) ( , f ( ) ) < < .

.
f () f () f ( ) f ()
=
.
f ( ) f ()
f () f ()
.
f ( 2 ) =
1 ( , ) 2 ( , ) f ( 1 ) =

f ( 1 ) = f ( 2 ) . f ,
f Rolle [ 1 , 2 ] . x 0 ( 1 , 2 ) ,
f (x 0 ) = 0 , , f ( x ) 0 , x .
8
y1 , y 2 [ f (), f () ]
( y1 f () ) =
9
6
5
( f () f () ) , ( y 2 y1 )=
( f () f () ) ( f () y 2 )=
( f () f () ) .
20
20
20
1 ( , )
f ( 1 ) =
y1 2 ( 1 , ) f ( 2 ) =
y 2 .

: < 1 < 2 < .
f [ , 1 ] , [ 1 , 2 ] [ 2 , ]
.
x1 ( , 1 ) ,
f ( x1 )
=
f ( 1 ) f () y1 f ()
=
1
1
5
( f () f () ) 5 ( f () f () )
20
=
1
20 ( 1 )
295
20 ( 1 )
5
=
f ( x1 ) f () f ()
(1)
x 2 ( 1 , 2 ) x 3 ( 2 , ) ,
20 ( 2 1 )
6
=
f ( x 2 ) f () f ()
(2)
20 ( 2 )
9
=
f ( x 3 ) f () f ()
(3)
20 ( 1 + 2 1 + 2 ) 20 ( ) 20 ( )
5
6
9
+
+
=
=
=
= 10 .
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) f ( x 3 )
f () f ()
f () f () 2 ( )
9
i. Cf () A ( x1 , f (x1 ) ) , B ( x 2 , f (x 2 ) )
( x 3 , f (x 3 ) ) , 0 < x1 < x 2 < x 3 . () y = x ,
x1 = f (x1 ) , x 2 = f (x 2 ) x 3 = f (x 3 ) . f
(0, + ) , [ x1 , x 2 ]
[x2 ,
x 3 ] .
. 1 ( x1 , x 2 ) 2 ( x 2 , x 3 ) :
f =
( 1 )
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) x 2 x1
=
= 1
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
f (=
2 )
f ( x3 ) f ( x 2 ) x3 x 2
=
= 1
x3 x 2
x3 x 2
Cf ( 1 , f (1 ) )
( 2 , f ( 2 ) ) ()
1, y = x .
ii. H Cf ( x 0 , f (x 0 ) )
: y f (=
x 0 ) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) .
:
0 f ( x0=
) f ( x 0 )( 0 x 0 )
f ( x 0 ) =
x0 f ( x0 )
296
Cf O(0, 0)
, f ( x )= x f ( x ) (0, + ) .
f ( x ) x f ( x )( x ) =
0
f ( x ) x f ( x )( x )
= 0
x2
f (x)
=0
x
f (x)
= 0 (0, + ) .
x
f (x)
, x (0, + ) .
x
f (x1 )
[ x1 , x 2 ] g(x
=
= 1
1)
x1
f (x 2 )
g(x
=
= 1 , g(x1 ) = g(x 2 ) . g [ x1 , x 2
2)
x2
Rolle. (x1 , x 2 ) , g( ) =0 .
o g(x) =
( , f ( ) ) Cf ,
( x 2 , x 3 ) Cf .
Cf O(0, 0)
.
297
10
g ( 2, + ) ,
. :
f (x) f (x) ( x 2 ) f (x) (x 2) (x 2)f (x) f (x)

=
=
g(x) =
(x 2) 2
(x 2) 2
x2
1 (x 2)f (x) f (x)

1
f (x)
=
f (x)
x2
x2
x2
x2
, f (2) = 0 f
[ 2, x ] , :
f (x) f (x) f (2)

=
= f () , ( 2, x ) .
x2
x2
1
f (x)
1
( f (x) f () ) . f
f (x) =
x2
x2 x2
( 2, + ) 2 < < x , f () < f (x) f (x) f () > 0 .
g(x)
=
=
g(x)
1
( f (x) f () ) > 0 .
x2
: g(x) =
( 2, + ) .
f (x)
x2
298
11
i. g() g() , , g() = g() , g
Rolle ( , ) g( ) =0 ,
g(x) 0 , x ( , ) .
:
( g() g() ) f (x) ( f () f () ) g(x) f ()g() + f ()g()

[, ] , ( , ) h() = h() . ,
Rolle, ( , ) , h () =0 .
h(x)=
( g() g() ) f (x) ( f () f () ) g(x) ,

( g() g() ) f () ( f () f () ) g() =0 .
h (x)=
f () f () f ()
=
.
g() g() g()
ii. f (x) = x g(x) = x .

[ , ] ( , ) , 0 < < <
. g(x) = x 0
2
x ( , ) , ,
( , ) ,
=
.

= .

299
12
x
f (t) = t , t > 0
x , t = + 1, t = + 3, t = + 4 t = .
( + 1) x =
x
( + 4)
( + 3) .
x
x
f (t) = t
[ , + 1] [ + 3, + 4] .
1 ( , + 1) 2 ( + 3, + 4 ) , :
f ( 1 ) =
f ( + 1) f ()
= f ( + 1) f () =
( + 1)
f ( 2 ) =
f ( + 4) f ( + 3)
= f ( + 4) f ( + 3) = ( + 4) x ( + 3) x
( + 4) ( + 3)
f (t)=
( t )=
x
( + 1)
x (1)
x t x 1 . f ( 1 )= x 1x 1 f ( 2 )= x 2x 1 .
x 1x 1 = x 2x 1 x ( 1x 1 2x 1 )= 0 x= 0 1x 1 2x 1 = 0 .
:
1x 1 2x 1 =
0 1x 1 =
2x 1
1x 1
1
=
2x 1

1
2
(2)
x 1
1
=
x 1 = 0 x = 1
x = 0 x = 1 .
300
13
x > 0 :
x
x xx x 1
=
=
=
f (x)
x
(1)
2
x
x
x
x
,
2
. 0 < < x < ,

2
g(t) = t , [ 0, x ] , x 0,
g(x) g(0)
= g()
x 0
x 0
=
x 0
x
=
x
=
(1) f (x)
0 < < x <
1
( x ) .
x
=
, > x , f (x)
( x ) < 0 .
x
2
14
f .
[ x, x + 1] [ x + 1, x + 2]
. 1 ( x, x + 1) 2 ( x + 1, x + 2 ) ,
f (1 )=
f (x + 1) f (x)
= f (x + 1) f (x) (1)
x +1 x
f ( 2 )=
f (x + 2) f (x + 1)
= f (x + 2) f (x + 1) (2)
x + 2 x 1
f 1 < 2 , f (1 ) < f ( 2 ) , :
f (x + 1) f (x) < f (x + 2) f (x + 1)
2f (x + 1) < f (x) + f (x + 2)
301
15
i. f [1, ] [ , 2]
. x1 (1, ) x 2 ( , 2 )
f =
( x1 )
( x2 )
f=
f ( ) f (1) f ( )
=
>0
1
1
f ( 2 ) f ( ) f ( )
=
<0
2
2
(1)
(2)
f ( x1 ) f ( x 2 ) < 0 .
ii. , f [ x1 , x 2 ]
.
x 0 ( x1 , x 2 ) , x 0 (1, 2 ) ,
f ( x 0 ) =
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 )
1
=
f ( x 2 ) f ( x1 ) .
x 2 x1
x 2 x1
(1) (2)
f ( x 0 ) =
f ( ) f ( ) f ( ) 1
1
1
+
=
x 2 x1 2 1 x 2 x1 2 1
, 1 < x1 < < x 2 < 2 f ( ) > 0 . f ( x 0 ) < 0 .
302
16
i. < . <
+
< :
2
+ f () + f ()
+
+
f
f
<
f () < f () f
2
2
2
2
+
+
f
f () f () f
2
2
<
+
+
2
2
(1)
, f , f
+
+
,
2
2 , . 1 ,
2
2
+
+
f
f () f
f ( )
2
2
f ( 1 ) =
f ( 2 ) =
.
+
+
2
2
(1) f ( 1 ) < f ( 2 ) , 1 < 2
f .
ii. f (x) = e , f (x) = e .

x
+
e + e
f () + f ()
+
2
>
e
.
,
>f
2
2
2
303
17
f (t)
=
t + 1 [ 1, + )
( 1, + ) . f
[ 0, x ] . ( 0, x ) , :
f (t) =
1
, (1)
2 t +1
1+ x 1
1
(2)
=
x
2 1+
0<<x
1 < 1+ < 1+ x
1 < 1+ < 1+ x
2 < 2 1+ < 2 1+ x
1
1
1
<
<
2 1+ x 2 1+ 2
(2) :
1
1+ x 1 1
<
<
x
2
2 1+ x
x
x
< 1+ x 1 <
2
2 1+ x
1+
x
x
< 1+ x < 1+
2
2 1+ x
f (x) f (0)
= f () (1).
x 0
304
18
x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 .
f (x) = x 3 + x 2 + x + , > 0 .
[ x1 , x 2 ] .
f (x 2 ) f (x1 )
( x1 , x 2 ) ,
= f () .
x 2 x1
2
f (x) = 3x + 2 x + ,
f (x 2 ) f (x1 )
= 3 2 + 2 + , ( x1 , x 2 ) .
x 2 x1
g() = 3 + 2 +
3 > 0 .
2
2 22
2

g
g
3
2
=
=

9 2
3
3 3
6
3
=
2 3 2
=
.
3
3
f (x 2 ) f (x1 ) f (x1 ) f (x 2 )
3 2
.
=
= 3 2 + 2 +
x 2 x1
x1 x 2
3
19
0 , ( , ) .
i. f (x) 3x =
g(x)
= f (x) 3x, x [ , ] .
[ , ] ,

g ( ) g ( ) =
( f () 3 )( f () 3 ) = ( 3 3 ) ( 3 3 )
2
= 9 ( ) ( ) = 9 ( ) < 0
, Bolzano, x 0 ( , ) ,
g(x 0 ) =
0 f (x 0 ) 3x 0 =
0
f (x 0 ) =
3x 0 .
ii. f [ , ] ( , ) ,
[ , x 0 ] , [ x 0 , ] ( , x 0 ) ,
( x 0 , ) . [,
x 0 ] [ x 0 , ]
. 1 ( , x 0 )
2 ( x 0 , ) :
305
( 1 )
f=
f (x 0 ) f () 3x 0 3
x
=
= 3 0
x0
x0
x0
( 2 )
f=
(1)
f () f (x 0 ) 3 3x 0
x0
=
= 3
x0
x0
x0
(2)
(1) (2) :
f ( 1 ) f =
( 2 ) 3
x0 x0
3 = 9
x0 x0
20
x > 0 ln
( 0, + ) , :
x
x
x
x + 1 > e x +1 ln ( x + 1 ) > ln e x +1 ln ( x + 1 ) >
x +1
(t) ln(t + 1) [ 0, x ]
f =
( 0, x ) . ( 0, x ) ,
f ()
=
ln(x + 1) ln1 ln(x + 1)

=
.
x
x
f (t) =
ln ( x + 1)
1
1
1
=
(1).
,
, f () =
+1
x
+1
t +1
0 < < x 1 < + 1 < x + 1
1
1
<
< 1 ,
x +1 +1
x
ln ( x + 1)
1
x
<
< ln ( x + 1) e x +1 < eln ( x +1)

x +1
x
x +1
x
e x +1 < x + 1 x + 1 > e x +1
306

1. ( )
f :
f ( x ) x
f = 0, f = 2 f x =
4
2
2
i.
(1)
: f ( x ) + f ( x ) =
0 x .
ii.
=
g ( x ) f ( x ) 2x + f ( x ) + 2x
.
iii.
N f (x) .
( )
2. ( )
f x1 = 0 f ( 0 ) = 2
f ( x +=
y ) f ( x ) 2y + f ( y ) 2x 2y 2x x, y . (1)
f .
( )
3. ( )
f : ( 0, + ) ( 0, + ) , ( 0, + ) :
1
f (1) = 1 f ( x ) f =
x x ( 0, + ) .
x
i.
ii.
1
( 0, + ) .
x
g=
(x) f (x)f
f ( x ) .
( )
307
4. ( )
f (1, + ) f ( e ) = 1, f ( e ) = e 1
f ( x ) =
f ( x ) x 2 ln x x (1, + ) .
f ( x ) = ln x x (1, + ) .
( )
5. ( )
(1) 0, f (1) = 2
f ( 0, + ) =
f (1) f=
f ( x ) =
f ( x ) =
2x
x ( 0, + ) .
x3
( x + 1) ln x
x ( 0, + ) .
( )
6. ( f f f )
i.
f x 0 0
f ( x0 h ) f ( x0 )
1
.
lim
x 0 h 1
h 1
f ( 0, + ) f (1) = 3 :
, : f ( x 0=
)
ii.
f ( xy ) = f ( x ) + f ( y ) 2 x, y ( 0, + ) .
(1)
f .
( )
7. ( f f f )
f :
1 1
4x e e x , x < 1
f ( 0 ) = 1 f ( x ) =
2 + x2 ,
x 1
x
( )
308
8. ( f f f )
f
( 0 ) f =
f=
( 0 ) f=
( 0 ) 1 f ( x ) =
1
x .
ex
( )
9. ( f : f (x) = g(x) f=
(x) g(x) + c )
f f ( x ) 2 x :
f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( x ) f ( x ) 2f ( x ) = x x 2x x .
i.
f ( x ) < 2 x
ii.
f ( x ) .
( )
10. ( f : f (x) = g(x) f=

(x) g(x) + c )
f :
f ( x ) 0 x , f ( 0 ) = 1 2f ( x ) + f ( x ) =
0 x .
i.

f (x)
=
1
ex
, x .
ii.
f .
iii.
f 1.
( )
309
11. ( f : f (x) = g(x) f=
(x) g(x) + c )
z z 1 f
f ( 0 ) =
z 1 f ( x ) + 2f ( x ) = z 1 e x x .
i.
ii.
f ( x ) =
z 1
.
ex
f f 1.
( )
12. ( f : f (x) = g(x) f=
(x) g(x) + c )
f * f ( 1) =
3
f (1) = 2. M ( x 0 , f ( x 0 ) )
Cf
.
i.
ii.
g ( x )= x f ( x ) * .
f .
( )
13. ( f : f (x) = g(x) f=

(x) g(x) + c )
f :
2x x 2 f ( x )
x 0. f .
f (x) =
x
( )
14. ( f : f (x) = f (x) f (x)= c e x )

f ( 0, + ) ,
: f (1)= f (1)= e + 4 f ( ln x ) =x + 12 ln 2 x
x ( 0, + ) . f ( x ) .
( )
310
15. ( f : f (x) = f (x) f (x)= c e x )
f :
0 x .
f ( 0 ) = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1 f ( x ) 2f ( x ) + f ( x ) =
f ( x ) .
( )
16. ( f : f (x) = f (x) f (x)= c e x )
( 0 ) 1 :
f f=
( 0 ) f=
f ( x ) f ( x ) =
6x 3x 2 x .
f ( x ) .
( )
17. ( f : f (x) = f (x) f (x)= c e x )

f :
f ( 0 ) = 1, f ( 0 ) = 3 f ( x ) = f ( x ) x .
f ( x ) .
( )
18. ( f : f (x) = f (x) f (x)= c e x )

f * :
0 x * .
f ( 1) =
2, f (1) = e x 2 f ( x ) f ( x ) =
f ( x ) .
( )
311

1
i.
(1), ,
,
, :

f ( x ) f x =
f (x) , x .
x f x =
4
(2)
x :
4
f ( x ) = f x f ( x ) = f x
4
(1) x
(2) : f ( x ) =
f ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( x ) =
0
x .
ii.
x :
( x ) 2 f ( x ) 2x f ( x ) + 2x + 2 f ( x ) + 2x f ( x ) + 2x
g=
()
=
g ( x ) 2 f ( x ) + 2x f ( x ) 2x + f ( x ) + 2x =
g ( x ) 0 .
, g(x) ,
c : g ( x ) = c x .
iii.
x =
g ( x ) = c , :
2
2
g = c f 2 + f + 2 = c
2 2
2
2
2
( 0 0 ) + ( 2 + 2 )
2
= c 0= c.
: g ( x )= 0 f ( x ) 2x + f ( x ) + 2x = 0
2
f ( x ) 2x = 0
f ( x )= 2x
, : f ( x ) = 2x , x .
f ( x ) + 2x = 0
f ( x ) = 2x
312
2
(1) x= y= 0 : f ( 0=
) f ( 0 ) + f ( 0 ) + 0 f ( 0=) 0 .
f ( x ) f ( 0)
f (x)
2 lim
2
=
=
(2)
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
2 lim
: f ( 0 ) =
x 0 . :
f ( x 0 + h ) f ( x 0 ) (1)
h 0
h
f ( x 0 ) lim
f ( x 0 ) 2h + f ( h ) 2x 0 2h 2x 0 f ( x 0 )
f ( x 0 ) lim
h 0
h
f ( x 0 )( 2h 1) + f ( h ) 2x 0 2h 2x 0
h 0
h
f ( x 0 ) lim
f (h)
2h 1
=
+ 2x 0
2 2x 0 .
f ( x 0 ) lim f ( x 0 )
h 0
h
h
(3)
2h 1
1 2 2 h 1
h
= lim
= lim 2 h
= 2 0 1 = 0
h 0
h 0
h 0
h
h
h
lim
f (h)
= 2, (2).
h 0
h
lim
(3) :
f =
( x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) 0 + 2x 0 2 2 2x 0 f =
( x 0 ) 0.
x 0 f ( x 0 ) = 0, f ( x ) = 0 x .
f (x) , c :
f ( x ) = c x
f ( 0 ) = 0, f ( x ) = 0 x
313
3
i.
g ( 0, + ) f ( x )
1
.
x
x ( 0, + ) :
1
1
1
1 1
g ( x ) = f ( x ) f + f ( x ) f = f ( x ) f + f ( x ) f =
x
x
x
x
x
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
f (x) f 2 f (x) f = f (x) f 2 x = f (x) f
x x
x
x x
x x
(1)
1
1
x x ( 0, + ) ( 0, + ) , :
=
x
x
f ( x ) f
1
1
f f ( x ) = (2)
x
x
(1), (2), : g ( x ) =
1 1
g ( x ) = 0.
x x
g(x) , c :
g ( x ) = c x ( 0, + ) .
x = 1, f (1) = 1, :
1
g (1) = c f (1) f = c c = 1, g ( x ) = 1 x ( 0, + ) .
1
ii.
x ( 0, + ) :
1
1
x.
g(x) =
1 f (x)f =
1 f ( x ) f =
x
x
f : ( 0, + ) ( 0, + ) ,
1
1
1
f (x), f ( ) 0 : x =
1 x
x
f
x
1
x ( 0, + ) ( 0, + ) , :
x
1
f (x) = f (x) x f (x) f (x) = 0
x
x f (x) f (x)
f (x)
=
0
0 x (0, +) .
x =
x2
f
314
f (x)
, c :
x
f (x)
=
c f (x) =
c x x ( 0, + ) .
x
x = 1, f (1) = 1, :
f (1) = c 1 c = 1, f ( x ) = x x ( 0, + ) .
4
x (1, + ) ln x 0, :
f (x)
= 1 x (1, + ) .
ln x
f (x)
(1, + ) ,
ln x
1
f ( x ) ln x f ( x )
x
(1)
, g ( x ) =
ln 2 x
g ( x ) =
h ( x ) = f ( x ) ln x f ( x )
1
(1, + ) :
x
f ( x )
1 f (x) x f (x)
=
h ( x )= f ( x ) ln x
= f ( x ) ln x + f ( x )
x
x
x2
f ( x ) ln x +
f ( x ) f ( x ) x + f ( x ) x 2 ln x
=
x
x2
f ( x ) ln x +
f (x) f (x)
f ( x ) ln x =
0.
x
x
h(x) , h ( x ) = c
x (1, + ) , c .
x = e, f ( e ) = 1 f ( e ) = e 1 , :
1
1
h ( e ) = c f ( e ) ln e f ( e ) = c e 1 1 = c c = 0
e
e
1
0 x (1, + ) .
h ( x ) = 0 f ( x ) ln x f ( x ) =
x
315
(1) : g ( x ) = 0 x (1, + ) .
g(x) , g ( x ) = c
x (1, + ) , c .
:
f (x)
= c f ( x )= c ln x x (1, + ) .
ln x
x = e, f ( e ) = 1 : f ( e ) = c ln e c =1.
: f ( x ) = ln x x (1, + ) .
5
x ( 0, + ) g ( x=
) f ( x ) ( x + 1) ln x :
1
1
g ( x=
f ( x ) ln x ( x + 1) = f ( x ) ln x 1
) f ( x ) ( x + 1) ln x=
x
x
1
1 1
g (=
x ) f ( x ) ln x 1 =
f ( x ) + 2
x
x x
1 1
1
2
2x
g (=
x ) f ( x ) + 2=
f ( x ) =
0.
f ( x ) + 2 =
3
x x
x
x
x3
g(x) , c :
g ( x ) = c x ( 0, + ) .
x = 1, f (1) = 0, : g (1) = c f (1) 1 + 1 = c c = 0 :
g ( x ) = 0 x ( 0, + ) .
g(x) , c : g ( x ) = c
x ( 0, + ) .
x = 1, f (1) = 2, : g (1) = c f (1) 0 1 1 = c c = 0 :
g ( x ) = 0 x ( 0, + ) .
g(x) , c : g ( x ) = c
x ( 0, + ) .
316
x = 1, f (1) = 0, : g (1) = c f (1) 2 0 = c c = 0 :
g ( x ) = 0 f ( x ) ( x + 1) ln x = 0 f ( x ) = ( x + 1) ln x x ( 0, + ) .
6
i.
f x 0 ,
:
f ( x ) f ( x0 )
x x0
x x0
f ( x 0 ) = lim
x x 0 h. , x x 0 x 0 0, h 1 :
=
f ( x0 h ) f ( x0 )
f ( x0 h ) f ( x0 )
=
f ( x 0 ) lim
h 1
h 1
x0 h x0
x 0 ( h 1)
f ( x 0 ) lim
=
f ( x 0=
)
ii.
f ( x0 h ) f ( x0 )
1
lim
x 0 h 1
h 1
(1) x= y= 1 : f (1=
) f (1) + f (1) 2 f (1=) 2.
f ( x ) f (1)
f (x) 2
=
=
3 lim
3.
(2)
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
3 lim
: f (1) =
x 0 ( 0, + ) . () :
f ( x 0 ) + f ( h ) 2 f ( x 0 )
f ( x 0 h ) f ( x 0 ) (1)
1
1
f ( x 0 ) = lim
f ( x 0 ) = lim
x 0 h 1
h 1
x 0 h 1
h 1
f ( h ) 2 ( 2)
1
1
f ( x 0 ) = lim
f ( x 0 ) = 3
x 0 h 1 h 1
x0
f x (0, +) f (x)=
1
3
x
: f (x)= (3 ln x) x ( 0, + ) .
c f (x) =
3 ln x + c .
x = 1 , f (1) = 2 , : f (1) = 3 ln1 + c c = 2 .
: f (x) =
3 ln x + 2 x (0, +) .
317
7
x < 1 :
1 1
1
1
f ( x ) = 4x x f ( x ) = 4x e x f ( x=
) 2x 2 x + e x .
e e
e
e
( ,1) ,
c
1
f ( x )= 2x 2 x + e x + c.
e
x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1, : f ( 0 ) =1 + c 1 =1 + c c = 0.
1
e
f ( x )= 2x 2 x + e x x < 1.
x > 1 :
2
x3
f ( x ) = + x 2 f ( x ) = 2 ln x +
x
3
[1, + )
c
f ( x ) =2 ln x +
x3
+ c x 1.
3
f , , , x 0 = 1
1
e
x
x ) lim+ f ( x ) lim 2x 2 x + e=
lim f (=
2 ln x +
xlim
x 1
x 1
x 1
1+
: 2
1 1
1
5
+ e = 20 + + c c = .
e
3
3
2 1
x
2x e x + e , x < 1
: f ( x ) =
3
2 ln x + x + 5 , x 1
3 3
x3
+ c .
3
318
8
x :
f ( x ) =
e x )
f ( x ) =
e x f ( x ) =
(
x
e
f ( x ) y = e x , c
: f ( x ) =
e x + c.
x = 0 : 1 =1 + c c =2.
: f ( x ) =
e x + 2 x .
x
x
: f ( x ) =e + 2 f ( x ) =e + 2x .
y e x + 2x , c
f ( x ) =
: f ( x ) = e x + 2x + c.
x = 0 : 1 =1 + 0 + c c = 0.
: f ( x=
) e x + 2x x .
e x + 2x f ( x ) =e x + x 2 .
: f ( x ) =
, c
: f ( x ) =
e x + x 2 + c.
x = 0 : 1 =1 + 0 + c c =2.
: f ( x ) =
e x + x 2 + 2 x .
9
i.
g=
( x ) f ( x ) 2 f
. , f ( x ) 2, g ( x ) 0
x .
g .
g ( 0 ) =f ( 0 ) 2 =0 2 =2 < 0, :
g ( x ) < 0 f ( x ) 2 < 0 f ( x ) < 2 x .
319
ii.
x :
f ( x ) f ( x ) 2f ( x ) = x x 2x
2f ( x ) f ( x ) 4f ( x ) = 2x x 4x
f 2 ( x ) 4f ( x ) = 2x 4x
2x
f 2 ( x ) 4f ( x ) =
4x
2
, c
:
f 2 ( x ) 4f ( x ) =
2x
4x + c x .
2
x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 0, : 0 =
f 2 ( x ) 4f ( x ) =
=
f ( x ) 4f ( x )
2
1
1
+ c c = :
2
2
1
2x
2x 8x + 1
4x + f 2 (=
x ) 4f ( x )
2
2
2
(1 2 2 x ) 8x + 1
2
f 2 ( x ) 4f ( x ) = 2 x 4x
f 2 ( x ) 4f ( x ) + 4 = 2 x 4x + 4 f ( x ) 2 =
2
( x 2 )
f ( x ) 2 = x 2 x .

=
y f ( x ) 2 y = x 2
, : f ( x ) 2 = ( x 2 ) f ( x ) = x x .
320
10
i.
( ) f , ,
. f ( 0 )= 1 > 0, f ( x ) > 0 x .
: 2f ( x ) + f ( x ) =
f ( x )
0 2f ( x ) =
f (x)
1
=

f (x)
2
x
ln ( f ( x ) ) = x .
2
c ln f ( x ) =
x
+ c.
2
x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1, : ln1 = 0 + c c = 0.
x
x
1
1
: ln(f (x)) =
e 2
f (x) =
f (x) =
f (x) = x .
x
2
ex
e2
ii.
f .
x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 :
x1 < x 2 e x1 < e x 2 e x1 < e x 2
1
e
x1
>
1
ex2
f ( x1 ) > f ( x 2 )
f .
f
f ( A ) = lim f ( x ) , lim f ( x ) .
x +
: lim
f (x)
=
x +
lim f ( x ) = lim
: f ( A=
)
iii.
1
lim
= 0 lim e x = +.
x +
ex
x +
1
e
= + lim
x
e=
=
0 0
e x > 0.
( 0, + ) .
f , 1 1, .
f 1 f , ( 0, + ) .
321
f 1 : y = f (x) y =
1
e
ex =
1
1
ex = 2
y
y
1
2 ln y
x=
ln 2 x =
ln1 ln y 2 x =
y
: f 1 ( x ) = 2 ln x,
x ( 0, + ) .
11
i.
x :
f ( x ) + 2f ( x ) = z 1 e x e 2x f ( x ) + 2e 2x f ( x ) = z 1 e x e 2x
f ( x ) e 2x = z 1 e x f ( x ) e 2x =
( z 1 e ) .
x
, c
:
f ( x ) e 2x = z 1 e x + c x .
(1)
f ( x ) + 2f ( x ) = z 1 e x , x = 0 :
f ( 0 ) + 2f ( 0 ) =
z 1 1 z 1 + 2f ( 0 ) =
z 1 f (0) =
z 1 .
(1) x = 0 : f ( 0 ) 1 = z 1 1 + c z 1 = z 1 + c c = 0.
: f ( x ) e 2x = z 1 e x f ( x ) =
ii.
z 1
x .
ex
f 1 1.
x1 , x 2 : f ( x1 ) = f ( x 2 )
f 1 1, .
z 1 z 1
= x 2 e x1 = e x 2 x1 = x 2 .
x1
e
e
322
y f (x) =
y
: =
z 1
.
ex
(2)
z 1, z 1 > 0. (2) : y > 0.

: y=
z 1
x
e=
x
e
f ( A=
) Df=
1
z 1
z 1
x
ln e=
ln
x= ln z 1 ln y y > 0.
y
y
( 0, + )
f 1 ( x =
) ln z 1 ln x.
12
i.
() Cf M ( x 0 , f ( x 0 ) ) x 0 0,
: y f ( x 0=
) f ( x 0 )( x x 0 ) f ( x 0 ) 0 f ( x 0 ) = 0, ()
x x
.
y = 0 :
x f ( x0 ) x0 f ( x0 ) =
f ( x=
f ( x 0 ) x f ( x 0 ) x 0 f ( x 0 )=
x x0
0)
() x x A x 0
f ( x0 )
, 0 .
f ( x 0 )
x = 0 :
y f ( x0 ) =
x 0 f ( x 0 ) y =
f ( x0 ) x0 f ( x0 ) .
() yy B ( 0, f ( x 0 ) x 0 f ( x 0 ) ) .
M ( x 0 , f ( x 0 ) ) , :
x0
=
x0
f ( x0 )
+0
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
2x 0 = x 0
x 0 f ( x 0 ) + f ( x 0 ) = 0
2
f ( x0 )
0 + f ( x0 ) x0 f ( x0 )
2
2f ( x 0=
) f ( x 0 ) x 0 f ( x 0 ) x 0 f ( x 0 ) + f ( x 0=) 0.
=
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
f ( x0 )
323
x 0 f ( x 0 ) + f ( x 0 ) =
0 M ( x 0 , f ( x 0 ) )
x 0 0, : x f ( x ) + f ( x ) =0 ( x f ( x ) ) =0 g ( x ) =0
x ( , 0 ) ( 0, + ) .
g ( x )= x f ( x ) * .
g ( x )= x f ( x ) , ( , 0 ) ( 0, + ) ,
ii.
c1 , c 2 :
c1
x , x ( , 0 )
c
,
x
,
0
1
(
)
x f (x)
=
f (x) =
c 2 , x ( 0, + )
c 2 , x ( 0, + )
x
f ( 1) = 3
c1
c
=
3 c1 =
3 f (1) =2 2 =2 c 2 =2.
1
1
3
x , x ( , 0 )
: f ( x ) =
2 , x ( 0, + )
x
13
x ( , 0 ) ( 0, + ) :
f (x)
=
2x x 2 f ( x )
x f ( x ) + f ( x=
) 2x x 2 ( x f ( x ) ) =
x
( x ) .
2
x 2 + c1 , x ( , 0 )
c1 , c 2 , c : xf ( x ) = c,
x=0
x 2 + c , x 0, +
(
)
2
h ( x ) = xf ( x ) , , x 0 = 0.
324
: lim h=
c1
lim+ x 2 +=
c 2 c.
( x ) lim+ h=
( x ) h ( 0 ) lim x 2 +=
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
c=
c.
: c=
1
2
: lim h ( x ) =
lim ( x f ( x ) ) =
0 f ( 0) =
0. c1= c 2= c= 0, :
x 0
x 0
x 2 , x ( , 0 )
xf ( x ) = x 2 x .
xf ( x ) = 0,
x=0
x 2 , x 0, +
(
)
x 0, : f ( x ) =
x 2
.
x
x = 0, f , x 0 = 0, :
x 2
x 2
=
f ( 0 ) = lim f ( x ) = lim
lim
x 2 = 0 1 = 0.
x 0
x 0
x
x x 0
x 2
,
: f ( x ) = x
0,
x0
x=0
14
x ( 0, + ) :
f ( ln x ) =
x + 12 ln 2 x
1
1
f ( ln x ) =
1 + 4 3 ln 2 x ( f ( ln x ) ) =
x
x
( x + 4 ln x )
3
f ( ln x ) y = x + 4 ln 3 x ( 0, + ) ,
c : f ( ln x ) = x + 4 ln 3 x + c x ( 0, + ) .
x = e : f (1) = e + 4 13 + c e + 4 = e + 4 + c c = 0, :
f ( ln x ) = x + 4 ln 3 x x ( 0, + ) .
: f ( ln x ) = x + 4 ln 3 x
1
1
f ( ln x ) =1 + 4 ln 3 x ( f ( ln x ) )=
x
x
( x + ln x )
4
( 0, + ) , c
: f ( ln x ) =
x + ln 4 x + c x ( 0, + ) .
325
x = e , f (1) = e + 1 + c 4 + e = e + 1 + c c = 3 ,
f (ln x) =
x + ln 4 x + 3 x (0, +) .
ln x =t x =e t , : f ( t ) = e t + t 4 + 3 t > 0.
: f ( x=
) e x + x 4 + 3,
x ( 0, + )
15
x :
f ( x ) 2f ( x ) + f ( x ) =
0 f ( x ) f ( x ) =
f ( x ) f ( x ) [ f (x) f (x)] =
f (x) f (x) .
, f (x) f (x) , c
:
f (x) f (x) =
c e x x .
x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( 0 ) = 1, :
f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) = c 1 1 0 = c c = 1.
: f ( x ) f ( x ) = e x e x f ( x ) e x f ( x ) = e x e x
f ( x ) e x =
1 f ( x ) e x =
x x .
, f (x) = e x , c :
f ( x ) e x =x + c x .
x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 0, : f ( 0 ) 1 = 0 + c c = 0.
x
e
: f ( x ) e x =
x f (x) =
x e x x .
f (x) =
x
326
16
x :
f ( x ) f ( x ) =6x 3x 2 f ( x ) 6x =f ( x ) 3x 2 f ( x ) 3x 2 = f ( x ) 3x 2 .

=
y f ( x ) 3x 2 , c :
f ( x ) 3x 2 = c e x f ( x ) = 3x 2 + c e x .
x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1, : f ( 0 ) = 0 + c 1 c = 1.
2
x
: f ( x ) = 3x + e f ( x ) =
(x
+ e x ) x .
, c :
f ( x ) = x 3 + e x + c.
x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1, : f ( 0 ) = 0 + 1 + c c = 0.
: f ( x=
) x 3 + e x x .
17
x :
f ( x ) = f ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( x ) f ( x ) + f ( x ) = f ( x ) + f ( x ) .

=
y f ( x ) + f ( x ) ,
c :
f (x) + f (x) =
c e x x .
x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1 f ( 0 ) = 3, : f ( 0 ) + f ( 0 ) = c 1 c = 4.
: f ( x ) + f ( x ) =
4 e x x .
:, f ( x ) + f ( x ) =4 e x e x f ( x ) + e x f ( x ) =4 e 2x [e x f (x)]= (2 e 2x ) .
, c :
f ( x ) e x= 2e 2x + c x .
327
x = 0, f ( 0 ) = 1, : f ( 0 ) 1 =2 1 + c c =1.
: f ( x ) e x= 2e 2x 1 f ( x =
) 2e x e x x .
18
x ( , 0 ) ( 0, + ) :
x 2 f ( x ) f ( x ) =0 f ( x )
1
ex f (x) ex
1
f ( x ) =0
x2
1
f ( x ) =0
x2
1
f
x
e
0.
( )
=
=
y f ( x ) e x ( , 0 )

( 0, + ) ,
c1 , c 2 :
c1
1 , x ( , 0 )
1
ex
c , x ( , 0 )
f (x) ex 1
=
=
f (x)
=
f (x)
c 2 , x ( 0, + )
c 2 , x ( 0, + )
1x
e
f ( 1) = 2 c1 e = 2 c1 =
x
c1 e , x ( , 0 )
1
c e x , x ( 0, + )
2
2
f (1) =e c 2 e 1 =e c 2 =e 2 .
e
2 x1
e , x ( , 0 )
: f ( x ) e
=
=
f (x)
1
2 x
e e , x ( 0, + )
1 x1
2e , x ( , 0 )
1
e 2 x , x ( 0, + )
328

1. ( f (x) = 0 - )

1
= ln x , .
2x
( )
2. ( f (x) = 0 - )
f : . f ( , 2] ,
[ 2, + ) , lim f (x) = lim f (x) = f (2) = 0 , :

x
x +
) f.
) f (x) = 0 .
( )
3. ( f (x) = 0 - )
f : [ 0, 2] [3, 4] f (0) =
2, f (2) =
2, f (3) =
1, f (4) =
7.
f , :
) f.
) f (x) = 0 .
( )
329
4. ( f (x) = 0 - )
f (x)=
1
x + 2, x ( 0,1) .
ln x
) f.
1 , ( 0,1) .
) ( x + 1) ln x =
( )
5. ( f (x) = 0 - )
f: ( 0, + ) f (x)
= ln x + e x 2 .
) f.
e x e 2 ( ln x ) , .
) =
) e ln x + e x 1 =
1.
( )
6. ( f )
f [ , ] f () < f () ,
x o (,) f(x 0 ) =
f () +2f ()
.
3
( )
7. ( f )
f :
f 4 (x) f 3 (x) + 2f 2 (x) 4f (x) 8 =
0 x .
( )
330
8. ( f )
f [1,3] . [ , ] ,
f () =
f (1) + 3f (2) + 5f (3)

.
9
( )
9. ()
f f 2 (x) + f (x) = x 2 + x + 2,
x (1) f (0) = 1 . :
) f (x) = 0 .
) f (x) > 0, x .
1 + 17
f
4
x 0 ( 0,1) .
) y =
( )
10. ()
f : ( 1,1) ,
lim
x 1
f (x) + 2
= 1 2(x + 1) ( x + 1) f (x) 1 x 2 (1).
x 1
) lim f (x) lim+ f (x) .

x 1
x 1
) h(x) = f (x) +
1
2.
x +1
) g(x) =
: y = x 1 x 0 ( 1,1) .
( )
1

f (x) 2
331
11. ()
f : :
8, x (1). :
f (1) = 3 f ( f(x) ) + f (x) =
) f 1 1 .
) x 0 (1,3) , g(x 0 ) = 6, g(x)
= f (x) + x .
) f ( 3, 01, 4,99 ) .
( )
12. ()
f : [1, 2] z1 = 1 + 2i
z2 =
f (1) + f (2)i, f (2) 0 . z1 z 2 , :
) f (x) = 0 (1, 2 )
) , f f (2) < 0 , :
i) f (x) f (1), x [1, 2] .
ii) f y =
f (2)
.
2
( )
13. ()
f : [1,5] f (1) = 5 f (5) = 1 .
) f.
) f (x) = c, c [1,5] .
) (1,5 ) 9f () = 2f (2) +3f (3) +4f (4) .
( )
332
14. ()
f :
f (x 2 2x) + f (x) = 3x 2 3x + 8, x (1). :
) x 0 ( 0, 2 ) f (x 0=
) x0 + 5 .
) y = c c (1,13) f
x1 ( 1,3) .
( )
15. ()
f, g [ 0, 2] :
f 2 (0) + f 2 (2) = 4 ( f (2) 1)
0 g(x) 2 x [ 0, 2]
(1)
) x 0 ( 0, 2 ) , f (x 0 ) = 1 .
) f g
x1 [ 0, 2] .
) f , f (x)
= f (2 x)
( 0, 2 ) .
( )
333

1
i.
f A f = x
, .
H f , x , f (x) = x ln 1 .
ln < 0 , 0 < < 1 x > 0 , x .
, f (x) < 0 , x .
f , . .
ii.
H g A=
g
H g g(x) =
( 0, + ) .
2 ln x
.
2x x
g(x).
g(x) 0
x x >0
2 ln x
0 2 ln x 0 x e 2 .
2x x
g g , :
( 0, e
g(x) > 0 , x 0, e 2 , g .
2
g(x) < 0 , x e 2 , + , g .
e 2 , + ) .
334
2
i.
f A f = , ,
e x x 3 12x .
H f
= ex
f (x)
12x
(x
3
12x=
) 3ex 12x ( x 2 4 ) .
f (x) = 0 3e
x 3 12x
(x
3 12 x
>0
4 ) = 0 x 2 4 = 0 x = 2 .
ex
f f :
f (x) > 0 , x ( , 2 ) ( 2, + ) , f .
( , 2] [ 2, + ) .
f (x) < 0 , x ( 2, 2 ) , f .
[ 2, 2] .
ii.
g , x 2 + 2x + 3 > 0 , x ,
8 < 0 , g A g = ,
.
g(x)
=
1
2(x + 1)
.
(x 2=
+ 2x + 3)
2
x + 2x + 3
x + 2x + 3
2
g(x) = 0 , x = 1 .
g g , :
335
g(x) < 0 , x ( , 1) , g .
( , 1] .
g(x) > 0 , x ( 1, + ) , g .
[ 1, + ) .
3
f e x 1 0 x 0 .
A f = * , , .
x
e 1
,
f (x) =
=
e x 1 xe x
( ex 1)
(1)
f (x) , e x 1
>0,
x * .
(2),
g(x) = e x 1 xe x
, .
, g(x) =(e x 1 xe x ) = xe x
(3)
x > 0 (3) g(x) < 0 , g .

, : x > 0
g .
g(x) < g(0) =

0 , (2).
(1) : f (x) < 0 .

f . ( 0, + ) .
336
x < 0 (3) g(x) > 0 , g . ,

: x < 0
g .
g(x) < g(0) =

0 , (2).
(1) : f (x) < 0 .

f . ( , 0 ) .
4
f A f = .
:
x < 1 , f , .
x > 1 .
x = 1 :
2x 3 + 3x 2 + 1) =2 1 + 3 1 + 1 =2
lim f (x) =lim(
x 1
x 1
1) ln x + x + 1) = 0 0 + 1 + 1 = 2
lim f (x) = lim((x
+
x 1+
x 1
f (1) = 2 . f 1.
f .
x < 1 , f f (x) =
6x 2 + 6x .
x > 1 , f f (x)= ln x
x = 1
2x 3 + 3x 2 + 1 2
2x 3 + 3x 2 1
f (x) f (1)
=
=
lim
lim = lim
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
lim
x 1
(x 1)(2x 2 + x + 1)
=2 + 1 + 1 =0
x 1
( x 1) ln x + x 1
( x 1) ln x + x + 1 2 =
f (x) f (1)
=
lim+
lim+ = lim
x 1
x 1
x 1+
x 1
x 1
x 1
1
+2.
x
337
lim+
x 1
( x 1) (ln x + 1) = 0 + 1 = 1
x 1
6x 2 + 6x, x < 1
.
f {1} , : f (x) =
1
ln
x
2,
x
1
+
>
x < 1 , : f (x) = 0 x = 0 .
x > 1 , : f (x) > 0 , : ln x > 0

x > 1
(1)
1
1
1
< 1 > 1 2 > 1 (2)
x
x
x
(1),(2), : ln x
1
+ 2 >1> 0 .
x
f f :
f (x) > 0 , x ( 0,1) (1, + ) , f .

[0,1] [1, + )
f (x) < 0 , x ( , 0 ) , f .
(, 0]
5
f A f = .
:
x < 0 , f , .
x > 0 , .
2
x = 0 : lim f (x) =lim (x + x 1) =1
x 0
x 0
lim+ f (x) = lim+ (
x 0
x 0
x3 ex
) = 1
ex
338
f (0) = 1 . f 0.
f .
x < 0 , f f (x)
= 2x + 1 .
x > 0 , f f (x) =
x 2 (3 x)
.
ex
x = 0 , :
lim
x 0
f (x) f (0)
x2 + x 1 +1
x(x + 1)
= lim
= lim
= lim (x + 1) = 0 + 1 = 1
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 0
x
x
x3 ex
+1
x
f (x) f (0)
x3
x2
e
= lim+
= lim
=
=
lim
lim
0
x
x
x 0+
x 0
x 0+ xe
x 0+ e
x 0
x
x<0
2x + 1,
2
f {0} , : f (x) = x ( 3 x )
, x>0
ex
f (x) = 0 , ,
1
3. f
2
f :
1
2
1
2
f (x) > 0 , x , 0 (0,3) f
. ,3 .
2
f (x) < 0 , x , ( 3, + ) , f
. , [3, + ) .
2
339
6
f , ,
= ex x 2 + 2 ( + 1) x + 2 ( + 1) .
f (x)
f (x) , ex > 0 , x .
2
0 , x + 2 ( + 1) x + 2 ( + 1) , =
4 1 2 .
: > 0, = 0, < 0 .
o
> 0 , 1 < < 1 f .

:
i. 1 < < 0 , f (x) > 0 x1 , x 2 , x1 < x 2 , f ,
f . [ x1 , x 2 ] , . .
ii. 0 < < 1 , f (x) > 0 x1 , x 2 , x1 < x 2 , f ,
f . ( , x1 ] [ x 2 , + ) , .
.
=0 , =1 = 1 , f (x)
, :
i. = 1 , f (x) < 0 , f . .
ii. =1 , f (x) > 0 , f . .
< 0 , < 1 > 1 , :

i. < 1 , f (x) < 0 , f . .
ii. > 1 , f (x) > 0 , f . .
=0 , f (x)
= 2x + 2 , f . .
, f . ( , 1] .
340
7
f , ,
f (x)= 3 ( x 2 + 2x + ) .
f (x) x 2 + 2x + .
0 , x 2 + 2x + , =
4 1 2 .
: > 0, = 0, < 0 .
o
> 0 , 1 < < 1 f . :

i. 1 < < 0 , f (x) < 0 x1 , x 2 , x1 < x 2 f ,
f . ( , x1 ] [ x 2 , + ) , .
.
ii. 0 < < 1 , f (x) < 0 x1 , x 2 , x1 < x 2 f ,
f . [ x1 , x 2 ] , . .
=0 , =1 = 1 , f (x)
, :
i. = 1 , f (x) < 0 , f . .
ii. =1 , f (x) > 0 , f . .
< 0 , < 1 > 1 , :

i. < 1 , f (x) < 0 , f . .
ii. > 1 , f (x) > 0 , f . .
=0 , f (x) = 6x , f . .
, f . [1, + ) .
341
8
f ,
,
f (x)
=
ex
+x
2 2
(x
2x + 2 ) .
f (x) x 2 2x + 2
=
4 (1 2 ) , e x > 0 ( 2 + x 2 ) > 0 .
: > 0, = 0, < 0 .
> 0 , 1 < < 1 , 0 , f (x) < 0 x1 , x 2 ,
x1 < x 2 f , f . [ x1 , x 2 ] , .
.
=0 , = 1 =1 , f (x) > 0 , f .
.
< 0 , < 1 > 1 , f (x) > 0 x , f .

.
f . ( , 1] [1, + ) .
9
i.
ii.
=
f (x) 6e 2x 4 > 0 x , f
[ 2, + ) .
f [ 2, + ) .
f (2), lim f (x) ,

x +
f ( 2) = 4
lim ( 3e 2x 4 + 1) = + .
x +
[ 4, + )
iii.
f , 1 1 f 1 ,
[ 4, + ) .
y >1
4
4
f (x)
= 3e 2x 4 + 1 =
y 3e 2x 4 + 1 3e 2x=
y 1 e 2x=
1 y 1
y 1
2x 4 = ln
x = 2 + ln
2 3
3
1 x 1
f 1 (x) =
2 + ln
, x 4.
2 3
y 1
342
10
i.
x 0 ( 4, + ) f ( x 0 ) = 0 (1)
16x 0 + ( f ( x 0 ) ) = 4x 0 2 16x 0= 4x 0 2 4x 0 ( x 0 4 )= 0 x 0= 0 x 0 = 4 .
2
x > 4 . f (x) = 0 .
ii.
f ( x ) 0 x ( 4, + ) f ( 4, + ) f
.
, f ( 5 ) > 0 , f ( x ) > 0 x ( 4, + ) , f
.
11
i.
f (x) = 5x + 3 + 6x , x f (x)
= 5 ln 5 + 6 > 0 ( 5 > 1 ln 5 > ln1
ln 5 > 0 ) x .
x
f , f (x) = 0 .
ii.
x
x
x
f (x)= 2e x xe x 3 , x , f (x) = e xe = e (1 x ) < 0 .
f , f (x) = 0 .
12
i.
f f (x) = 5x 4 6x + 2011 , x .
f (x) = 0 p1 , p 2 , p3 ,
f=
(p1 ) f =
(p 2 ) f=
(p3 ) 0 p1 < p 2 < p3 .
Rolle [ p1 , p 2 ] , [ p 2 , p3 ]
, 1 (p1 , p 2 )
0 f ( 2 ) =
2 (p 2 , p3 ) f (1 ) =
0.
f .
, x ( , 0 ) f =
( x ) 20x 3 6 f =
( x ) 60x 2 > 0 ,
f ( , 0] .
, f [ 0, + ) f x = 0 ,
f x .
343

ii.
x
x
x
f f ( x ) = 6 + 7 + 8 2010x + 2011 , x .
f (x) = 0 p1 , p 2 , p3 f=
( p1 ) f=
( p 2 ) f=
( p3 ) 0
p1 < p 2 < p3 .
.Rolle [ p1 , p 2 ] , [ p 2 , p3 ] ,
1 ( p1 , p 2 ) , 2 ( p 2 , p3 ) f (1 ) =
0 f ( 2 ) =
0.
f f ( x ) > 0 .
f ( x ) = 6 x ln 6 + 7 x ln 7 + 8x ln 8 2010
f (x) = ( ln 6 ) 6 x + ( ln 7 ) 7 x + ( ln 8 ) 8x > 0
2
13
f
f (x) = 2e3x + 2011 5x 4x 2 , x .

f (x) = 0 4 p1 , p 2 , p3 , p 4 p1 < p 2 < p3 < p 4 .
Rolle [ p1 , p 2 ] , [ p 2 , p3 ] , [ p3 , p 4 ] f ,
, f ( x ) = 0 3 1 , 2 , 3 1 < 2 < 3
f (1 ) = f ( 2 ) = f (3 ) = 0 1 (p1 , p 2 ) , 2 (p 2 , p3 ) , 3 (p3 , p 4 ) .
f (x) = 0 Rolle [ 1 , 2 ] , [ 2 , 3 ] 2 .
f f (x) > 0 .
f (x)
=
(x) 54e3x > 0 .
= 6e3x 5 8x f (x)
= 18e3x 8 f
14
16 3
x 4x 2 + 16x 2011 , x .
3
. f (x) = 8x 3 16x 2 8x + 16 =
f f (x) = 2x 4
8 ( x 3 2x 2 x + 2 )= 8 ( x 2 )( x 1)( x + 1) . f ( x ) = 0 x =1 x = 1 x = 2
344
f :
x ( , 1] f .
f ( 1) < 0, lim f ( x ) = + . f ( x ) f ( 1) , + ) .
x
0 f ( 1) , + ) . (..)
f ( x ) = 0 ( ) ( , 1] .
x [1,1] f ( 1) < 0, f (1) < 0

f
[ f (1), f (1) ] . 0 f (x) = 0
( 1,1) .
x [1, 2] f (1) < 0, f ( 2 ) < 0 , f

[ f (2), f (1) ] .
0 f (x) = 0 [1, 2] .
x [2, +) f
f (2), lim f=
(x) [ f (2), + ) . 0 [ f (2), + )
x +
f (x) = 0 ( 2, + ) .
f (x) = 0 .
345
15
i.
f (x) > 0 f .
f [5, 6] ( 5, 6 ) .
.. [5, 6] , x 0 ( 5, 6 ) ,
x 0 ) f ( 6 ) f ( 5) ,
f (=
(1)
(1)
f x 0 < 6 f (x 0 ) < f ( 6 ) f (x 0 ) < f (5) + f (6)
f (6) f (5) < f (5) + f (6) f (5) > 0 .

f x > 5 f (x) > f (5) > 0 .
ii.
f ( 6) f (6) =
f ( 5 ) < 0 .
h ( x )= f ( x ) + ( 5 x ) f ( x ) , h ( 5 )= f ( 5 ) > 0 h ( 6 ) =
h(5) h(6) < 0 h [5, 6] .
Bolzano h
x 0 ( 5, 6 ) h(x 0 ) =0 f (x 0 ) + (5 x 0 )f (x 0 ) =0 .
h (x)= f (x) f (x) + (5 x)f (x) < 0 .
h 1 1 . x 0 .
16
f x 0 ,
, .
f (x)
=
1
1
1 + x +=
+ x + 1 > 0 , x 0 .
2
x +3
x +3
f ,
x > 0 f (x) > f (0) f (x) > 0 , f (0) =ln 3 + 2011 > 0 .
346
17
1. f , f (x) = x 2 + x + ln x 2, x > 0 .
x = 1 , :
f (1) = 12 + 1 + ln1 2 f (1) = 0

x = 1 f (x) = 0 .
f x ( 0, + ) ,
, :
f (x)= 2x + 1 +
1
> 0 , x > 0
x
f D=
f
( 0, + ) ,
x = 1
f (x) = 0 .
2. , :
x + ln x < 1 x + ln x 1 < 0 (1)

f :
f (x) =+
x ln x 1 , x > 0
(2).
x > 0 , :
f (x) =1 +
1
> 0,
x
f ( 0, + ) , x > 0
(2)
(1) f (x) < 0 f (x) < f (1)
f .
x < 1 .
x ( 0,1) .
18

ln x + 2 5 x =
0 (1)
f :
f (x)= ln x + 2 5 x , 0 < x 5.
347
,
f (1)= ln1 + 2 5 1 f (1)= 0 .

x = 1 , f (x) = 0 .
f x ( 0,5 ) ,
, :
f (x) =
1
1
+
, 0<x<5
x 2 5x
(1)
f x 0 = 5, 0 < x < 5 , :
f (x) f (5) ln x ln 5
5x
=
+
x 5
x 5
5 x
(2)
g : ( 0, + ) , g(x) = ln x , g(x) =
lim
x 5
g(x) g(5)
ln x ln 5
1
(5)
(3)
= lim
= g=
x 5
x 5
x 5
5
5 x
5 x
5 x
=
2
5 x
1
5 x
1
. lim
= lim
= +
x 5
x 5
5 x
5 x
5 x
(4)
(2) (3) (4) :
f (5) = lim
x 5
f (x) f (5)
= +
x 5
f (5) .
(1), f (x) > 0 , 0 < x < 5 , f
, x = 1 f (x) = 0 .
19
i.
f ( 1, + ) ,
, , :
f (x) =
x
1 + x ( x + 2)
, x ( 1, + ) .
348
f x 0 = 1, x > 1 ,
f (x) f (1)
=
x +1
2 1+ x
=
( 2 + x )( x + 1)
1
2
1+ x x + 2
lim+
x 1
1
2
= +, lim+
= +2
x 1 x + 2
1+ x
f (1) = lim+
x 1
f (x) f (1)
2
1
= lim+
= +.
x 1
x +1
1+ x x + 2
1 < x < 0 f (x) > 0 , f
x [ 1, 0] .
x > 0 f (x) < 0 , f
x [ 0, + ) .
ii.
: g(x) = 0 , g(x) = f (x) 1, x 0 . :
g(0) = f (0) 1 = 1 1 = 0 ,
x = 0 , g(x) = 0 .
g(x) = f (x) < 0, x > 0

g , x 0 ,
, x = 0 .
f (x) = 1 , x 0 , x = 0 .
20
:
x2 x
3
3
> 0, x 0 < x < 1 x >
4x 6
2
2
:
349
ln11
2
x2 x
x2 x
=e x +5x 6 ln
= x 2 + 5x 6
4x 6
4x 6
ln ( x 2 x ) + x 2 =
x ln ( 4x 6 ) + 4x 6
(1)
f : ( 0, + ) f (x)
= ln x + x .
(1), :
f ( x2 x=
) f ( 4x 6 )
(2)
f ,
D=
( 0, + ) ,
f
f (x) =
1
+ 1 > 0, x > 0
x
f ( 0, + ) , 1-1. (2),
f 1-1 D=
f
( 0, + ) , :
x 2 x = 4x 6 x 2 5x + 6 = 0
, x = 2 x = 3 , .
21
, :
x 3 + x 3 = 4x + 4x
(1)
f : , : f (x) = x + x . :
f (x) = x + 1 0 , x ,
f , x , 1-1 D f = .
(1), :
f : 11
f ( x 3 ) = f ( 4x ) x 3 = 4x (x = 0 x = 2 x = 2) ,
.
350
22
f : ( 0,1) : f (x)
= ex
f (x) < 0 , x ( 0,1) .
1
,
1 x
f ( 0,1) , :
(1 x )
f (x) =
e +
2
(1 x )
x
e x (1 x ) 1
, x ( 0,1)
=
2
(1 x )
2
(1)
h : h(x) = e x (1 x) 2 1 (2). h
e x (1 x) 2 2e x (1 x) =
e x (1 + x ) (1 x) < 0 ,
, h (x) =
x ( 1,1) .
h ( 1,1) ,
( 0,1) ( 1,1) ,
0 < x <1
h .
(2)
h(1) < h(x) < h(0) 1 < h(x) < 0
(3)
(1), (2), f (x) < 0 , x ( 0,1) ,

f ,
x>0
f .
f (x) < f (0) f (x) < 0 ,
23
x 3x < 3 x , : x x 3 x < 0 .

f : 0, , : f (x)= x x 3 x ,
2

f (x) < 0 , x 0, .
2
1

x 0, :
2
351
2
4
2
1
f (x) = 1 3 x 3 x (1)
3
3
f (x)=
4
2 x 1
x 3 x
9
2 x
f (x) < 0 , f x 0,
x > 0
f .
,
2
(1)
f (x) < f (0) =

0 f (x) < 0 ,
f x 0,
.
x > 0 f (x) < 0 ,

2
24
i.
* f D f = * ,
:
f (x)
=
x
e x xe x e x e ( x 1)
=
=
x
x2
x2
x < 1, x 0 f (x) < 0 , f ( , 0 )

( 0,1] .
x > 1 f (x) > 0 , f [1, + ) .
ii.
x ( 0,1] , f , :
ex
0 < x 1 f ( x ) f (1)
e e x 1 x ,
x
.
25
i.
f x A = D f =
, :
f (x)= 3x 2 + 2 f (x) > 0 , x ,

.
352
ii.
lim f (x) = lim x 3 = lim f (x) = lim x 3 = +
x +
x +
,
. f ( ) = . y 0 =0 f ( ) ,
x 0 , f ( x 0=
) y=0 0 , x 0
f (x) = 0 , (i) f
.
iii.
f , 1-1, .
Cf Cf 1 ,
, :
y = x 3 + 2x 2
x 3 + 2x 2 = x
x = 1
( x, y ) =
(1,1)
=
y = x
y x=
y x
Cf Cf 1 ( x, y ) = (1,1) .
iv.
f x f (1) = 1 , :
f (x) 1 f (x) f (1) x 1

x [1, + ) .
v.
f 1 ( x )= 1 f ( f 1 ( x ) )= f (1) x= f (1) x= 1
x = 1 .
26
i.
g , ,
, .
g . g
, g(x) > 0 ,
x . :
(x) f (x) 2x + x , x ,
g=
, , f (x) > 2x x (1), g(x) > 0 ,
.
353
ii.
g(x) = 0 , 1 , 2 ,
1 2 g ( 1 )= g ( 2 )= 0 , , g ,
1-1.
iii.
x 0 , g ( x ) g ( 0 ) (2), g , (i) ,
. (2) g(0)
= f (0) =
1 0 , :
g(x)
= f (x) x 2 x 0 f (x) x 2 + x ,
.
iv.
, f (0) = 1 , : g(x) 0
g(0) = 0 , :
g(x) g(0)
v.
g .
x0
) lim v(x) = + , v(x) > 0 , x 0 , h(x) > 0 ,

x x0
x 0 , v(x) h(x) . ,
0<
lim
x x0
1
1
h(x) v(x)
(3), x 0 .
1
= 0 , (3),
v(x)
, :
lim
x x0
1
= 0 , h(x) > 0 , x 0 .
h(x)
, lim h(x) = + .
x x0
) h : , h(x)
= x 2 + x . x + ,
x (0, +) .
:
x
h(x)
x x 2 1 + 2
= x 2 + =
x
: lim
x +
(4)
x
= 0 , :
x2
x
1
1 x 1
2 2
2
2
x
x
x
x2
x
(5)
354
lim
x +
1
= 0 , (5), ,
x2
, , :
x
lim 1 + 2 =
1 (6)
x +
x
2
lim x = +
x +
(7)
, (4),(6) (7), : lim h(x) = +

x +
(iii) (v()),
:
lim f (x) = + .
x +
27
i.
f , D=
f
D=
f
( 0, + )
( 0, + )
f (x)
= x 2 x + ln x, x ( 0, + )
(1)
1 2x 2 x + 1
f (x)
, x ( 0, + ) (2)
= 2x 1 + =
x
x
f (x) > 0 x > 0 ,
(x)= 2x 2 x + 1 , x
= 2 > 0 . f (x) > 0 , f
x ( 0, + ) .
f (1) = 0 , f (x) = 0 , x = 1 ,
f . :
0 , f
0 < x < 1 , f , f ( x ) < f (1) =
x ( 0,1] .
0 , f
x > 1 , f , f ( x ) > f (1) =
x [1, + ) .
355
ii.
f x 1 ,
x 1 f (x) f (1) = 0 x 2 x + ln x 0 ln x x x 2 .
iii.
) g : , g(x) = e x x 1 . , g(x)
= e x 1,
:
x < 0 g(x) < 0 , g . ,
x 0 g(x) g(0) =
0.
x > 0 g(x) > 0, , g . ,
x 0 g(x) g(0) =
0.
, x , g(x) 0 e x x + 1 .
h : ( 0, + ) , h(x)= ln x x + 1 .
h
h (x)=
1
1 x
, x ( 0, + ) .
1=
x
x
0 < x < 1 h (x) > 0 h ,
x < 1 h(x) < h(1) h(x) < 0 .

x > 1 h (x) < 0 h , x > 1 h(x) < h(1) =
0.
x > 0 , h(x) < 0 ln x < x 1 .
) () x 1 , e x > x > ln x .
) (ii) (iii()), : e x > x x 2 , x 1 .
) x , , : e x x + 1 ,
ex x + z +
1
, z = + i, , , :
2
2
z+
1
1
1 + + 2 1
2
2
=(z) x + + y 2 1 .
2
356

1. ( )

=
f (x) x 2 x- 3 , x [1, 4] . :
) f .
) f .
) f .
( )
2. ( )

=
f (x) x x 2 - 3 , x [ 0, 2] . :
) f .
) f .
) f .
( )
3. ( )
f : [ , ] . f () = f () f
(, ) ,
f (, ) .
( )
4. ( Fermat)
x > 0 ln x +
( )
, =1 .
x
357
5. ( Fermat)
, , ( 0 , + ) x > 0 x + x + x 3 , = 1 .
( )
6. ( Fermat)
0 < 1 x (0, + ) log x x -1 , =e .
( )
7. ( Fermat)
x (x) ( x) + ( x) , , , ,
= + .
( )
8. ()
f , x
f (x) 3x 2 + 2x + 1 . f (0) = 1 , :
) f x o = 0 .
) Cf x o = 0 .
( )
9. ( )
, , f (x) = ( - )x 3 + x 2 - 3x +
x 1 = -1 x 2 = 1 .
( )
358
10. ( Fermat)
f [ , ] , ( , ) f () =-1
f () =4 . f (x) 0 x ( , ) ,
f .
( )
11. ( f )
f , x
f 3 (x) + 2f 2 (x) =
2x 3 + 6x - 5 . f
.
( )
12. ( f )
f , x
f 2 (x) + ef (x ) f (x)= e x + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1 . f
3
.
( )
13. ( f )
f (0 , + ) ,
f 3(x) + 3x 2f (x) + 2x 3 + 2 =
0 x (0 , + ) . f
x o (0 , + ) , :
) x o = 1 .
) Cf x o = 1 .
( )
359
14. ()
z = 1 + x i w = (x + 1) + i , x 0 < 1 .
x z - w z + w , :
) Re(z w) 0
) =e
( )
15. ()
f : [ , ] . :
) f ,
f () 0
) f ,
f () 0 .
) f [ , ] f () < 0 < f () , x o (, )
, f (x o ) = 0 .
) f [ , ] f () < < f () , x o ( , )
, f (x o ) = .
( )
16. ()
f : ,
6f (x 2 ) - f 2 (x) 9 (1) x . :
) f (0) = f (1) .
) x o (0, 1) , f (x 0 ) = 0 .
) f (0) = f (1) .
) f (x) = 0 (0, 1) .
( )
360
17. ()
f : [ , ] , ( , ) ,
f ( ) < f ( ) < f ( ) < f ( ) (1). f ,

f (x) = 0 ( , ) .
( )
361

1
:
- x 3 + 3x 2 , x [1, 3 )
f (x) x=
x- 3 3
=
2
x - 3x , x [ 3 , 4]
2
) f :
, 1 4.
f (x) = 0 (1, 4) .
(1, 4) f .
f (1, 3) f =
(x) -3x 2 + 6x .
:
x= 0 (1, 3)
f (x) =0 -3x 2 + 6x =0 -3x(x - 2) =0

x= 2 (1, 3)
2 .
f (3, 4) f (x) = 3x 2 - 6x .
:
x= 0 (3, 4)
f (x) =
0 3x - 6x =
0 3x(x- 2) =
0
x= 2 (3, 4)
f x o = 3 .
1 < x < 3 :
f (x) - f (3)
f (x) - f (3) -x 3 + 3x 2 - 0 - x 2 (x - 3)
2
) -9
=
=
= = -x 2 , lim = lim(-x
x 3
x 3
x -3
x -3
x -3
x -3
3 < x < 4 :
f (x) - f (3)
f (x) - f (3) x 3 - 3x 2 - 0 x 2 (x - 3)
2
9
= limx
=
=
= = x 2 , lim+
x
3
x
3
x -3
x -3
x -3
x -3
362
:
-9 = lim
x 3
f (x) - f (3)
f (x) - f (3)
lim+
=9
x 3
x -3
x -3
f x o = 3 .
3 .
: 1, 2, 3 4 .
) f :
f (x) = 0 (1, 4) .
(1, 4) f .
f : 2 3
) f
=[1, 4] , f ( ) =[ m, M ] , m
M f =[1, 4] .
m M f
.
:
=
f (1) 2,=
f (2) 4,=
f (3) 0 =
f (4) 16
f : f ( ) =[ 0,16] .
2
:
- x + 3x , x 0, 3
=
f (x) x=
x -3
3
x - 3x , x 3 , 2
) f :
, 0 2.
f (x) = 0 (0, 2) .
(0, 2) f .
f (0, 3 ) f (x) =
3x 2 + 3 .
363
:
x= -1 (0, 3 )
f (x) = 0 -3x 2 + 3 = 0 x 2 = 1
x = 1 (0, 3 )
1 .
f ( 3 , 2) f (x) = 3x 2 - 3 .
x= -1 ( 3 , 2)
f (x) =0 3x 2 - 3 =0 x 2 =1
x = 1 ( 3 , 2)
f x o = 3 .
0 < x < 3 :
f (x) - f ( 3 ) -x 3 + 3x - 0 - x(x 2 - 3) - x(x - 3 )(x + 3 )

=
=
=
= -x(x + 3 ) ,
x- 3
x- 3
x- 3
x- 3
f (x) - f ( 3 )
= lim -x(x + =
3 ) -6
x 3
x- 3
lim
x 3
3 < x < 2 :
f (x) - f ( 3 ) x 3 - 3x - 0 x(x 2 - 3) x(x - 3 )(x + 3 )

=
=
=
= x(x + 3 ) ,
x- 3
x- 3
x- 3
x- 3
lim +
x 3
f (x) - f ( 3 )
) 6
= lim x(x + 3=
x 3
x- 3
-6 = lim
x 3
f (x) - f ( 3)
f (x) - f ( 3)
lim +
=6
x 3
x- 3
x- 3
f x o = 3 .
3 .
: 0, 1,
3 2
364
) f :
f (x) = 0 (0, 2) .
(0, 2) f .
f : 1
) f
=[ 0 , 2] , f ( ) =[ m, M ] , m
M f =[ 0 , 2] .
m M f
.
:
=
f (0) 0,
=
f (1) 2, =
f ( 3 ) 0 =
f (2) 2
f : f ( ) =[ 0 , 2]
3
f :
f .
f .
f
. :
f (, ) , Rolle,
f [ , ] f () = f () .
(, ) f () =0 . f
(, ) .
f (, ) ,
f .
f (, ) .
365
4
f (x) = ln x +
- , x (0, + ) .
x
x (0, + ) :
ln x +
ln x + - 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (1)

x
x
f x o = 1
.
f (0 , + ) :
f (x)
= ln x + - =
x
1
,
x x2
x o = 1 :
f (1) = 1
Fermat, f (1) = 0 .
:
f (1) = 0 1- = 0 = 1
5
f (x) = x + x + x - 3 , x .
x :
x + x + x 3 x + x + x - 3 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (0)

f x o = 0
.
f :
f (x) = ( x + x + x - 3) = x ln + x ln + x ln ,
x o = 0 :
f (0) = 0 ln + 0 ln + 0 ln = ln + ln + ln = ln( )
366
Fermat, f (0) = 0 .
:
f (0)= 0 ln( )= 0 = 1
6

=
f (x) log x - x + 1 , x (0, +) .
x (0, + ) :
log x x -1 log x - x + 1 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (1)

f x o = 1
.
f x (0, +) :
(x)
f=
+ 1)
( log x - x =
ln x
1
1
-1
x
1
(ln x)
-1 ,
+
=
=
x ln
ln
ln
x o = 1 :
f (1) =
1
-1
ln
Fermat, f (1) = 0 .
:
f (1)= 0
1
-1= 0 ln = 1 = e
ln
367
7
f (x) = (x) - ( x) - ( x) , x .
x :
(x) ( x) + ( x) (x) - ( x) - ( x) 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (0)

f x o = 0
.
f :
f (x) = ( (x) - (x) - ( x) ) = (x) - ( x) - ( x) ,
x o = 0 :
f (0) = 0 - 0 - 0 = - -
Fermat, f (0) = 0 .
:
f (0)= 0 - - = 0 = +
8
)
g(x) = f (x) - 3x 2 - 2x -1 , x .
x :
f (x) 3x 2 + 2x + 1 f (x) - 3x 2 - 2x -1 0 g(x) 0 g(x) g(0)

g x o = 0
.
g :
g (x)
=
f (x) - 3x 2 - 2x -1)
(=
f (x) - 6x- 2 ,
x o = 0 :
g (0) = f (0) 2
Fermat, g (0) = 0 .
:
g (0) = 0 f (0) 2 = 0 f (0) = 2
f x o = 0 2.
) Cf x o = 0 :
y - f (0) = f (0)(x - 0) y - 1 = 2(x - 0) y = 2x + 1
368
9
f f (x) = 3( - )x 2 + 2 x - 3 (1).
f
x , :
f (x ) = 0
f (x) x
f x 1= -1 x 2 = 1
, :
f (-1) 0
2 - 3 0
- 5 3
=
3( - ) -=
3=
(, ) =(1, 0) (2)
- 3
f (1) 0
2 - 3 0
=
3( - ) +=
3=
(, ) =(1, 0) :
2
=
f (x) 3x
=
- 3 3(x -1)(x + 1) ,
f (x) = 0 x = -1 x =1 f (x) > 0 x < -1 x > 1
f (, ) =(1, 0)
x 1= -1 x 2 = 1 x 1= -1
x 2 = 1 .
369
10
f [ , ] ,
, x 1 , x 2 [ , ] , :
m=
f (x1 ) f (x) f (x 2 ) =
x [ , ] .
x 1 ( ), x 2 ( )
[ , ] , x 1 ( , ) x 2 ( , ) ,
Fermat, f (x1 ) = 0 f (x 2 ) = 0 , ,
f (x) 0 x ( , ) .
f () = -1 < 4 = f () f (x1 ) = f () = -1 f (x 2 ) = f () = 4 ,
f f
([ , ]) =[ -1, 4 ] .
11
f . f
x
, Fermat, f (x ) = 0 (1).
f 3 (x) f 2 (x) ,
2x 3 + 6x - 5
, ,
.
x :
(f
(x) + 2f 2 (x) =
( 2x 3 + 6x - 5)
3f 2 (x)f (x) + 4f (x)f (x) =

6x 2 + 6 (2)
(2) x = x o :
(1)
3f 2 (x o )f (x o ) + 4f (x o )f (x o=
) 6x o2 + 6 6x o2 + 6= 0
6x o2 + 6 =
0 .
f .
370
12
f . f
x
, Fermat, f (x ) = 0 (1).
3
f 2 (x) , ef (x) e x ,
, ef (x) f (x) ,
3
e x + x 3 + x 2 + x + 1
, ,
.
x :
f 2 (x) + ef (x ) f (x) =
(e
x3
+ x3 + x 2 + x + 1
3
(x) e x (x 3 )+ 3x 2 + 2x + 1
2f (x)f (x) + ( ef (x ) ) f (x) + ef (x ) f=
2f (x)f (x) + ef (x ) f (x)f (x) + ef (x ) f (x)

= 3x 2 e x + 3x 2 + 2x + 1 (2)
3
(2) x = x o
2f (x o )f (x o ) + e
f (x o )
f (x o )f (x o ) + e
f (x o )
(1)
f (x
=
3x o2 e x o + 3x o2 + 2x o + 1
o)
3
3x o2 e x o + 3x o2 + 2x o + 1 =
0 ,
3x o2 e x o 0 3x o2 + 2x o +=
1 2x o2 + (x o + 1) 2 > 0 x o .
3
f .
371
13
) f (0 , + )
x , Fermat,
f (x ) = 0 (1). f (x) ,
3
2
, 3x f (x) ,
2x 3 + 2
, ,
.
x :
(f
(x)+ 3x 2 f (x) + 2x 3 + 2 = (0)
3f 2 (x)f (x) + 6xf (x) + 3x 2 f (x) + 6x 2 =

0 (2)
(2) x = x o :
3f 2 (x o )f(x o ) + 6x o f (x o ) + 3x o2 f(x o ) + 6x o2 =
0
(1)
6x o f (x o ) + 6x o2 =
0 6x o ( f (x o ) + x o ) =
0 (3)
x o > 0 , (3) f (x o ) + x o =0 f (x o ) =- x o (4).
x = x o :
(4)
f 3 (x o ) + 3x o2 f (x o ) + 2x o3 + 2 = 0
(-x o ) 3 + 3x o2 (-x o ) + 2x o3 + 2 = 0
- x o3 - 3x o3 + 2x o3 + 2 = 0
2x o3 =2 x o3 =1 x =1
(5)
) x = 1 (4) f (1) = -1 .
(5)
(1)
(x o ) 0
:=
f (1) f=
Cf x = 1 :
y - f (1) = f (1)(x -1) y + 1 = 0 (x -1) y = -1
372
14
) :
z-w z+w z-w
z + w 2
)( z - w ) ( z + w ) ( z + w )
)( z - w ) ( z + w )( z + w )
z-w
z-w
zz - zw - zw + ww zz + zw + zw + ww
2 zw +zw 0 zw +zw 0
2 Re(z w) 0 Re(z w) 0
) x :
z w=
(1 + x i ) [(x + 1) + i]=
= (x + 1) + i + x (x + 1) i + x i 2=
= (x + 1- x ) + 1+ x (x + 1) i
:
Re(z w) 0 x + 1- x 0 , x
f (x) = x + 1- x , x .
x :
x + 1- x 0 f (x) 0 f (x) f (0)
f x o = 0
.
f :
f (x) = ( x + 1- x ) = 1- x l n
x o = 0 :
f (0)= 1- l n = 1- l n
Fermat, f (0) = 0 .
:
f (0) = 0 1- l n = 0 l n = 1 = e
373
15
) f , > 0 < + < ,
x [ , ] ( - , + ) = [ , + ) f (x) f () f (x) f () 0 .
x (, + ) x - > 0 ,
f (x) - f ()
0 f
x -
=
f () lim+
x
f (x) - f ()
0
x -
) f , > 0 < - < ,

x [ , ] ( - , + ) = ( - , ] f (x) f () f (x) f () 0 .
x ( - , ) x - < 0 ,
f (x) - f ()
0 f
x -
=
f () limx
f (x) - f ()
0.
x -
) f [ , ] , [ , ] ,
, :
m f (x) x [ , ] .
m= f () f
, () f () 0
, f () < 0 .
m= f () f
, () f () 0 ,
f () > 0 .
f x
, Fermat, f (x ) = 0 .
) =
g (x) f (x)- x , x [ , ] . g
g(x)
[ , ] =
f (x)- . g(=) f ()- < 0 g(=) f ()- > 0 .
() x ( , )
, g(x )= 0 f (x )- = 0 f (x ) = .
374
16
) x = 0 (1) :
6f (0) - f 2 (0) 9 f 2 (0) -6f (0) + 9 0 (f (0) -3) 2 0

(f (0) -3) 2 0 f (0) -3 = 0 , f (0) = 3 (2).
x = 1 (1) :
6f (1) - f 2 (1) 9 f 2 (1) -6f (1) + 9 0 (f (1) -3) 2 0

(f (1) -3) 2 0 f (1) -3 = 0 , f (1) = 3 (3).
(2) (3) f (0) = f (1) .
) :
f , [ 0 , 1]
f (0) = f (1)
Rolle, x o (0, 1) ,
f (x o ) = 0 (4).
)
g(x) = 6f (x 2 ) - f 2 (x) -9 , x .
x :
6f (x 2 ) - f 2(x) 9 6f (x 2 ) - f 2(x) -9 0 g(x) 0 g(x) g(0) =

g(1)
g(x) g(0) =
g(1) x .
g x o = 0
x 1 = 1 .
g :
g (x) =
6f (x 2 ) - f 2(x) -9 =
6f (x 2 ) (x 2 ) - 2f (x)f (x) =
12xf (x 2 )- 2f (x)f (x)
x o = 0 x 1 = 1 :
(2)
g(0) = 12 0 f (0)- 2f (0)f (0) = - 6f (0)

(3)
g (1)= 12 1 f (1)- 2f (1)f (1)= 12 f (1)- 6f (1)= 6f (1)
375
Fermat g ,
:
g (0) =
0 - 6f (0) =
0 f (0) =
0 (5)
g (1) =
0
6f (1) =
0 f (1) =
0 (6)
(5) (6) f (0) = f (1) .
) (4), (5), (6) :
(x o ) f (1) 0 < x o < 1

=
f (0) f=
:
f , f
0, x o x o , 1
(x o ) f (1)
f (0) f=
=
Rolle , :
1 (0, x o ) , f ( 1 ) =
0
2 (x o , 1) , f ( 2 ) =
0
f (x) = 0 (0, 1) .
376
17
f [ , ] , [ , ] ,
, x 1 , x 2 [ , ]
, f (x 1 ) = m ( ) f (x 2 ) = M ( ).
(1) :
f (x 1 ) f ( ) < f ( ) < f ( ) < f ( ) f (x 2 ) (2)

(2) :
x 1 , x 2 , , x 1 , x 2 ( , ) ,
(x 1 ) f=
(x 2 ) 0 (3)
Fermat f=
x 1 x 2 f .
x 1 < x 2 .
f x 1 , x 2 [ , ] , f
. (3) f (x1 ) = f (x 2 ) , Rolle,
(x 1 , x 2 ) ( , ) , f () =0 .
377

1. ( )
:
i.
f (x) = 3x 4 + 8x 3 + 6x 2 12
ii.
x2
x2
g(x) = 2x ln x + 2x
4
2
( )
2. ( )
:
i.=
(x)
x

, x ,
1 x
2 2
g(x)
ii. =
2x
, x [ 2, 2]
x2 +1
( )
3. ( )
:
i.
x 2 4,
x2
f (x) = 2
x 6x + 8, x > 2
ii.
1
,x<2
2
g(x) = ( x 2 )
2
x 4x + 4, x 2
( )
378
4. ( )
=
f (x) x ln x + 2 .
i.
ii.
x e x =
1 x > 0 .
( )
5. ( )
i.
e x > 2x , x .
ii.
g(x) = e x x 2 1 .
( )
6. ( )
i.
ii.

f (x)= ln x x + 1 .
ln 2 x
=
+ ln x x + 1 .
g(x)
2
( )
7. ( )
f (x) = x x +
x3
.
3
( )
8. ( )
f (x) = x x +
( 0, ) .
( )
x2

2
379
9. ( )
f : ,
f=
(1) f=
(3) 0 f (x) > 0 , x .
x 0 f .
( )
10. ( )
i.
f (x) =
ii.
: ( e x ) 27e x , x .
iii.
h(x)= e x ( x 3 3x 2 6x 6 )
27
x.
e3
( )
11. ( )
i.
= e x x
f (x)
ii.
> 0 , ex x +
( )
12. ( )
ln ( x + 1)
( )
2x
, x 0 .
x+2
3
, >0.
3
, x .
x3
.
ex
380
13. ()
f : ( 0, + ) ( 0, + )
f (x)
= 2x f (x) f (1) = e .
x
i.
ex
.
f (x) =
x
ii.
f .
1 + ln 2
+ ln x , x > 0 .
2
iii.
x 2
iv.
: y =
2e x
=
g(x) e x , x > 0 .
2
( )
14. ()
f : , :
f (4 x) = f (2 + x) , x
f (x) 0 , x .
i.
f (x) = 0 .
ii.
, , f [ 0, 4] f (0) > f (2) ,

f [ 0, 4] .
( )
381
15. ()
A. e 2x + x =
0 ( 1, 0 ) .
B. z =+
e x xi, x < 0
(1).
i.
z .
ii.
z (1)
.
( )
382

1
i.
f .
f .
f (x) =12x 3 + 24x 2 + 12x

f (x) =0 12x 3 + 24x 2 + 12x =0 12x ( x + 1) =0 . x = 0 x = 1 ().
2
f (x) > 0 12x ( x + 1) > 0 . x > 0 .

2
f :
f [ 0, + ) ( , 0] .
x = 0 f (0) = 12 .
ii.
g ( 0, + ) .
g .
x2
1 x
x
x
g(x) = ( x 2 ) ln x + 2x + 2 = ( x 2 ) ln x + 2 + 2 = ( x 2 ) ln x .
2
2
2
x 2
g(x) = 0 ( x 2 ) ln x = 0 x = 2 x = 1 .
g(x) g :
(x 2 > 0 x > 2 ln x > 0 x > 1)
383
g ( 0,1] [ 2, + ) [1, 2] .
x = 1 g(1) =
g(2)= 3 2 ln 2 .
7
x = 2
4
2
i.
=
(x)
( x ) (1 x=
) x (1 x )
2
(1 x )
x (1 x ) + 2 x
=
2
(1 x )
1 x
1

=
> 0 , x , . .
2
2 2
(1 x ) 1 x
x =
ii.

=0 .
2
2
g .
g(x)
=
( 2x ) ( x 2 + 1) 2x ( x 2 + 1)
2x 2 + 2 4x 2
1 x2
2
=
=
.
2
2
2
( x 2 + 1)
( x 2 + 1)
( x 2 + 1)
384
g(x) = 0 2
1 x2
(x
+ 1)
= 0 1 x 2 = 0 x = 1 x = 1 .
g
. g x = 1 x = 1
.

.
4
5
: g(2) =
, g(2) =
4
, g(1) =
1 , g(1) = 1 .
5
g x = 1 g(1) = 1 x = 1
g(1) =
1 .
3
i.
f .
x < 2 x > 2 , . :
lim f=
(x) lim ( x 2 =
4 ) 0 , lim+ f=
(x) lim+ ( x 2 6x +=
8 ) 0 f (2) = 0 .
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 0 = 2 .
x < 2 , f (x) = 2x x > 2 , f (x)
= 2x 6 .
f x 0 = 2 , :
lim
f (x) f (2)
x2 4
2 ) 4 ,
= lim
= lim ( x + =
x 2 x 2
x 2
x2
lim+
( x 2 ) ( x 4 ) = 2 .
f (x) f (2)
x 2 6x + 8
= lim+
= lim+
x 2
x 2
x2
x2
x2
x 2
x 2
x<2
2x,
.
2x 6, x > 2
f (x) =
f (x) = 0 2x = 0 x = 0 f (x) = 0 2x 6 = 0 x = 3 .
f (x) > 0 2x > 0 0 < x < 2 f (x) > 0 2x 6 > 0 x > 3 .
f :
385
f ( , 0] [ 2,3] ,
[ 0, 2] [3, + ) x = 0
f (0) = 4 x = 3 f (3) = 1 x = 2 f (2) = 0 .

ii.
g .
x < 2 x > 2 , . :
lim g(x) = lim
x 2
x 2
( x 2)
x < 2 , g(x) =
= + . x 0 = 2 .
( x 2)
( x 2 ) =
( x 2)
> 0 x > 2 , g(x) = 2x 4 > 0 .
( , 2 ) [ 2, + ) .
g ( , 2 )
( lim g(x), lim g(x)=)

x
[ 2, + ) g(2), lim g(x)=
x +
x 2
( 0, + )
[0, + ) .
g [ 0, + ) . g(x) 0 =
g(2) ,
x . g g(2) = 0 .
4
i.
f ( 0, + ) .
f .
1
f (x)= ln x + x = ln x + 1 .
x
f (x) = 0 ln x + 1 = 0 ln x = 1 x =
1
f (x) > 0 ln x + 1 > 0 x > .
e
1
.
e
386
f :
f x =
2
ii.
1
2e 1
1
1 1 1
f = ln + 2 = + 2 =
>0.
e
e
e
e e e
x e x =1 ln(x e x ) =ln1 ln x + ln e x =0
ln x +
2
= 0 x ln x + 2 = 0 f (x) = 0
x
(1)
i) f x =
f (x)
2e 1
1
.
,
e
e
2e 1
> 0 . x > 0 . f (x) = 0 ,
e
(1), .
5
i.
e x > 2x e x 2x > 0 .
= e x 2x , x .
f (x)
f (x)
= ex 2 .
f (x) = 0 e x 2 = 0 x = ln 2 f (x) > 0 e x 2 > 0 x > ln 2 .

f :
eln 2 2 ln 2 =
2 2 ln 2 .
f x = ln 2 f (ln 2) =
f (x) f (ln 2) =
2 2 ln 2 > 0 x . e x 2x > 0 ,
x .
387
ii.
g(x) = e x x 2 1
.
g(x) = e x 2x = f (x) > 0 , x , (i) .

g . g(0) = 0 , g(x) = 0
x 0 = 0 .
g : x < 0
x>0
g: . .
g: ..
g(x) < g(0) =

0
g(x) > g(0) =

0.
6
i.
f (x)= ln x x + 1 ( 0, + )
.
f (x) =
1
1 x
.
1 =
x
x
f (x) = 0
x >0
1 x
= 0 1 x = 0 x = 1.
x
f (x) > 0
x >0
1 x
> 0 1 x > 0 0 < x < 1 .
x
f
.
f .
f ( 0,1] [1, + ) .
x = 1 f (1) = 0 .
ii.
=
g(x)
ln 2 x
+ ln x x + 1 ( 0, + )
2
1
ln x 1
ln x x + 1 f (x)
g(x)= ln x ( ln x ) + 1=
+ 1=
=
x
x
x
x
x
g(x) = 0
x >0
f (x)
= 0 f (x) = 0 x =1
x
(1)
388
( (i) f x = 1 , f (1) = 0
f (x) = 0 x = 1 ).
f (x) < f (1) =
0 , 0 < x 1 . , g(x) < 0.
g ( 0, + ) .
g :
0 < x <1
g: . .
g(x) > g(1) =

0 x > 1
g: . .
g(x) < g(1) =

0.
7

.
f (x) = x 1 + x 2
f (x) = x + 2x
f (3) (x) = x + 2 > 0 , x . f . f (0) = 0

, f (x) = 0 x 0 = 0 .
f (x) : x < 0
f : ..
f (x) < f (0) =

0
f : . .
f (x) > f (0) =

0 .
f .
x>0
H f x = 0 , f (0) = 0 .
f (x) = 0 x 0 = 0 f (x) > 0 ,
x 0.
389
f . f (0) = 0 , f (x) = 0
x 0 = 0 .
f : x < 0
f : . .
f (x) < f (0) =

0 x > 0
f : . .
f (x) > f (0) =

0.
8
f , [ 0, ] .
f (x) = x 1 + x [ 0, ] .
f (0) = 0 1 + 0 = 1 < 0 f ( ) = 1 + = 1 > 0 .

f (0) f ( ) < 0 .
Bolzano, f (x) = 0 ,
( 0, ) .
, f (x) = x + 1 > 0 , x ( 0, ) .
f (x) [ 0, ] . f (x) = 0
x 0 ( 0, ) .
: 0 < x < x 0
x0 < x <
f : . .
f : . .
f (x) < f (x 0 ) f (x) < 0
f (x) > f (x 0 ) f (x) > 0 .
f ( 0, ) .
9
f [1,3] (1,3) ,
.
, f=
(1) f=
(3) 0 .
Rolle, x 0 (1,3) ,
f (x 0 ) = 0 .
390
f (x) > 0 , x , f . x 0
.
, x < x 0
f : . .
f (x) < f (x 0 ) =
0 x > x 0
f : . .
f (x) > f (x 0 ) =
0.
x = x 0 .
10
i.
x3
f (x) = x , .
e
=
f (x)
2
3x 2 e x e x x 3 x ( 3 x )
.
=
e 2x
ex
f (x) = 0
x2 (3 x )
= 0 x 2 ( 3 x ) = 0 x = 0 () x = 3 .
ex
f (x) > 0
ex >0
x2 (3 x )
> 0 x 2 ( 3 x ) > 0 x < 3 x 0
x
e
f :
f ( ,3] [3, + ) .
x = 3 f (3) =
ii.
27
e
f x = 3 , f (x) f (3) =
, x .
3
,
iii.
27
.
e3
x 3 27
3
3 x 3 e3 27 e x ( e x ) 27 e x , x .
x
e
e
h .
e x ( x 3 3x 2 6x 6 ) + e x ( 3x 2 6x 6 )
h (x) =
27 x 3 27
=
0,
e3 e x e3
391
x , . h (x) = 0
x = 3 , (i) .
h .
11
i.
= e x x
f (x)
3
, > 0 ,
e x 1 .
f (x) =
f (x) = 0 ex 1 = 0 ex =
1
ln
x = ln x =
.
f (x) > 0 ex 1 > 0 ex >
1
ln
x > ln x >
.
x =
ln
ln
f
=e

ii.
ln
,
ln 3 1 ln 3 ln 2
= +
=
3
3
ex x 0 , x . (i)
f (x) 0 , x , f 0 .
ex x +
> 0
ln 2
0 ln 2 0 ln 2 e 2 .
e 2 .
392
12
ln ( x + 1)
f (x)= ln ( x + 1)
x 0 .
2x
0, x 0 .
x+2
2x
, x 0 . f (x) 0 ,
x+2
2 ( x + 2 ) 2x ( x + 2 ) 4 ( x + 1)
1
x2
f (x) =
=
=
> 0 , x > 0
2
2
2
x +1
( x + 1) ( x + 2 )
( x + 2)
( x + 1) ( x + 2 )
2
f [ 0, + ) .
x = 0 , f (0) = 0 .
f (x) f (0) f (x) 0 , x 0 .
13
i.
f (x) = 2x
f (x ) > 0
1
f (x)
1
f
(x)
= 2x ( ln f (x) ) = ( x 2 ln x ) .
x
f (x)
x
ln f (x) =x 2 ln x + c . x = 1 , ln f (1) =1 ln1 + c c = 0 .

2
, ln f (x) =x ln x f (x) =e
2
ii.
x 2 ln x
ex
f (x) = .
x
2
2
e x ( 2x 2 1)
2xe x x e x
.
f (x) =
=
x2
x2
2
e x ( 2x 2 1)
2
f (x) = 0
e x ( 2x 2 1)
= 0 2x 2 1 = 0, x =
1
, x > 0 .
2
> 0 2x 2 1 > 0, x >
1
, x > 0 .
2
f (x) > 0
f :
393
iii.
1
1
f x =
f =
2
2
e2
=
1
2
(ii) f
2e ,
2
ex
f (x) 2e
2e e x x 2e
x
1
ln
2
+
, x > 0 .
x 2 ln x +
2
iv.
ln: . .
2e .
1
x 2 ln x 2e x 2 ln x + ln 2e
2
x 0 > 0 ,
2
e x 0 =
=
g(x 0 ) =
2e x 0
2e x 0
ex0
2e x 0
2
x0
g
(x
)
2e
=
2x
2e
x
2e
=
2x
e
2e
=
0
0
0
0
2
=
ex0
2e x 0
1
x0 = .
2 1
2
x 0 =
2
2
14
i.
f ,
: f (4 x) ( 4 x ) = f (2 + x) ( 2 + x ) f (4 x)= f (2 + x) ,
x .
x = 1 , f (3) =
f (3) 2f (3) =
0 f (3) =
0 , x = 3
f (x) = 0 .
f (x) = 0 > 3 .
Rolle f [3,] ( 3, ) f () =0
(, f (x) 0 , x ).
< 3 .
f (x) = 0 x = 3 .
394
ii.
f (x) 0 , . f
.
.. f [ 0, 2] ,
f (1 )
=
1 ( 0, 2 ) ,
f (2) f (0)
< 0.
2
.. f [ 1 ,3] ,
f (3) f (1 )
f (1 )
=
>0.
2 ( 1 ,3) , f ( 2 ) =
3 1
3 1
f (x) > 0 , x . f .
0 0 < x < 3 f (x) < f (3) =

0.
: 3 < x < 4 f (x) > f (3) =
f [ 0,3] [3, 4] .
f
x1 = 3 ( ) x 2 = 0 , x 3 = 4 ():
0<3
f : . .
f (0) > f (3) , 3 < 4
f : . .
f (3) < f (4) .
x = 2 , f (2) = f (4) . ,
f (0) > f (2) .
f (3) < f (4) < f (0) , f
x = 3, f (3) x = 0 , f (0) .
15
A. f (x)
= e 2x + x , x [ 1, 0] .
f (1)= e 2 1=
1 e2
< 0 , f (0)= 1 > 0 .
e2
Bolzano, f (x) = 0
( 1, 0 ) . , f (x)
= 2e 2x + 1 > 0 , x ( 1, 0 ) . f
f (x) = 0 .
395
B.
i.
ex , =
x , M( , ) z .
=
= e = ln , = x < 0 .
z y = ln x , 0 < x < 1 ln x < 0 .
ii.
=
z
=
( OM
)
e 2x + x 2 .
g(x) = e 2x + x 2 , x < 0 . g

(x)
g=
1
2 e +x
2x
g(x) =
0
x 2 )
( e 2x + =
f (x)
e 2x + x 2
2e 2x + 2x
=
2 e 2x + x 2
e 2x + x
=
e 2x + x 2
f (x)
e 2x + x 2
0 f (x) =
0 ( 1, 0 )
=
(i) .
x 0 , f (x 0 ) = 0 . (2)
:
g(x) > 0
f (x)
e 2x + x 2
(2)
> 0 f (x) > 0 f (x) > f (x 0 ) x > x 0 , f
.
g :
g x = x 0 ,
=
z e x 0 + x 0i .
396

1.( )
f , g [0, ] f (x) =
1
x
g(x) = x .
x
e
e
i.
f , g [0, ]
.
ii.
f , g
Cf .
( )
2. ( )
f
f (x) =
2x + 1
x + 2x 3 + x 2
4
( )
3. ( )
i.
f=
(x) x ln x + 4 x + , .
ii.
f
.
( )
397
4. ( )

f
x3
x 1
3
f (x) =
3
( x 2) + 2
x > 1
3
( )
5. ( )
i.
ii.
1
2 > 0 =1 .
= e x + e x 2x , x ,
f f (x)
.
( )
6. ( )
f ( f (x) ) - f (x)= ( x+1) e-x +x
2
x .
f .
( )
7. ( )
(x)
f f=
2 4
x ( 2 + 1)x 3 + 3x 2 6x + 2004 , x .
2

f x 0 = 1 .
( )
398
8. ( )
f f (x) = 2x ln x x 2 2x 2 ln 2 , 0 .
f
.

;
( )
9. ( )
x ln(e x + 1) .
f (x) =
i.
f .
ii.
f x 0 = 0 .
iii.
x 2ln
(e x + 1)
x.
2
( )
10. ( )
1
x 2
, 0.
f (x) x ln x
f =
2
2
i.
f , > 0 .
ii.
f .
iii.
(x 0 , f (x 0 )) f
y = 1 .
( )
399
11. ( )
f :
i.
ii.
f () > 0 .
li m f (x) = + .
x +
( )
400

1
i.
f ( ) [0, ] :
x
x
x ( x ) e x ( e ) e x x e x x x x
=
.
=
f (x) = x =
ex
e 2x
e 2x
e
x
x
x x ( x x ) e ( x x ) (e )
=
f (x) =
=
e 2x
ex
x x ) e x ( x x ) e x x x x + x 2x
(
=
=
=
.
ex
ex
e 2x
:
ex >0
f (x) > 0 2x > 0 x < 0
f (x) < 0
ex >0
x(0, )
x ( , ) .
2
x(0, )
2x < 0 x > 0 x (0, ) .

2
f ( ) [0, ] f (x)
f ( ) [ , ] f (x)
, Cf
2
f (x) xo. o
Cf o x 0 =
o A( , e 2 ) .
g [0, ]
1
g(x) = x
e
x
x
= ( e ) = e g(x) =
( e ) =
x
e x =
1
> 0 x (0, ) .
ex
Cg () [0, ] g(x)
.
Cg [0, ] .
401
ii.
o A( , e 2 ) f , g
=
f=
( ) g(
) e 2.
2
2
f ( ) = g( ) = e
f ,g
A( , e 2 ) f.
2
x 4 + 2x 3 + x 2 0 x 2 (x + 1) 2 0 .
x 0 x 1 .
x = D f = (, 1) (0, +) .
: f (x) =
2x + 1
( x2 + x )
H f

2
2
( 2x + 1) ( x 2 + x ) ( 2x + 1) ( x 2 + x )
2x + 1
=
=
f (x) =
4
2
2
2
(x + x)
(x + x)
2 ( x 2 + x ) 2 ( 2x + 1) ( x 2 + x ) ( 2x + 1)
2
(x
2 3x 2 3x 1
(x
+ x)
+ x)
3x 2 + 3x + 1
= 2
.
3
( x2 + x )
2
2 ( x 2 + x ) ( x 2 + x ) ( 2x + 1)
=
=
4
2
(x + x)
402
3
2
2
6x + 3) ( x 2 + x ) 3 ( 3x 2 + 3x + 1)( x 2 + x ) ( 2x + 1)
(
3x
3x
1
+
+
= 2
=
f (x) = 2
6
2
( x 2 + x )3
x
x
+
(
)
= 2
3(2x + 1)(x 2 + x)3 3(3x 2 + 3x + 1)(x 2 + x) 2 (2x + 1)

=
(x 2 + x)6
= 6
( 2x + 1) ( x 2 + x )
( x 2 + x ) ( 3x 2 + 3x + 1)
=
6
2
(x + x)
( 2x + 1) ( 2x 2 2x 1)
( x2 + x )
(2x + 1)(2x 2 + 2x + 1)
( x2 + x )
2
2x + 2x + 1 > 0 x = 4 < 0 (x 2 + x) 4 > 0
x .
f (x) < 0 6
(2x + 1)(2x 2 + 2x + 1)
(x
+ x)
< 0 2x + 1 < 0, x 0, x 1
1
1
x < , x 1 x (, 1) (1, )
2
2
f (x) > 0 6
(2x + 1)(2x 2 + 2x + 1)
(x
+ x)
>0
1
2x + 1 > 0, x 0, x 1 x ( , 0) (0, +)
2
1
2
f [ , 0) (0, +)
1
2
(, 1) (1, ] .
1
2
1
2
1
2
A( , f ( )) A( , 0) .
403
3
i.
= (0, +)
f A
:
= (x ln x + 4 x + =
f (x)
) ln x + x
f (x)
= (ln x + 1 +
1
1
2
+ 4 = ln x + 1 +
,x>0
x
2 x
x
x 1
1
1
2
,x>0
=
) =
x x x
x x
x
f (x) < 0
x 1
<0
x x
x 1 < 0, x > 0 x < 1, x > 0 0 < x < 1 x (0,1)
f (x) > 0
x 1
>0
x x
x 1 > 0, x > 0 x > 1 x > 1 x (1, +)
:
f (0,1] f (x) < 0
.
f [1, +) f (x) > 0
.
f x = 1 ,
A(1, f (1)) , f (x)
x = 1 .
A(1, 4 + ) .
ii.
() Cf A(1, 4 + )
y f (1)= f (1)(x 1) y 4 = 3(x 1) y= 3x 3 + 4 + y= 3x + 1 +

1 + = 0 = 1 .
404
4
= D=f . :
f
x < 1 f (x) = x 2 .
= (x 2)2 .
x > 1 f (x)
x 0 = 1 :
x3 1
( x 1) ( x 2 + x + 1)
f (x) f (1)
3
3
= lim
= lim
= 1
lim
x 1
x 1
x 1
3 ( x 1)
x 1 x 1
lim
x 1+
f (x) f (1)
= lim+
x 1
x 1
( x 2)
+2 1
3
3
3 = lim ( x 2 ) + 1 =
x 1+
3 ( x 1)
x 1
3
( x 2 + 1) ( x 2 ) ( x 2 ) + 1
=1
3 ( x 1)
2
lim
x 1+
f x 0 = 1 . f (
)
x 2 , x 1
f (x) =
2
( x 2 ) , x > 1
'
Cf M(x, f (x)) , x .
x < 1 : f (x) = 2x
= 2(x 2)
x > 1 : f (x)
x 0 = 1 :
lim
x 1
f(x) f (1)
x2 1
( x 1)( x + 1) = 2
= lim
= lim
x 1
x 1
x 1 x 1
( x 1)
( x 2 ) 1 = ( x 3)( x 1) = 2
f(x) f (1)
= lim+
lim
lim+
x 1
x 1+
x 1
x 1
x 1
( x 1)
2
405
f x 0 = 1
f :
2x, x < 1
f (x) =
2 ( x 2 ) , x > 1
( x = 1
f )
x < 1 :
f (x) > 0 2x > 0 0 < x < 1 (1)
f (x) < 0 2x < 0 x < 0 (2)
x > 1 :
f (x) > 0 x > 2 (3)
f (x) < 0 1 < x < 2 (4)
f :
(, 0] f (x) < 0 ( (2))
[0,1] f (x) > 0 ( (1))
[1, 2] f (x) < 0 ( (4))
[2, +) f (x) > 0 ( (3))
x = 0 , x = 1 x = 2 Cf (
) f (x)
(1) , (2) , (3) , (4).
406
5
i.
> 0
1
2 2 + 1 2 2 2 + 1 0 ( 1) 2 0 .
=1 .
: +
ii.
H f , ,
= e x e x 2x f (x)
= e x + e x + 2x , (1) .
f (x)
1
x
x
x
x
i. = e > 0 e + x 2 e + e 2 ,(2) ,
e
x
e =1 x =0 .

2x 2
, (3) .
(2) , (3) e x + e x + 2x 0 f (x) 0

x
e =1 x =0 .
f (x)
( x = 0 ) f .
.
f x 0 D f =
, f x0 f (x 0 ) = 0 (1) .
:
( f (x) )2 - f (x) = ( x+1) e- x +x 2 f (x)f (x) - f (x)=e-x - ( x+1) e-x +1

-x
2f (x)f (x) - f (x)= - xe + 1
(1)
x = x 0 2f (x 0 )f (x 0 ) - f (x 0 )= -x 0 e-x 0 + 1 -x 0 e-x 0 +1=0
x 0 -e x 0 =0 (2) .
x e x , x
g g(x) =
g(x) = 1 e x
g(x) < 0 1 e x < 0 e x > 1 x > ln1 x > 0 .

g(x) > 0 1 e x > 0 e x < 1 x < l n1 x < 0 .
x0
=1
ex0
407
H g [0, +)
g(x) < 0 . x 0 > 0 g(x 0 ) < g(0)
(2)
x 0 - e x 0 < -1 0 < 1
H g (, 0]
g(x) > 0 . x 0 < 0 g(x 0 ) < g(0)
(2)
x 0 - e x 0 < -1 0 < 1
(2)
=
g(0) x 0 - e x 0 = -1 0 =1
x 0 = 0 g(x
0)
f
x 0 .
f .
7
f :
f (x) = 2 2 x 3 3( 2 + 1)x 2 + 6x 6 f (x) = 6 2 x 2 6( 2 + 1)x + 6 = 6[ 2 x 2 ( 2 + 1)x + 1]

Cf x 0 = 1 ,
, :
f (1) = 0 (1)
f (x) x 0 = 1 (2)
(1) f (1) = 0 6[ 2 ( 2 + 1) + 1] = 0 .
f (1) = 0 .
(2) , f (x)
x 0 = 1 .
f (x) = 6( 2 x 2 ( 2 + 1)x + 1) = 6( 2 x 2 2 x x + 1) =
6( 2 x(x 1) (x 1))= 6( x 1)( 2 x 1) (3)

f (x) =0 0
:
408
1 : =0
f (x)
= 6(x 1) x 0 = 1
=0 ( )
2 : 0
f (x) 1 =1 , 2 =
2 = 1 = 1 = 1 , f (x) = 6(x 1) 2 > 0 x 1 f

x 0 = 1 . =1 = 1
.
2
1 1 1 f (x)
1
1
(,1) ( 2 , +)
2
1 =1 2 =
1
) (1, +) . f (x)
2
1
x 0 = 1 ( x 0 = 2 ) Cf x 0 = 1 (
1
x 0 = 2 ). .
(,
: Cf x 0 = 1 1 1
8
f x > 0
=
D=
( 0, + ) .
f
f :
f (x) = (2x ln x x 2 2x 2 ln 2 ) = 2 ln x + 2x
2 ln x + 2 2x 2= 2(lnx x), x > 0
x
f (x) = 2( ln x x) = 2( 1) = 2
, x > 0.
x
x
1
2x 2 =
x
409
f ,
f (x) = 0 2
x
= 0 x = x > 0 .
x
< 0 f (x) = 0 ( x (0, +) ). < 0 f

.
> 0 f (x) = 0 x = (
)
x>0
x
< 0 x < 0 x > .
x
x>0
x
f (x) > 0 2
> 0 x > 0 x < .
x
: f (x) < 0 2
f (x) x =
x = f > 0 .
f (, f ()) .
(, 3 2 ) > 0 .
f (, f ())
> 0 .
( 0, + ) (, 3 2 )
x = , y =3 2 > 0 ,
y=
3x 2 , x > 0 .
f y = 3x 2
Ox(x > 0) Oy(y < 0)
O(0, 0) .
410
9
i.
f e x + 1 > 0 , x
, ,
ex
f (x) = 1 x
e +1
ex
e x (e x + 1) e 2x
< 0 x .
f (x) =
2
2
x
x
e
+
1
e
1
+
( )
( )
f .
ii.
() Cf x 0 = 0
() : y f (0)= f (0)(x 0) y + ln 2=
iii.
1
1
x y=
x ln 2
2
2
f i.
.

.
() M(0, ln 2)
f (x)
1
1
x ln 2 x ln(e x + 1) x ln 2
2
2
ln(e x + 1) ln 2
1
(e x + 1)
x 2 ln
x
2
2
411
10
i.
f (0, +) ,
,
1
1 x
x 2 1
, x > 0.
=
f (x)= x ln x
= lnx + 1 x, x > 0 f (x)=

x
x
2
2
A(x 0 , f (x 0 )) Cf ,
x 0 ,
f (x 0 ) =0
D=
f
ii.
0
1 x 0
1
=0 1 x 0 =0 x 0 =1 x 0 =
x0
( 0, + ) ,
f (x) < 0
f (x) > 0
x=
0
1
> 0 > 0
x >0
> 0
1 x
1
(1)
< 0 1 x < 0 x > 1 x >
x
x >0
> 0
1 x
1
> 0 1 x > 0 x < 1 x < , x > 0 (2)
x
f (0, ] f (x) > 0

.
f [
.
Cf (
1
, +) f (x) < 0
1
1
1 ln 1
).
, f ( )) ( ,
412
iii.
>0
ln 1
1 ln 1 ln + 1 0 .
g g(x) = ln x , x > 0 ,
(0, +) g(x) =
1
1
g(x) =
2 < 0
x
x
(0, +) .
Cg B(1, g(1)) () : y ln1 = 1(x 1) y = x 1 .
g (0, +)

,
g(x) x 1 ln x x + 1 0 x > 0 ln + 1 0 , > 0 .
11
i.
x1 , x 2 x1 < x 2 .
f [x1 , x 2 ]
f (x1 , x 2 ) .
f .M. [x1 , x 2 ] .
f(x ) f(x1 )
(1)
f () = 2
x 2 x1
f x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 )
(x1 , x 2 )
(2)
(1) (2) f () > 0 .

ii.
(, f ()) Cf
() : y f ()= f ()(x ) y= f ()x + f () f () .
f
().
f (x) f ()x + f () f () , x ,
(3) .
413
g(x)= f ()x + f () f ()
li m g(x) = li m ( f() x+f()-f() ) = li m ( f () x ) = f( ) (+) = +
x +
x +
x +
f () > 0 lim x = + .
x +
li m
x +
f (x) g(x) 0 0
1
= 0 (3) :
g(x)
1
1
.
f (x) g(x)
1
= 0 li m f (x) = + .
x + f (x)
x +
li m
414

1. ( () )
D = 0,
,
2

A ,0 .
4
i. f(x)=
ii. f(x)=
1

+ -x -2
2
x
4
3x
+3x
2 x
( )
2. ( () )
f :(0, +) f (x) =
f (1) = 0 .
2x 2 +x- x +3
( )
3. ()
f : f ( 0 ) = 0 f (1) = 1 . N
x 0 ( 0,1) f (x 0 ) = e x o + 2 e .
( )
415
4. ()
(x) xlnx x , x > 0 .

f=
i. f (x) = lnx .
ii. g :(0, +) g(x) = lnx
y = 3 .
( )
5. ()
f (x)
=3.
x 2 x 2
= e x 2 + 2 x lim
f : f (x)
i. lim f (x) .
x 2
ii. f .
( )
6. ()
f : f ( 0 ) = 0 , f (x) x x f (x) = 2 ,
= x 2 + x x .
x . f f (x)
( )
7. ( () )
1
t+1
t sec (t) = +1 m/sec2
0 t 5 .
t = 1 sec
.
( )
416

1
i. f , ,
.
F , F(x) = f (x) .

-x -2x ,
4
F(x)=-x+

F(x)= -x+ -x -2x = 2 + -x -2 = f(x) .
4
4
= F(x) + c , c .
G f G(x)

-x -2x+c .
4
G(x)=-x+

, 0 , G =0 .
4
4

G =0 - + - -2 +c= 0 c=
.
4
2
4
4 4 4

-x -2x+ .
2
4
G(x)=-x+
ii. f ,
, .
F , F(x) = f (x) .
F(x)=3xx ,
3x
F(x)= ( 3xx ) =
+3x = f(x)
2 x
= F(x) + c , c .
G f G(x)
G(x)=3xx+c .
c

, 0 , G =0 .
4
4
=0 3 +c = 0 c = .
4
4
4
4
G(x)=3xx
3
.
4
417
2
f , ,
:
f (x) =
1
2x 2 +x- x +3 2x 2 x x 3
3
=
+ + =2x+1-x 2 + , f (x) = x 2 + x 2 x + 3lnx + c .
x
x
x x x
x
f (1) =
0 12 +1- 2 1+3ln1+c=0 c=0 .
f (x) = x 2 + x 2 x + 3ln x .
3
g(x)= f (x) e x ( 2 e ) x D g = ,
[0,1], , (0,1),
= f (x) e x 2 + e .
, g(x)
g ( 0 ) = g (1) = 1 .
Rolle x 0 ( 0,1) g(x o ) = 0 ,
f (x 0 ) = e x o + 2 e .
4
i. f D=
f
( 0, + ) ,
( 0, + ) ,
1
f (x)=(xlnx-x)=1 lnx+x -1=lnx .
x
= xlnx x + c
ii. g f , g g(x)
( c ).
y = 3 ,
g x x .
g(x) = 0 ln x = 0 x =1 (1,-3)
.
= xlnx x 2 .
g (1) = 3 , c = 2 g(x)
418
5
i. g(x) =
f (x)
, D g= {2} .
x2
f (x) g(x)(x 2) . lim f (x) = lim [ g(x)(x 2) ] = 3 0 = 0 .

=
x 2
x 2
= e x 2 + 2 f (x) = e x 2 + 2x + c .
ii. f (x)
f
f (2) lim
f (x) 0 .
=
=
x 2
f
c = 5 f (x) = e x 2 + 2x 5 .
= f (x) x , Dg = . :
g(x)
= f (0)
=
0 0 (2), (1) (2)
g(x) 0 x (1) g(0)
g(x) g ( 0 ) x .
g x = 0 g
,
Fermat
g ( 0 )= 0 f ( 0 ) 0= 0
f ( 0) = 1
(3).
f ( x ) = 2 x , f ( x=
) 2x + c1 (3)
c1 = 1 , f ( x=
) 2x + 1 .
f ( x ) = x 2 + x + c 2 f ( 0 ) = 0 c 2 = 0 ,
= x 2 + x x .
f f (x)
7
(t) ,
U ( t=
) ln(t + 1) + t + c .
U ( 0 ) = 0 c = 0 , U ( t )= ln(t + 1) + t .
= ln2 + 1 m/sec.
U(1)
419

1. (
f (x) dx f ,
( 3x
2
2x + 1) dx .
( )
2. (
f (x) dx f ,
x3 + 5
dx .
x2
( )
3. (
f (x) dx f ,
2
0
( x + x x ) dx .
( )
4. (
f (x) dx f ,
( )
1 x
dx .
ex
420
5. (
f (x) dx f ,
3
2
1
( 2x + 3)
dx .
( )
6. (
f (x) dx f ,
x
dx .
x +3
2
( )
7. (
f (x) dx f ,
x2
x3 + 8
dx .
( )
8. (
f (x) dx f ,
( )
2
0
2x + dx .
6
421
9. (
f (x) dx f ,
)
1
xe
x 2 + 2011
dx .
( )
10. (
f (x) dx f ,
4 x dx .
3
( )
11. (
f (x) dx f ,
2
0
2 x x dx .
( )
12. ( )

x e
0
dx .
( )
13. ( )

( )
2
0
xx dx .
422
14. ( )

2
0
x e x dx .
( )
15. ( )

x
0
e x dx .
( )
16. ( )

xlnx dx .
( )
17. ( )

x 2x + 1 dx .
( )
18. ( )

( )
x2 +1
( 2x + 1)
1
dx .
423
19. ( )

1 x 2 dx .
( )
20. ( )

1
dx .
1 + ex
( )
21. ( )
x 2 + 1, x < 1
.
f (x) =
x + 3, x 1
i. f .
ii.
f (x) dx .
( )
22. ( )
x<0
x,
.
ln(1 + x), x 0
f (x) =
i. f .
ii.
( )
f (x) dx .
424
23. ( )

f (x) dx , f (x) = x 3 + x 1
( )
24. ()

x2 +1
dx .
x 3 + 3x + 8
( )
25. ()

x 1
dx .
x + 3x + 2
2
( )
26. ()

x3
dx .
x2 x 2
( )
27. ()

( )
lnx
dx .
x
425
28. ()
A. f (x) = ln x + x 2 + 1 .
B.
x 2 + 1 dx .
( )
29. ()
=
I
( lnx ) dx .
( )
30. ()
. f ,
. I =
2
0
f (x)=
dx
f ( x) dx .
x
dx .
x + x
( )
31. (
f (x) dx f ,
)
f [1,5] f (x) + f (6 x) =
c
x [1,5] , c .
i.
ii.
( )
f (x)
=
dx 2 ( f (1) + f (5) ) .
f (x) dx = 4f (3) .
426
32. ()
f f ( +
=
x) f (x), x ,

+
x f (x) dx =
f (x) dx .
( )
33. ()
. f .
f . :
f (x) dx +
f ( )
f ()
f 1 (x) dx = f () f ()
. f (x) = x 3 + x + 5 . f

15
f 1 (x) dx .
( )
34. ()
. f g [ , ] x [ , ]
f (x) g(x) , :
f (x) dx g(x) dx
. f [ 0,1] .
[ 0,1] ,
( )
x
0
1
f (x) dx =
f () .
3
427
35. ()
f f (4) = 10
f =
(x)
x 2 + 9 .
f (x) dx .
( )
36. ()
f
[ 0, 2] .
f (x) x dx > 0 .
( )
37. ()
I
=

1
dx , > 1 .
x + 3x
2
i. .
ii. lim I .
+
( )
38. ()
f :
0 ( f (x) )
f (x) f (x) dx =
( f (x) ) f (x) dx .
1
0
1
( )
f (x) dx =
18 .
428
39. ()
f > 0 ,
:
f (x) dx = f (x) dx
0
( )
40. ()
f (x) ,
f [ 2,8] f ( 6 x ) =
x [ 2,8] .
f (x) dx = 10 , =
I
x f (x) dx .
( )
41. ()
f f (x) + f ( x) = ,
x + 0 .

f (x) dx =
2
.
+
( )
42. ()
f .
( )
0 ( f (x) + f (x + 1) ) dx =
0 f (x) dx .
1
429
43. ()
f
[0, ] . f (0) = 1,
f () =3
f (x) x dx = .
f (x) x dx .
( )
44. ()
x
, x (1, + ) .
(x 1) 4

=
f (x)
i.
f (x)
=
, x (1, + ) .
+
3
(x 1)
(x 1) 4
ii.
f (x) dx .
( )
45. ()

=
I
( lnx )
e
dx, * .
i. I = e I1 , 2 .
ii. I3 =
( )
( lnx )
e
dx .
430
46. ()
A =
2
0
x
x
2
dx
=
B
dx , * , :
0
x + x
x + x
i. = .
ii. + , , .
( )
47. ()
1 4 2x
2
4
e dx + x dx 4 e x x dx .
0
0
2 0
( )
48. ()
i. f ,
f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx .
0
ii. f ,
( )
f (x) dx = 0 .
431

1
3x 2 2x + 1=
(x
( 3x
(x
2x + 1) dx
=
x 2 + x ) ,
3
x 2 + x ) dx
= x 3 x 2 + x
1
(2
22 + 2 ) (13 12 + 1)
= 6 1 = 5
x3 + 5
5 x 2 5
=
+
= ,
x
x2
x2 2 x
3
2
3 x
x2 5
x3 + 5
5
dx =
2 2 x dx = 2 x
x2
2
32 5 22 5 10
= =
2 3 2 2 3
2
0
2
0
=
x ) dx ( x ) x + x ( x ) dx
( x + x
2
0
2
( x x )dx= x x
432
4
1 x ) ex
(
dx
=
1 x
=
0 ex dx
1
e 2x
x
x
1 ( x ) e x (e )
=
dx
0
x 2
(e )
x
x
e
e x xe x
dx
e 2x
dx
x 1
= =
x
e 0 e
3
2
1
) dx 12
( 2x + 3=
5
1
6
2x + 3) dx
(
62
1 32
6
=
( 2x + 3) dx
12
3
1
1
1
6
= ( 2x + 3) 2 = 0 16 =
1
12
12
12
1
( x 2 + 3)
x
1
2
=2
=
ln x 2 + 3 .
2
x +3
x +3
2
2
x
1
1
1 7
ln x 2 + 3 =
=
dx=
ln7
ln3
ln .
(
)
0 2
x +3
2
2 3
2
433
7
3x 2
,
x3 + 8 =
2 x3 + 8
x2
2 2
dx =
3
3 1
x +8
x2
2
=
x3 + 8 3
2
0
2x + =
dx
6
2
0
+
2x
dx
2
6
1
2
=
2x
+
=
2
6 0
2
6
6
1 1 1
1
= =
2 2 2
2
xe
0
x 2 + 2011
dx =
2 3
x + 8 dx =
x + 8
1
3
3
2
2
( 4 3)= .
3
3
x 3 + 8 .
1 1 x 2 + 2011
e
dx
2 0
1 x 2 + 2011 1 1 2012 2011

e =
e e ) .
0 2 (
2
434
10
( 4 ) = 4
x3
x
0
x3
( )
3
3
1
ln4 3x 2 , x 2 4 x = 4 x .
3ln4
( )
1
3
3
1
4 x dx = 4 x dx
3ln4 0
1 x3 1
1
=
4
( 4 1)
3ln4 0 3ln4
1
1
=
3
.
3ln4
2ln2
11
3 x = 3 2 x x ,
2
0
2 x x=
dx
1 2
( 3x ) dx
3 0
1
1
1
2
3 x =
.
(1 0=)
0
3
3
3
12
x e
0
1
dx = x ( e x ) dx
0
1
1
= x e x ( x ) e x dx
0
0
= x e x e x dx
0
0
1
= x e x e x
0
0
= ( e 0 ) ( e 1) = 1
435
13
2
0
2
0
x ( x ) dx
xx=
dx
2
= x x 2 ( x ) x dx
0 0
2
= x x 2 x dx
0 0
2
2
= x x + x
0
0
= 0 + ( 0 1) = 1
2
2
14
=
I
=
I
2
0
2
0
x e x dx . :
x e dx=
x
2
0
x ( e x ) dx
= x e x 2 2 ( x ) e x dx = x e x 2 + 2 x e x dx
0
0
0
0
= ( 0 1) + 2 x ( e x ) dx = 1 + x e x 2 2 ( x ) e x dx
0

= 1 + e 2 0 2 x e x dx = e 2 1 I
0
I = e 2 1 I 2I = e 2 1 .
I
=
1 2
e 1 .
2
436
15
x
0
1
e x dx =
x 2 ( e x ) dx
0
=
x 2 e x + 2 x e x dx
0
0
1
1
1
= 2 x ( e x ) dx
0
e
1
1
1
= 2 x e x + 2 e x dx
0
0
e
1
1
1
= 2 2 e x
0
e
e
3
5
1
= 2 1 =2
e
e
e
16
=
=
xlnx
dx
=
1 e
lnx ( x 2 ) dx
1
2
e
1
1 e
lnx x 2 ( lnx ) x 2 dx
1
2
2 1
1
1 e1
lne e 2 ln112 ) x 2 dx
(
2
2 1 x
1 2 1 e
e x dx
2
2 1
1 2 1 2 e 1 2 1 2
1 + e2
e x =
e ( e 1)=
=
1
2
4
2
4
4
437
17
=
u
2x + 1 ,
u 2 1
u2 1
=
dx =
du u du . x = 0 u = 1
2
2
u 2 = 2x + 1 x =
x = 4 u = 3 . :
x 2x +=
1 dx
u2 1
u u du
2
3
1 3
1 1
1
= ( u 4 u 2 ) du = u 5 u 3
2 1
2 5
3 1
1 243 27 1 1 298
=
2 5
3 5 3 15
18
=
u 2x + 1 , x =
1
u 1
dx = du . x = 1 u = 3
2
2
x = 2 u = 5 . :
u 1
+1
2
2
5
x +1
1 2
1 5 u 2 2u + 5
du
du
=
1 ( 2x + 1)2 dx 2=
3
u2
8 3
u2
2
1 5 2 5
1
5
1 + 2 du=
u 2lnu
=
8 3 u u
8
u 3
1
5 1
1 4
( 5 2ln5 1) 3 2ln3 = ( 4 2ln5) 2ln3
8
3 8
8 3
1 1 1
1
1 1 3
ln5 + ln3 = + ln
2 6 4
4
3 4 5
438
19
0 x 1 . x
. x = . dx = ( ) d = d x = 0
2
=0 , x = 1 = .
2
0
1 x dx=
2
0
2
0
d=
2
1 d=
2
0
2
0
1 + 2
d
2
1 2
1 2
1 1
2
=
d
=
+
= 4
2 0
2 0
4 2 2
0
20
du 1
= du . , x = 0 u = 1 ,
ex u
u = e x . du =e x dx dx =
x = 1 u = e :
1
1+ e
0
dx =
1 1
du =
1 1+ u u
e 1
1
du
du =
1 1+ u
u
[lne ln1] [ln(1 + e) ln2]
=
1 + ln2 ln(1 + e)
1
1

du
u 1+ u
[lnu ]1 [ln(1 + u)]1
439
21
i. x < 1 f (x)
= x 2 + 1 . ,
x > 1 f (x)
=
x + 3
g(x)= x + 3 h(x) = x .
f x 0 = 1 .
f (1) =
1 + 3 = 2
lim f=
(x) lim ( x 2 =
+ 1) 2
x 1
x 1
lim f=
(x) lim+ x=
+3 2
x 1+
x 1
f x 0 = 1 .
f .
f (x) dx +
ii. =
f (x) dx
0
f (x) dx .
1
4
1
f (x) dx = ( x + 1) dx = x 3 + x =
0
0
3
0 3
1
f (x) dx =
2
38
( 27 8=)
3
3
4 38 42
f (x) dx = + = =14 .
0
3 3
3
3
2
2
x + 3 dx =
x
+
3
(
)
3
1
440
22
i. x < 0 f (x) = x . ,
x > 0 f (x)
= ln(1 + x)
g(x)= x + 1 h(x) = lnx .
f x 0 = 0 .
f (0)
= ln1
= 0 lim
=
=
f (x) lim
f (x) 0 .
+
x 0
x 0
f .
ii. =
f (x) dx
2
f (x) dx + f (x) dx .
0
1
f (x) dx = x dx = x 2 = 2
2
2
2 2
0
f (x) =
dx
ln(1 + x) =
dx
ln(1 + x) (1 + x ) dx
=(1 + x ) ln(1 + x) 0 1dx

0
2
= 3ln3 2
f (x) dx =2 + 3ln3 2 =3ln3 4 .
23
2x + 4,
f (x)
2,
=
2x 4,
x <1
1 x < 3 .
x3
f (x) dx =
(2x + 4) dx +
0
2 dx + (2x 4) dx
3
= x 2 + 4x + [ 2x ]1 + x 2 4x =10
0
3
1
441
f (x) = x 3 + x 1 0 x ,
f (x) dx
2x + 4,
=
f (x)
2,
2x 4,
x <1
1 x < 3 , x x x = 0 x = 4 .
x3
44
4+2
2 = 16 6 = 10 (
2
).
24
:
x2 +1
1 1 3x 2 + 3
dx
dx
=
0 x 3 + 3x + 8
3 0 x 3 + 3x + 8
1
1 1
ln ( x 3 + 3x + 8 ) dx
0
3
1
1
ln ( x 3 + 3x + 8 )
0
3
1
1 3
( ln12 ln8=) ln
3
3 2
442
25

x 1
x 2 + 3x + 2 = (x + 1)(x + 2) .
x + 3x + 2
2
x 1
x 1
.
=
x + 3x + 2 (x + 1)(x + 2)
2
x 1
A
B
, x {1, 2} .
=
+
(x + 1)(x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
x {1, 2} ,
x 1 =
A ( x + 2 ) + B ( x + 1) ( A + B ) x + ( 2A + B ) =
x 1
1
2
A+B=
A =
1 B =
3
2A + B =
x 1
dx
=
x + 3x + 2
1
3
2
dx +
dx
0 x+2
x +1
=
2 [ ln(x + 1) ]0 + 3 [ ln(x + 2) ]0
1
=
2ln2 + 3ln3 3ln2 =
3ln3 5ln2
26
x 3 x 2 x 2
x3 = x + 1 +
3x + 2
3x + 2
= x +1+
x x2
( x + 1)( x 2 )
2
x3
=
dx
x2 x 2
3 ( x + 1) dx + 3
4
3x + 2
x +1 +
dx
( x + 1)( x 2 )
3x + 2
dx
( x + 1)( x 2 )
443
1 2
9
9
3 ( x + 1) dx = 2 x + x 3 = (8 + 4 ) 2 + 3 = 2 .
4
3x + 2
( x + 1)( x 2 ) dx
3
3x + 2
A
B
, x {1, 2} .
=
+
( x + 1)( x 2 ) x + 1 x 2
3x + 2
A
B
= +
( x + 1)( x 2 ) x + 1 x 2
3x + 2= A(x 2) + B(x + 1)
(A + B)x + (2A + B)= 3x + 2
1
A = 3
3
A+B=
2
2A + B =
B = 8
3x + 2
( x + 1)( x 2 ) dx =
3
4 8
1 1
1
dx +
dx
3 3 x2
3 x +1
1
8
4
4
[ln(x + 1)]3 + [ln(x 2)]3
3
3
1
8
( ln5 ln4 ) + ( ln2 ln1)
3
3
1
ln5 + 2ln2
3
x3
9 1
dx =+ ln5 + 2ln2 .
2
x x2
2 3
444
27
e
lnx
dx = lnx ( lnx ) dx
1
x
= lnx lnx
1
1
lnx lnx dx
e
1
1
1
=
lnx dx
1
2 lnx x
1 e
2 1
= 1
lnx
dx
x
lnx
1 e lnx
dx =
1
dx
x
2 1 x
3 e
2 1
lnx
dx = 1
x
lnx
2
dx =
x
3
28
.
( ln ( x +
f (x) =
x2 +1
)) =
1
x+ x
(
+1
x + x2 +1
x
1
x + x2 +1
1 + =
x + x2 +1
x2 +1 x + x2 +1
x2 +1
1
1
x2 +1
445
.
x 2 + 1 dx
=
=
2
0
1
x 2 + 1 ( x ) =
dx x 2 + 1 x
0 0
2
1 x +11
dx =
2
dx
0
x2 +1
x2 +1
x2
1
x2 +1
1
=
2
dx +
dx
2
0
0
x +1
x2 +1
1
(A)
= 2
( (
x 2 + 1 dx + ln x + x 2 + 1
0
)) dx
1
= 2 + ln x + x 2 + 1 x 2 + 1 dx
0 0
= 2 + ln 1 + 2
x 2 + 1 dx
x 2 + 1 dx = 2 + ln 1 + 2 .
2 + ln 1 + 2
.
x 2 + 1 dx =
2
x 2 + 1 x dx
446
29
dx
du (lnx)=
u = lnx x = e u , =
1
1
=
dx
dx dx = e u du .
x
eu
x = 1 u = 0 x = e u = 1 . :
I=
( lnx ) dx=
u e
du=
u (e
0
) du
= u e u u e u du
0
0
1
= 1 e u (e u ) du
0
= 1 e e u u u e u du
= 1 e ( e 1 1) I
2I = 1 + 1 e e 1 =
1 + 1 e e 1
.
2
30
. .
u = x . du = dx x = 0 u = , x =
u = 0 . :
f ( =
x) dx
f (u) (du)
=
f (u) du =
f (u) du
= f (x) dx
0
x
x
. f (x) =
.
, f x =
x + x
2
x + x
() , :
447
2
0
x
dx
=
x + x
2
0
x
2
=
dx
x + x
2
2
0
x
dx
x + x
2I = 2
0
2
0
x
x
x + x
dx + 2
dx = 2
dx
0 x + x
0 x + x
x + x
2
=
1dx =
x
0 2
I
=
=
02 x + x dx 4 .
31
i. f (x) + f (6 x) =
c x = 1 :
f (1) + f (6 1) = c f (1) + f (5) = c

f (x) + f (6 x) = f (1) + f (5) .
(f (x) + f (6 x)) dx
=
( f (1) + f (5) ) dx
5
f (x) dx + f (6 x) dx =
1
( f (1) + f (5) ) dx
5
f (x) dx + f (6 x) dx = 4 ( f (1) + f (5) ) (1)

5
f (6 x) dx u= 6 x , du = dx x = 1 u = 5 ,
x = 5 u = 1 . :
f (6 x) dx
=
f (u) ( du=
)
f (u) du
=
(1) :
2 f (x) dx = ( f (1) + f (5) ) dx

5
2 f (x) dx =
( f (1) + f (5) ) 1dx
5
f (x) dx
448
2 f (x) dx = 4 ( f (1) + f (5) )

5
f (x)
=
dx 2 ( f (1) + f (5) )
x
ii. f (x) + f (6 x) =
c =
f (3) + f (3) =
c 2f (3) =
c
1+ 5
= 3 :
2
f (x) + f (6 x) =
2f (3) .
5
] dx 2f (3) dx
[f (x) + f (6 x)=
f (x) dx + f (6 x) dx =
2f (3) dx
1
:
5
2 f (x) dx = 2f (3) dx 2 f (x) dx = 2f (3) dx

1
f (x) dx = 4f (3) .
32
.
u = + x . du = dx x = u = , x =
u = . :
=
I
=
=
=
x f (x) dx
( + u) f (u)(du)
( + u) f (u) du
=
( + ) f (u) du u f (u) du
= ( + ) f (u) du u f (u) du
= ( + ) f (x) dx x f (x) dx
2I = ( + )
=
I
f (x) dx ,
+
f (x) dx .
2
449
33
.
f (x) 0 , ( f (x) 0 , x x )
:

f ( )
f ()
f 1 (x) dx =
f ( )
f ()
f (x) dx 1 ,
f 1 (y) dy 2 ,
f () f ()
.
1 + 2 .
:
f (x) dx +
f ( )
f ()
f 1 (x) dx = f () f ()
x f (x) dx =
[ x f (x)] f (x) dx ,
x f (x) dx = f () f () f (x) dx (1)
f ( ) ,
f 1 , f 1 ( f (x) ) = x ,
=
x f (x) dx
f 1 ( f (x) ) f (x) dx .
u = f (x) , du = f (x) dx x = , u= f () , x = ,
u= f () .
450
=
x f (x) dx
f ( )
f 1 ( f (x) ) f (x) dx
f ( u ) du
=
1
f ()
f ( )
f ()
f 1 ( x ) dx
f ( )
1
x f (x) dx =
f ( x ) dx (2).
f ()
(1) (2)
f (x) dx +
f ( )
f ()
f ( )
f ()
f 1 ( x ) dx = f () f () f (x) dx ,
f 1 (x) dx = f () f ()
. f (x) = x 3 + x + 5 f (x)= 3x 2 + 1 > 0 , ,

1 1 .
f (x) = x 3 + x + 5 = 15 x 3 + x 10 = 0 .
x = 2.
f (x) = x 3 + x + 5 = 7 x 3 + x 2 = 0 .
x = 1 .
15
f (x) dx + f 1 (x) dx = 2 f (2) 1 f (1)

7
= 2 15 1 7 = 23
15
f 1 (x) dx
= 23 f (x) dx
1
= 23 ( x 3 + x + 5 ) dx
2
x4 x2
= 23 + + 5x
2
4
1
23 51
=23 16 =
4 4
f (x) dx +
f ( )
f ()
f 1 (x) dx = f () f ()
451
34
. f (x) g(x) g(x) f (x) 0, x [ , ] . :
( g(x) f (x) ) dx 0 g(x) dx f (x) dx 0
g(x) dx f (x) dx
f (x) dx g(x) dx
. f [ 0,1] ,
M .
x [ 0,1] :
f (x) M
x 2 x 2 f (x) M x 2
1
dx x 2 f (x) dx M x 2 dx
1
1
3 1
M
x x 2 f (x) dx x 3
0
0
0
3
3
3 x 2 f (x) dx M
0
3 x 2 f (x) dx
0
f . [ 0,1] ,
1
1
1
3 x 2 f (x) dx =
f () x 2 f (x) dx =
f ( ) .
0
0
3
452
35
f (x) dx =
[ x f (x)]0 f (x) x dx
f (x) (x) d x =
4
=
4 f (4) x x 2 + 9 dx =
40 x x 2 + 9 dx

x x 2 + 9 dx =
u
x
x
dx
dx , x dx = u du . x = 0 u = 3 x = 4
=
u
x2 + 9
du
=
u = 5 . :
x x 2 + 9 dx=
u u du=
u 2 du
1 3 5 125 27 98
u
=
=
3 3
3
3
f (x) dx = 40
98 22
=
.
3
3
36
=
=
f (x)
x dx
=
2
[f (x) x ]0 0
x 2 + 9 .
f (x) ( x ) dx
f (x) x dx
f (x) ( x ) dx
2
[f (x) x ]0 0
2
f (x) x dx
= f (2) f (0) f (x) x dx

0
f (x)dx f (x) x dx
0
f (x) (1 x ) dx
453
f (x) > 0 [ 0, 2] 1 x 0 , 1 x
[ 0, 2] . x [ 0, 2] f (x)(1 x) 0 ,
f (x)(1 x) = 0 .
f (x) x dx > 0 .
37
i.
=
I
1
=
dx
2
x + 3x
1
=
dx
x ( x + 3)
1
2
ln
+ ln2
3 +3 3
ii.
2
1
=
lim I lim ln
+ ln2
+
+ 3
+3 3
2
1
ln2 + lim ln
3
3 + + 3
=
=
1
1

dx
3x 3(x + 3)
1 1
1 1
1
1
dx
dx = [ lnx ]1 [ ln(x + 3) ]1
1
1
3 x
3 x +3
3
3
1
1
( ln ln1) ( ln( + 3) ln4 )
3
3
2
1
2
ln2 + ln1 = ln2
3
3
3
454
38
( f (x) ) dx .
f (x) f (x) dx =
2
1
0 (f
f (x) f (x) dx =
2
1
(x) ) dx =
0
f 2 (1) f 2 (0) =
0
f 2 (1) = f 2 (0) (1).
( f (x) )
1
18
f (x) dx =
1 1 3
18
( f (x) ) dx =
3 0
f 3 (1) f 3 (0) =
54 (2)
(1) f (1) = f (0) f (1) = f (0) .
f (1) = f (0) , (2) 0 = 54 , . f (1) = f (0)
(2) :
2f 3 (1)= 54
f 3 (1)
= 27
f (1) = 3 , f (0) = 3
0 ( f (x) )
1
1 1 5
f (x) ) dx
f (x) dx =
(
0
5
1 5
f (1) f 5 (0)
5
1 5 5
2 35
3
3
+
=
(
) 5
5
455
39
g() =
g()=
f (x) dx
f (x) dx = f ( + ) f ()
= f ( ) f ( ) = 0
g() =
f (x) dx ,
, =0 . , =0 g(0) =
f (x) dx .
f (x) dx = f (x) dx .
0
40

=
I
x f (x) dx , u= 6 x . du = dx x = 2
u = 8 , x = 8 u = 2 .
I=
=
(6 u) f (u)du
x f (x) dx=
(6 u) f (6 u)(du)
= 6 f (u)du u f (u)du
= 6 f (x) dx x f (x) dx
= 60 I
=
I 60 I , I = 30 .
456
41
f (x) + f ( x) =
f (x) dx + f ( x) dx
=
dx
f (x) dx + f ( x) dx = 2 (1)
x =
u , dx = du x = , u = x = , u = ,
:
f ( x)=
dx
f (u)(du)
=
f (u) du = f (x) dx
(1) :
f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 2
( + ) f (x) dx =
2
+
f (x) dx =
42
f (x) dx f (x) dx +
=
f (x) dx .
f (x) dx u= x 1 , du = dx x = 1 u = 0 ,
x = 2 u = 1 .
f (x) dx =
f (x) dx + f (x + 1) dx
f (x) dx
=
f (x) dx
=
f (u + 1) du = f (x + 1) dx .
( f (x) + f (x + 1) ) dx .
1
457
43
f (x) x dx = f (x) ( x ) dx
0
= [ f (x)x ]0 + f (x) x dx
= f (0)0 f () + f (x) x dx
0
= f (0) + f () + f (x) x dx
0
= 4 + f (x) (x) dx
0
= 4 + [ f (x) x ]0 f (x) x dx
= 4
44
i.
=
+
4
3
(x 1)
(x 1)
(x 1) 4
x = (x 1) +
x = x + ( )
=1 = 0
= 1, = 1 .
ii. =
f (x)
1
1
+
, x (1, + ) .
3
(x 1)
(x 1) 4
f (x) dx
=
1
1
+
dx
3
(x 1)
(x 1) 4
3
1
1
dx
+
dx
3
2
(x 1)
(x 1) 4
458
1 1 1 1
=

2 ( x 1)2 3 ( x 1)3
2
2
11 11 2
=
1 1 =
2 4 38 3
45
i.
=
I
( lnx ) dx
=
( lnx ) (x) dx
e
e
e
1 1
= ( lnx ) x ( lnx ) x dx
1
1
x
= e ( lnx )
e
dx
I = e I1 .
ii.
I3 = e 3I 2
I 2 = e 2I1
e 3 ( e 2I1 ) =
2e + 6I1 .
I3 =
e
e
I1 = lnx dx = lnx ( x ) dx =
1
=[ x lnx ]1 1dx =e (e 1) =1
e
I3 =2e + 6 1 =6 2e .
459
46
2
0
x
x + x dx u= 2 x , dx = du ,

0 .
2
i. A =
A=
2
0
0
x
dx =
x + x
2
2
0
u
2
du
u + u
2
u
du =
u + u
ii.
2
0
2
0
x + x
dx
=
x + x
x
x
2
dx
+
0 x + x dx
x + x
2
1 dx
=
0
= + = , = =
.
4
47
1 4 2x
2
4
4 x
0 e dx + 0 x dx 0 e x dx
2
4
0
e 2x dx + 4 2 x dx 2 4 e x x dx
4
0
e dx + x dx
4
0
2x
4
0
2x
4
0
(e
(e
4
0
2e x x dx 0
+ 2 x 2e x x ) dx 0
x ) dx 0
2
, e x x
0 , x .
460
48
i. =
f (x) dx
f (x) dx + f (x) dx .
0
f (x) dx , u = x , du = dx ,
0 .
f (x) dx =
f (u) du =
f (u) du =
f (x) dx .
f (x) dx = f (x) dx + f (x) dx = 2 f (x) dx .
ii. =
f (x) dx
f (x) dx + f (x) dx .
0
f (x) dx , u = x , du = dx ,
0 .
f (u) du =
f (u) du =
f (x) dx .
f (x) dx =
f ( u) du =
f (x) dx =
f (x) dx + f (x) dx =
0.
f (x) dx + f (x) dx =
461

1. ( )
3 x
f (t)dt, x > 2
f [2, +) F(x) = x 2 2
.
3f (2), x = 2
:
i.
ii.
F x 0 = 2.
f x 0 = 2 , F [2, +).
( )
2. ( )
f : : f (x) = x + 2 +
x . (1)
f (t)dt,
( )
3. ( )
f : (0, +) : f (x) = 3x + 4 +
x > 0 (1)
i.
ii.
( )
f .
f .
1
f (t)dt
x
462
4. ( )
x
f : : f (x) =3 + 2e +
x . (1)
i.
f .
ii.
( )
5. ( )
f : (0, +) :
f (x)= 3x 2 + 4
i.
ii.
1 x
f ( )dt, x > 0. (1)
t t
f (0, +).
f .
( )
6. ( )
F(x) =
i.
ii.
2 + 3x
2 3x
3ntdt.
F .
F .
( )
7. ( )
: n10 <
( )
n(t 2 + 1)dt n(t 2 + 1)dt < n17.

2
x
2
x
x
f (t + )dt
2
463
8. ( )
:
i.
x 2 +1
ii.
2(e t + 1)dt e x + 2x e 2
(t 2 + 2)dt > (t 2 + 2)dt

0
( )
9. ( )
:
i.
1 = (
2
ii. =
2
2
dt)dx.
2 + t2
xt 3dt)dx.
( )
10. ( )
f : (0, +) :
f (t)dt + nx 3x 2 + 2x 5, x > 0. (1)
f (1) = 7
( )
11. ( )
[0, 2] f f (x) < 2.
:
( )
f (t)dt 5x + 8 =
0 (0, 2).
464
12. ( )
f : =
F(x)
x R. (1)
(x 2 + 2x)f (t)dt,
:
H F
i.
(0, 2), F'() =0
ii.
iii.
f (t)dt =
f ()( + 2)
.
2( + 1)
( )
13. ( )
=
F(x)
i.
ii.
(
x
3t + 2
e u + 2 du dt, x .
F
C F' A(1, F' (1)).
( )
465

1
0
i.
3 f (t)dt 0
: lim+ F(x)
= lim+ 2 = 3 lim+
x 2
x 2
x 2
x2
( f (t)dt=)
x
f (x)
3 lim+ = 3f=
(2) F(2).
x 2
1
( x 2 )
, F x 0 = 2.
i.
x > 2 :
3 x f (t)dt 3f (x)(x 2) 3 x f (t)dt

2
2
F'(x) =
.
=
2
x 2)
(
x 2
x 0 = 2, :
x
F(x) F(2)
=
=
F '(2) lim
lim
+
x 2
x 2+
x2
3 f (t)dt
3f (2)
2
x=
3 lim+
x 2
x2
(
f (t)dt f (2)(x 2) )
f (x) f (2 )
3 lim
3 lim
=
=
f (t)dt f (2)(x 2) 0
=
2
( x 2)
x 2
(( x 2) )
2
x 2+
2(x 2)(x 2)
3
f (x) f (2 ) 3
=
f '(2).
lim+
2 x 2
x2
2
, F [2, +).
2
f x ,
f (t)dt ,
f
x : f '(x) = (x + 2 +
f (t)dt)' =1 + f (x) f '(x) f (x) =1
e x f '(x) e x f (x) =
e x (e x f (x))' =(e x )' e x f (x) =e x + c f (x) =1 + e x c (2)
4
x = 1 (1) : f (1) = 3 (2) f (1) =1 + e c . : 1 + e c = 3 c =
e
4
f (x) =1 + e x .
e
466
3
i.
x > 0 : f (x) = 3x + 4 +
1 x
f (t)dt , (2)
x 2
f (0, +)
f (t)dt
(0, +). f (0, +) ,

.
ii.
H (2) x > 0 :
x
xf (x) = 3x 2 + 4x + f (t)dt (xf (x))' = (3x 2 + 4x + f (t)dt)'

2
x 0
f (x) + xf '(x) = 6x + 4 + f (x) xf '(x) = 6x + 4 f '(x) = 6 +
4
x
f '(x) =
(6x + 4nx)' f (x) =
6x + 4nx + c (3)
12 + 4n2 + c.
x = 2 (2) : f (2) = 6 + 4 = 10, (3) : f (2) =
12 + 4n2 + c =10 c =2 4n2
: f (x) = 6x + 4lnx 2 4ln2
4
i.
x
= u dt = du
2
x
t = : u = 0
2
x
t = : u = x
2
t +
, (1) : f (x) =3 + 2e x +
f (u)du x . (2)
f , .
ii.
x :
x
f '(x) = (3 + 2ex + f (u)du)' = 2ex + f (x) f '(x) f (x) = 2ex

0
e x f '(x) e x f (x) = 2 (e x f (x))' = (2x)' e x f (x) = 2x + c f=

(x) 2xe x + ce x (3)
f (0) = 1, ((2))
(x) 2xe x e x .
c =1. f=
f (0) = c
x = 0 :
467
5
i.
x
x
x
, : t = dt =
2 du.
t
u
u
t = 1 : u = x
t = x : u = 1
u =
(1) :
f (x)= 3x 2 + 4
h(u) =
1
f (u)du (2)
u
1
f (u) , ,
u
1
f (u)du . f (0, +) ,
u
.
ii.
x > 0 : f '(x) = (3x2 + 4
1
1
f (u)du)' f '(x) = 6x f (x)
u
x
xf '(x) + f (x) =6x 2 (xf (x))' =(2x 3 )' xf (x)= 2x 3 + c
f (x)
= 2x 2 +
1
c (3)
x
x = 1 (2) : f (1) = 7 (3) x = 1 : f (1)= 2 + c .

2 + c = 7 c = 5 . f (x)
= 2x 2 +
5
.
x
6
i.
g(t) = 3nt D=
(0, +)
g
.

h1 (x)= 2 3x h 2 (x)= 2 + 3x
.
F(x) =
2 + 3x
2 3x
3ntdt. :
2 3
2 + 3x > 0
2 3
2 3
x > 2
<x<
3
3
2 3x > 0
x< 2 3
3
D F = (
2 3 2 3
,
).
3
3
468
ii.
x (
2 3 2 3
,
) :
3
3
'
2 + 3x
0
F'(x) =
3ntdt =
2 3x
2
3 2
0
3x
'
2+
ntdt + 3
3x
3x
3ntdt +
2 + 3x
'
3ntdt =
'
ntdt =
3n(2 3x)(2 3x)' + 3n(2 + 3x)(2 + 3x)'
= 3 3n(2 3x) + 3 3n(2 + 3x)

=
3 3n (2 3x) (2 + =
3x) 3 3 ln(4 3x 2 )
:
F'(x) = 0 3 3n(4 3x 2 ) = 0 4 3x 2 = 1 x = 1.
F'(x) 0 3 3 ln(4 3x 2 ) 0
n(4 3x 2 ) n1 4 3x 2 1 x 2 1 1 x 1
F'(x) 0 3 3 ln(4 3x 2 ) 0 4 3x 2 1
2 3
2 3
< x 1 1 x <
.
3
3
F [1,1] :
x2 1
2 3
2 3
, 1],[1,
).
3
3
F x = 1
F(1) =
2 3
2+ 3
3ntdt =3
2 3
2+ 3
t ' ntdt = 3[tnt ]22+
3
3
2 3
2+ 3
1
t dt =
t
= 3(2 3)n(2 3) 3(2 + 3)n(2 + 3) 3(2 3 (2 + 3)] =
= 3(2 3)n(2 3) 3(2 + 3)n(2 + 3) + 6 3.

x = 1
F(1) =
2+ 3
2 3
3ntdt = 3(2 + 3)n(2 + 3) 3(2 3)n(2 3) 6 3.
469
7
=
f (x)
n(t 2 + 1)dt, x [3, 4].
n(t 2 + 1) [3, 4], f

[3, 4].
, , , (3, 4) , :
f '()
=
f (4 ) f (3)
=
43
n(t 2 + 1)dt n(t 2 + 1)dt.

2
2x
> 0 x [3, 4], f '
x2 +1
''(x)
: f=
'(x) n(x 2 + 1) f=
[3, 4].
: 3 < < 4 f '(3) < f '() < f '(4) n10 <
n(t 2 + 1)dt n(t 2 + 1)dt < n17.

2
8
i.
2(e t + 1)dt e x + 2x e 2 2(e t + 1)dt e x 2x + e + 2 0.

2
=
f (x)
2(e + 1)dt e 2x + e + 2, x R
t2
x2
= 2e x + 2 e x 2x 2= 2e x (1 x)
: f '(x)
:
2
f '(x) 0 2ex (1 x) 0 1 x 0 x 1
f (,1]
f '(x) 0 2ex (1 x) 0 x 1
f [1, +)
f x 0 = 1,
x
f (x) f (1) 2(e t + 1)dt e x 2x + e + 2 0 2(e t + 1)dt e x + 2x e 2.

2
ii.
h(x)
=
(t 2 + 2)dt, R,
h '(x) = x 2 + 2 > 0, h .
g(x) = x 2 + 1 x
: =-3<0
g(x) > 0 , x 2 + 1 > x h .
, h(x 2 + 1) > h(x)
x 2 +1
(t 2 + 2)dt > (t 2 + 2)dt.

0
470
9
i.
2
,tR =
F(x)
2 + t2
=
f (t)
dt
=
2+t
3
f (t)dt, t .
x : F'(x) = f (x), :
3
x
3
3
3
2
I1 =
(
dt)dx =
F(x)dx =
(x) ' F(x)dx =
[xF(x)]30 + xF'(x)dx =
2
0
3 2+t
0
0
0
2
'
3 (x + 2)
2
dx
=
0 x 2 + 2 dx =
2 + x2
0+ x
=
3F(3) + xf (x)dx =
[n(x 2 + 2)]30 = n11 n2 = n

ii.
x :
=
I2
11
.
2
(x
t 3dt)dx
f (t) = t 3 , t R F(x)=
t 3dt=
f (t)dt, t R.
'
x2
x R : F'(x) = f (x),=
: I 2 =
xF(x)dx =
F(x)dx
0
0
2
2
2
2 x
x2
1 2
=
F(x)
2F(2) x 2 f (x)dx =
2
0 2 F '(x)dx =
2 0
1 2
1 2 1
= 0 x 2 x 3dx = x 3 dx =
2 0
2 0 3
2
1
1
1
= x 3 = ( 8 0 ) = 8.
0
6
6
6
471
10
(1) :
g(x)
=
f (t)dt + nx 3x 2 2x + 5 0.
f (t)dt + nx 3x 2 2x + 5, x > 0.
: g(x) 0 g(x) g(1), x > 0.

g () x = 1.
f (t)dt . g ,
, :
x
g '(x)= ( f (t)dt + nx 3x 2 2x + 5)' g '(x)= f (x) +

1
1
6x 2.
x
g x = 1 ()
Fermat g '(1) = 0 f (1) + 1 6 2 = 0 f (1) = 7.
11
g(x)
=
:
f (t)dt 5x + 8.
g(2) = f (t)dt 10 + 8 =2 < 0
g(0) = f (t)dt + 8 = f (t)dt + 8 > 0,
2
0
0
2
f (t) < 2 f (t)dt < 2dt f (t)dt < 2(2 0)

0
f (t)dt < 4 f (t)dt > 4 8 f (t)dt > 4 > 0.
g(0) g(2) < 0 g [0,2]

( f
f (t)dt . g ,
) Bolzano g(x) = 0
f (t)dt 5x + 8 =
0 (0, 2).
. x (0, 2) :
x
g '(x)
= ( f (t)dt 5x + 8)=' f (x) =
5 (f (x) 2) 3 < 0 f (x) < 2.
2
g g(x) = 0 .
472
12
i.
x : F(x) = (x 2 + 2x)
f f1 (x) =
f (t)dt, x R. (2)
f (t)dt . F
,
2
= x 2 + 2x.
f1 (x) = f (t)dt f 2 (x)
2
ii.
F :
F [0, 2].
F (0, 2).
(2)
(2)
= F(2)
= 0, F(0) = 0 F(2)
= 8.0
= 0
F(0)
F Rolle [0, 2],
(0, 2) F'() =0.
iii.
x :
x
F '(x) = ((x 2 + 2x) f (t)dt)' = (x 2 + 2x)' f (t)dt + (x 2 + 2x)( f (t)dt)' =

x
= (2x + 2) f (t)dt + (x 2 + 2x) f (x)

2
x = : F'() =0 ( ii ) (2 + 2)
f (t)dt =
f (t)dt + ( 2 + 2)f ()= 0
( + 2)f ()
. (0, 2) 1
2( + 1)
13
i.
g(t) =
3t + 2
e u + 2 du h(u) = e u + 2 . h
g , g
F :
=
F '(x)
(=
g(t)dt )
'
g(x) F ''(x)= g '(x)= e3x + 4 (3x + 4)=' 3e3x + 4 > 0.
F .
ii.
: F '(1)
= g(1)=
e u + 2 du= e u + 2 = e7 e3
1
F=
''(1) g=
'(1) 3e .
7
() : y (e7 e3 )= 3e7 (x 1) ( ) : y = 3e7 x 2e 7 e3 .
473

1. ( Cf , x x
x = , x = )

f (x) =
1
, x x x = 1 x = > 1 .
x
( )
2. ( Cf , x x
x = , x = )

f ( x ) = x 2 3x + 2 , x x x = 1 x = 3 .
( )
3. ( f ,
xx x = , x = )
x
e 1, x < 0
.
2
x x, x 0
f ( x ) =
Cf , x x
x = 1 x = 2 .
( )
474
4. ( Cf Cg )
f , g :
f ( x ) g ( x ) = ( x 1) ( x 2 ) ( x 3) x .
Cf Cg .
( )
5. ( Cf Cg )

f ( x ) = x 3 x 2 + 5 g ( x ) = x 2 x + 5 .
( )
6. ( Cf Cg )

f ( x )= 4 x 2 y= x + 2 .
( )
7. ( Cf Cg )

f ( x ) = x y =
( )
1
x.
2
475
8. ( Cf , Cg
x = , x = )
f , g
( x ) g ( x ) + x x .
f=
( 0, f ( 0 ) ) ( 0, g ( 0 ) ) Cf Cg ,
f=
( 0 ) g=
( 0 ) 0 ,
Cf , Cg x =
x = .
2
( )
9. ( Cf , Cg C h )

f ( x ) = ln x , g ( x ) =
1 x
x = 2 .
x
( )
10. ( Cf , Cg C h )
f ( x ) = e x g ( x ) = e x + 2 .
f g
3
y = e2 .
( )
476
11. ( M(x, y)
)
f ( x )= x ln x , x > 0 .
M ( x , y )
f (x) y 0 .
1
x 1
e
( )
12. ()
f ( x=
) x 2 4x .
i. Cf ,
xx .
ii.
Cf .
( )
13. ()
f ( x )= 2x + 1
1
x ( 0,1) (1, + ) .
x ln x
i. Cf + =
y 2x + 1 .
ii. Cf ,
x = e x = e 2 .
( )
477
14. ()
f (x)
=
x + 1 x 1 . A ( 0,1) Cf
.
, Cf 2 :1 .
( )
15. ()
f ( x ) = x 3 + e x .
i. f + .
ii. E ( ) Cf ,
x = 1 x = > 1 .
iii. lim E ( ) .
+
( )
16. ()
f ( x ) =x 3 3x 2 + 7 .
i. f .
ii. Cf ,
A ( 2, f ( 2 ) ) x = 1 x = 3 .
( )
478
17. ()
f ( x ) = x 3 + 2x + 1 .
i. f .
ii. f 1 f ,
f 1 , x x x = 4 x = 13 .
( )
18. ()
f ( x ) = x 2 2x + 2 x 1 .
i. f [1, + ) .
ii. f 1 f ,
Cf Cf 1 .
( )
19. ()
f
f ( 0 ) = 0 f ( x ) > x x .
E Cf , x x
1
x = 0 x = 1 , E > .
6
( )
479
20. ()
i. :
x2
x
ln (1 + x ) x x 0 .
2
;
ii. f (=
x ) ln 1 + x 2 .
E Cf , x x
x = 0 x = 1 ,
( )
7
1
<E< .
30
3
480

1
, .
x
f ( x ) =
f ( x ) > 0 x > 0 , ( )
f ( x ) =
x = > 1 , :
E()=
1
x dx= [ln x ] =
ln ln1= ln ..
1
, x x x = 1
x
481
2
.
x 2 3x + 2 = 9 8 = 1 > 0 x = 1 x = 2 ,
:
f ,
x x x = 1 x = 3 , :
3
2
E=
( x 2 3x + 2 ) dx + ( x 2 3x + 2 ) dx =
x 3x + 2 dx =
x3 3 2
x3 3 2
x + 2x + x + 2x =
1 ..
3 2
1 3 2
2
3
f =
( , 0 ) [0, + ) =
() x ( , 0 ) f f (x)
= e x 1 ,
.
() x ( 0, + ) f f (x)
= x 2 x , .
() x = 0 , :
lim f=
(x) lim ( e x =
1) 0
x 0
x 0
f x = 0.
f (0) = 0
f=
(x) lim+ ( x 2 =
x) 0
+
xlim
0
x 0
(),() () f , [ 1, 2] .
e x ..
x < 0 e x < 1 e x 1 < 0 f ( x ) < 0 .
482
x 2 x :
f ( x ) < 0 x ( 0,1) f ( x ) > 0 x (1, 2 ) .

Cf , x x
x = 1 x = 2 :
2
E=
( e 1) dx ( x x ) dx + ( x 2 x ) dx =
f ( x ) dx =
x
x3 x 2 x3 x 2 1
x e + =+ 1 ..
1
3 2 0 3 2 1 e
x
4
f ( x ) g ( x ) .
E
f , g
3
E = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx f ( x ) g ( x ) dx .
f ( x ) g ( x ) = ( x 1) ( x 2 ) ( x 3) = x 3 6x 2 + 11x 6 ,
2
3
2
3
2
( x 6x + 11x 6 ) dx ( x 6x + 11x 6 ) dx =
E=
x
x
11 2
11 2
1
3
3
4 2x + 2 x 6x 4 2x + 2 x 6x =..
1
2 2
4
483
5
f , g , , f g
, .
f ( x ) g ( x ) = x 3 2x 2 + x = x ( x 1)
2

f g :
1
x4 2
x2
1
E = ( x 2x + x ) dx = x 3 + =
..
2 0 12
4 3
0
1
6
f g ( x )= y= x + 2 , ,
f g , .
f ( x ) g ( x ) =4 x 2 ( x + 2 ) = x 2 x + 2 . x = 2 x = 1 .
:
( )
f y= x + 2 :
1
x3 x 2
9
E = f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = ( x x + 2 ) dx = + 2x = ..
3 2
2 2
2
2
1
484
7
f [ 0, + ) .
1
y = x
0
x ( x 4) =
2 x = x

,
1
1
y = x
y = 1 x
y = x
2
( 0, 0 )
( 4, 2 ) .
Cf y =
1
2
=
x x
1
x O ( 0, 0 ) A ( 4, 2 ) . ( )
2
x 2 x
2
) 0 x [0, 4] , E
Cf y =
4
1
x :
2
1
2 32 1 2 4 4
..
E(=
dx
) x x =
x x=
0
2
3
4
3
0
0
4
485
8
( x ) g ( x ) + x :
f=
( x ) ) ( g ( x ) x ) , x ,
( f =
c1 , :
( x ) g ( x ) x + c1 , x (1).
f=
f ( 0 ) = g ( 0 ) , (1) :
( 0 ) g ( 0 ) 0 + c1
f=
=
c1 1 .
:
f =
( x ) g ( x ) x + 1 f =
(x)
( g ( x ) x + x ) , x ,
c 2 , :
f=
( x ) g ( x ) x + x + c2 , x
(2).
x = 0 , (2) c 2 = 0 ,
f ( x ) = g ( x ) x + x f ( x ) g ( x ) = x + x , x
(3).
x x , x , x < x ,
x > 0 , (3) f (x) g(x) > 0 , x > 0 ,

Cf , Cg x =
:
E=
x2
3 2
1 ..
f ( x ) g ( x ) dx = ( x + x ) dx = x + =
2 8
x =
2
486
9
f (x) = ln x ( 0, + ) , .
g(x) =
1 x
=
x
( , 0 ) ( 0, + ) ,
1
1 x
2 <0.
=
x
x
( , 0 ) ( 0, + ) , g(x) =
f (x) = g(x) x = 1 , .
h(x) =f ( x ) g ( x ) =ln x
1
x
h ( x ) = +
1 x
x > 0 ,
x
1
> 0 ( 0, + ) , h ( 0, + ) ,
x2
.
,
x > 1 f ( x ) > f (1) =
0
x > 1 g ( x ) < g (1) =
0,
f (x) g(x) 0 x [1, 2] .
E
f (x) = ln x , g(x) =
1 x
x = 2 , ( )
x
E
=
dx
f ( x ) g ( x ) =
1
dx
1 ln x x + 1=
2
]
( x ) ln x dx [ln x ] + [ x=
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
[ x ln x ]1 x ( ln x ) dx [ln x ]1 + [ x ]1 =[ x ln x ]1 [ x ]1 [ln x ]1 + [ x ]1 =ln 2 ..
1
487
10
f g
, f g ,
.
f , g :
e x (11)
f (x) =g(x) e x =e x + 2 x = x + 2 x =1 , (1, e ) .

3
2
1
2
y = e 2 Cf Cg A , e 2 B , e 2
.
3
( e x = e 2 x =
3
1
3
)
e 2 x = e 2 x =
2
2
e 2 x = e (x 2) , Cg h ( x ) = e x
+2 .
( )
3
2
f g y = e , :
3
1
2
2
23 x + 2
23 x
23
23
x +2
x
E = E ( 1 ) + E ( 2 ) = e e
dx + e e dx = e x + e
+ e x e =
1
1
1
1
2e e3 ..
488
11
ln x ( . )
1
x 1.
e
1
x 1 f ( x ) y 0 ,
e
f [ y = f ( x ) ], x x
x < 1
ln x < ln1 =
0 , f ( x ) < 0 ,
(. y = 0 ) x =
1
x = 1 .
e
:
1
x 2
x2
1 x2
E () =
x ln x dx =
ln x dx =
ln x + ( ln x ) dx =
2
1
1
2
1 1 2
1
x2
x2
1 3
ln x + = 2 ..
2
1 4 1 4 4e
12
.
i. f x x :
f ( x ) = 0 x 2 4x = 0 x ( x 4 ) = 0 ( x = 0 x = 4 ) ,
x x O ( 0, 0 ) A ( 4, 0 ) .
f ( x ) =x 2 4x =2x 4 , f ( 0 ) = 4 f ( 4 ) = 4 .
O ( 0, 0 ) A ( 4, 0 )
y 0 =4 ( x 0 ) y 0= 4 ( x 4 ) ,
1 2 :
1 : y =
4x
2 : y =4x 16
489
ii. f , f ( x )= 2 > 0 , Cf
y = 4x
1
y 4x 16
=
2 ( 2, 8 ) .
Cf ,
:
( )
2
E = E ( 1 ) + E ( 2 ) = x 2 4x ( 4x ) dx + x 2 4x ( 4x 16 ) dx =
2
x3 x3
16
2
..
3 + 3 4x + 16x =
0
2 3
490
13
i.
lim f ( x ) ( 2x + 1) = lim
= 0 ,
x +
x ln x
x +
lim ( x ln x ) = + .
x +
Cf + =
y 2x + 1 .
1
< 0 x (1, + ) ,
x ln x
Cf , x = e x = e 2
ii. f ( x ) ( 2x + 1) =
:
e2
E=
f ( x ) ( 2x + 1) dx=
e2
1
dx=
x ln x
u = ln x , du =
1
u du= [ln u ] =
2
ln 2 ..,
1
dx , =
u1 ln=
e 1 =
u 2 ln=
e2 2 .
x
14
f ( x ) =
x +1 =
1
1
, x > 1, f ( 0 ) = .
2
2 x +1
A ( 0,1) Cf :
y 1=
1
1
( x 0 ) y= x + 1.
2
2
x = 0 y = 1 , yy A ( 0,1) .
y = 0 x = 2 , x x B ( 2, 0 ) .
OAB E =
1
1
( OA )( OB ) = 1 2 = 1 ..
2
2
491
1 ( ) E1 =
2 E 2 =1
3
( x + 1) 2
2
..,
x + 1 dx =
=
3
3
2 1
2 1
= ..
3 3
2 :1 .
15
f
.
i. lim f ( x ) ( x =
3)
x +
lim =
e x 0 ,
x +
f +
y= x 3 .
1
e
ii. E ( ) = f ( x ) ( x 3) dx = e x dx = e x =
iii. lim E=
()
+
1 1 1
,
lim =

e e e
1
= 0.
+ e
lim e = + , lim
1
..
e
492
16
f .
i. f (=
x ) 3x 2 6x f ( x=
) 6x 6 . :
f ,1] [1, + ) .
ii. f ( 2 ) = 3 f ( 2 ) = 0 Cf A ( 2, f ( 2 ) )
: y = 3 .
f [1, + ) , Cf ,
Cf , A ( 2, f ( 2 ) )
x = 1 x = 3 :
3
x4
E= ( x 3x + 7 3) dx= x 3 + 4x = 2 ..
4
1
1
3
17
f .
i. f ( x )= 3x 2 + 2 > 0 x , f ,
1 1 , .
ii. f 1 f , :
f (1) =
4 f 1 ( 4 ) =
1
13 f 1 (13) =
2
f ( 2 ) =
x > 4 f 1 f 1 ( x ) > f 1 (4) =
1 > 0 .
f 1 , x x
x = 4 x = 13 :
13
E = f 1 ( x ) dx ,
4
(1).
493
x = f (u) , :
dx = f (u) du
4 = f ( u ) f (1) = f ( u ) f 1 1 u = 1,
13 = f ( u ) f ( 2 ) = f ( u ) f 1 1 u = 2.
(1), :
2
E=
f
( f ( u ) ) f ( u ) du
f 1 ( f ( u ) ) = u 2
3u 4
57
+ u2 =
..
= u f ( u ) du = ( 3u + 2u ) du =
4
1 4
1
1
2
18
i. f ( x ) = 2x 2 = 2 ( x 1) > 0 x > 1 , f
[1, + ) , 1 1 , [1, + ) .
ii. f 1 f . f 1 f ,
.
f , f 1
y = x .
, f 1 (x 0 ) = f (x 0 ) f (x 0 ) = x 0 .
f (x 0 ) > x 0 f 1 f 1 ( f (x 0 ) ) > f 1 ( x 0 ) =
f (x 0 ) ,
f (x 0 ) < x 0 .
, f (x 0 ) < x 0 f 1
f 1 ( f (x 0 ) ) < f 1 ( x 0 ) =
f (x 0 ) , f (x 0 ) > x 0 .
f (x 0 ) = x 0 .
f ( x ) = x x 2 2x + 2 = x x 2 3x + 2 = 0 ( x = 1 x = 2 ) .
B (1,1) ( 2, 2 ) . ( )
f f 1
y = x , Cf Cf 1 ,
Cf
y= x.
x 2 3x + 2 :
x 2 3x + 2 0 x 2 2x + 2 x x [1, 2] .
2
3x 2 x 3
1
2x =
: E= 2 ( x x + 2x 2 ) dx= 2
..
2
3
3
1
1
2
494
19
f , .
x2
g=
( x ) f ( x ) (
2
) g ( x=
) f ( x ) x > 0 ,
g .
:
x > 0 g ( x ) > g ( 0 ) = f ( 0 ) 0 = 0 f ( x )
x2
>0.
2
x2
f ( x )
0 [ 0,1] , :
2
1
1
1
1
x3 1
x2
x2
1
>
>
=
=
f
x
dx
0
f
x
dx
dx
f ( x ) dx > .
(
)
(
)
2
2
6
6 0 6
0
0
0
1
x2
x2
f ( x ) dx > 0 , g=
( x ) f ( x )
2
2
0
1
[ 0,1] .
x2
f ( x )
0 [ 0,1] , E
2
E
Cf , x x x = 0 x = 1 , =
f ( x ) dx > 6 .
0
495
20
i. h ( x ) = ln (1 + x ) x x > 1 .
h ( x=
) ln (1 + x ) x=
1
x
,
1
=
x +1
x +1
h 0, + ) , :
x > 0 h ( x ) = ln (1 + x ) x < h ( 0 ) = 0 ln (1 + x ) < x .
ln (1 + x ) x x 0 x = 0 .
x2
g ( x =
) ln (1 + x ) x + , x > 1 .
2
g ( x=
)
1
x2
, x > 1 ,
1 +=
x
1+ x
x +1
g 0, + ) ,
x > 0 g ( x =
) ln (1 + x ) x +
ln (1 + x ) x
x2
> g ( 0=
) 0.
2
x2
x 0 x = 0 .
2
496
ii. :
x2
x4
ln (1 + x 2 ) x 2 , x , ( x 2 0 )
2
x 2
x4
f ( x ) x 2 , x .
2
1 + x 2 1 f ( x ) = ln 1 + x 2 ln1 = 0 , E
Cf , x x x = 0 x = 1 ,
1
E = f ( x ) dx .
0
x 2 f ( x ) 0 :
1
1
1
2
2
0 x f ( x ) dx > 0 0 f ( x ) dx < 0 x dx = 3 E < 3 .
, x 2 f ( x ) .
f ( x ) x 2 +
x4
2
+
E
f
x
x
dx > 0=
(
)
0
2
1
x4
0 :
2
1
2 x4
7
>
f
x
dx
.
(
)
dx
0
0 x 2=
30
x4

, f ( x ) x +
2
2
7
1
<E< .
30
3

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1

vi. f ( x ) > 0 f ( x ) < 0 .

x 2 + 9 > 0 3 < x < 3

y > 0 y < -1 y > 0 y < -1

f (x) > g(x) e 2x > e x + 2 e 2x e x 2 > 0

2 2 > 0 < 1 > 2

> 2 e > 2 x > ln 2

ii. y = f (x) y = f (x) . ( )

vi. f(x) 0 y = f(x) f(x) = 0

f(x) < 0 y = f(x) + f(x) = f(x)

0 < x < 4 , ()=x

ii. (x) > 0 (x) < 0 .

f() = ( + 1)2 3 f() = 2 + 2 + 1 3 f() = 2 + 2 2

g(x 3 + e x ) < g(1 x) .

x1 , x 2 [ 0, 4 ) ( 0 x1 < 4 0 x 2 < 4 ) ( x1 < 2

x1 , x 2 ( 4, + ) ( x1 > 4 x 2 > 4 ) ( x1 > 2

x1 < 2 < x 2 (2 x 2 )(2 x1 ) < 0 .

x1 < x 2 0 x12 > x 22 x12 < x 22 9 x12 < 9 x 22

0 x1 < x 2 x12 < x 22 x12 > x 22 9 x12 > 9 x 22

g(x1 ) < g(x 2 )

x12 < x 22 x1 < x 2

g(x1 ) < g(x 2 )

x12 > x 22 x1 < x 2

g(x1 ) < g(x 2 ) .

x1 < x 2 g(x1 ) < g(x 2 ) g .

x1 < x 2 x1 > x 2 11 x1 > 11 x 2 11 x1 > 11 x 2

x1 < x 2 11x1 < 11x 2

ii. H g = {x R : x > 0} = {x R : x > }

x1 < x 2 x1 < x 2 ln(x1 ) < ln(x 2 )

x1 < x 2 x1 > x 2 x1 > x 2 e x1 > e x 2 e x1 < e x 2

(3), (4) g(x1 ) < g(x 2 ) g .

x1 , x 2 (,1) x1 1 < 0 x 2 1 < 0 (x1 1)(x 2 1)>0 < 0 .

x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 )

(1), (2) : g(x1 ) > g(x 2 ) g ( 0, + ) .

x1 < x 2 ln x1 < ln x 2 ln x1 > ln x 2

(3), (4) h(x1 ) > h(x 2 ) h

x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) (1), x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) (2) x1 , x 2 [0, ] .

f ( x1 ) < f ( x 2 ) f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) .

f () f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f (0) f () f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f (0)

[0, ] f ( f (x1 ) ) > f ( f (x 2 ) )

f (0) f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) f () f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) 0 .

f (x1 ), f (x 2 ) [0, ] f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) f

[0, ] f ( f (x1 ) ) < f ( f (x 2 ) )

x1 < x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) f 3 (x1 ) < f 3 (x 2 ) (1)

x1 < x 2 x13 < x 32 f (x13 ) < f (x 32 ) 3f (x13 ) < 3f (x 32 ) (2)

f 3 (x1 ) + 3f (x13 ) + 2 < f 3 (x 2 ) + 3f (x 32 ) + 2 g(x1 ) < g(x 2 )

f 3 (x) + 3f (x 3 ) + 2 = (e x )3 + 3e x + 2 = e3x + 3e x + 2 = h(x) .

g(f (x1 )) < g(f (x 2 )) (g f )(x1 ) < (g f )(x 2 ) , g f

x1 < x 2 x13 < x 32 x13 > x 32 (1).

x13 x1 > x 32 x 2 x13 x1 + 1 > x 32 x 2 + 1 g(x1 ) > g(x 2 )

x1 < x 2 x13 < x 32

(1), (2), (3) : e x1 + x13 + x1 < e x 2 + x 32 + x 2 f (x1 ) < f (x 2 )

g(x 3 + e x ) < g(1 x) x 3 + e x > 1 x x 3 + e x + x > 1 f (x) > f (0) x > 0 .

x1 < x 2 ln x1 < ln x 2 (1)

ln(x 2 + x + 1) + x 2 < ln(x + 2) + 1 ln(x 2 + x + 1) + x 2 + x + 1 < ln(x + 2) + 1 + x + 1

ln(x 2 + x + 1) + x 2 + x + 1 < ln(x + 2) + x + 2 f (x 2 + x + 1) < f (x + 2) x 2 + x + 1 < x + 2

x1 , x 2 0, x1 < x 2 x1 > 0 , x1 > 0 , x 2 0 , x 2 0

(1), (2) f (x1 ) > f (x 2 ) ,

x1 , x 2 , x1 < x 2 x1 0 , x1 0 , x 2 < 0 , x 2 < 0

(1), (2) f (x1 ) < f (x 2 ) ,

f (e) < f () e e < e ee < e < ee

0 < e x1 < e x 2 (1) e x .

f < f e 4 < e 3 e 4 < e 3 3 < 3 e 4 3 < 3 .

x1 < x 2 x12 > x 22 (2)