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HyperMesh Tutorials
Version 3.1
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Trademark Acknowledgments: HyperMesh is a registered trademark of Altair Engineering, Inc. ACIS is a registered trademark of SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC. ACIS Geometric Modeler is a registered trademark of SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC. ACIS Kernel is the registered trademark of SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC. ACIS Parametric Surfaces is the registered trademark of SPATIAL TECHNOLOGY, INC. MS-DOS is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T. MSC/NASTRAN is a registered trademark of MSC. ABAQUS is a registered trademark of Hibbitt, Karlsson, & Sorensen, Inc. ANSYS is a registered trademark of Ansys, Inc. PATRAN is a registered trademark of MSC. LS-DYNA is a registered trademark of LSTC. MARC is a registered trademark of MARC Analysis Research Corporation. PAMCRASH is a registered trademark of Engineering Systems International. FLUENT is a registered trademark of Fluent, Incorporated. I-DEAS is a registered trademark of Structural Dynamics Corporation. Spaceball is a registered trademark of Spacetec IMC Corporation.
To specify solver: 1. Select the template subpanel. 2. Double-click template file = and select nastran/general. 3. Click return.
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To update the element types to the NASTRAN format: 1. Select the 1D page. 2. Select the elem types panel. 3. Click quad4= and select CQUAD4 as the quad element type. 4. Click tria = and select CTRIA3 as the tria element type. 5. Click elems to access the extended entity selection menu. 6. Select all. 7. Click update. 8. Click return to exit the elem types panel.
To update the load types: 1. Select the BCs page. 2. Select the load types panel. 3. Click force = and select FORCE. 4. Click constraint = and select SPC. 5. Click loads to access the extended entity selection menu. 6. Select all. 7. Click update. 8. Click return to exit the load types panel.
To create a material collector: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. 4. Click name = and enter Plate_mat. 5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. 6. Click card image = and select MAT1. 7. Click create/edit. A pop-up card is displayed.
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8. Click E, click the data entry field, and enter 2e+5. 9. Click NU, click the data entry field, and enter .3. 10. Click return to accept the values.
To create an element collector: 1. Click the switch after collector type and select comps. 2. Click name = and enter Plate. 3. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. 4. Click card image = and select PSHELL. 5. Click material = and select Plate_mat. 6. Click color and select color 8. 7. Click create/edit. 8. Click T, click the data entry field, and enter .25. 9. Click return.
To update a load collector: 1. Select the update subpanel. 2. Click the switch after collector type and select loadcols. 3. Click the highlighted loadcols. 4. Activate the AUTO1 checkbox. 5. Click return. 6. Click color and select color 15. 7. Click update. 8. Activate the color checkbox. 9. Click update. 10. Click return to exit the collectors panel.
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To change the name of existing collectors: 1. Select the rename panel. 2. Select the individually subpanel. 3. Click the switch and select loadcols. 4. Click collector = and select AUTO1. 5. Click newname = and enter load1. 6. Click rename. 7. Click return to exit the rename panel.
To move existing elements into a different collector: 1. Select the organize panel. 2. Click the input collector switch and select elems. 3. Click elems and select all. 4. Click destination = and select Plate. 5. Click move. 6. Click return to exit the organize panel.
To view and edit a collector card: 1. Click card in the permanent menu. 2. Click the input collector switch and select comps. 3. Click comps. 4. To select the component, pick one of the elements in the model. The element temporarily turns white. 5. Click edit. The card appears and the thickness may be edited. 6. Click return to accept any changes and exit the card.
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Using HyperMesh Each section contains links to lessons in the HyperMesh Users Guide On-line Help. These lessons explain the HyperMesh interface, terminology, and how to use the HyperMesh panels. All files referenced in this tutorial are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /demos/hm. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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Using HyperMesh
This section explains how to use a typical HyperMesh panel by description and example. The first topic explains how to retrieve a HyperMesh database. Use this file to complete the remaining tutorials. Follow the topics below in the order that they are listed to complete this section. Retrieving a HyperMesh Database Using Input Collectors Picking Entities on the Screen Extended Entity Selection Using Plane and Vector Collectors Viewing Models Using the Display Panel Graphics Modes Setting Global Parameters Saving a File Printing Screen Images Importing and Exporting Data
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
To display the common panels between all menu pages: 1. Click Geom through Post. The common panels in all pages are files, collectors, assemblies, organize, color, rename, and reorder. 2. Click Geom, 1-D, and BCs. The common panels in these pages are vectors and systems. 3. Click 1-D, 2-D, 3-D. The common panels, edit element, split, replace, detach, order change, config edit and elem types, are located in the right most column of these pages.
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New Panels
HyperMesh 3.0 includes ten new panels: geom cleanup (Geom) beam xsect, joints, line mesh (1-D) elem offset (2-D, 3-D) equations, solver, vectors (Geom, 1-D and BCs) penetration, convert (Tool)
1-D
2-D elements creation and editing functions 3-D elements creation and editing functions Loads and boundary creation, output requests
Tool
Post
Post-Processing functions
The stitch panel, as well as the line from surface edges and split surface edge options in the surface edit panel, are no longer included in the menu. The new geom cleanup panel now covers
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these functions. Please refer to Version 2.1 vs. 3.0 Panel Location for detailed information on the differences between panels in HyperMesh 2.1 and 3.0.
files
Panels related to file management are grouped into an integrated files panel. This panel allows you to save and retrieve HyperMesh binary databases, import CAD generated geometry or finite element model information, export CAD geometry or finite element information for specific analysis codes, specify a template file, specify a result file, and execute a HyperMesh command file. These subpanels include the following enhancements: hm files Space between the save and retrieve buttons in order to prevent accidental selection. A new option, save in compact. By default, a file saved in a non-compact format includes surface facets and line/surface drawing information. Choosing the save in compact format reduces the size of any saved hm binary database by suppressing faceted surfaces created during the visual options-shaded surface toggle under the geom cleanup and automesh panel. Non-compact databases save these facets in the binary database, allowing an increase in speed during surface shading and automeshing. import A new option, offset ids. An offset ids toggle is included which allows you to assign id values to imported bulk data deck entities such as nodes, elems, comps, etc. This improves the assembly process of building full models from many individual files.
Supports direct CAD import. For UG, CATIA, STL, HyperMesh versions before 3.0 did not support direct import of UG and CATIA files. Consequently, all CAD data had to be in IGES format before import to HyperMesh. In HyperMesh 3.0, you can import not only geometry data in IGES format but also geometry data
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directly from these newly added CAD readers. In addition, HyperMesh 3.0 supports UG version 13. When running on a UNIX workstation, the UG reader does not consume a UG license. To use the UG reader, rlogin to the machine that UG is installed on and run HyperMesh on this machine in order to use the UG library. If you are using a machine on the same network where UG is installed and your machine platform is the same as the machine that has UG installed on it, setup the following environment variables in your cshrc file: UGII_BASE_DIR=/home/apps/eds130 UGII_ROOT_DIR=/home/apps/eds130/bin/ On a PC, a UG license is required to run the UG feinput translator; the UG feinput translator in HyperMesh requires an entire UG 13 environment. options for IGES import is renamed. Since direct CAD import is available in this version, the name is changed to options for CAD import. options for CAD import includes the geometry tolerance and cleanup tolerance. A geometry tolerance can be set to use file geom tolerance, or geom tol =, a user-specified value. The cleanup tolerance can be set to use automatic cleanup tol, dont cleanup topology, or cleanup tol =, a user-specified value. export Retains the same function as the export data panel in versions before HyperMesh 3.0.
command Retains the same function as the command panel in versions before HyperMesh 3.0.
template Links with the field in the global panel. To load a template, you can either choose the template in the file/template sub-panel or in the global/template sub-panel. results Links with the field in the global panel. To load a result file, you can either type the file name in the file/results sub-panel or in the result file field in the global panel.
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New Functions s Slide zoom: zooms the model in and out by dragging the mouse in a vertical direction. Counterclockwise rotation: rotates the model counterclockwise by the angle set in the options panel. Clockwise rotation: rotates the model clockwise by the angle set in the options panel. b Back function: returns the model to the initial orientation after a rotation (r) or arc dynamic motion (a). Context sensitive on-line Help: accesses the HyperMesh on-line Help.
help
To use the HyperMesh on-line Help: 1. Click help on the permanent menu. The table of contents is displayed. 2. Double-click a Help topic. The Help topic is displayed. How do Is are listed in green. 3. Click a How do I. A step by step example procedure appears. NOTE HyperMesh 3.0 on-line Help is context sensitive. When working within a panel, click help to display the Help topic available for that panel. The main Help contents tab appears if you are not within a panel.
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Enhancement in the window manager: two new functions are added to this panel: display legend and display simulation title. These functions allow you to control the contour plots legend and simulation title display. On by default, these functions can be turned off in the post-processing panels. Enhancement in the rotation function: the rotation function now allows you to select a node or point as a rotation center using the middle mouse button. If a middle mouse button is not available, press the alt key and the left mouse button to pick the center. Enhancement in the arc dynamic motion function: the arc dynamic motion function now allows you to select a node or point as a rotation center using the middle mouse button. If a middle mouse button is not available, press the alt key and the left mouse button to pick the center. Integrates the modeling, graphics, fonts, colors, page name, postscript, and spaceball subpanels.
options
The Modeling Subpanel This panel contains most of the entities previously located in the options panel as well as new options including the cleanup and geometry tolerance fields, fixed points, and coincident node picking.
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node tol
Used when finding line intersections and determining duplicate nodes. The node tolerance also affects the generation of elements in the automesher. When quads are created and the side of a quad is less than the node tolerance, HyperMesh tries to create a tria element instead of a quad. If you create a model with characteristic dimensions less than the node tolerance, reduce the default node tolerance. The geometry tolerance specifies the mathematical accuracy of lines and surfaces in the model. Lines and surfaces are guaranteed geometrically accurate to within the distance specified by geom tol. The geometry tolerance influences the speed of file i/o and geometric operations in HyperMesh. Very small geometry tolerances can increase file read times and increase the length of time required to perform geometric operations. For typical automotive components in millimeters, a geom tol of 1.000e-04 is usually accurate. The cleanup tolerance specifies the maximum gap distance allowed between two edges or points while performing geometry cleanup operations. When a cleanup operation is performed, if two entities are separated by a distance greater than the cleanup tol at any point along their length, they are left unaltered. A toggle to turn on or off the display of fixed points. This is a new option for selecting coincident nodes. If the option is on, coincident nodes are displayed evenly on a circle when the mouse moves close. This option allows you to set shrink element sizes. In HyperMesh 3.0, you can specify the size of element by entering a shrink factor between 0 and 1.
geom tol
cleanup tol
The graphics Subpanel This is the new location for the graphics panel. New options are included. In addition, the hidden lines field and resize box were moved here from the original option panel. Lighting tools for shaded elements are also included in this subpanel. The performance graphic engine now contains bitmap animation tools, view acceleration tools, and the result color type options.
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bitmap animation
Allows you to control the way a bitmap animation is created. Three options are given: none, simple and compressed. When none is chosen, the animation is created in the same way as in previous versions. If simple or compressed is chosen, a bitmap is created based on the pixel number instead of the number of elements. These two options are recommended for larger models. Use the compressed option with the simple, or none option if the computer swaps disk space during bitmap animation. Allows you to increase the rotation speed while viewing a model. This option is especially useful if you work on a large model with a slow machine. Three options (none, automatic, and Ctrl-Shift) with four different simplification styles (feature line, bounding box, node cloud, and element centroid) are available in this subpanel. For example, if the Ctrl-Shift and feature line options are chosen during the rotation process (clicking a or s on the permanent menu), the model changes to a feature line based representation by pressing both the Ctrl and Shift function keys. When automatic and feature line are both chosen, the model is displayed in feature lines whenever it is rotated. Gives you three window sizes in making an AVI file: screen, 1/9 screen, and full screen. You can also choose an 8 or 24 bit color display. When 8 bit is chosen, the color shown in the AVI file is discrete contour type. If 24 bit color is chosen, the color displayed in the AVI file is blended contour type. Allows you to choose either blended or discrete contours when viewing a contour plot. discrete contours gives a clear definition of contour boundaries similar to centroidal or zbuffer mode in the previous version, providing no gradual transition of colors. Retains the same functions the original font panel plus a new cursor size: function. You can change the cursor size from standard to large. This option is especially useful during a demonstration or teleconferencing. Retains the same function as the original background panel with more options introduced. In this panel, you can customize the color of the background, global axis axis label and the , topological edge. In addition, you can also change the menu background color. For the UNIX platform, two options are given: dark and light. For PC, you can select classic or windows, the desktop colors specified in the Windows Control Panel.
view acceleration
fonts
colors
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Retains the same function as the original page name panel. Retains the same function as the original PostScript panel. Retains the same function as the original Spaceball panel.
The display and vis subpanels now contain an improved navigation tool to help you when working with multiple pages. You can tab through a single page at a time, or go directly to a specified page number. You can also display components by name, id, or both name and id. In the vis panel, the default color of the mesh line is black.
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Page 1
Panel Name files collectors organize color temp nodes import data create nodes node edit align node distance remap lines line edit intersect section cut length circles tangents fillets reparam reorder surface edit surf lines stitch cntl cards graphics HyperMesh 2.1 Location 1,2,3,4,5 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4 1,2,3,4 1,5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 HyperMesh 3.0 Location Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Moved to files panel (all seven pages) Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Geom Merged to geom cleanup BCs Permanent/option
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Panel Name config edit elem types ruled spline drag spin line drag skin automesh planes cones spheres torus edit element split order change replace detach smooth solid map solid mesh linear solid solid offset tetramesh HyperMesh 2.1 Location 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 HyperMesh 3.0 Location 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 2-D 2-D 2-D, 3-D 2-D, 3-D 2-D, 3-D 2-D 2-D 2-D 2-D 2-D 2-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 1-D, 2-D, 3-D 2-D, 3-D 3-D 3-D 3-D Renamed to elem offset (2-D, 3-D) 3-D
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Panel Name linear 1d masses bars rods rigids welds springs gaps rbe3 translate rotate scale reflect project position permute check elems edges faces features normals dependency mass find mask delete rename HyperMesh 2.1 Location 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 HyperMesh 3.0 Location 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D 1-D Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Tool Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post
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Panel Name systems load types constraints forces moments pressures velocity accels temperatures flux load steps interfaces rigid wall entity sets super elems assemblies output block numbers renumber summary count optimization HyperMesh 2.1 Location 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 HyperMesh 3.0 Location Geom, 1-D, BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs BCs Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post BCs Tool Tool Tool Tool Renamed to design vars
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Panel Name import data export data command T convert hidden line contour vector plot titles deformed transient replay apply result xy plotting fd blocks spaceball postscript background page names fonts build menu HyperMesh 2.1 Location 1,5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 HyperMesh 3.0 Location Moved to files panel (all seven pages) Moved to files panel (all seven pages) Moved to files panel (all seven pages) Enhanced and renamed to convert (Tool) Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post Post 3-D Permanent/option Permanent/option Permanent/option Permanent/option Permanent/option Tool
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entity sets export data faces fd blocks features files fillets find flux fonts forces gaps hidden line import data interfaces intersect length line drag line edit linear 1D linear solid lines load steps load types mask mass masses moments node edit normals numbers optimization
BCs Moved to files panel in all seven pages Tool 3-D Tool Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Geom Tool BCs Permanent/option BCs 1-D Post Moved to files panel in all seven pages BCs Geom Geom 2-D, 3-D Geom 1-D 3-D Geom BCs BCs Tool Tool 1-D BCs Geom Tool Tool Renamed to design vars (BCs)
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order change organize output block page names permute planes position postscript pressures project rbe3 reflect remap rename renumber reorder reparam replace replay rigid wall rigids rods rotate ruled scale section cut skin smooth solid map solid mesh solid offset spaceball
1-D, 2-D,3-D Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post BCs Permanent/option Tool 2-D Tool Permanent/option BCs Tool 1-D Tool Geom Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post Tool Geom Geom 1-D, 2-D,3-D Post BCs 1-D 1-D Tool 2-D Tool Geom 2-D 2-D, 3-D 3-D 3-D Renamed to elem offset (2-D, 3-D) Permanent/option
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spheres spin spline split springs stitch summary super elem surf lines surface edit system T convert tangents temp nodes temperatures tetramesh titles torus transient translate vector plot velocity welds xy plotting
2-D 2-D, 3-D 2-D 1-D, 2-D,3-D 1-D Merged in geom cleanup panel Tool BCs Geom Geom Geom, 1-D, BCs Enhanced and renamed to convert (Tool) Geom Geom, 1-D, 2-D, 3-D, BCs, Tool, Post BCs 3-D Post 2-D Post Tool Post BCs 1-D Post
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Completed geometry.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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1. Select the collectors panel. 2.Select the create subpanel. 3. Click name = and enter geometry. 4. Click the switch under creation method and select no card image. 5. Click color and select color 12. 6. Click create. 7. Click return to exit the collectors panel.
To create nodes: 1. Select the view panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click right. 3. Select the Geom page. 4. Select the create nodes panel. 5. Select the type in subpanel. 6. To create the nodes, enter the X, Y, and Z coordinates found in the following table and click create after entering each set of coordinates. node 1 2 3 4 5 6 X 0 5 5 7 5.5 2 Y 5 5 5 5 5 5 Z 0 0 -1 -1 0.5 -5
7. Click return to exit the create nodes panel after you finish creating all six nodes.
To display the node IDs: 1. Select the tools page. 2. Select the numbers panel. 3. Click the input collector switch and select nodes.
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4. Click nodes to display the extended entity selection menu. 5. Click all. 6. Click on to display all the node IDs.
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To create a circle: 1. Select the circles panel. 2. Select the center and radius subpanel. 3. Pick node 6 as the node list at which the circle is to be created. 4. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select N1, N2, N3. 5. Pick any four nodes to define the plane and the base for the axis of rotation. 6. Click radius and enter 5.0. 7. Click create. 8. Click return to exit the circles panel.
To edit lines by splitting at a line: 1. Select the line edit panel. 2. Select the split at line subpanel. 3. Click lines and pick the upper horizontal line. 4. Click cut line and pick the circle. 5. Click split.
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To edit lines by splitting at a plane: 1. Select the split at plane subpanel. 2. Click lines and pick the circle. 3. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select x-axis. 4. Click base and pick node 6 to define the base. 5. Click split. 6. Click return to exit the line edit panel.
To create a fillet and delete a line segment: 1. Select the fillets panel. 2. Click radius and enter 1.5. 3. Click the toggle and select trim. 4. Click 1st line. and pick the line between nodes 3 and 4. 5. Click 2nd line and pick the circle. Two Xs are displayed to allow you to specify the quadrant in which you want the fillet created. 6. Select the upper quadrant for the fillet. 7. Press the F2 function key to access the delete panel. 8. Click the input collector switch and select lines. 9. Pick the line segment attached to node 2. 10. Pick the right half of the circle. 11. Click delete. 12. Click return to exit the delete panel. 13. Click return again to exit the fillets panel.
To combine and smooth lines: 1. Select the line edit panel. 2. Select the combine subpanel. 3. Pick the adjacent lines until all the segments are combined. 4. Select the split at joints subpanel.
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5. Pick the line to view the joints in the line. The joints are displayed as red Vs. Do not split the line. 6. Select the smooth line subpanel. 7. Pick the line. 8. Click smooth. 9. Select the split at joint subpanel. 10. Pick the line. A message is displayed that states, The line does not contain any joints. If there are still joints in the line, repeat the smooth function. 11. Click return to exit the line edit panel.
To duplicate and translate lines: 1. Select the translate panel on the tools page. 2. Click the input collector switch and select lines. 3. Pick the line. 4. Click lines again to display the extended entity selection menu. 5. Click duplicate. 6. Click current comp to copy the new line into the current component. 7. Click view. 8. Click iso1. 9. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select y-axis. 10. Click magnitude = and enter 5.0. 11. Click translate -. 12. Click p on the permanent menu. 13. Click return to exit the translate panel.
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To create additional lines: 1. Select the Geom page. 2. Select the lines panel. 3. Pick node 1. 4. Click and hold down the left mouse button over the new line until a box cursor appears and lift when the line is highlighted. 5. Pick the right end of the line to create a temporary node. 6. Click create. 7. Pick node 4. 8. Click and hold down the left mouse button over the new line until a box cursor appears and lift when the line is highlighted. 9. Pick the left end of the line to create a temporary node. 10. Click create. 11. Click return.
To create additional nodes: 1. Select the create nodes panel. 2. Select the type in subpanel. 3. To create the nodes, enter the X, Y, and Z coordinates found in the following table and click create after entering each set of coordinates. node 9 10 11 12 13 4. Click return. X 2 2 2 2 2 Y 5 2 5 2 5 Z 1 1 0 0 4
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To display the node IDs: 1. Select the Tool page. 2. Select the numbers panel. 3. Click the input collector switch and select nodes. 4. Click nodes to display the extended entity selection menu. 5. Click all. 6. Click return.
To create a circle and an arc: 1. Select the Geom page. 2. Select the circles panel. 3. Select the center & radius subpanel. 4. Pick node 13. 5. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select x-axis. 6. Click radius and enter 3.0. 7. Make sure the toggle is set to circle. 8. Click create. 9. Click the toggle to change to arc. 10. Pick node 13. 11. Click angle = and enter 180. 12. Click radius = and enter 1.0. 13. Click create. 14. Click return to exit the circles panel.
To create a tangent line: 1. Select the tangents panel. 2. Click the input collector switch and select node list. 3. Pick node 10 or 12. 4. Click line. Altair Engineering HyperMesh Tutorials
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5. Pick the circle that was created. 6. Click find tangent. Two potential tangent lines are displayed. 7. Pick the vertical line. The tangent line is created. 8. Click return to exit the tangents panel.
To edit the lines: 1. Select the line edit panel. 2. Select the split at plane subpanel. 3. Pick the circle as the line to be split. 4. Click the plane and vector switch and select y-axis. 5. Click base and pick node 1. 6. Click split. 7. Pick the left half of the circle. 8. Click the plane and vector switch and select x-axis. 9. Click base and pick node 13. 10. Click split. 11. Click return to exit the line edit panel.
To delete designated line segments: 1. Select the delete panel. 2. Click the input collector switch and select lines. 3. Pick any lines in your model that do not appear in the following illustration.
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To create additional lines: 1. Select the Geom page. 2. Select the lines panel. 3. Pick nodes 10 and 12. 4. Click create. 5. Click and hold the left mouse button until the box cursor appears and the center arc is highlighted. 6. Pick each end of the arc to create a temporary node at each end. 7. Click and hold the left mouse button until the box appears and the outer arc is highlighted. 8. Pick at the end of that arc to place a temporary node there. 9. Use the arrow keys on the permanent menu to rotate the model as necessary to create the line segments that define the bracket and the remainder of the hitch geometry. 10. Create a line between nodes 9 and 10.
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1. Select the 2D page. 2. Select the spline panel. 3. Pick the four lines on the plate portion of the model. 4. Click the center switch and select surface only. 5. Click spline. The surface appears as illustrated below. (Only the surface is displayed in this illustration.)
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
face
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A collection of one or more adjacent faces whose common edges are suppressed. HyperMesh meshes on surfaces. The edge is owned by one surface. In the geom cleanup panel, the default color is red. The edge is owned by two adjacent surfaces. In the geom cleanup panel, the default color is green. The edge is owned, or shared, by two adjacent surfaces. It is transparent to the meshing routine. In the geom cleanup panel, the default color is blue. The edge is owned by three or more surfaces. In the geom cleanup panel, the default color is yellow. A point associated with a surface. A fixed point is displayed as a small circle (o) and is the same color as the surface to which it is associated. The automesher places a finite element node at fixed points. A point in space not associated with a surface. A free point is displayed as a small x, (x), and is the same color as the geometry collector to which it belongs.
free point
cleanup tol =
The tolerance used to determine if two surface edges or two surface vertices should be considered as one. NOTE: Values for cleanup tol= can be specified in two locations. The global value for cleanup tol= is in the options/modeling subpanel. The local value for cleanup tol =, which is used for a specific cleanup operation, is in the geom cleanup panel. Sometimes, operations performed by the local cleanup tolerance can be lost by a global cleanup tolerance overriding it. An example of this is splitting a surface which was created by utilizing a local cleanup tolerance. Since the surface edit panel uses the global cleanup tolerance, all of the edges of the new surfaces will be reevaluated by HyperMesh to determine their cleaned up status.
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It is recommended that a large value (reasonable with respect to the element size) be used for the cleanup tol= in the options/modeling subpanel. For example, for an element edge length of 10, a cleanup tol of 0.1 (10/100) or .05 (10/500) should be used. visual options Enables user to control display mode of surfaces and edges. View surfaces in wire frame or shaded mode. Display on/off surface edge types. Used to remove gaps and overlaps between surfaces and to merge surfaces together by modifying the edges of the surfaces. Convert individual surface edges from one edge type to another with single mouse clicks. Free edge shared edge suppressed edge (red green dotted blue). Combine two free edges into a shared edge. Free edge shared edge (red green). Suppress or unsuppress a number of edges simultaneously. Shared edge suppressed edge (green dotted blue). Convert free edges between adjacent surfaces to shared edges. Free edge shared edge. (red green).
surfaces subpanel find duplicates find holes organize by feature move faces
Used to delete duplicate surfaces, remove surface holes, organize surfaces. Find and delete duplicate surfaces. Non-manifold edge shared or free edge (yellow green or red). Find and delete interior surface holes. Free edge shared edge or no edge (red green or no color). Combine surfaces based on fillets. Shared edge suppressed edge (green dotted blue). Stitch faces to an existing surface or stitch faces to create a new surface. Shared edge suppressed edge (green dotted blue).
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Used to add, replace, and suppress fixed points. Create fixed points from existing free points or nodes. Delete point to be moved and relocate associated geometry to retained point. Delete unnecessary fixed points or convert fixed points to free points.
NOTE
In the surface edit panel, the lines from surface edge subpanel no longer exists. In most panels, surface edges can be used as lines.
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8. Click return. 9. Review the iges.msg message file. In the iges.msg file, there are zero error and zero warning messages. The message file has an .msg extension and is created in the directory in which HyperMesh was invoked. After you import any file, it is good practice to review the message file for import errors. In the files / import subpanel, use file geom tolerance and use automatic cleanup tol are default settings. It is recommended that these settings be used when you import CAD data files into HyperMesh for the first time. Experienced users may want to override the default settings based on prior knowledge with similar files. These options can be toggled to geom tol = and cleanup tol =. For information about these tolerances and how to use them, see HyperMesh Help. The file geometry tolerance for this file is 1.E-06. File geometry tolerance is recorded in iges files at the top of the files. For this exercise, the iges files top section follows:
S0000001 G0000001
38,6,308,15,15HHypermesh Model,1.,2,2HYPERMESHM,1,0.,13H980709.084600,1.E-06,, G0000002 5HYPERMESHr. X,1HX,10,0,13H980709.084600; 116 116 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 G0000003 000000000D0000001 0 0D0000002
To display surface IDs: 1. Select the Tool page. 2. Select the numbers panel. 3. Click the input collector switch and select surfs. 4. Click surfs and select all on the extended entity selection pop-up window. 5. Click on. The IDs for the displayed surfaces are displayed. 6. Click return.
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To renumber surfaces: 1. Select the Tool page. 2. Select the renumber panel. 3. Click the input collector switch and select surfs. 4. Click surfs and select all on the extended entity selection pop-up window. 5. Click renumber. The header bar displays the message, 12 surfs ranging from 1 to 12. Completed Through ID: 0. 6. Click return. 7. Click p on the permanent menu. The new surface IDs are displayed in the graphics area.
To save this work session as a HyperMesh database file: 1. Select the files panel. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = and enter geomcleanup.hm.
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4. Click save. The header bar displays the message, The file has been saved. 5. Click return.
To create non-solver specific component collectors: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps. 3. Click name = and enter top. 4. Click the switch under creation method and select no card image. 5. If there is a name in the field following material =: Click material =. Click return.
The input field is now clear of that name. 6. Click color. 7. Select Color 5. 8. Click create. A component collector named top, with a default material collector named top, is created. 9. Repeat steps 3-9 to create three more component collectors named middle1, with Color 4, middle2, with Color 10, and bottom, with Color 9. 10. Click return.
To organize surfaces into component collectors: 1. Select the organize panel. 2. Move surfaces to the bottom component collector: Click the input collector switch and select surfs. Pick surfaces 10, 11, and 12. Click destination =. Select bottom. Click move. 3. Use the above procedure to move surfaces 3, 6, 8, and 9 to the middle1 component collector.
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Surface 3 is hidden beneath surface 8. 4. Use the same procedure to move surfaces 4, 5, and 7 to the middle2 component collector. 5. Use the same procedure to move surfaces 1 and 2 to the top component collector. 6. Click return.
To save this work session: 1. Select the files panel. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. geomcleanup.HyperMesh. is displayed after file =. 3. Click save. A dialog box displays the message geomcleanup.HyperMesh exists. Overwrite? (y/n). 4. Click Yes. 5. Click return.
To change surface edges from free to shared using edges/equivalence subpanel: 1. Select the Geom page. 2. Select the geom cleanup panel. 3. Select the edges subpanel. 4. Click the equivalence radio button. 5. Click surfs and select displayed. 6. Click cleanup tol = and enter .05. 7. Click equivalence. The message, All surface edges within tolerance combined, is displayed in the header bar. Some free surface edges (red) became shared edges (green). To identify and delete duplicate surfaces: 1. Select the surfaces subpanel. 2. Click the find duplicates radio button. 3. Click faces and select displayed from the extended entity selection pop-up window. 4. Click find.
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The message, One face is duplicated, is displayed in the header bar. 5. Click delete. The message, One face was deleted, is displayed in the header bar. To locate problem areas in geometry: 1. Click visual options. 2. Click the toggle to change from wireframe to shaded. 3. Click r on the permanent menu to rotate and view model. The most obvious problems are a non-manifold edge, a missing surface between surfaces 10 and 11, and in the corner where surfaces 1, 3, 5, and 7 meet. 4. Click visual options. 5. Click the toggle to change from shaded to wireframe.
To delete interior surface holes: 1. Measure the hole diameter: Press the F4 function key to access the distance panel. Select the two nodes subpanel. Select any one of the three circles on surface 2: Press and hold left mouse button in the graphics area until the cursor changes into a white square with a dot in the middle of it. Pick the circle and release the left mouse button. Pick a point on the highlighted circle. A green node is placed on the circle.
Pick a point on the same circle that is across from the green node . A blue node is displayed on the circle. The number in the input field following distance = is a value less than 3.
2. Select the find holes radio button. 3. Click surfs and select displayed from the extended entity selection pop-up window. 4. Click diameter < and enter 3. 5. Click find.
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There is a P in the center of the four circles in the graphics area. The smallest diameter for each of the circles is less than 3. 6. Click P in graphics area in the two circles on surface 2 that arent centered on surface 2. The two Ps are highlighted white. 7. Click delete. The two circles are deleted from the database.
NOTE
HyperMesh finds circular and non-circular shaped holes; the holes dont need to be perfect circles. The diameter is treated as a characteristic dimension.
To combine two free edges into a shared edge using surfaces / replace subpanel: 1. Select the edges subpanel. 2. Click replace on left side of menu panel. 3. Pick the surface 10 edge that is parallel and closest to a surface 11 edge. 4. Pick the surface 11 edge that is parallel and closest to the surface 10 edge just selected. 5. Click replace on the right side of the menu panel. The header bar displays the message, Gap distance (0.602170) is larger than specified tolerance. 6. Click cleanup tol = and enter 0.61. 7. Repeat steps 3 - 5. NOTE Do not set the cleanup tolerance to unreasonably high values. New edges are generated based on the cleanup tolerance. The cleanup tolerance not only affects the selected entities, but it affects the edges that touch the selected entities at vertices. The generated edges are accurate only to within the set cleanup tolerance. As a result, if unreasonably high tolerances are used, small gaps can increase in distance up to the set tolerance. The geom cleanup edges / toggle subpanel can also be used to combine the surface 10 and 11 edges. If the shortest distance between two surface edges is greater than the intended element size, do not use this function. Instead, use the surface filler subpanel on the surface edit panel. Create a filler surface and toggle surface edges to suppressed edges accordingly. Another panel that can be used is the drag geoms subpanel in the drag panel.
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To replace a fixed point: 1. Select the fixed points subpanel. 2. Click the replace radio button. 3. Zoom into the corner of surface 9 which borders surface 1 and is on the perimeter of model. 4. Pick the surface 1 corner node. 5. Pick the surface 9 corner node. 6. Click replace. The surface 9 corner node is replaced with the surface 1 corner node. To combine free edges to create shared edges using the edges/toggle subpanel: 1. Select the edges subpanel. 2. Select the toggle radio button. 3. Click f on the permanent menu to fit displayed components to the graphics area. 4. Pick surface 3 free edge adjacent to surface 1. The surface edge becomes green. The surface edge selected in the edges/toggle subpanel is the retained edge. The other edge, which is found automatically, is the edge which is moved. 5. Pick the surface 9 free edge adjacent to surface 1. 6. Pick the surface 3 free edge adjacent to surface 11. 7. Pick the surface 3 free edge adjacent to surface 5. 8. Pick any other interior free edges. 9. Click visual options. 10. Deactivate the shared edges check box to turn the display of these edges off. 11. Deactivate the fixed points to turn the display of these points off. Only the free edges that define the model perimeter and the interior holes remain. 12. Click visual options. 13. Activate the shared edges check box to turn display of the edges on. 14. Activate the fixed points check box to turn display of the points on.
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To stitch surfaces: 1. Click (un)suppress. 2. Pick the line between surfaces 4 and 6. 3. Pick the line between surfaces 3 and 5. 4. Pick the two linear lines between surfaces 3 and 9. 5. Click suppress. The selected lines change from shared (green) to suppressed (blue) edges. 6. Click return. The suppressed surface edges are not displayed in the graphics area. They still exist in the model and can be toggled back to shared edges in the geom cleanup panel.
NOTE
The resulting stitched surface is located in the component collector of the stitched surface having the lowest id. As a result of surfaces 4 and 6 being stitched together, the stitched surface is located in middle2 component collector where surface 4 was originally located. As a result of surfaces 3, 5, and 9 being stitched together, the stitched surface is located in middle1 component collector where surface 3 was originally located. In the geom cleanup panel, HyperMesh treats lines and surface edges the same. It is recommended that lines be displayed off or masked so that surface edges can be selected more easily.
To use the surface edit / filler surface subpanel: 1. Select surface edit. 2. Click filler surface. 3. Zoom into the corner in which surfaces 1, 3, and 7 meet. 4. Click the three lines in the graphics area. Each line is between two fixed points. The selected lines are highlighted white. 5. Click create. Question dialog box pops-up stating Lines appear planar, project to plane? (y/n). 6. Click Yes. A surface was created using the selected three lines. 7. Click return. 8. Click geom cleanup.
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9. Click edges. 10. Click toggle. 11. Of the three lines selected in surface edit / filler surface subpanel, pick the line closest to the center of the model. The shared (green) edges are suppressed (blue).
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
interactive subpanel
Allows you to mesh surfaces in an interactive mode. You can set single or multiple meshing parameters before you create the mesh and you can remesh surfaces. NOTE: After the initial mesh is created, the automeshing module is displayed so that you can adjust and check the mesh before you accept it. Once a surface has been prepared for the automeshing module, that information is retained and updated by any changes you make to the meshing parameters while in the automeshing module. The next time the surface is brought into the automeshing module, the
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saved data is used as the starting point for the mesh parameters unless the remesh mesh params to: item is selected, in which case, the old information is discarded and new values computed. reset mesh prarms to: Resets the meshing parameters. If you bring a saved surface into the automeshing module and you select reset mesh prarms to:, the new values are used and the old information is discarded. Allows you to specify the element edge size to use to pre-calculate default element densities along the edges of the surface. NOTE: This tutorial uses the element size = option. use mesh params Allows you to specify additional meshing controls, such as chordal deviation meshing or tria transition meshing. Saves the elements that are created within the current component, regardless of their original component. Saves the elements that are created within the component to which the surface belongs. Allows you to remesh surfaces with poor element quality. The existing mesh is deleted before the surface is remeshed. HyperMesh scans the displayed surfaces for defined mesh and highlights those surfaces which failed to create a mesh in the last attempt.
elem size =
remesh
highlight surfs
automatic subpanel
Allows you to mesh surfaces automatically. You can set meshing parameters before you create the mesh and you can remesh surfaces. It has the same features as the interactive subpanel, except that it creates elements on a surface without invoking the automeshing module.
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The mesh params subpanel allows you to set specific meshing parameters before meshing the selected surface(s). You can choose to use size and biasing, described in tutorial HM-140, or specify chordal deviation values, described in tutorial HM-141.
cleanup subpanel
Allows you to modify surface topology by splitting a surface from node to node, replacing points, and toggling edges. After selecting two nodes, HyperMesh splits the surface from the location of the first node to the location of the second node along the normal projection of the straight line between the selected points. The line that HyperMesh creates is temporary. Split surf mirrors the trim with two nodes function on the surface edit panel. Removes a surface split line from associated surfaces, and deletes them from the model. You can use this function to remove pinholes, for example. Unsplit surf mirrors the remove interior trim lines function on the surface edit panel. Deletes the point to be moved and relocates the associated geometry to the retained point. Replace points mirrors the replace points function on the geom cleanup panel. Converts individual surface edges from one edge type to another with single mouse clicks. For instance, if you use toggle, you can click once on a free edge that has a neighboring free edge within tolerance to combine the two free edges into a single shared edge. You can also use this function to suppress and unsuppress edges.
split surf
unsplit surf
replace points
toggle
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Toggle mirrors the toggle function on the geom cleanup panel/edges subpanel. add points subpanel Allows you to add fixed points to a surface from existing free points or nodes. It mirrors the add points subpanel on the geom cleanup panel. Allows you to suppress fixed points by deleting the selected points or converting them to free points. It mirrors the suppress points subpanel on the geom cleanup panel.
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the clean_up_geom.hm31 file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the clean_up_geom.hm31 file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To display surface IDs: 1. Select the numbers panel on Tool page. 2. Click the input collector switch and select surfs. 3. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu. 4. Click on. 5. Click return.
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Figure 5
To automesh surfaces using the automeshing module: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click component = and select bottom. 3. Click element size = and enter 2.0. 4. Click return. The element type default setting, quad, is retained. 6. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D or 3-D page. 7. Select the interactive subpanel. 8. Click the lowest toggle and select elements to surfaces comp. 9. Click surfs and pick surfaces 6 and 7 from the model. 10. Click mesh. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module. 11. Click mesh and review the temporary mesh.
To change the meshing algorithm: 1. Select the algorithm subpanel. 2. Click mesh and review the temporary mesh settings.
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NOTE
The blue squares on surfaces 6 and 7 indicate that HyperMesh will create the mesh using the mapped as rectangle meshing algorithm.
3. Click the switch below meshing algorithm: and select advancing front. 4. Pick the square at the center of surface 6. The square changes to reflect the advancing front algorithm. 5. Click mesh. Notice that the mesh changes 6. Click the switch below meshing algorithm: and select map as triangle. 7. Pick the square at the center of surface 6. The square changes to a triangle to reflect the map as triangle algorithm. 8. Click mesh. The header bar displays the following message: Unable to recognize triangular shape. NOTE Apply the map as triangle algorithm to a surface with three sides only. Apply the map as pentagon algorithm to a surface with five sides only.
9. Click the switch below meshing algorithm: and select advancing front. 10. Pick the square at the center of surface 6. The square changes to reflect the advancing front algorithm. 11. Click mesh.
To change the smoothing algorithm: 1. Click the switch below smoothing algorithm and select shape corrected. 2. Click set all next to shape corrected to apply the algorithm to the selected surfaces. 3. Click mesh. Notice how the mesh changes. 4. Click the switch below smoothing algorithm and select no smoothing. 5. Click set all next to no smoothing to apply the algorithm to the selected surfaces. 6. Click mesh. Notice how the mesh changes. 7. Click the switch below smoothing algorithm and select autodecide. 8. Click the switch below meshing algorithm and select autodecide. 9. Click set all next to autodecide to apply the algorithm to the selected surfaces.
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To change the meshing element type: 1. Select the type subpanel. 2. Click the switch under element type: and select mixed: 3. Click set all. 4. Click mesh. Notice how the mesh changes. 5. Click on the switch under element type: and select quads. 6. Click set all. 7. Click mesh. Notice how the mesh changes. To change the mapping parameters: 1. Select the details subpanel. 2. Pick the diamond-shaped icon on surface 6. 3. Click size control. 4. Click mesh. Notice how the mesh changes. 5. Deactivate size control. 6. Activate skew control. 7. Click mesh. Notice how the mesh changes. 8. Activate size control. Both skew control and size control should be activated. 9. Click mesh. Notice how the mesh changes. 10. Deactivate size control and skew control. NOTE The mesh generated by either type of element shape is influenced by the size control and the skew control.
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To change the element density on selected edges: 1. Select the density subpanel. 2. Click elem density = and enter 10. 3. Click set edge to. 4. Pick the density numbers on the top and bottom edges of surfaces 6 and 7 (see Figure 6). The density numbers on those edges change to 10. 5. Click elem density = and enter 3. 6. Click set edge to. 7. Pick the density numbers on the three short edges of surfaces 6 and 7 (see Figure 6). The density numbers on those edges change to 3.
Figure 6
To change the element biasing on selected edges: 1. Select the biasing subpanel. 2. Click bias intensity = and enter -4.00. 3. Click set edge next to bias intensity. 4. Click the bias intensity numbers on the shared edges between surfaces 4, 6 and 7 (see Figure 7). HyperMesh Tutorials 58 Altair Engineering
5. Click mesh.
To check the element quality: 1. Select the checks subpanel. 2. Click the data entry field next to jacobian and enter 0.85. 3. Click jacobian. Any element on the model that fails to meet the minimum jacobian value is highlighted in red. The minimum jacobian value is displayed in the header bar. 4. Click skew. The maximum skew angle is displayed in the header bar. 5. Click the return to accept the mesh.
Figure 7
To mesh surface 4: 1. Select the interactive subpanel. 2. Pick surface 4 from the graphics area (see Figure 7). 3. Click mesh. Review the temporary node and element placements.
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NOTE
Make sure not to activate reset the mesh parameters to:. The densities will automatically match the previously meshed bottom surfaces and have coincident nodes. The default node densities set in the global panel are assigned elsewhere around the surfaces. Activating reset meshing parameters to: causes HyperMesh to use the default mesh parameters and as a result, the meshes will not coincide.
4. Click mesh. 5. Click return. NOTE The mesh on surfaces 6 and 7 is assigned to the component bottom, and the elements on surface 4 are assigned to the component middle, the same component of their associate surfaces.
Figure 8
To remesh the meshed surfaces with new parameters: 1. Select the interactive subpanel. 2. Make sure surfs is highlighted and select surfaces 4,6, and 7. 3. Click remesh. 4. Change the node densities as shown in Figure 9. Click elem density = and enter the new value. Click set edge to. Pick the density number on the model. Repeat these steps for the remaining new density values. 5. Select the biasing subpanel.
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6. Click bias intensity = and enter 0.00. 7. Click the upper set all. 8. Click mesh. 9. Click return to accept the new mesh.
Figure 9
To delete elements using the remesh button: 1. Select the interactive subpanel. 2. Make sure surfs is highlighted and select surfaces 4,6, and 7. 3. Click remesh. 4. Click return. The elements of the surfaces are deleted. This is a way to delete elements without leaving the automesh panel.
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1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the clean_up_geom.hm31 file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the clean_up_geom.hm31 file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To display surface IDs: 1. Select the numbers panel on Tool page. 2. Click the input collector switch and select surfs. 3. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu. 4. Click on. 5. Click return.
To remove pinholes from selected surfaces: 1. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. 2. Select the modeling subpanel. 3. Click cleanup tol = and enter 0.2. 4. Click return. 5. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 6. Click elem size and enter 2.0. 7. Click return. 8. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D or 3-D page. 9. Select the cleanup subpanel. 10. Click line below unsplit surf:.
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11. Pick the pinhole on the circle of surface 1 and the pinhole on the middle circle of surface 3. The selected pinholes and the trim lines are removed (see Figure 10). 12. Click p to refresh the screen.
To suppress and unsuppress a surface edge: 1. While still in the cleanup subpanel, click line below toggle:. The cleanup tolerance of 0.200 is automatically displayed in the cleanup tol = data entry field. 2. Pick the green shared edge between surfaces 6 and 7 (see Figure 10). Surface 7 is not shown in Figure 10 because the shared edge is suppressed. 3. Click p to refresh the screen. The edge is removed.
Figure 10
To mesh surfaces 4 and 6: 1. Select the interactive subpanel. 2. Make sure surfs is highlighted and select surfaces 4 and 6 (see Figure 10). 3. Click the lower toggle and select elements to surfaces comp. NOTE The elem size = data entry field displays 2.0, due to the change made in the global panel in the previous procedure.
4. Click mesh.
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HyperMesh goes to the automeshing module. 5. Click mesh and review the default edge densities. 6. Select the checks subpanel. 7. Click the data entry field after jacobian and enter 0.6. 8. Click jacobian. The temporary elements with jacobian values less than 0.6 are highlighted. The minimum jacobian value is displayed in the header bar. 9. Select the density subpanel. 10. Set the element densities as shown in Figure 11. NOTE While in the density subpanel, left click on a density number to increase it, and right click on a density number to decrease it.
11. Repeat steps 6-8. 12. Click return to accept the mesh. NOTE The newly created elements are placed in the same component collectors as their associated surfaces.
Figure 11
To add fixed points to surfaces 5 and 8: 1. Select the add points subpanel 2. Pick surface 5 from the graphics area (see Figure 10).
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3. Click the switch and select points. 4. Click points and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu. 5. Select Points. 6. Click select. 7. The seven points, displayed as xs and offset from surface 5, are highlighted. 8. A value of 0.200 is displayed in the cleanup tol = data entry field. 9. Click add to create fixed points on surface 5. These are displayed as os. NOTE Fixed points are associated with the middle component.
To mesh surfaces 5 and 8: 1. Select the interactive subpanel. 2. Make sure surfs is highlighted and pick surfaces 5 and 8. 3. Click mesh. HyperMesh goes to the density subpanel. 4. Click mesh. 5. Select the checks subpanel to review element quality. 6. Select the density subpanel. 7. Set the element densities as shown in Figure 12. NOTE While in the density subpanel, left click on a density number to increase it, and right click on a density number to decrease it.
8. Select the biasing subpanel. 9. Right click the biasing number on the edge between surfaces 5 and 8 to set its value to 1.0. 10. Click return to accept the mesh.
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Figure 12 - Observe the mesh on surface 5 and how the fixed points affect the placement of the nodes.
To trim the selected surfaces: 1. Select the cleanup subpanel. 2. Click the upper node below split surf:. 3. Pick the shared edge between surfaces 2 and 3. A node is created at that location. NOTE A node can be created by clicking anywhere along the edge. You dont have to highlight the edge or wait until the cursor becomes a box.
4. After the first node is selected, the lower node below split surf: is highlighted automatically. Click the vertex of surface 3 opposite the node you created in step 3. As shown in Figure 13, a line connecting these two nodes is used to trim surface 3 at the normal direction. 5. Repeat steps 1 - 4 to trim surface 1 and surface 2 as shown in Figure 13.
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Figure 13
To add fixed points to the edge between surfaces 2 and 3: 1. Select the add points subpanel. 2. Make sure surfs is highlighted and pick surface 2. 3. Click the upper switch and select nodes. 4. While node list is highlighted, pick the edge between surfaces 2 and 3. 5. Wait until the edge is highlighted and the cursor changes from mouse button to assign a fixed point. 6. Click add. 7. Repeat steps 1 - 6 to add fixed points to the edge between surfaces 9 and 10. NOTE Place these two nodes so that they break the edge into sections similar to the edge between surfaces 2, 5, and 11, and the edge between surface 10, 1, and 4 (see Figure 13).
To mesh the remaining surfaces: 1. Select the interactive subpanel. 2. Make sure surfs is highlighted and pick surfaces 1, 2, 3, 9, 10, and 11 (see Figure 13). 3. Set the element densities as shown in Figure 14. NOTE While in the density subpanel, left click on a density number to increase it, and right click on a density number to decrease it.
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5. Click return to accept the mesh. The complete model is displayed in Figure 15. 6. Click return to exit the automesh panel.
Figure 14
Figure 15
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To check the element quality: 1. Select the check elems panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the 2-d subpanel. 3. Click assign plot. 4. Select jacobian to review the element quality. 5. Repeat these steps to perform additional element quality checks. 6. Click return to access the main menu.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
Using the Quads Mapped Mesh Element Type and the Smoothing Controls
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the tria_trans.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the tria_trans.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To display the surface IDs: 1. Select the numbers panel on the Tools page. 2. Click the input collector switch and select surfs. 3. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu. 4. Click display
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To select the collector type: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click component = and select quads_size_only. 3. Click return to exit the global panel. 4. Click return to exit the numbers panel.
To set the mesh parameters: 1. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D or 3-D page. 2. Select the mesh params subpanel. 3. Click the leftmost toggle and select use size and biasing. 4. Click elem size = and enter 1.000. 5. Click the switch under mapped mesh elem type and select quads. 6. Activate size control and deactivate skew control, if necessary.
To mesh the surface and create elements: 1. Select the interactive subpanel. 2. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu. 3. Click mesh. 4. Review the densities and click mesh to preview the elements. 5. Click return. Note that some of the elements may need to be modified.
Repeat the steps using the quads_skew_only component and the skew option activated. Repeat the steps using the quads_size_skew component and the skew and size options activated. Compare the elements created with each of the options:
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Using the Mixed Mapped Mesh Element Type and the Smoothing Controls
To set the collector type: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click component = and select mixed_size_only. 3. Click return to exit the global panel.
To set the mesh parameters: 1. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D or 3-D page. 2. Select the mesh params subpanel. 3. Click the leftmost toggle and select use size and biasing. 4. Click elem size = and enter 1.000. 5. Click the switch under mapped mesh elem type and select mixed. 6. Activate size control and deactivate skew control, if necessary.
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To mesh the surface and create elements: 1. Select the interactive subpanel. 2. Click surfs and select all from the extended entity selection menu. 3. Click mesh. 4. Review the densities and click mesh to preview the elements. 5. Click return. Note that some of the elements may need to be modified.
Repeat the steps using the mixed_skew_only component and the skew option activated. Repeat the steps using the mixed_size_skew component and the skew and size options activated. Compare the elements created with each of the options:
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
Used to activate or deactivate chordal deviation meshing. use size and biasing arranges the nodes that lie on the surface edges equidistant from each other and at a spacing approximately equal to the specified element size. use chordal deviation automatically adjusts the surface edge densities and
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biasing values based on the specified chordal deviation criteria discussed below. For more information on using the automesh panel with the use size and biasing option, please see tutorial HM135-L min elem size and max elem size Controls the nodal densities along surface edges. The largest distance between two nodes is the max elem size. The smallest distance between two nodes is the min elem size. The element size parameters take precedence over all other chordal deviation parameters. max deviation Defines the maximum allowable distance between an edge of the surface being meshed and an element edge. Defines the maximum allowable angle between two element edges.
max angle
The chordal deviation parameters are also available in the density subpanel of the automeshing module.
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Compare the mesh created in this tutorial with those created in the following tutorials, which use the chordal deviation mesh parameters: The Maximum Deviation Parameter The Maximum Angle Parameter The Maximum Element Size Parameter
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the chordal_dev.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the chordal_dev.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To set the mesh parameters and create the mesh: 1. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the automatic subpanel. 3. Activate reset meshing parameters to:. 4. Click elem size = and enter 15.000. 5. Click the lowest toggle and select elements to surfaces comp. 6. Click surfs and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the display panel. 7. Select use size from the component list. 8. Click select. 9. Click mesh to create the mesh. 10. Click return.
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6. Set max elem size = to 15.000. 7. Set max deviation = to 0.500. 8. Set max angle = to 90.000 for the maximum angle parameter to be neglected.
To create the mesh: 1. Select the automatic subpanel. 2. Click surfs and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu.
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HyperMesh goes to the display panel. 3. Select deviation ctrl from the component list. 4. Click select. 5. Click mesh to create the mesh. 6. Click return to access the automesh subpanel.
4. Set max elem size = to 15.000 5. Set max deviation = to 0.500 6. Set max angle = to 20.000
To create the mesh: 1. Select the automatic subpanel. 2. Click surfs and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu.
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HyperMesh goes to the display panel. 3. Select angle ctrl from the component list. 4. Click select. 5. Click mesh to create the mesh.
4. Set max elem size = to 30.000. 5. Set max deviation = to 0.500. 6. Set max angle = to 20.000.
To create the mesh: 1. Select the automatic subpanel. 2. Click surfs and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu.
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HyperMesh goes to the display panel. 3. Select max size ctrl from the component list. 4. Click select. 5. Click mesh to create the mesh.
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The following exercises are included: Using rigids and rigidlinks to join elements and components Using welds to join element and components Using RBE3s and spring elements to model a rubber grommet Using equations to simulate a basic contact constraint between components
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice.
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HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the connect1.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the connect1.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To create nodes at the center of the holes in parts 1 and 2: 1. Select distance panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the three nodes subpanel. 3. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the large hole in part 1. 4. Click circle center. A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on part 1. 5. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the large hole in part 2. 6. Click circle center. A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on part 2. 7. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the small hole in component A. 8. Click circle center A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on component A. 9. Select any three nodes (N1/N2/N3) on the perimeter of the small hole in component B. 10. Click circle center A circle is created in the center of the three nodes you selected on component B. 11. Click return to access the main menu.
To change the current component to rigids: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click component = and select rigids. 3. Click return.
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To create rigidlinks at the large holes: 1. Select the rigids panel on the 1-D page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch next to dependent: and select multiple nodes. 4. Pick a node at the center of the large hole on part 1 to be the independent node:. 5. Pick nodes on the perimeter of the hole on part 1 to be the dependent node. 6. Click create 7. Pick a node at the center of the large hole on part 2 to be the independent node:. 8. Pick nodes on the perimeter of the hole on part 2 to be the dependent node. 9. Click create You model should look like the figure below. 10. Click return to access the main menu.
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To create a node at the mid-point between the two rigidlinks: 1. Select the distance panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the two nodes subpanel. 3. Select two nodes (N1/N2) at the center of each rigid link. 4. Click nodes between = and enter 1. 5. Click nodes between to create the mid-point node. 6. Click return.
To join the rigidlinks with two rigid elements: 1. Select the rigids panel on the1-D page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch next to dependent: and select single node. 4. Pick the mid-point node created in the previous exercise to be the independent: node:. 5. Pick a node at the center of one of the rigid links on part 1 to be the dependent node. 6. Repeat steps 4 & 5 for the mid-point node and the other rigid link.
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Using Welds
In this tutorial, use welds to join elements and components. The welds panel allows you to create normally aligned rigid elements between two plate elements. Place weld elements between the sections of your model that are to be welded. Weld elements are displayed as a line between two nodes with the letter W written at the centroid of the element. Welds can translate to RBAR in NASTRAN or *mpc in ABAQUS.
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the connect2.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
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/tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the connect2.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To change the current component to welds: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click component = and select welds. 3. Click return.
To create spot welds joining part1 and part2: 1. Select the welds panel on the 1-D page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click length = and enter 0.000. 4. Click the toggle and select without systems. 5. Deactivate move node. 6. Pick the node on component A and the adjacent node on part 1. 7. Pick the node on component B and the adjacent node on part 2. 8. Click return.
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Using RBE3s
In this tutorial, use RBE3s to join elements and components. The rbe3 panel allows you to create, review, and update RBE3 elements. The update subpanel allows you to edit the connectivity, dofs, and weight for each node of the element. RBE3 elements are displayed as lines between the dependent node and the independent node(s) with RBE3 displayed at the dependent node of the element. RBE3s define the motion at a reference grid point -the dependent node- as the weighted average of the motions at a set of other grid points -the independent nodes. RBE3 is used in NASTRAN.
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash.
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4. Select the connect3.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the connect3.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To change the current component to rigids: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click component = and select rigids. 3. Click return.
To create RBE3s at the small holes: 1. Select the rbe3 panel on the 1-D page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Pick a node at the center of the small hole on component A to be the dependent node. 4. Pick nodes on the perimeter of component A to be the independent nodes. 5. Click create. 6. Pick a node at the center of the small hole on component B to be the dependent node. 7. Pick nodes on the perimeter of component B to be the independent nodes. 8. Click create. 9. Click return.
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Using Springs
In this tutorial, use springs to join elements and components. The springs panel allows you to create spring elements. A spring element is an element created in a space between two nodes of a model where a spring connection is desired. Spring elements store a property and a degree of freedom (dof). Spring elements are displayed as a line between two nodes with the letter K written at the centroid of the element. Springs can translate to CELAS2 in NASTRAN or *spring in ABAQUS. Springs require a property definition.
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice.
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HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the connect4.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the connect4.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To select the NASTRAN analysis template: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click template file = twice. 3. Select the nastran/ directory. 4. Select general. 5. Click return.
To change the current component to springs: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click component = and select springs. 3. Click return.
To create a spring property definition: 1. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select props. 4. Click name = and enter k1. 5. Click card image = and select PELAS. 6. Click create/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image subpanel. This allows you to enter the NASTRAN card data. 7. Click the data entry field under K1 and enter 1.0 as the spring constant.
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To create a spring element joining the RBE3s: 1. Select the springs panel on the 1-D page. 2. Click property = and select k1. 3. Select dof2. 4. Click the toggle and select no vector. The other options are off by default. 5. Pick a node at the center of one of the RBE3 elements. 6. Pick a node at the center of the other RBE3 element. The spring element is created and represented by a K. 7. Click return.
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Using Equations
In this tutorial, use equations to simulate a basic contact constraint between components. The equations panel allows you to create, review, and update equations. Equations are displayed as lines between the dependent node and the independent node(s) with the letters EQ displayed at the dependent node of the equation. Equations are used in NASTRAN as MPC or in ABAQUS as *equation. Place an equation in a load collector.
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the connect5.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the connect5.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To create a load collector: 1. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select loadcols. 4. Click name = and enter the name equations. 5. Click color and select color 12. 6. Click create. The collector was created. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
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To set up the constraint equations: 1. Select the equations panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch and select dof2 as the dependent node degree of freedom. 4. Activate dof2 as the independent node degree of freedom. Deactivate any other degree of freedom options selected. 5. Ensure w has a value of 1.0. 6. Click constant and enter 0.
To create the constraint equations: 1. Pick a node on the edge of part 1 as the dependent node. 2. Pick the corresponding node on part 2 as the independent node. 3. Click create. 4. Repeat this for all nodes along the edge.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To create a bar element: 1. Select the bars panel on the 1-D page. 2. Select the bar2 subpanel. 3. Click ax = and enter the value 0. 4. Click ay = and enter the value 0. 5. Click az = and enter the value 0. These are the values for the bar offset. 6. Click property = and select property1. A property is now assigned to the element. 7. Click pins a = and enter the value 0. 8. Click pins b = and enter the value 0. These are the values for the degrees of freedom. 9. Click the switch below update and select components from the pop-up menu.
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10. After x comp =, enter the value 1. 11. After y comp =, enter the value 1. 12. After z comp =, enter the value 1. The local y axis is now specified. 13. Click node A and select the lower node in the graphics area. 14. Click node B and select the upper node in the graphics area. The 2 noded bar element is created. 15. Click return to access the main menu.
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14. Click return. 15. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. 16. Click the right toggle and select elems. 17. Click none. 18. Select ^feature. The plot elements in the green ^feature component are displayed.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. The beam_solid.hm file contains line segments and nodes. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator. NOTE You must load a template and create material and property collector before you can assign beam properties. A material collector must also be created to calculate the correct characteristics for the bar or beam elements for the summary.
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To load the NASTRAN template in the global template: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Double-click template file = and select nastran/general template. 3. Click return.
To set view angles: 1. Click t on the permanent menu. 2. Click thetax = and enter 10. 3. Click thetay = and enter -30. 4. Click thetaz = and enter 1. 5. Click set angles. 6. Click return.
To create a material collector for the nastran PBEAM element: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. 4. Click name = and enter beam_mat. 5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. 6. Click card image = and select MAT1. 7. Click create/edit. 8. Click E, click the data entry field under E, and enter 1. 9. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 1. 10. Click RHO, click the data entry field under RHO, and enter 1. 11. Click return.
To create a property collector for the beam element: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel.
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3. Click the switch after collector type and select props. 4. Click name = and enter beam_prop. 5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. 6. Click card image = and select PBEAM . 7. Click material = and select beam_mat. 8. Click create. 9. Click return.
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9. Click solve.
To assign a FEA solver and update the property card: 1. Click the switch under FEA solver and select nastran/opti-struct. 2. Double-click props. 3. Activate the beam_prop check box. 4. Click select. 5. Click the toggle after prop type to PBEAM. 6. Click update props. The message, Property prop1 has a card image loaded for Nastran. Do you wish to clear the current card image and load a new one? is displayed. 7. Click Yes. The property called beam_prop has now been updated with the Area, Moment of Inertia, and other calculated values added to the property card.
To create a bar2 element for the defined cross section: 1. Click the toggle under bar2 element to specify end A and end B. 2. Leave end A at the centroid and click pick node under end B:
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3. Pick node 145. 4. Click the toggle under elem orientation to none. 5. Click create elem. The element is displayed with the label BAR2.
To create a summary file: 1. Click the toggle in the lower left to summary file. 2. Click summary file and enter BEAM_summary. 3. Activate the display check box. 4. Click summary. The summary information is displayed on the screen. An example of a summary file is shown at the end of this tutorial. 5. Click the left mouse button to advance to the next page of the summary file. 6. Click return.
To review the card: 1. Click card on the permanent menu. 2. Click the input collector switch and select props. 3. Click props. 4. Activate the beam_prop check box. 5. Click select. 6. Click edit. The card image is displayed. The values can be edited by clicking in the field you wish to edit and entering the new values. 7. Click return. 8. Click return.
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To clear this session of HyperMesh: 1. Select the delete panel on the Tool page. 2. Click delete model. A pop-up window displays the message, Do you wish to delete the current model? 3. Click Yes. The HyperMesh session is cleared for the next steps. 4. Click return.
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To retrieve the xsect_welds.hm file: 1. Select the files panel. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Double-click file =. 4. Select the xsect_welds.hm file. 5. Click retrieve. 6. Click return.
To define the cross section of an element that has a weld: 1. Select the beam xsect panel on the 1D page. 2. Select the offset lines subpanel. 3. Pick the two yellow lines. 4. Click nominal t = and enter 0.5. 5. Click the toggle next to cross section plane to fit to entities. 6. Click the toggle next to plane base node to section centroid. 7. Click define. 8. Click graphical toggles.
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NOTE:
You can click the graphical representation of the thickness arrow to toggle the side of the line where the thickness is to be applied. Each click changes the location of the thickness of the line from top to bottom or centered. In this case, place the thickness over the center of the lines.
9. Select the weld pts subpanel. 10. Click lines and pick both yellow lines. 11. Click distance = and enter 1.0. 12. Click diameter = and enter 0.25. 13. Click draw size = and enter 2. 14. Click add weld pt. 15. Pick the leftmost pointer on the top line. 16. Click solve. The Center of Gravity (purple +) and Shear Center (Yellow +) are displayed. To assign an FEA solver and update the property card: 1. Click the switch under FEA solver and select nastran. 2. Double-click props. 3. Activate the weld_prop checkbox. 4. Click select. 5. Click the toggle after prop type to PBEAM.
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6. Click update props. The message, Property prop1 has a card image loaded for Nastran. Do you wish to clear the current card image and load a new one? is displayed. 7. Click Yes. The weld_prop property has been updated with the Area, Moment of Inertia, and other calculated values. 8. Click return.
To update the property and view the card in the card previewer: 1. Select card on the permanent menu. 2. Click the input collector switch and select props. 3. Click props. 4. Activate the weld_prop checkbox. 5. Click select. 6. Click edit. The NASTRAN PBEAM card image is displayed. The values can be edited by clicking the field you want to edit and entering the desired values. 7. Click return to exit the card panel. 8. Click return to exit the beam xsect panel.
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Area A = 220
Centroid wrt. User Axes YC = 0 ZC = 0 wrt. Global Axes global Xc = 0 global Yc = -1.13636 global Zc = 0 Principal Moments of Intertia IYYP = 16549.2 IZZP = 3693.33
Bending Moments Of Inertia wrt. User Axes IYY = 16549.2 IZZ = 3693.33 IYZ = 0 Moments Of Inertia wrt. Centroid IYYC = 16549.2 IZZC = 3693.33 IYZC = 0 Elastic Section Modulus EMYP = 369.333 EMZP = 1259.8 Plastic Section Modulus PMYP = 680 PMZP = 1715.04 Radius Of Gyration Maximum Coordinate Extension RG = 4.0973 YMAXC = 13.1364 ZMAXC = 10
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Shear Shear Center wrt. Centroid YS = 1.01881 ZS = 0 wrt. Global Axes Xsc = 0 Ysc = -2.15517 Zsc = 0 Shear Deformation Coefficients AYY = 1.75931 AZZ = 1.84491 AYZ = 0 Principal Shear Coefficients AYYP = 1.75931 AZZP = 1.84491 Angle Of Principal Shear Axes Shear Stiffness Factors ANGS = 0 KYY = 0.568404 KZZ = 0.542033 KYZ = 0 Torsion Torsional Constant Elastic Torsion Modulus Plastic Torsion Modulus Warping Constant wrt. Shear Center Torsion/Shear Coefficients J = 1754.85 EMT = 221.591 PMT = 744.425 GAMMA = 362403 AXY = 0 AXZ = 0 Results in Terms of NASTRAN Input $PBA R PBAR $ PID 1 C1 0.00000 $ K1 0.56840 MID 1 C2 0.0000 0 K2 0.5420 3 Area 219.99 9 D1 0.0000 0 I12 0.0000 0 I1 16549. 2 D2 0.0000 0 I2 3693.3 3 E1 0.0000 0 J 1754.8 4 E2 0.0000 0 NSM 0.0000 0 F1 0.0000 0 F2 0.0000 0
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$ PBEA M $
PID 1 C1 0.00000
K1 0.56840
M1(A) 0.00000
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The following exercises are included: Creating Surfaces and Meshes Using the ruled panel. Creating Surfaces and Meshes Using the spline panel Creating Surfaces and Meshes Using the skin panel. Dragging Lines to Create Surfaces and/or Shell Meshes Dragging Nodes to Create Surfaces and/or Shell Meshes Creating Surfaces and/or Shell Meshes with Lines Creating Surfaces and/or Shell Meshes with Nodes
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the simple300.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the simple300.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To build a ruled surface using lines: 1. Select the ruled panel on the 2-D page. 2. Click the upper input collector switch and select lines.
3. Pick line L1 from the graphics area. 4. Click the lower input collector switch and select lines. 5. Pick line L2 from the graphics area. 6. Click the rightmost switch and select mesh, keep surf.
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7. Click create. 8. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. 9. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel. 10. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 6: mesh, dele s urf mesh, w/o surf surface only 11. Click return to access the main menu.
To build a ruled surface using nodes: 1. Select the ruled panel on the 2-D page. 2. Click the upper input collector switch and select nodes. 3. Pick nodes 1 and 4 in the graphics area. 4. Click the lower input collector switch and select nodes. 5. Pick nodes 17 and 19 in the graphics area. 6. Click the rightmost collector switch and select mesh, keep surf. 7. Click create. 8. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. 9. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created.
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If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel. 10. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 6:
mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only 11. For practice, select a combination of node list and line list entity selection methods to create surfaces or meshes.
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To build two surface construction lines: 1. Select the lines panel on the Geom page. 2. Pick nodes 1 and 17 in the graphics area. 3. Select the rightmost switch and select linear. 4. Click create. The line is displayed. 5. Pick nodes 4 and 20. 6. Repeat steps 3 and 4 to create a new line. 7. Click return.
To build a spline surface using lines: 1. Select the spline panel on the 2-D page. 2. Click the leftmost switch and select lines.
3. Pick lines L1, L2, and the lines that you created in the previous procedure.
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4. Click the rightmost switch and select mesh, keep surf. 5. Click the toggle and select do not smooth lines.
6. Click create. 7. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. 8. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel. 9. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 4: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only To build a spline surface using nodes: 1. Select the spline panel on the 2-D page. 2. Click the leftmost switch and select nodes. NOTE Spline surfaces are created with either three or four nodes selected. This does not mean, however, that the spline surface must be planar.
3. Pick nodes 19, 2, 25, and 27 on the model, in that order. 4. Click the rightmost switch and select mesh, keep surf. 5. Click the toggle and select do not smooth lines. 6. Click create. 7. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse Altair Engineering HyperMesh Tutorials
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button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. 8. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel. 9. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 4: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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To create a skin surface with lines: 1. Select the skin panel on the 2-D page. 2. Click line list. 3. Pick lines L1, L2, L3, and L4 in that order. 4. Select the rightmost switch and select mesh, keep surf. 5. Click create. 6. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. 7. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel. 8. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following and surface options in step 4: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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To create a surface by dragging lines: 1. Select the drag panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the drag geoms subpanel.
3. Click the upper input collector switch and select lines. 4. Pick line L1. 5. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf. 6. To specify the direction along which to drag the line, use the plane and vector collector switch, or select three nodes. The three nodes specify a plane, and the drag direction is assumed perpendicular to this plane. 7. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select z-axis as the direction along which to drag the nodes. 8. Click the distance toggle switch and select distance =. 9. Click distance = and enter 50.0. 10. Click drag+. The line is dragged 50 positive units in the z-axis direction and the new surface is displayed. 11. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. 12. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel. 13. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 5: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only Altair Engineering HyperMesh Tutorials
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To build a surface using node selections: 1. Select the drag panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the drag geoms subpanel. 3. Click the upper input collector switch and select nodes.
4. Pick nodes 9, 10, and 11 in the graphics area. 5. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf. 6. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select y-axis as the direction along which to drag the nodes. 7. Click the distance toggle switch and select distance =. 8. Click distance = and enter 50.0. 9. Click drag-. The new surface is displayed. 10. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. 11. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel. 12. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 5: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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To create a surface by dragging lines: 1. Select the line drag panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the drag geoms subpanel.
3. Click the input collector switch after drag: and select lines. 4. Pick line L1. 5. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf. 6. Click the toggle and select use default vector. 7. Click line list to the right of along: and pick line L2 in the graphics area as the guide line along which to drag the entities. 8. Click drag. The new surface is displayed. 9. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. 10. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. f the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel. 11. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 5: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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To create temporary nodes: 1. Select the create nodes panel on the Geom page. 2. Select the on line subpanel.
3. Pick line L1 in the graphics area. 4. Click the data entry field after number of nodes = and enter 6. 5. Click the switch after bias style: and select linear. 6. Click the data entry field after bias intensity = and enter 0. 7. Click create. Six evenly spaced nodes are displayed in the graphics area. 8. Click return.
To create a mesh of shell elements using the line drag panel: 1. Select the line drag panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the drag geoms subpanel.
3. Click the input collector switch after drag: and select nodes. 4. Select the six nodes (in order from 16) created previously along line L1. 5. Click line list to the right of along: and pick line L2 in the graphics area as the guide line along which to drag the entities. 6. Click the lower right switch and select mesh, keep surf. 7. Click the toggle and select use default vector.
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8. Click drag. The new surface is displayed in the graphics area. 9. HyperMesh goes to the automesh module panel. Nodal densities are displayed on each edge of the new surface. To change the density, click the number in the graphics area with the mouse button. The left mouse button increases the density; the right mouse button decreases it. 10. Click mesh to create a shell mesh of elements on the new surface. To undo, click reject immediately after you create the mesh. If the surface is unacceptable, click abort to exit immediately the automeshing module panel without saving the surface that you created. If the surface and mesh are acceptable, click return. HyperMesh returns to the ruled panel. 11. To create other types of surfaces and meshes, repeat these steps and select one of the following mesh and surface options in step 6: mesh, dele surf mesh, w/o surf surface only
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To create a new collector for the new solid elements: 1. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps as the type of collector you want to create. 4. Click name = and type sldelems (or a name of your choice). Collector names are limited to 32 characters. 5. Click color to display the pop-up menu of color choices. 6. Select Color 5. 7. Click create. 8. Click return.
To create solid elements using the solid map panel: 1. Select the solid map panel on the 3-D page. 2. Select the both subpanel. 3. Click the input collector switch by source: and select surfs. This specifies the source surface. 4. Pick surface A in the graphics area. The surface is highlighted when selected.
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5. Click the input collector switch by end: and select surfs. This specifies the end surface. 6. Pick surface B in the graphics area. The surface is highlighted when selected. 7. Click the input collector switch by along: and select surfs. The input collector displays surf list. This specifies the along surface. 8. Pick the three surfaces between the source and end surfaces in the graphics area. Hold the left mouse button and move the cursor in the graphics area to highlight the surfaces. Release the left mouse button to select the highlighted surface. 9. Click surf list. The along surfaces you selected are highlighted in sequence. 10. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. This specifies which elements to drag. The plate elements on surface A are displayed. 11. Click density = and enter 10 to indicate the number of rows of elements you want to create between source surface A and end surface B. 12. Click mesh. The header bar gives status messages as the elements are generated. When finished, the model contains ten rows of elements that begin at surface A and end at surface B. The new solid elements follow the contour of the specified along surfaces. The hole in the center of the original shell element mesh is propagated through the solid element mesh. 13. Click return to exit the solid map panel.
To view the model in hidden line mode: 1. Press the function key F1 to access the hidden line menu, or select the hidden line panel on the Post page. 2. Click fill plot.
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3. Click return.
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To change the performance graphics mode and view the model in hidden line mode: 1. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. 2. Select the graphics subpanel. 3. Click the toggle and select performance. 4. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu.
5. Click the Hidden Line with Mesh Lines icon, 6. Click all. 7. Click return twice to access the main menu.
To orient the element normals in the same direction: 1. Select the normals panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the elements subpanel. 3. Click the switch and select comps. 4. Click comps again and select comp 1 and comp 2 as the component collectors.
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5. Click return. 6. Click size = and enter 10 for the size of the normal vectors to be displayed. 7. Click display normals to show the element normals directions. 8. Click elem under orientation:. 9. From the graphics area, pick any element in the cyan colored collector comp1. 10. Click adjust normals . The normals of the elements in the green collector, comp2, are the same as the elements in cyan collector, comp1. 11. Click return to access the main menu.
To create solid elements using the elem offset panel: 1. Select the elem offset panel on the 3-D page of the main menu. 2. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu. 3. Click config = and select quad4 from the pop-up menu. 4. Click select entities. 5. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu. 6. Click config = and select tria3 from the pop-up menu. 7. Click select entities.
This selection method can be used to select elements of more than one type in a model. 1. Click density = and enter 3 for the number of rows of elements you want to create. 2. Click thickness = and enter 5 for the total thickness of the elements you want to create. 3. Click offset to create the solid elements. 4. Click z on the permanent menu and use the left mouse button to draw a circle around the right side of the bumper.
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NOTE
The solid elements that have been created are extruded from the faces of the original shell elements. In some cases, the shell elements may have been modeled at the mid-plane of the solid elements you want to create.
5. Click reject to reject the solid elements. 6. Click offset = and enter 2.5 as the starting position for the solid elements. 7. Click offset to create the solid elements.
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Model created with solid elements from shell elements shown at mid-plane
NOTE
The solid elements that have been created start at a distance of 2.5 behind the shell elements with a total solid thickness of 5.
Drag Panel
In this tutorial, use the drag panel to create solid elements with a linear bias by extruding an existing mesh of 2-D elements. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the drag.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/.
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5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the drag.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to exit the files panel.
To create solid elements using the drag panel: 1. Select the drag panel on the 3-D page. 2. Select the drag elems subpanel. 3. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. 4. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select N1, N2, N3. 5. Click N1. 6. Pick any three nodes on the model. This defines a plane and normal vector from which HyperMesh creates the solid elements. 7. Click the toggle and select distance =. 8. Click distance = and enter 100 for the total thickness of elements you want to create. 9. Click on drag = and enter 20 for the number of rows of solid elements you want to create.
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10. Click bias intensity = and enter 10 for the intensity. 11. Click drag -. The solid elements are created. 12. Click return to exit the drag panel.
To view the model in hidden line mode: 1. Press the function key F1 to access the hidden line menu, or select the hidden line panel on the Post page. 2. Click fill plot. 3. Click z on the permanent menu and use the left mouse button to draw a circle around the right side of the bumper. NOTE Each row of elements gets progressively thicker due to the linear bias.
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To change the performance graphics mode and view the model in hidden line mode: 1. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. 2. Select the graphics subpanel. 3. Click the toggle and select performance. 4. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu.
5. Click the Hidden Line with Mesh Lines icon, 6. Click all. 7. Click return twice to access the main menu.
To create the solid elements using the line drag panel: 1. Select the line drag panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the drag elems subpanel. 3. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. This selects the shell elements that define the section of the solid mesh you want to create. 4. Click line list next to along:. 5. Pick the two lines that define the helical spring from the graphics area. Hold the left mouse button and move the cursor in the graphics area to highlight each line. Release the left mouse button to select each highlighted line. 6. Click on drag = and enter 200 for the number of rows of solid elements you want to create. 7. Click drag to create the mesh. The header bar displays status messages as the elements are created.
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8. Click reject to reject the solid mesh that was created. 9. Practice by clicking the use default vector toggle and selecting specify vector. Also, define a bias style: and a value for bias intensity = NOTE If you select specify vector, use the plane and vector collector to select the orientation vector. For more information on the biasing options, refer to the Element Biasing section in the Automatic Mesh Generation chapter of the Users Manual.
10. Click drag to create a new solid mesh based on the changes made. 11. Click return to accept the new solid mesh and access the main menu.
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fixed
prism trias
normal trias
Uses the local element size for the initial thickness and a value of 1.0 for the growth rate and acceleration. You can use structured isotropic prism layers in any situation where ordered layers of tetras are required near the surface. The mesher uses as many layers as possible of isotropic elements until the elements in the next layer are of unacceptable quality, and then it switches to the normal meshing algorithm. Applies in most applications, and uses the standard tetrameshing algorithm as in previous versions of HyperMesh. This option is available in each tetramesh subpanel.
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Uses an algorithm which optimizes meshing speed. Use this option if element quality considerations are less important than mesh generation time. This option is available in each tetramesh subpanel. Directs the tetramesher to spend more time trying to generate the best shaped elements. It employs the volumetric ratio, or CFD skew, measurement for rating potential tetras. Use this option if your solver is sensitive to element quality. This option is available in each tetramesh subpanel. The growth rate for normal trias and after prism elements are complete. The number of initial layers for normal trias after prism elements are complete. Various growth options can be specified in order to control the tradeoff between the number of tetras generated and the element quality. Options that can be selected are standard, aggressive, gradual, interpolate and user controlled. The standard option is suggested for most conditions. For a detailed explanation of these parameters, please consult the HyperMesh on-line Help.
Tetra Remesh a Selected Group of Elements Tetramesh Using the CFD Algorithm
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the tetmesh.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the tetmesh.hm file. 5. Click retrieve. 6. Click return to access the main menu.
To tetra mesh the enclosed volume: 1. Select the tetramesh panel on the 3-D page. 2. Select the tetra mesh subpanel. 3. Click the switch below floatable trias: and select comps from the pop-up menu.
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4. Pick an element that belongs to the component. or Click the upper comps and select trias, then click return. 5. Click the switch below growth option: and select standard from the pop-up menu. 6. Click the lower right switch and select generate mesh normally from the pop-up menu. 7. Click tetmesh. 8. Click return to access the main menu. NOTE The header bar displays status messages as the elements are created. The right mouse button allows you to cancel the tetramesh operation.
NOTE
Elements that cause the tetramesher to fail are highlighted and placed into a buffer for later retrieval. See The Tetra Remesh Panel for a description on retrieving and isolating these elements for inspection.
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To identify tetra elements with poor quality: 1. Select the check elems panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the 3-D subpanel. 3. After tetra collapse, enter the value 0.10. 4. Click tetra collapse. 5. Once elements are highlighted, click save failed. 6. Click return to access the main menu. NOTE The header bar relays the message that the minimum tetra collapse is 0.00, a tetra element that does not occupy a volume. The save failed operation places the bad elements that show a tetra collapse value less than what is specified in a buffer, allowing the elements to be retrieved later.
To isolate the save failed elements: 1. Select the mask panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the mask subpanel. 3. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. 4. Click elems and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. The save failed elements become highlighted.
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5. Click elems and select reverse from the extended entity selection window. All the elements excluding the save failed become highlighted. 6. Click mask . Only the save failed elements should remain. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To find elements attached to the displayed element: 1. Select the find panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the find attached subpanel. 3. Click the upper switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. 4. Click the lower switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. 5. Select the displayed element. 6. Click find. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To tetra remesh the selected group of elements: 1. Select the tetramesh panel on the 3-D page. 2. Select the tetra remesh subpanel. 3. Click elems and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. Elements to be remeshed become highlighted. 4. Click remesh. 5. Click return to access the main menu.
To unmask previously masked elements: 1. Select the mask panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the mask subpanel. 3. Click unmask all. 4. Click return to access the main menu.
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1. Select the check elems panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the 3-D subpanel. 3. Click tetra collapse. The minimum tetra collapse is now 0.20. 4. Continue to tetra remesh until element quality is satisfactory. 5. Click return to access the main menu
CFD Mesh
The accuracy with which a solution is resolved is directly related to the number of elements in regions of high solution gradient. In most CFD applications, this is near the surface of the flow and is called boundary layer behavior. Consequently, the mesh is generated so that it clusters many elements near the surface. The CFD mesh subpanel utilizes floatable trias which allow you to pack many layers of high aspect ratio tetras against a surface in order to resolve boundary layer behavior in the solution. Using the normal algorithm, if you pack many elements against the surface, many of the elements will have some very obtuse face angles, which often cause problems for solvers. For the prism layer algorithm, the tetra elements are generated in prism-shaped groups of three or more in such a way to prevent large angles from appearing. Arbitrarily, many of these high aspect ratio tetras can be layered against the surface as needed in order to resolve the boundary layer behavior. They are generated with very thin initial layers, growing in thickness with an accelerating growth rate until the layer thickness is the same as the width of the prism, at which point the tetramesher switches to its normal algorithm to efficiently fill the remaining volume. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the sphere.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the sphere.hm file. 5. Click retrieve. 6. Click return to access the main menu.
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To switch to performance graphics and display a model in hidden line mode: 1. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. 2. Select the graphics subpanel. 3. Click the toggle after engine: and select performance. 4. Click return to access the main menu. 5. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu.
6. Click the hidden line with mesh lines icon, 7. Click all.
, the third icon from the left below the all button.
8. Click mesh color and select Color 0 from the pop-up menu. 9. Click return to access the main menu.
To create a new component for the tetra elements: 1. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click name = and enter tetras. 4. Click color and select a color for the new collector from the pop-up window. 5. Click create. 6. Select return to access the main menu. NOTE For this exercise we have created a component collector that does not reference a solver template. For more information on how to associate a solver to a collector, see the HyperMesh on-line Help.
To tetramesh using the CFD meshing subpanel: 1. Select the tetramesh panel on the 3-D page. 2. Select the CFD mesh subpanel. 3. Click the switch below prism trias: and select comps from the pop-up menu. 4. Pick an element that belongs to the component. or Click the upper comps and select trias, then click return.
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5. Click the toggle and select boundary layer prisms . 6. Click the lower right switch and select generate mesh normally from the pop-up menu. 7. Click init thickness = and enter the value 0.5. 8. Scroll through the other options using the TAB key and assign the following values: init growth rate = 1.100 acceleration = 1.100 growth rate = 1.250 initial layers = 0.750 9. Click tetmesh. 10. Select return to access the main menu.
To use the mask panel to view the interior of the tetramesh model: 1. Select the view panel on the permanent menu. 2. Select top. 3. Select the mask panel on the Tool page. 4. Select the mask subpanel. 5. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu.
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6. Click elems and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. 7. Click interior. 8. Using the left mouse button to define the corners of your window, select elements from the right half of the model. 9. Click select entities. 10. Click mask . 11. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu.
12. Click the hidden line with mesh lines icon, 13. Click all. 14. Select the view panel on the permanent menu. 15. Select rear.
, the third icon from the left below the all button.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To split shell elements using the edit element panel: 1. Select the edit element panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the split subpanel. 3. Click the switch and select elems. 4. Click split. 5. Use the mouse to build a line in the graphics area that intersects the elements A - E. To draw the line: Position the cursor on element A, pressing the left mouse button. Draw the line from element A to element B and release the left mouse button. Repeat these steps to draw a line from elements B to C, C to D, and D to E. This specifies the elements you want to split.
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7. You can use the split panel to split elements in the following ways: Across opposite edges, creating 2 quads Along adjacent edges, creating 3 quads
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From an edge to a vertex , creating one tria and one quad From one vertex to its diagonally opposite vertex, creating 2 trias. NOTE Tria elements can be split in a similar manner. In this tutorial, an element is split when the split line crosses two of its edges. This feature is useful if you have several layers of duplicated shell elements that need to be split. If you select elements before drawing the split line, only the selected elements are split. If you do not select elements before drawing the split line, the splitting algorithm operates on all elements displayed. If you split elements on a surface that has been automeshed, new nodes created by the split are automatically projected to the surface. Maintain proper connectivity (without internal free edges) after splitting the elements.
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To split shell elements using the split panel: 1. Select the split panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the plate elements subpanel. 3. Pick elements A - E.
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NOTE
The methods available for splitting plate elements include: split all sides - splits an element at the midpoint of its sides divide quads - divides all the quad element s into trias and allows you to fix quads with severe warpage midpoint - to trias - partitions an element by creating a node at its centroid and forms trias using the elements vertices midpoint - to quads partitions an element by creating a node at its centroid and forms quads using the midpoints of each of its sides When you split elements whose nodes are associated to a surface, the new nodes created are also on the surface. To associate a node to a surface, use the node edit panel. Maintain proper connectivity (without any internal free edges) after combining elements.
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To combine an arbitrary number of elements: 1. Select the edit element panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the combine subpanel. 3. Click tolerance = and enter 0.010. 4. Click angle = and enter 150.00. 5. Click auto comb = and enter 1000. 6. Pick elements A, B, C, and D. 7. Click combine. 8. HyperMesh displays the following error message: The elements selected are not planar for the given tolerance. 9. Click tolerance = and enter 0.1. 10. Click combine. The selected elements become one element.
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To automatically combine a set number of elements: The auto comb = function allows you to combine elements automatically. 1. Click auto comb = and enter 2. 2. Pick elements E and F. HyperMesh combines the elements automatically.
NOTE
Setting tolerance = too high may create warped elements, and/or the deviation from the geometry may increase. Maintain proper connectivity (without any internal free edges) after combining elements.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To change the distance between nodes: 1. Select the distance panel on the Geom page. 2. Select the two nodes subpanel. 3. Pick node 1 on the model while N1 is highlighted. 4. Pick node 2 on the model while N2 is highlighted. The total distance between the nodes is displayed as 39.500 in the distance = field. NOTE The total distance is further broken down into the components distances and displayed in x dist =, y dist =, and z dist =. These distances are updated when the total distance is changed. You can also edit these distances individually, upon which the total distance and other component distances change.
5. Click the data entry field after distance = and enter 27.0. N2 moves along the N1 - N2 vector to reflect this change.
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Replacing Nodes
The replace panel allows nodes to be replaced with other nodes. Use this function if you want to manually equivalence two nodes. Use the node_editing.hm file used in the previous tutorial, Changing the Distance Between Nodes:
To replace a node: 1. Select the replace panel on the Tool page. 2. Click equivalence if it is not already selected. 3. Click z on the permanent menu and draw a circle around nodes A, B, C, and D.
4. Click the upper node list and pick node A on the model. 5. Click the lower node list and pick node B on the model. Node A moves to the position of node B.
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6. Click at mid-point. 7. Click the upper node list and pick node C on the model. 8. Click the lower node list and pick node D on the model. The nodes move to the midpoint of their original locations.
Undo Click the right mouse button immediately after the nodes have been replaced, or click reject. NOTE The nodes are equivalenced if you select equivalence. You may move nodes only if equivalence is not selected. You can select the second node at any location on a line or along a surface. In this case, select the node on the line or surface by first highlighting the line or surface, then selecting the preferred location on the line or surface.
Aligning Nodes
The align node panel allows you to project nodes to an imaginary line passing through two nodes. Nodes being projected do not have to lie between the two nodes selected to form the line. The nodes are projected to the imaginary line along its normal. This function is mostly used on planar meshes where straightened mesh lines improve mesh quality. Use the node_editing.hm file used in the previous tutorials, Changing the Distance Between Nodes and Replacing Nodes.
To align a node:
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1. Select the align node panel on the Geom page. 2. Select b on the permanent menu to go back to the previous view of the model. 3. Click the upper node list and pick node 3 on the model. 4. Click the lower node list and pick node 4 on the model. Nodes 3 and 4 define the vector along which other nodes selected are aligned.
5. Pick nodes 5, 6, and 7 on the model. Each node moves to a position along the vector defined by the nodes 3 and 4.
Undo Click the right mouse button immediately after selecting a node.
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Placing Nodes
The node edit panel allows you to associate nodes to a surface, move nodes along a surface, or place a node at a point on a surface. In this tutorial, use the place node option on the node edit panel. This option is used to select a node and reposition it to any location on a selected surface. Use the node_editing.hm file used in the previous tutorials, Changing the Distance Between Nodes, Replacing Nodes, and Aligning Nodes.
To place a node: 1. Select the node edit panel on the Geom page. 2. Select the place node subpanel. 3. Click z on the permanent menu and draw a circle around E and X in the graphics area.
4. While destination surf is highlighted, pick the surface to which to associate the node by selecting on or near one of the surface lines. 5. While node to place is highlighted, pick node E. 6. Pick a point near X in the graphics area. The node is moved to that location on the surface.
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Undo Click the right mouse button or click reject. NOTE You can check elements while using the place node on the node edit panel. To do this, press the F10 key, check the element(s) in question, and click return to access the node edit panel. Placing a node on a surface associates the node to the surface. Once a node has been placed on a surface, another node can be placed on the same surface by picking the new node and then the surface (you do not have to reselect the surface).
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The following exercises are included: Testing Elements for Warpage Testing Elements for Aspect Ratio Finding Duplicate Nodes and Free Edges in the Model
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the modelchk_final.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to exit the files panel.
To change the performance graphics mode and view the model in hidden line mode: 1. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. 2. Select the graphics subpanel. 3. Click the toggle and select performance. 4. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu.
5. Click the Hidden Line with Mesh Lines icon, 6. Click all. 7. Click return twice to access the files panel. 8. Click return to access the main menu.
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To test elements for warpage: 1. Select the check elems panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the 3-D subpanel to indicate the type of element you want to check. 3. Click the data entry field after warpage > and enter 5.0 to specify the maximum allowable warpage. 4. Click warpage. The elements that have a warpage value higher than the value specified are highlighted. These elements are also defined as failed elements. 5. The number of failed elements and the maximum warpage value are displayed in the header bar. 6. Pick any of the highlighted elements from the graphics area to check the warpage of the individual elements
To save failed elements: Isolate the failed elements with the save failed option. The save failed option allows you to place entities that are not written to the deck on the user mark. This situation occurs if there is no definition for the entitys configuration and type in the specified template. 1. Click save failed. 2. Click return.
To view the saved failed elements only: 1. Select the mask panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the mask subpanel. 3. Click the input collector switch and select elems. 4. Click elems and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. The failed elements are highlighted. 5. Click elems and select reverse from the extended entity selection menu. 6. Click mask . Only the failed elements are displayed. This function may be necessary when you are working with a large number of elements. 7. Click return.
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To check elements for aspect ratio: 1. Select the check elems panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the 3-D subpanel to indicate the type of element you want to check. 3. Click the data entry field after aspect > and enter 5.0 to specify the maximum allowable aspect ratio. 4. Click aspect. The elements that have an aspect ratio value higher than the value specified are highlighted. These elements are defined as failed elements. 5. The number of elements failed and the maximum aspect ratio are displayed in the header bar. 6. Pick any of the highlighted elements from the graphics area to check the aspect ratio of the elements individually.
To save failed elements: Isolate the failed elements with the save failed option. The save failed option allows you to place entities that are not written to the deck on the user mark. This situation occurs if there is no definition for the entitys configuration and type in the specified template. 1. Click save failed. 2. Click return.
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To view the saved failed elements only: 1. Select the mask panel from the Tool page. 2. Select the mask subpanel. 3. Click the input collector switch and select elems. 4. Click elems and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. The failed elements are highlighted. 5. Click elems and select reverse from the extended entity selection menu. 6. Click mask . Only the failed elements are displayed. This function may be necessary when you are working with a large number of elements. 7. Click return.
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To find and equivalence the duplicate nodes: 1. Select the faces panel on the Tool page. 2. Click the input collector switch and select elems. 3. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu. 4. Click tolerance = and enter 0.01. 5. Select preview equivalence. Temporary nodes are created on all the duplicate nodes. 6. Select equivalence. 7. All duplicate nodes are equivalenced. 8. Click return. NOTE Duplicate nodes are within the specified tolerance and have the same location as the other nodes; however, they have not been equivalenced.
To find free edges: 1. Select the edges panel on the Tool page. 2. Click the input collector switch and select elems. 3. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu. 4. Click find edges. 5. Click return.
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To view the edges only: The edges created are 1-D elements. To view them alone, turn off the display of the other elements. 1. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click the upper input collector switch and select comps. 3. Click the toggle and select elems. 4. Click none. 5. Click ^edges. 6. Click return. To validate the free edges, analyze them with respect to the geometry of the model. If there are invalid free edges, it means there are duplicate nodes that need to be equivalenced. The model in the graphics area contains an invalid free edge:
7. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. 8. Click all. The other elements are displayed. 9. Click return.
To equivalence the remaining duplicate nodes: 1. Select the edges panel on the Tool page. 2. Click delete edges to delete the edge elements. 3. Click the input collector switch and select elems.
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4. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu. 5. Click tolerance = and enter 0.2. 6. Click preview equivalence. Four nodes were found that have not been equivalenced. 7. Click equivalence. 8. Click return.
To recheck for free edges: 1. Select the edges panel on the Tool page. 2. Click the input collector switch and select elems. 3. Click elems and select displayed on the extended entity selection menu. 4. Click find edges. 5. Click return.
To review the edges: 1. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click none. 3. Click ^edges. 4. Click return. There are no free edges other than the valid ones.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
Running OptiStruct/FEA
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2.Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Double-click file =. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directories are followed by a slash, /. 4. Select the plate.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm. 5. Click retrieve. 6. Click return to access the main menu.
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To write the OptiStruct/FEA .fem input deck file: Write your OptiStruct/FEA input deck (usually specified with the .fem extension) before running OptiStruct/FEA. 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the export subpanel. 3. Click template = and type in optistruct/optistruct. Or, click template = a second time and select the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory. 4. Click filename = and enter plate.fem. 5. Click write. This writes your HyperMesh database as an OptiStruct/FEA ASCII input deck. 6. Click return to access the main menu.
To run OptiStruct/FEA: 1. Select the solver panel on the BCs page. 2. Click the upper switch and select OPTISTRUCT/FEA. HyperMesh loads the path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. You do not need to edit this field. 3. Click input file = and enter plate.fem, the OptiStruct/FEA input deck. Or, click input file = again and browse your directory structure for the file plate.fem. 4. Click memory in Mb = and enter 10 for the RAM required in MB. RAM is directly dependent upon the number of grids in your model. As a starting point, use 8MB/1000/grids/nodes. You can perform a test that allows OptiStruct/FEA to calculate a recommended amount of RAM for your model. 5. Click solve. This launches the OptiStruct/FEA job. If the job is successful, results files are created and stored in the directory from which HyperMesh is launched. The plate.out file contains error messages that can help you debug your input deck if necessary. 6. Click return. The default files written to your directory are: plate.res plate.HM.ent.cmf The HyperMesh binary results file. A HyperMesh command file used to organize elements into entity sets based on their density result values (only used with OptiStruct topology optimization runs).
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plate.HM.comp.cmf
A HyperMesh command file used to organize elements into components based on their density result values (only used with OptiStruct topology optimization runs). The OptiStruct output file containing specific information on the file set-up, the set-up of your optimization problem, an estimate for the amount of RAM and disk space required for the run, information for each optimization iteration, and computation time information. Review this file for warnings and errors that are flagged from processing the plate_hole.fem file. The OptiStruct log file containing compliance and volume calculations for each optimization iteration.
plate.out
plate.oslog
For UNIX:
To run OptiStruct from the UNIX command prompt, type: $ALTAIR_HOME/scripts/optistruct plate.fem -len 10
To perform a test run to validate your input deck and determine how much RAM and disk space is necessary for the run, type: $ALTAIR_HOME/scripts/optistruct plate.fem -len 10 -check Memory requirement information is written to the file plate.out
For MS-DOS:
To run OptiStruct from the MS-DOS command prompt, type: $ALTAIR_HOME\optistruct\3.4\bin\opti plate.fem 10
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To perform a test run to validate your input deck and to determine how much RAM and disk space is necessary for the run, add the check parameter to your input deck and run OptiStruct from the MS-DOS prompt: $ALTAIR_HOME\optistruct\3.4\bin\opti plate.fem 10 Memory requirement information is written to plate.out
To define the OptiStruct template: 1. Select the template subpanel. 2. Double-click template file =. 3. Select the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory. Selecting the OptiStruct template allows you to define OptiStruct-specific attributes in your HyperMesh session. 4. Click return to access the main menu.
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To define material properties and element thickness: Create the material collectors before creating the component collectors; components must reference a material collector. 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Select the switch after collector type: and select mats. 4. Click name = and enter steel. 5. Click card image = and select MAT1. 6. Click create/edit. The MAT1 card image is loaded for the material steel. 7. Click E to make the status title active. NOTE A status title is displayed as yellow (off) or blue (on). The status title toggles between the two options when you click it. It is not necessary to define a density value since only a static analysis is required. Density values are required, however, for normal modes analysis.
8. Click the data entry field under E and enter 2E5. 9. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 0.3. 10. Click return. 11. Select the switch after collector type: and select comps. 12. Click name = and enter shells. 13. Click card image = and select PSHELL. 14. Click material = and select steel. 15. Click color and select color 8. 16. Click create/edit. This loads the PSHELL card image for the new component, shells. It also assigns color 8 to the elements that are organized into this component, and assigns the material steel to this component. 17. Click T to make the status title active. 18. Click the data entry field under T and enter 10. OptiStruct stores information regarding shell thickness on the PSHELL card. 19. Click return.
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A component is created named shells Any elements created and organized into the shells . component have thickness attributes defined on the PSHELL card for the shells component (T = 10.0mm). The elements have material attributes defined on the MAT1 card by the material collector steel, since the shells component references this material. 20. Click return again to access the main menu. Use the card image subpanel to edit the card images for these collectors. Use the update subpanel to define a different material for the components. To mesh the geometry: The automeshing module allows you to mesh interactively on surfaces. It also includes some tools for manipulating surface edges and meshing fixed points (locations where the mesher is required to place a node). The elements generated are organized into the current component, shells. 1. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the surface displayed in the graphics area and click mesh. 3. Click using size = and enter 40. 4. Click recalc all. 5. Click mesh. The automesher creates about 400 elements on the surface.
6. Click return to save the mesh in the shells component. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
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Applying Boundary Conditions to the Model In this section, the model is constrained such that two of the four edges cannot move. A total lateral load of 1000N is applied at the edge of the hole so that all forces point in the positive z-direction. To create collectors: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select loadcols. 4. Click name = and enter spcs. 5. Click color and select color 10. 6. Click create. The collector was created. 7. Click name = again and enter forces. 8. Click color and select color 15. 9. Click create. The collector was created. 10. Click return to access the main menu.
To create constraints: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click loadcol = and select spcs. 3. Click return. 4. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. 5. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the build window panel. 6. Click interior if not already selected. 7. Create a window around the left and right edges of the model. Do this by picking points on the screen with your mouse. 8. Click select entities. The nodes along the left and right edges of the model are selected (see the figure below).
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9. Click dof1 - dof6, if not already selected. NOTE Dofs that are checked are constrained. Dofs 1,2, and 3 are x, y, and z translation degrees of freedom Dofs 4, 5, and 6 are x, y, and z rotational degrees of freedom. 10. Click create to apply these constraints to the selected nodes.
To create forces on the nodes around the hole: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click loadcol = and select forces. 3. Click return. 4. Click return again to access the main menu. 5. Select the forces panel on the BCs page. 6. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the build window panel. 7. Click interior if not already selected. 8. Create a window around the hole of the model. Do this by picking points on the screen with your mouse. 9. Click select entities.
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The nodes around the hole of the model are selected (see the figure below). HyperMesh returns to the constraints panel.
10. Click nodes and select save from the extended entity selection menu. 11. Click return. 12. Select the count panel on the Tool page. The nodes are counted automatically so that a calculation can be made to create a total force of 1000N. 13. Click the upper left switch and select nodes. 14. Click nodes and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. 15. The nodes saved in the forces panel are retrieved. 16. Click selected to count the number of nodes around the hole. 17. Click return. 18. Select the forces panel on the BCs page. 19. Click nodes and select retrieve. 20. Click magnitude = and enter 1000. 21. Click the vector definition switch below magnitude = and select z-axis. 22. Click create. 23. Click return.
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The last step in setting up the boundary conditions is to create a NASTRAN subcase (a load step in HyperMesh). 1. Select the load steps panel on the BCs page. 2. Click name = and enter lateral force. 3. Click loadcols and select spcs and forces. 4. Click select. 5. Click create. The load step has been created. 6. Click return.
To run OptiStruct/FEA: 1. Select the solver panel on the BCs page. 2. Click the upper switch and select OPTISTRUCT/FEA. HyperMesh loads the direct path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. You do not need to edit this field. 3. Click input file = and enter plate_hole.fem, the OptiStruct/FEA input deck. Or, click input file = again and browse your directory structure for the file plate_hole.fem. 4. Click memory in Mb = and enter 10 for the RAM required in MB. RAM is directly dependent upon the number of grids in your model. As a starting point, use 8MB/1000 grids or nodes. You
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can perform a test that allows OptiStruct/FEA to calculate a recommended amount of RAM for your model. 5. Click solve. 6. This launches the OptiStruct/FEA job. If the job is successful, results files are created in the directory from which you select the file plate_hole.fem. The plate_hole.out file contains error messages that can help you debug your input deck if necessary. The default files written to your directory include: plate_hole.res plate_hole.HM.ent.cmf The HyperMesh binary results file. A HyperMesh command file used to organize elements into entity sets based on their density result values (only used with OptiStruct topology optimization runs). A HyperMesh command file used to organize elements into components based on their density result values (only used with OptiStruct topology optimization runs). The OptiStruct output file containing specific information on the file set-up, the set-up of your optimization problem, an estimate for the amount of RAM and disk space required for the run, information for each optimization iteration, and computation time information. Review this file for warnings and errors that are flagged from processing the plate_hole.fem file. The OptiStruct log file containing compliance and volume calculations for each optimization iteration.
plate_hole.HM.comp.cmf
plate_hole.out
plate_hole.oslog
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To view a deformed shape: 1. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. 2. Click simulation =. There are two simulations: DENSITY - ITER 0 and SUBCASE1 - ITERATION 0. If you are running a linear static analysis only, you can ignore the DENSITY simulation. Simulations tagged with SUBCASE contain the results from your analysis. If you had created two load steps, three simulations would exist: DENSITY - ITER 0, SUBCASE1 - ITERATION 0, and SUBCASE2 - ITERATION 0. The subcase IDs reflect your HyperMesh load step IDs. 3. Click SUBCASE 1 - ITERATION 0. 4. Click model units = and enter 250. 5. Click deform to view a deformed plot of your model overlaid on the original, undeformed mesh (refer to the figure below). 6. Select the view panel on the permanent menu and select iso 1.
Isometric view of deformed plot overlaid on original, undeformed mesh. Model units are set to 250.
7. Click return to access the main menu. 8. Select the view panel on the permanent menu and select top.
To view a contour plot of stresses and displacements: 1. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click the toggle after engine: to performance. 3. Click return. 4. Select the contour panel on the Post page. 5. Click simulation = and select SUBCASE 1 -ITERATION 0. 6. Click data type = and select displacements. There are three data types available: displacements, von Mises stress and density. The
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density data type is used only with topology optimization results and is not used in this procedure. 7. Click contour. 8. Click data type = and select von Mises stress. 9. Click assign. 10. Click contour and compare your model to the figure below. 11. Click return.
von Mises stress plot using discrete contours (performance graphics selected)
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To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the import subpanel. 3. Double-click translator =. 4. Select the optistruct.exe input translator. The OptiStruct input translator allows you to retrieve model information stored in an OptiStruct ASCII .fem file. 5. Double-click filename = and select the file coffee_lid.fem, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 6. Click import. 7. Click return to access the main menu. By default, HyperMesh sizes the icons that represent the temperature loads to 100% of the temperature magnitude. These icons may be too large with respect to the model size. To change the size, follow these steps: 1. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click the upper switch and select loadcols. 3. Click none to turn off the thermal loading. 4. Click f to maximize the view of the displayed collectors in the graphics area. 5. Click return.
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To define your OptiStruct template: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the template subpanel. 3. Double-click template file =. 4. Select the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory. Selecting the OptiStruct template allows you to define OptiStruct-specific attributes in your HyperMesh session. 5. Click return.
To define the material properties and element thickness: The model you imported has two component collectors without any materials. In this step, create a material collector and assign it to your component collectors. 1. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select mats. 4. Click name = and enter plastic. 5. Click card image = and select MAT1. 6. Click create/edit. This loads the MAT1 card image for the material plastic. 7. Click E to make the status title active. NOTE A status title is displayed as yellow (off) or blue (on). The status title toggles between the two options when you click it. It is not necessary to define a density value since only a static analysis is required. Density values are required, however, for normal modes analysis.
8. Click the data entry field under E and enter 1137MPa. 9. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 0.26. 10. Click A, click the data entry field under A, and enter 81E-6mm/mm/C. A is the coefficient of linear thermal expansion. 11. Click return. 12. Select the switch after collector type: and select comps. 13. Select the card image subpanel. 14. Double-click name = and select shells.
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15. Click edit. 16. Make sure the value of T is 2.5. If it is not, click T, click the data entry field under T, and enter 2.5. 17. Click return. 18. Double-click name = and select shells_nondesign. 19. Click T, click the data entry field under T, and enter 2.5. 20. Click return. OptiStruct stores information regarding shell thickness on the PSHELL card in the T block. Notice that both components have MIDs of 0. 21. Click return to access the main menu.
To assign a material collector to each component: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the update subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps. 4. Click comps and select shells and shells_nondesign. 5. Click select. 6. Click material = and select plastic. 7. Click update and select material id. 8. Click update. At this point, check your component collector PSHELL cards again to ensure that the MIDs are now set to 1. 1. Select the card image subpanel. 2. Double-click name = and enter shells. 3. Click edit. Check that the MIDs are set to 1. 4. Click return. 5. Double-click name = and select shells_nondesign. 6. Click edit. Check that the MIDs are set to 1. HyperMesh Tutorials Altair Engineering
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To apply boundary conditions to the model: In this section, the model is constrained opposite the spout to simulate two hinges. Two constraints are applied at the corners of the spout so that the nodes do not move vertically. 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select loadcols. 4. Click name = and enter constraints. 5. Click color and select color 8. 6. Click create.
To create constraints at the corners of the spout: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click loadcol and select constraints. 3. Click return. 4. Click return again to access the main menu. 5. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. 6. Select the two nodes at the corners of the spout, as shown in the figure below.
7. Click dof3 to constrain it, if not already selected. 8. Click size = and enter 1 for the constraint size.
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NOTE
Dofs that are checked are constrained. Dofs 1, 2, and 3 are x, y, and z translation degrees of freedom Dofs 4, 5, and 6 are x, y, and z rotational degrees of freedom
9. Select create to constrain the selected nodes. 10. Click return to access the main menu.
To create constraints opposite the spout: 1. Select the create nodes panel on the geom page. 2. Select the type in subpanel. 3. Click the data entry field after x = and enter 0.0. 4. Click the data entry field after y = and enter -10.0. 5. Click the data entry field after z = and enter 0.0. 6. Click create node. The node is created at the centerline of the coffee lid. 7. Click return. 8. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. 9. Pick the nodes as shown in the figure below.
10. Click dof1, dof2, and dof3 if not already selected. 11. Click create. Four constraints are created. 12. Click return.
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13. Select the temp nodes panel on the Tool page. 14. Click clear all to remove the temp node. 15. Click return.
The last step in setting up the boundary conditions is to create an OptiStruct subcase (a load step in HyperMesh). 1. Select the load steps panel on the BCs page. 2. Click name = and enter brew cycle. 3. Click loadcols and select constraints and THERMAL_LOADING from the collector list. 4. Click select. 5. Click create. The load step has been created. 6. Click return.
To run OptiStruct: 1. Select the solver panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the switch and select OPTISTRUCT/FEA. HyperMesh loads the direct path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. You do not need to edit this field. 3. Click input file = and enter the OptiStruct input deck lid_complete.fem. Or, click input file =
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again and browse your directory structure for the file. 4. Click memory in Mb = and enter 50 for the RAM required in MB. RAM is directly dependent upon the number of grids in your model. As a starting point, use 8MB/1000 grids or nodes. You can perform a test that allows OptiStruct/FEA to calculate a recommended amount of RAM for your model. 5. Click solve. This launches the OptiStruct/FEA job. If the job is successful, new results files are created in the directory from which HyperMesh is run. The lid_complete.out file contains error messages that can help you debug your input deck if necessary. 6. Click return. The default files that are written to your directory are: lid_complete.res lid_complete.HM.ent.cmf The HyperMesh binary results file. A HyperMesh command file used to organize elements into entity sets based on their density result values (only used with OptiStruct topology optimization runs). A HyperMesh command file used to organize elements into components based on their density result values (only used with OptiStruct topology optimization runs). The OptiStruct output file containing specific information on the file set-up, the set-up of the optimization problem, an estimate for the amount of RAM and disk space required for the run, information for each optimization iteration, and computation time information. Review this file for warnings and errors that are flagged from processing the lid_complete.fem file. The OptiStruct log file containing compliance and volume calculations for each optimization iteration.
lid_complete.HM.comp.cmf
lid_complete.out
lid_complete.oslog
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To view a deformed shape: 1. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. 2. Click simulation =. There are two simulations: DENSITY - ITER 0 and SUBCASE 1 - ITERATION 0. If you are running only a linear static analysis, the DENSITY simulation can be ignored. Simulations tagged with SUBCASE contain the results from your analysis. If you had created two load steps three simulations would exist: DENSITY - ITER 0, SUBCASE 1 - ITERATION 0, and SUBCASE 2 - ITERATION 0. The subcase IDs reflect your HyperMesh load step IDs. 3. Click SUBCASE 1 - ITERATION 0. 4. Click model units = and enter 2. 5. Click deform to view a deformed plot of your model overlaid on the original undeformed mesh (refer to the figure below). 6. Click return.
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To view a contour plot of stresses and displacements: 1. Select the contour panel on the Post. 2. Click simulation = and select SUBCASE 1 -ITERATION 0. 3. Click data type = and select Displacements. There are three data types available: displacements, von Mises stress, and density. The density data type is used only with topology optimization results and is not used in this procedure. 4. Click contour. 5. Click data type = and select von Mises stress. 6. Click assign. 7. Click return.
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the import subpanel. 3. Double-click translator =. 4. Select the optistruct.exe input translator. The OptiStruct input translator allows you to retrieve model information stored in an OptiStruct ASCII .fem file.
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5. Double-click filename = and select the file sshield.fem, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 6. Click import.
To define your OptiStruct template: 1. Select the template subpanel. 2. Double-click template file =. 3. Select the optistruct template file in the optistruct directory. The OptiStruct template allows you to define OptiStruct specific attributes in your HyperMesh session. 4. Click return. The model contains two rigid spiders where the shield is bolted down. This represents the interaction between the bolts and the shield. It is assumed that the bolts are significantly more rigid than the shield. The dependent nodes of the rigid elements have six degrees of freedom constrained. Each spider connects the nodes of the shell mesh together so that they do not move with respect to each other. To review the rigid elements: 1. Select the rigids panel on the 1-D page. 2. Click review. 3. Select a rigid element from the graphics area. HyperMesh labels the independent node, the dependent node, and the IDs of the two nodes and the rigid element. HyperMesh also shows the constrained degrees of freedom in the rigids panel for the rigid element you selected. All rigid elements in this model should have dof1 - dof6 constrained. 4. Click return.
To define the material properties: The model has two component collectors without any materials. In this step, create a material collector and assign it to your component collectors. The rigid elements do not need to be assigned to a material. 1. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select mats. 4. Click name = and enter steel.
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5. Click card image = and select MAT1. 6. Click create/edit. This loads the MAT1 card image for the material steel. 7. Click E to make the status title active. NOTE A status title is displayed as yellow (off) or blue (on). The status title toggles between the two options when you click it. It is not necessary to define a density value since only a static analysis is requried. Density values are required, however, for normal modes analysis.
8. Click the data entry field under E and enter 2.0E5MPa. 9. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 0.3. 10. Click RHO, click the data entry field under RHO, and enter 7.85E-9Mg/mm^3. For this tutorial, it is necessary to define a density value since you will be running a normal modes solution. 11. Click return.
To assign a thickness to your shell elements: 1. Select the card image subpanel. 2. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps. 3. Double-click name = and select shell, the component containing your shell elements. 4. Click edit. 5. Click T, click the data entry field below T, and enter 0.25 as the thickness of your component. 6. Click return.
To assign the steel material collector to a component: 1. Select the update subpanel. 2. Click the switch after the collector type: and select comps. 3. Click comps and select shell. 4. Click select. 5. Click material = and select steel. 6. Click update and select material id. 7. Click update again.
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At this point, check your component collector PSHELL cards again to ensure that the MIDs are now set to 1. 8. Select the card image subpanel. 9. Double-click name = and select shells. 10. Click edit. Check that the MIDs are set to 1. 11. Click return. 12. Click return again to access the main menu.
To apply boundary conditions to the model: In this section, the model is constrained at the bolt locations. 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select loadcols. 4. Click name = and enter constraints. 5. Click color and select color 8. 6. Click create. In the previous tutorials, multiple load collectors were created and grouped together in the load steps panel to form an OptiStruct subcase. For example, the constraints load collector and a forces load collector. Both of these boundary conditions were used together in one load step. In this tutorial, constrain the model using SPCs at the bolt locations. Those constrains are organized into the load collector constraints. Designate the analysis as normal modes. To designate the subcase, put a load collector with the EIGRL card image into the subcase (or load step). 7. Click the switch after collector type: and select loadcols. 8. Click name = and enter frequencies. 9. Click color and select color 15. 10. Click card image = and select EIGRL. 11. Click create/edit.
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To set up the EIGRL card: Extract the first six roots between 0 and 200 Hz. 1. Click V1, click the data entry field under V1, and enter 0 for the lower bound of the frequency range. 2. Click V2, click the data entry field under V2, and enter 200. 3. Click ND, click the data entry field under ND, and enter 6 for the number of roots. 4. Click return.
To create constraints at the bolt locations: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click loadcol and select constraints. 3. Click return. 4. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. 5. Select the two nodes as shown in the figure below. 6. Select the view panel on the permanent menu and click top.
7. Click dof1 - dof6, if not already selected. NOTE Dofs that are checked are constrained. Dofs 1, 2, and 3 are x, y, and z translation degrees of freedom Dofs 4, 5, and 6 are x, y, and z rotational degrees of freedom
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The last step in setting up the boundary conditions is to create an OptiStruct subcase (a load step in HyperMesh). 1. Select the load steps panel on the BCs page. 2. Click name = and enter bolted. 3. Click loadcols and select constraints and frequencies. 4. Click select. 5. Click create. The load step has been created. 6. Click return.
To run OptiStruct: 1. Select the solver panel on the BCs page in HyperMesh. 2. Click the switch and select OPTISTRUCT/FEA. HyperMesh loads the direct path to the OptiStruct executable in the solver = field. You do not need to edit this field at this time. 3. Click input file = and enter the OptiStruct input deck sshield_complete.fem. Or, click input file = again and browse your directory structure for the file. 4. Click memory in Mb = and enter 20 for the RAM required in MB. RAM is directly dependent upon the number of grids in your model. As a starting point, use 8MB/1000 grids. You can perform a test that allows OptiStruct/FEA to calculate a recommended amount of RAM for your model.
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5. Click solve. This starts the OptiStruct/FEA job. If the job is successful, new results files are created in the directory from which HyperMesh is run. The sshield_complete.out file contains error messages that can help you debug your input deck if necessary. 6. Click return. The average time between starting the analysis and completing the job is 30 seconds. Performance depends upon your processor, available RAM, and the time required for system communications. The default files that are written to your directory are: sshield_complete.res sshield_complete.HM.ent.cmf The HyperMesh binary results file. A HyperMesh command file used to organize elements into entity sets based on their density result values (only used with OptiStruct topology optimization runs). A HyperMesh command file used to organize elements into components based on their density result values (only used with OptiStruct topology optimization runs). The OptiStruct output file containing specific information on the file set-up, the set-up of your optimization problem, an estimate for the amount of RAM, and disk space required for the run, information for each optimization iteration, and computation time information. Review this file for warnings and errors that are flagged from processing the sshield_complete.fem file. The OptiStruct log file containing compliance and volume calculations for each optimization iteration.
sshield_complete.HM.comp.cmf
sshield_complete.out
sshield_complete.oslog
4. Click return.
To view a deformed shape: 1. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. 2. Click simulation =. There are seven simulations: DENSITY - ITER 0 MODE 1-F#.##E+##-ITER 0 MODE 2-F#.##E+##-ITER 0 MODE 3-F#.##E+##-ITER 0 MODE 4-F#.##E+##-ITER 0 MODE 5-F#.##E+##-ITER 0 MODE 6-F#.##E+##-ITER 0 If you are running a normal modes analysis only, the DENSITY simulation can be ignored. Simulations containing the word MODE and numbers contain the results from your analysis. The frequency values for the six roots that OptiStruct extracted are: MODE 1 = Hz. MODE 2 = Hz. MODE 3 = Hz. MODE 4 = Hz. MODE 5 = Hz. MODE 6 = Hz. 3. Select the simulation for MODE 1. 4. Click model units = enter 15. 5. Click modal to view an animation of the mode shape at the first frequency. For modal solutions, make sure that the nodes that are constrained are not moving. 6. View the rest of your mode shapes using the same model units. When you select MODE 5, how does your model compare with the figure below?
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Analysis Review
In this analysis, it was assumed that the bolts were significantly stiffer than the shield. If the bolts needed to be made of aluminum and the shield was still made of steel, would you need to modify your model and run the analysis again? It is necessary to push the natural frequencies of the splash shield above 50Hz. With the current model, you should have one mode that violates this constraint: MODE 1, 43Hz. Design specifications allow the inner disjointed circular rib to be modified such that no significant mass is added to the part. The available package space for this new rib is shown as the solid region in the figure below. The thickness of the solid region is equal to the depth of the original rib. Is there a better configuration for this rib within the above stated constraints that will push the first mode above 50Hz? (see the OptiStruct tutorial OS-3001 to redesign this part)
Yellow, solid region represents the available package space for redesigning the inner disjointed circular rib
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deformed panel
The following exercises are included: Creating a Contour Plot Creating an Assign Plot Cutting planes using the contour panel Isosurface plotting in performance graphics mode using the contour panel Plotting a structure using the deformed panel Creating a linear animation sequence Creating a modal animation sequence
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the bumper.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under
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/tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the bumper.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. Select the global panel from the permanent menu. 2. Click results file = twice. 3. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 4. Click return.
To create and display a contour plot using the analysis results file: 1. Select the contour panel on the Post page. 2. Click simulation = and select NEAR CENTER HIT-LINE LOAD. 3. Click data type = and select Displacements. 4. Click title = and enter This is the title for the contour plot.
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5. Click contour. The contoured plot is displayed. The legend, which identifies the values associated with the color bars, is displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area. The title of the plot is also displayed.
To attach titles to the entities with the least and greatest results values: 1. Click min/max titles. 2. Click contour. For contour plots, the titles are attached to nodes in the graphics area. To use the info title function: 1. Click info title. 2. Click contour. A new title box, displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area, describes features of the displayed results.
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To display a full size screen plot: 1. Click full size. 2. Click contour. The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed. 3. To return to the main menu, click a mouse button.
To change the color of the mesh lines: 1. Click mesh color and select Color 12. 2. Click contour. The mesh lines are yellow. To change the displacement component: 1. Click the switch next to total disp and select y comp. The vector component of displacement is used to calculate contours. By default, the total displacement (total disp) of the node is used as the value in the contour, if displacements are being used to calculate contours. 2. Click contour.
To select a deformed type for the model: The default mode of the assigned plot is undeformed. You can deform a model by selecting model units or scale factor. 1. Click the lower left switch next to undeformed and select scale factor. 2. Click scale factor = and enter 100.0. 3. Click contour. The model is deformed.
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To change the scale factor: 1. Click mult = and enter 10.000. 2. Click contour. The engineering values in the results file are changed to reflect this factor. The shape of the model changes as well. To redefine a minimum contour value: By default, values assigned to the colors in the legend are calculated by taking the maximum analysis value found in the results file and the minimum value found in the results file and dividing the range of these values by the number of colors used in the plot. 1. Click the lower left toggle next to find minimum and select minimum =. 2. Click minimum = and enter 0.000. This value is assigned to the lowest color in the plot. 3. Click contour.
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To redefine a maximum contour value: 1. Click the upper left toggle next to find maximum and select maximum =. 2. Click maximum = and enter 0.01. This value is assigned to the highest color in the plot. 3. Click contour.
To change the display mode of the contour plot: 1. Click visual options. A pop-up menu of the display options is displayed. 2. Click the toggle next to mode and switch between hidden line and wireframe. The model is displayed in hidden line and wireframe mode. 3. Click the toggle next to color and switch between by element and contour. The color display of the model changes to reflect your selection. 4. Click the toggle next to lights and switch between smooth, flat, and off. The lighting of the model changes to reflect your selection. 5. Click the toggle next to mesh and switch between mesh, features, and none. This changes the plotting of the meshed lines. To create a cutting plane through the model: 1. Click visual options and select cutting plane. HyperMesh goes to the cutting planes subpanel. 2. Click distance = and enter 10.000. 3. Pick three nodes on the model. These nodes define the cutting plane direction. 4. Pick a base node on the model. The model will be cut at that node. 5. Select cut plane. The model is cut.
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6. Click reverse plane. The reverse of the model is removed from view. 7. Click translate +. The cutting plane is moved 10.000 positive units forward in the direction normal to the plane defined by the three nodes that you selected. 8. Select translate -. The cutting plane is moved 10.000 negative units in the direction normal to the plane defined by the three nodes you selected. 9. Click clear plane to remove the section cut. You can now define a new plane cut, if necessary. 10. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the bumper.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the bumper.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. Select the global panel from the permanent menu. 2. Click results file = twice. 3. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 4. Click return.
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To create and display an assign plot using the analysis results file: 1. Select the contour panel on the Post page. 2. Click simulation = and select NEAR CENTER HIT-LINE LOAD. 3. Click data type = and select Displacements. 4. Click title = and enter This is the title for the assign plot. 5. Click assign. The assigned plot is displayed. The legend, which identifies the values associated with the color bars, is displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area. The title of the plot is also displayed. The assign function assigns a color to each element in the model, based on the values in the results file. The elements are then displayed in the solid color assigned to them.
To attach titles to the entities with the least and greatest results values: 1. Click min/max titles. 2. Click assign. For assigned plots, the titles are attached to the elements.
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To use the info title function: 1. Click info title. 2. Click assign. A new title box, displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area, describes some features of the displayed results. To display a full size screen plot: 1. Click full size. 2. Click assign. The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed. 3. To return to the main menu, click a mouse button.
To change the color of the mesh lines: 1. Click mesh color and select Color 12. 2. Click assign. The mesh lines are yellow. To change the displacement component: 1. Click total disp and select y comp. The vector component of displacement is used to calculate contours. By default, the total displacement (total disp) of the node is used as the value in the assignment, if displacements are being used to calculate assignments. 2. Click assign.
To select a deformed type for the model: The default mode of the assigned plot is undeformed. You can deform a model by selecting model units or scale factor. 1. Click the lower left switch next to undeformed and select scale factor. 2. Click scale factor = and enter 100.0. 3. Click assign. The model is deformed.
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To change the scale factor: 1. Click mult = and enter 10.000. 2. Click assign. The engineering values in the results file are changed to reflect this factor. The shape of the model changes as well. To redefine a minimum contour value: By default, values assigned to the colors in the legend are calculated by taking the maximum analysis value found in the results file and the minimum value found in the results file and dividing the range of these values by the number of colors used in the plot. 1. Click the lower left toggle next to find minimum and select minimum =. 2. Click minimum = and enter 0.000. 3. Click assign.
To redefine a maximum contour value: 1. Click the upper left toggle next to find maximum and select maximum =. 2. Click maximum = and enter 0.01. 3. Click assign.
To change the display mode of the contour plot: 1. Click visual options. A pop-up menu is displayed. 2. Click the toggle next to mode and switch between hidden line and wireframe. The model is displayed in hidden line and wireframe mode. 3. Click the toggle next to color and switch between by element and contour. The color display of the model changes to reflect your selection. 4. Click the toggle next to lights and switch between smooth, flat, and off. The lighting of the model changes to reflect your selection. 5. Click the toggle next to mesh and switch between mesh, features, and none. This changes the plotting of the meshed lines.
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To create a cutting plane through the model: 1. Click visual options and select cutting plane. 2. Click distance = and enter 10.000. 3. Pick three nodes on the model. These nodes define the cutting plane direction. 4. Pick a base node on the model. The section cut will be made here. 5. Select cut plane. The model is cut. 6. Click reverse plane. The reverse of the model is removed from view. 7. Click translate +. The cutting plane is moved 10.000 positive units forward in the direction normal to the plane defined by the three nodes that you selected. 8. Click translate -. The cutting plane is moved 10.000 negative units in the direction normal to the plane defined by the three nodes that you selected. 9. Click clear plane to remove the section cut. You can now define a new plane cut, if necessary. 10. Click return twice to access the main menu.
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash.
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4. Select the bumper.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the bumper.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. Select the global panel from the permanent menu. 2. Click results file = twice. 3. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 4. Click return.
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To switch to the performance graphics mode: 1. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. 2. Select the graphics subpanel. 3. Click the toggle after engine: to performance. 4. Click return.
To change the display in the graphics area: 1. Select the vis panel on the permanent menu.
and
The performance graphics engine treats each HyperMesh component as an independent unit. This feature allows you to assign a set of display attributes to each component of your model that determine how each component is displayed. For more information on the display attributes that you can assign to each component, see the topic Component Display in Performance Graphics in the HyperMesh Users Guide. To create and display a contour plot: 1. Select the contour panel on the Post page. 2. Select the params subpanel. 3. Click simulation = and select NEAR CENTER HIT-DISTR LOAD. 4. Click data type = and select Displacements. 5. Click title = and enter This is the performance graphics contour plot. 6. Click the toggle and select visual panel. 7. Click contour.
To attach titles to the entities with the least and greatest results values: 1. Click min/max titles. 2. Click contour. For contour plots, the titles are attached to nodes in the graphics area.
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To use the info title function: 1. Click info title. 2. Click contour. A new title box, displayed in the top left corner of the graphics area, describes some features of the displayed results. To display a full size screen plot: 1. Click full size. 2. Click contour. The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed. 3. To return to the main menu, click a mouse button.
To change the color of the mesh: 1. Click the toggle and select visual options. 2. Click mesh color and select Color 12. 3. Click contour. The mesh lines are yellow. To change the displacement component: 1. Click the switch next to magnitude and select y comp. The vector component of displacement is used to calculate contours. By default, the total displacement (magnitude) of the node is used as the value in the contour if displacements are being used to calculate contours. 2. Click contour.
To select a deformed type for the model: The default mode of the assigned plot is undeformed. You can deform a model by selecting model units or scale factor. 1. Click the lower center switch next to undeformed and select scale factor. 2. Click scale factor = and enter 100.0. 3. Click contour. The model is deformed.
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To change the scale factor: 1. Click mult = and enter 10.000. 2. Click contour. The engineering values in the results file are changed to reflect this factor. The shape of the model changes as well. To redefine a minimum contour value: By default, values assigned to the colors in the legend are calculated by taking the maximum analysis value found in the results file and the minimum value found in the results file and dividing the range of these values by the number of colors used in the plot. 1. Select the legend subpanel. 2. Click the lower center toggle and select minimum =. 3. Click minimum = and enter 0.000. 4. Click contour.
To redefine a maximum contour value: 1. Select the legend subpanel. 2. Click the upper left toggle next to find maximum and select maximum =. 3. Click maximum = and enter 0.01. 4. Click contour.
To create a cutting plane on the model: 1. Select the cutting subpanel. 2. Click xy plane and trim planes. 3. Click the upper right toggle next to single and select double. 4. Click t = and enter 25.000. In the performance graphics engine, the cutting plane function allows three planes to be active simultaneously. A cutting plane can be moved through the model by selecting the active plane with the mouse and then dragging it across the model.
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To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the bumper.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the bumper.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
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To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. Select the global panel from the permanent menu. 2. Click results file = twice. 3. Select the bumper.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 4. Click return.
To switch from performance graphics mode to standard mode: 1. Select the options panel from the permanent menu. 2. Select the graphics subpanel. 3. Click the toggle next to engine: and select standard, if not already displayed.
To create and display a deformed plot using the analysis results file: 1. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. 2. Click simulation = and select NEAR CENTER HIT-LINE LOAD. 3. Click data type = and select Displacements. 4. Click title = and enter This is the title for the deformed plot.
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5. Click the leftmost toggle and select model units. 6. Click model units = and enter 45.0. The node(s) with the maximum displacement in the model is displayed as if it had the value entered in the model units = field. For example, if the maximum displacement was .001 units, the node would be displaced as if its displacement were 45.0 units. All other displacements would be interpolated from that point. 7. Click the switch next to undef color and select as selected. 8. Click undef color and select a color from the pop-up window. The as selected option allows you to select a constant color for all the elements in the structure. The use elem color option colors the elements in the structure the same color as the element. The use background option colors the structure the same color as your background.. 9. Click the switch next to deform color and select use elem color. 10. Click deform. The deformed and undeformed shapes are displayed in the wireframe mode. 11. Click visual options to change the display mode of the model. NOTE Any change made to the visual options causes the undeformed shape to be removed from the display.
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To view the deformed shape in hidden line mode: 1. Click hidden line. 2. Click deform.
To display a full size screen plot: 1. Click full size. 2. Click deform. The main menu is removed and a full size screen plot is displayed. 3. To return to the main menu, click a mouse button.
To create a linear animation using the analysis results file: 1. Retain the settings from the procedures above. 2. Click frames = and enter 6. This sets the number of frames of animation to be displayed. 3. Click linear. HyperMesh calculates the animation frames and displays them. Each frame is a linear interpolation of the maximum displacement for each node. During animation, the visual controls in the permanent menu can be used to manipulate the view. The visual options can be used to manipulate the display. 4. Click exit to stop the animation. 5. Click return to access the main menu.
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/tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the rotor.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. Select the global panel from the permanent menu. 2. Click results file = twice. 3. Select the rotor.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 4. Click return.
To create a modal animation using the analysis results file: 1. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. 2. Click model units = and enter 30.00. 3. Click frames = and enter 6. 4. Click modal.
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HyperMesh calculates the animation frames and displays them. Each frame is a linear interpolation of the maximum displacement for each node. Modal animations are calculated and displayed in HyperMesh such that the shape is shown in its positive and negative form. All the visual options, as well as view manipulation, can be used during animation. 5. Click exit to stop the animation 6. Click return to access the main menu.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
To retrieve the analysis results file: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the results subpanel. 3. Click results file = twice. 4. Select the treb.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/.
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To change from the standard to performance graphics mode: 1. Select the options panel on permanent menu. 2. Select the graphics subpanel. 3. Click the toggle after engine: and select performance. 4. Click return twice to access the main menu.
To specify a bitmap animation preference: Click the switch after bitmap animation: and select simple.
To change the AVI window size: Click the switch after AVI Options and select screen.
To change the result color type - performance graphics mode: 1. Click the toggle after result color type: and select discrete contours. Discrete contours produces discrete color bands on contour plots with distinct boundaries between contour levels. 2. Click return to exit the options panel.
To create an animation sequence from transient results: 1. Select the transient panel on the Post page. 2. Click start with =. HyperMesh displays a list of the available simulations. 3. Select Time step 0, t = 0.000e+00 to be used as the starting point for calculating the deformed shape of the structure. 4. Click end with =. 5. Select Time step 26, t = 2.500e+00 as the last simulation to be used. 6. Click data type =. HyperMesh Tutorials Altair Engineering
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7. Select Vonmises (mid) as the data type used to calculate the deformed shape of the structure. 8. Click the toggle before find maximum and select maximum =. 9. Click maximum = and enter 2000 as the maximum data type value on the contour plot. 10. Click transient. In the header bar, the message Some element results not found (ignored) is displayed. This message occurs because rigid links and joints are displayed in the graphics area. HyperMesh does not support results for these entities. HyperMesh goes to the animation panel. 11. Click the leftmost toggle and select visual options. 12. Click the toggle after mode and select hidden line. 13. Click the toggle after color and select contour.
To create a replay file: 1. Click create replay. 2. Click return to exit the animation panel and return to the transient panel.
To reverse the legend data type values: 1. Click the legend in graphics area to activate the legend edit panel. 2. Click reverse legend. 3. Click return to exit the legend edit panel. HyperMesh returns to the transient panel. 4. Click transient. In the header bar, the message Some element results not found (ignored) is displayed. This message occurs because rigid links and joints are displayed in the graphics area. HyperMesh doesnt support results for these entities. HyperMesh returns to the animation panel, the bitmap frames are built, and the animation begins. 5. Click return to exit animation panel. HyperMesh returns to the transient panel. To turn off the legend and simulation titles: 1. Click w on the permanent menu.
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2. Click display legend to make this option inactive. 3. Click display simulation title to make this option inactive. 4. Click return to exit the w panel. 5. Click transient. In the header bar, the message Some element results not found (ignored) is displayed. This message occurs because rigid links and joints are displayed in the graphics area. HyperMesh doesnt support results for these entities. To create an AVI file: 1. Click make AVI. The file is generated and saved in your specified user directory with a file extension of .AVI. The file is the size specified under AVI Options in the options panel. File names are automatically incremented when you create multiple AVI files. You can insert AVI files into Microsoft Word or PowerPoint files. 2. Click return to exit the animation panel. 3. Click return to exit the transient panel.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash, /. 4. Select the raildemo.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the raildemo.hm file. 6. Click retrieve.
To specify a HyperMesh binary results file: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the results subpanel. 3. Click results file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash, /. 4. Select the raildemo.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that results = now displays the location of the raildemo.res file. 6. Click return.
To create a plot and curves using the results subpanel: 1. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. 2. Select the results curves panel. 3. Select the results subpanel. 4. Click the upper switch and select create new plot. 5. Click x data type = and select time. 6. Click y data type = and select Displacements. 7. Click start with = and select Rail Crash, t = 0.29959E-03. 8. Click end with = and select Rail Crash, t = 0.12000E-01.
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9. Click the lower input collector switch and select nodes. 10. Pick three nodes on the model in the graphics area. Pick a node near each end and one node in the center of the model. 11. Click create. Three displacements vs. time curves are created on a standard plot. The plot is located in the upper left corner of the graphics area. The name of the plot, untitled1, is displayed in the create new plot data entry field. To create a plot and a curve using the along nodes subpanel: 1. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. 2. Select the results curves panel. 3. Select the along nodes subpanel. 4. Click simulation = and select Rail Crash, t = 0.12000E-01. 5. Click contour. A contour plot of total displacements is created. 6. Pick 14 nodes on the model so that the nodes define a path. Pick the nodes across the different contour colors where the model curves. NOTE 7. Click plot list. A Displacements vs. Distance Along Node Path curve is created on a standard plot named untitled2. HyperMesh names the curve curve8. The plot is located in the lower right corner of the graphics area. The name of the plot is displayed in the create new plot data entry field. To create a plot and a curve using the position subpanel: 1. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. 2. Select the results curves panel. 3. Select the position subpanel. 4. Click the switch after axis: and select x axis. 5. Click contour. A contour plot of total displacements along the x-axis is created. 6. Pick 14 nodes on the model so that the nodes define a path. Pick the nodes across the different contour colors where the model curves. The order in which the nodes are picked determines the connectivity of the data points on the curve being created.
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7. Click plot axis . A Displacements vs. Distance Along X Axis curve is created on a standard plot named untitled3. HyperMesh names the curve curve9. The plot is located in the lower right corner of the graphics area. The name of the plot is displayed in the create new plot data entry field. NOTE Complex data can also be plotted for shell elements using the results, along nodes, and position subpanels on the results curve panel. For more information, see the HyperMesh 3.0 Update Training document.
To reposition a plot on the screen: 1. Click w on the permanent menu. 2. Click move. 3. Hold down the mouse button and drag the plot containing curve 9 to the upper right corner of the graphics area. 4. Click p on the permanent menu to refresh the screen. 5. Click move. 6. Hold down the mouse button and drag the plot containing curve 8 to the upper middle section of the graphics area. 7. Click p. 8. Click return.
To create a plot and a curve using the along cut subpanel: 1. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. 2. Select the results curves panel. 3. Select the along cut subpanel. NOTE If the along cut subpanel is not visible, switch from the performance to standard graphics mode. If it is visible, go to step 4.
To switch from performance to standard graphics mode: Click return. Select the options panel on the permanent menu. Select the graphics subpanel. Click the toggle and select standard. Click return. Select the results curves panel on the xy plots module.
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Select the along cut subpanel. 4. Click simulation = and select Rail Crash, t = 0.12000E-01. 5. Click contour. A contour plot of total displacements is created. 6. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select N1 N2 N3. 7. Click edit. 8. Click x = under N1 and enter 539.054. In the Node Vector Edit panel, x =, y =, z = data entry fields are displayed under N1, N2, N3, and base. 9. Click y = under N1 and enter 15.000. 10. Click z = under N1 and enter 53.749. 11. Click x = under N2 and enter 525.688. 12. Click y = under N2 and enter 15.000. 13. Click z = under N2 and enter 40.833. 14. Click return. A purple circle in the graphics area indicates the base node location. 15. Click cut plane. 16. Click plot cut. A Displacements vs. Distance Along Cut curve is created for the nodes that are on the cut plane. HyperMesh names the curve curve10. curve10 is located on the standard plot in the lower right corner of the graphics area. The name of the standard plot, untitled4, is displayed in the create new plot data entry field. 17. Click return. 18. Click exit.
To rename a plot: 1. Select the rename panel on the Tool page. 2. Click the switch and select plots. 3. Click collector = and select untitled1. 4. Click new name = and enter myplot1. 5. Click rename. Altair Engineering 239 HyperMesh Tutorials
In the header bar, the message The collector was renamed is displayed. 6. Click return. 7. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. 8. Click the upper switch and select plots. 9. Notice that the plot collector untitled1 is now named myplot1 10. Click return to access the main menu
To create an entirely new plot collector: 1. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. 2. Select the plots panel. 3. Click plot = and enter myplot2. Click the switch and select standard.
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4. Click create plot. A standard plot is created and is located in the upper left corner of the graphics area on top of the plot raildisp. To create an new plot based on default values from an existing plot: 1. Click plot = and enter myplot3. 2. Click like = and select raildisp. 3. Click create plot. A plot is created with the same attributes as the plot raildisp. The new plot is displayed in the upper left corner of the graphics area on top of the plots myplot2 and raildisp. To add a curve to a plot: 1. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click none. 3. Select myplot1 and raildisp. 4. Click return. 5. Reposition the displayed plots: Click w on the permanent menu. Click push. In the header bar, the message Select a window to push to the background is displayed. Select the plot raildisp in the graphics area. The plot myplot1 is now on top of the plot raildisp. Click return. 6. Double-click plot =. 7. Select myplot1. 8. Click select curves. 9. Select curve 3. Curves 2, 3, 6, and 7 are selected. Curves, 2, 6, and 7 are displayed on the plot myplot1. 10. Click return. curve3 is added to the plot myplot1. There are now four curves on the plot myplot1. 11. Click return.
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To expand a plot to fill the screen: 1. Click w on the permanent menu. 2. Click expand. 3. Select the plot myplot1 from the graphics area. The plot expands to fill the screen. 4. Click return.
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1. Select the curve attribs panel on the xy plots module. 2. Click plot =. 3. Select the plot in the graphics area. The data entry field following plot = displays myplot1. 4. Click auto color. A new color is assigned to the curves, which were previously gray. 5. Click curve = and select curve 6. 6. Click the toggle and select thick lines. The line thickness for curve 6 reflects this change. 7. Click color and select color 6 from the pop-up menu. The color of curve 6 changes. The legend on myplot1 reflects the change as well. 8. Click the lower switch and select tria marker. A triangle is displayed at every XY data point on curve6. The legend on myplot1 also displays this triangle. 9. Click title =. 10. Enter node 625 Disp (total disp) VS time in the data entry field after title =. 11. Press the ENTER key. In the plot legend, the title description for curve6 reflects this change. 12. Click return.
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5. Click color and select color 13. NOTE When color is selected, the axis title Displacements is displayed in the graphics area.
6. Click the switch and select font 3. The font size for the x and y-axis titles change. 7. Click return.
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7. Click return.
To change the border color and margin of the plot: 1. Select the border panel on the xy plots module. 2. Click plot = and select myplot1. 3. Click border color and select color 13. The borders of the plot and the legend are outlined with color 13. 4. Click border margin = and enter 0. The margin between the border of the plot and the plot reflects this change. 5. Click return.
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A file named curve3_data.ascii is created and saved to the directory from which HyperMesh is run. This file contains the xy data for curve3. A copy of curve3 is also created in HyperMesh and is named curve11. curve11 is on the plot myplot1. In the data entry field following target = is curve11. NOTE If you are using HyperMesh for the PC, a DOS window may appear with the following message: Does curve3_data.ascii specify a file name or directory name on the target <F = file, D = directory)? Type F for file. 10. Click return. 11. Review the curve3_data.ascii file. For the UNIX version of HyperMesh, go to the directory from which HyperMesh is run. For the PC version of HyperMesh, open the file with a text editor. The curve3_data.ascii file contains the xy data for curve3. 12. Return to the current HyperMesh session.
To delete curves and plots: 1. Select the delete panel on the Tool page. 2. Click delete. 3. Click the switch and select curves. 4. Click curves and select curve8, curve9, curve10, and curve11. 5. Click select. 6. Click delete. 7. In the header bar, the message 4 entities were deleted is displayed. 8. Click the switch and select plots. 9. Click plots and select untitled2, untitled3, untitled4, and m2. 10. Click select. yplot 11. Click delete. 12. In the header bar, the message 4 entities were deleted is displayed. 13. Click return.
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the curve data that was exported in the last tutorial. To input an xy data set: 1. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. 2. Select the read curves panel. 3. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. 4. Right-click myplot1 and raildisp. 5. There are no plots displayed in the graphics area. 6. Click myplot3. 7. The plot myplot3 is displayed in the graphics area. 8. Click p on the permanent menu. 9. Click return. 10. Click plot =. 11. Select the plot in the graphics area. 12. The data entry field after plot = displays myplot3. 13. Click file = twice. 14. Select curve3_data.ascii. 15. Click input. 16. The xy data in the curve3_data.ascii file is plotted on the plot myplot3. In the header bar, the message Finished reading in curve data is displayed. 17. Click return.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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8. Click y =. 9. Select file as the data source. 10. Click file = twice to access the file directories. 11. Select the rcforc.ascii file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 12. Click type =. 13. Select Interface Forces. 14. Click req =. 15. Select Master 1. 16. Click comp =. 17. Select Z. y = displays the location of the rcforc.ascii file as well as Master 1/Z. 18. Click create. The plot and curve are created. The plot is named untitled, and the curve is named curve1, by default. plot = displays untitled. To expand the plot to fill the screen: 1. Click w on the permanent menu. 2. Click expand. 3. Pick the plot in the graphics area. The plot fills the screen. 4. Click return.
To edit a curve: 1. Select the modify subpanel on the edit curves panel. 2. Click curve =. 3. Select curve1. 4. Click comp =. 5. Select Y. 6. Click modify.
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curve1 reflects the component Y. 7. Click comp =. 8. Select Z. 9. Click modify. curve1 reflects the component Z. 10. Click return. 11. Click exit.
To display curve IDs: 1. Select the xy plots module on the Post page. 2. Select the legend panel on the xy plots module. 3. Click show ids. The curves ID, 1, is displayed in the plots legend. 4. Click return.
To create plots: 1. Select the plots panel on the xy plots module. 2. Click plot = and enter test2. 3. Click the switch and select standard. 4. Click create plot. A standard plot is created, located in the upper left corner of the screen. This plot is on top of the plot untitled. 5. Repeat steps 2 - 4 to create four standard plots named test3, test4, test5, and test6. 6. In the graphics area, the four plots are stacked on top of the plot test2. It appears that there are only two plots displayed in the graphics area (untitled and test2). 7. Click return.
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To unstack the plots: 1. Click w on the permanent menu. 2. Click unstack. Six plots are displayed in the graphics area. 3. Click return.
To edit curves: 1. Select the edit curves panel on the xy plots module. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Select math as the data source. 4. Click plot = and select test2. 5. Click the data entry field after x = and enter cl.x. 6. Click the data entry field after y = and enter integral(c1.x,c1.y). 7. Click create. Given c1, a curve is created which is the indefinite integral of c1. The curve is named curve2 and is located on the plot test2.
Using Filters
Curves can be passed through an SAE filter. In this tutorial, filter a curve using the edit curves panel. To filter a curve: 1. Click plot = on the edit curves panel. 2. Select untitled. x = displays c1.x. 3. Click the data entry field after y = and enter saefilter(c1.x,c1.y,180). 4. Click create. A third curve, curve3, is created on the same plot as curve1. NOTE For a description of the SAE class filter saefilter and other math functions and operators, see the topic List of Functions and Operators in the Math Reference chapter.
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6. Click create. Given c1, curve 5 is created which is an eighth order polynomial fit of curve c1. Curve 5 is located on the plot test4.
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7. Click return.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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To retrieve the NASTRAN template for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the template subpanel. 3. Double click template file =. 4. Select the nastran directory. 5. Select the general template file. 6. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that template file = now displays the location of the general template. The NASTRAN general template allows you to define NASTRAN-specific attributes in HyperMesh. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To create material collectors and components: Create your material collectors before creating your component collectors; components must reference a material collector. 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Select the switch after collector type: and select mats. 4. Click name = and enter steel. 5. Click card image = and select MAT1. 6. Click create/edit. The MAT1 card image is loaded for the material steel. 7. Click E to make the status title active. NOTE A status title is displayed as yellow (off) or blue (on). The status title toggles between the two options when you click it.
8. Click the data entry field under E and enter 2E5. 9. Click NU, click the data entry field under NU, and enter 0.30. 10. Click return. 11. Click the switch after collector type : and select comps. 12. Click name = and enter shells.
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13. Click card image = and select PSHELL. 14. Click material = and select steel. 15. Click color and select color 8. 16. Click create/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel for the new component, shells HyperMesh assigns . color 8 to the elements that are organized into this component, and assigns the material steel to this component. 17. Click T, click the data entry field under T, and enter 10.0. 18. Click return twice to access the main menu. A component is created named shells Any elements created and organized into this . component have the thickness attributes defined by the PSHELL card. The elements have material attributes defined on the MAT1 card by the material collector steel, since the shells component references this material collector. Use the card image subpanel to modify the card images for these collectors. Use the update subpanel to define a different material for the components. To mesh the geometry: The automeshing module allows you to mesh interactively on surfaces. It also includes tools for manipulating surface edges and meshing fixed points (locations where the mesher is required to place a node). The elements generated are organized into the current component, shells. 1. Select the automesh panel on the 2-D page. 2. Select the surface displayed in the graphics area and click mesh. 3. Click using size = and enter 40. 4. Click recalc all. 5. Click mesh. The automesher creates about 400 elements on the surface.
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6. Click return to save the mesh in the shells component. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
Applying boundary conditions to the model In this section, the model is constrained such that two of the four edges cannot move. A total lateral load of 1000N is applied at the edge of the hole so that all forces point in the positive z-direction. To create collectors: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select loadcols. 4. Click name = and enter spcs. 5. Click color and select color 10. 6. Click create. The collector is created. 7. Click name = again and enter forces. 8. Click color and select color 15. 9. Click create. The collector is created. 10. Click return to access the main menu.
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To create constraints: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click loadcol = and select spcs. 3. Click return. 4. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. 5. Select the create subpanel. 6. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the Build Window panel. 7. Click interior, if not already selected. 8. Create a window around the left and right edges of the model. Do this by picking points on the screen with your mouse. 9. Click select entities. The nodes along the left and right edges of the model are selected (see the figure below). HyperMesh returns to the constraints panel.
10. Click dof1-dof6, if not already selected. NOTE Dofs that are checked are constrained. Dofs 1, 2, and 3 are x, y, and z translation degrees of freedom Dofs 4, 5, and 6 are x, y, and z rotational degrees of freedom 11. Click create to apply these constraints to the selected nodes.
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To create forces on the nodes around the hole: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click loadcol = and select forces. 3. Click return. 4. Click return again to access the main menu. 5. Select the forces panel on the BCs page. 6. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. HyperMesh goes to the Build Window panel. 7. Click interior. 8. Create a window around the hole of the model. Do this by picking points on the screen with your mouse. 9. Click select entities. The nodes around the hole of the model are selected (see the figure below). HyperMesh returns to the constraints panel.
10. Click nodes and select save from the extended entity selection menu. 11. Click return. 12. Select the count panel on the Tool page. The nodes are counted automatically so that a calculation can be made to create a total force of 1000N. 13. Click the upper left switch and select nodes.
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14. Click nodes and select retrieve from the extended entity select menu. The nodes saved in the forces panel are retrieved. 15. Click selected to count the number of nodes around the hole. 16. Click return. 17. Select the forces panel on the BCs page. 18. Click nodes and select retrieve from the extended entity selection menu. 19. Click magnitude = and enter 1000. The total load on the nodes around the hole is 1000N. 20. Click the plane and vector definition switch below magnitude = and select z-axis. 21. Click create. 22. Click return.
The last step in setting up the boundary conditions is to create a NASTRAN subcase (a load step in HyperMesh). 1. Select the load steps panel on the BCs page. 2. Click name = and enter lateral force. 3. Click loadcols and select spcs and forces. 4. Click select. 5. Click create. The load step is created. 6. Click return.
To create control cards: 1. Select the cntl cards panel on the BCs page. 2. Click SOL. 3. Click the switch and select either Statics (SOL 101) or Statics & Lin. Heat Transfer (SOL 24) from the pop-up menu. 4. Click return. 5. Click PARAM. 6. Click AUTOSPC.
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To save your .hm file and exit HyperMesh: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = and enter plate_hole_new.hm. 4. Click save. 5. Click return to exit the files panel. 6. Click quit to exit HyperMesh.
To add output requests to your deck: 1. Open the plate_hole.dat file in a text editor, such as WordPad. 2. After the SUBCASE 1 card, insert the following cards: DISPLACEMENT(PUNCH)=ALL STRESS(PUNCH)=ALL
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3. Save the changes to your file. 4. Exit the text editor and submit the job to NASTRAN for analysis.
To run hmnast, attach the results file and set visual options: 1. From a UNIX or MS-DOS prompt, type the following: hmnast d von_max plate_hole.pch plate_hole.hmres 2. Start HyperMesh and remove any model that is currently loaded: Select the delete panel on the Tool page. Click delete model. Select Yes from the pop-up window. 3. Retrieve the input deck that was used to run the NASTRAN job: Select the files panel. Select the import subpanel. Double click translator = and select nastran.exe, located in the feinput directory. Double click filename = and choose plate_hole.dat. Click EXTERNAL. Click the upper toggle to no overwrite. Click import. 4. Set the visual options: Select the command subpanel. Double click file = and choose nastut1.cmf, located in the HyperMesh installation directory under /tutorials/hm. Click execute. 5. Attach the results file for post-processing: Select the results subpanel.
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Double click results file = and select plate_hole.hmres, located in the directory from which NASTRAN is run. 6. Click return to exit the files panel.
To view a deformed shape: 1. Select the deformed panel on the Post page. 2. Click simulation =. SUBCASE-1 is the only simulation. If you had created two load steps, two simulations would exist: SUBCASE-1 and SUBCASE-2. The subcase IDs reflect your HyperMesh load step IDs. 3. Click Subcase-1. 4. Click model units = and enter 250. 5. Click deform to view a deformed plot of your model overlaid on the original, undeformed mesh (refer to the figure below).
Isometric view of deformed plot overlaid on original undeformed mesh. Model units are set to 250.
To view a contour plot of stresses and displacements: 1. Select the contour panel on the Post page. 2. Click simulation = and select Subcase-1. 3. Click data type = and select Displacements. 4. Select the view panel on the permanent menu. 5. Select top from the pop-up menu. 6. Click contour. 7. Click data type = and select von Mises Stress(max,all). 8. Click assign. 9. Click contour and compare your model to the picture below.
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von Mises stress plot using discrete contours (in performance graphics mode).
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator for assistance.
To select the ABAQUS template: 1. Select the template subpanel. 2. Double-click template file = and choose abaqus/standard.3d from the templates directory.
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To set the pre-prepared visual options: 1. Select the command subpanel. 2. Double-click file = and choose abtut1.cmf. 3. Click execute. 4. Click return to exit the panel.
To create the *ELASTIC material model card: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Create the material collector with the appropriate card image: Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. Click the switch under creation method: and select card image. Click name = and enter STEEL Click card image = and choose ABAQUS_MATERIAL Click create/edit. 3. Edit the card image to add the appropriate material model cards: Select ELASTIC in the option list. By default, the selected type is ISOTROPIC. If it is not set to ISOTROPIC, click the switch and select it. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath E and enter 2.1E5. In the card image section of the menu, click the field beneath NU and enter 0.3 Click return to accept the changes to the card image. 4. Click return to exit the panel.
To tie the material card to the component collectors: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the update subpanel. 3. Click the upper switch and select comps. 4. Click material = and select STEEL. 5. Double-click comps and select INDENTOR and BEAM from the list. 6. Click select to finish the selection process.
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7. Click update. 8. Select material id from the list. 9. Click update. 10. Click return to exit the panel.
To view the *SOLID SECTION property cards: 1. Select the card panel from the permanent menu. 2. Click the input collector switch and select comps. 3. Click comps and select INDENTOR from the list of component collectors. 4. Click select to finish the selection process. 5. Click edit to view the *SOLID SECTION property card image. 6. Click return to finish the viewing process. 7. Click return to exit the panel.
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To view the face elements without the rest of the model: 1. Select the display panel from the permanent menu. 2. Click the upper switch and select comps. 3. Click the toggle to elems. 4. Use the right mouse button to deselect INDENTOR and BEAM. 5. Click return to exit the panel. 6. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select left from the pop-up menu.
To mask the face elements not involved in the contact surface: 1. Select the mask panel from the Tool page. 2. Select the mask subpanel. 3. Click the input collector switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. 4. Click elems and select by window from the pop-up menu. 5. Pick points on the screen to create a window like the one shown in the picture below.
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6. Click select entities. 7. Click mask . 8. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select iso 1 from the pop-up menu. 9. Click return to exit the panel.
To create the *CONTACT PAIR card: 1. Select the interfaces panel from the BCs page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click name = and enter the name: CONTACT1 4. Click the switch under creation method: and click card image. 5. Click card image = and select CONTACT_PAIR. 6. Click type = and select CONTACT_PAIR. 7. Click interface color and select a color. 8. Click create. 9. Click return to exit the panel.
To define the slave *SURFACE DEFINITION using face elements: 1. Select the interfaces panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the add subpanel.
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3. Double-click name = and select CONTACT1. 4. Click the switch under slave: and select entity. 5. Click elems to the right of slave and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. 6. Click add to the right of slave: to add these faces to the *SURFACE DEFINITION. When elements are added to a group, HyperMesh creates ghost element images that are placed into the group. The original element that was selected is not modified. 7. Click return to exit the panel.
To tie the slave elements to the underlying solids: 1. Select the faces panel on the Tool page. 2. Click delete faces. 3. Click return to exit the panel.
To define the master *SURFACE DEFINITION using sets: 1. Select the interfaces panel from the BCs page. 2. Select the add subpanel. 3. Double-click name = and select CONTACT1. 4. Click the switch under master: and select sets. 5. Click sets and choose BEAMSURF from the list of sets. 6. Click select to finish the selection process. 7. Click update on the same line as master: to add the set to the *SURFACE DEFINITION. 8. Click return to exit the panel.
To complete the definition of the *CONTACT PAIR card: 1. Select the interfaces panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the card image subpanel. 3. Double-click name = and select CONTACT1. 4. Click edit. 5. Click the field under SLAVE in the *CONTACT PAIR card image and enter SLAVE1. 6. Click the field under MASTER in the *CONTACT PAIR card image and enter MASTER1.
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7. Select the option SmallSliding from the option list. Notice that the parameter SMALL SLIDING now appears in the card image.
To add the *SURFACE DEFINITION and *SURFACE INTERACTION cards: 1. Click MasterSurfaceDefinition. Note that a *SURFACE DEFINITION card now appears in the card image. There are two ways to define the surface from a set: If you want to define the surface by explicitly specifying a face: Click the selection box under MSLabel(1) and choose S1 from the pop-up menu. Using this method requires all of the elements in the set to be aligned properly and also requires you to know which face is involved in the contact. Also note that ABAQUS does not allow the TRIM option to be used simultaneously with a face identifier. In order to use the TRIM option (discussed next), you must have the MSLabel(1) switch set to NoLabel.
If you want to define the surface using the ABAQUS TRIM functionality: Click the TRIM option under MasterSurfaceDefinition. Click the switch under TRIM and select YES from the list. Using this method allows ABAQUS to automatically define the master surface based on the rules found in the ABAQUS Users Manual. Also note that ABAQUS does not allow the TRIM option to be used simultaneously with a face identifier. In order to use the TRIM option, you must have the MSLabel(1) switch set to NoLabel.
3. Click SlaveSurfaceDefinition. No modification of the slave *SURFACE DEFINITION card is necessary since the surface is defined using element faces. When you export the deck to ABAQUS, a list of the element faces is written after the *SURFACE DEFINITION card. 4. Click SurfaceInteraction. 5. Select the Friction option under SurfaceInteraction to add a *FRICTION card. 6. Click the field beneath FrictionCoeff in the card image and enter 0.05 7. Click return to accept the changes to the card image. 8. Click return to exit the panel.
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To create the *SPRING property card: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Create a property collector with the appropriate card image: Select the create subpanel. Click the switch after collector type and select props. Click name = and enter SPRING Click the switch under creation method: and select card image. Click card image = and choose SPRING. Click create/edit. 3. Edit the card image to add the appropriate options: Click the field beneath SETNAME in the card image and enter GROUNDED Click the field beneath dof1 in the card image and enter 3. The dof2 field in the *SPRING card is ignored by ABAQUS for SPRING1 elements. Click the field beneath Stiffness in the card image and enter 1.0E-5 Click return to accept the changes to the card image. 4. Click return to exit the panel.
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To create a component to group the spring elements according to property: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the upper switch and select comps. 4. Click the switch under creation method: and click no card image. 5. Click name = and enter GROUNDED. The name of this component must be the same as the name in the SETNAME field in the *SPRING property card or the elements are not tied properly to the property card. 6. Click color and select Color10. 7. Click create. 8. Click return to exit the panel.
To create the spring elements and tie them to the property: 1. Select the elem types panel on the 1D page. 2. Click mass = and select SPRING1. In HyperMesh, grounded elements are created and stored as mass elements since they only have one node in the element connectivity. 3. Click return to exit the panel. 4. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 5. Click component = and select GROUNDED from the list of component collectors. As the spring elements are created, they are placed in this component. This component is then tied to the *SPRING card through the name: GROUNDED. 6. Click return to exit the panel. 7. Create the spring elements: Select the masses panel on the 1D page. Click property = and select SPRING from the list of property collectors. Click nodes and select by id from the pop-up menu. Type the following in the id = selection window: 451t460b3 This shorthand selects all of the nodes from 451 to 460 in increments of 3. Click create. 8. Click return to exit the panel.
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To edit the *STEP load collector: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the card image subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type and select loadcols. 4. Double-click name = and select STEP1 from the list of load collectors. 5. Click edit. 6. Add parameters to the *STEP card: Select StepParameters in the options list. Select Increment and Nlgeom from below StepParameters in the options list. Click the field beneath INCREMENT in the card image and enter 100. 7. Add the *STATIC card to the card image: Select Static in the options list. You may have to use the scroll bar on the left side of the screen in the options list to find the Static option. Click the Ini_T_Inc field in the card image to change from the default value.
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Click the field beneath Ini_T_Inc in the card image and enter 0.05
8. Add the *NODE FILE card to the card image: Select NodeResults in the options list. Select U from below NodeResults in the options list. 9. Add the *ELEMENT FILE card to the card image: Select ElementResults in the options list. Select S and SINV from below ElementResults in the options list. 10. Add the *CONTACT FILE card to the card image: Select ContactResults in the options list. Select CSTRESS from below ContactResults in the options list. 11. Add the *FILE FORMAT card to the card image: Select FileFormat in the options list. Click the switch under FILEFORMAT and select ASCII from the list. 12. Click return to accept the changes to the card image. 13. Click return to exit the panel.
To create an entity set for loading: 1. Select the entity sets panel on the BCs page. 2. Click name = and enter LOADED. 3. Click the input collector switch and select nodes. 4. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select left from the pop-up menu. 5. Click nodes and select by window from the pop-up menu. 6. Click points on the screen to create the pick window shown in the picture below.
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7. Click select entities. 8. Click create. 9. Click return to exit the panel.
To create constraints on the BEAM component: 1. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Activate the check boxes next to dof1, dof2, and dof3. 4. Deactivate the check boxes next to dof4, dof5, and dof6. 5. Click nodes and select by sets from the extended entity selection menu. 6. Select ENDS from the list of entity sets. 7. Click select. 8. Click create. 9. Click return to exit the panel.
To create constraints on the INDENTOR component: 1. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Activate the check boxes next to dof1, and dof2.
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4. Deactivate the check boxes next to dof3, dof4, dof5, and dof6. 5. Click nodes and select by sets from the extended entity selection menu. 6. Select LOADED. 7. Click select. 8. Click create. 9. Click return to exit the panel.
To create forces on the INDENTOR component: 1. Select the forces panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click nodes and select by sets from the extended entity selection menu. 4. Select LOADED. 5. Click select. 6. Click the upper switch and select vectors. 7. Click magnitude = and enter 10.0 8. Click the lower switch and select z-axis. 9. Click the toggle to global system. 10. Click create. 11. Click return to exit the panel.
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4. Click filename = and type in a name for the input deck: job1.inp 5. Select TEMPLATE. 6. Click the toggle to all. 7. Click write. 8. Click return to exit the panel.
To save the .hm file and quit from HyperMesh: 1. Select the files panel. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = and type job1.hm. 4. Click save. 5. Click return to exit the panel. 6. Click quit to exit HyperMesh. After you quit HyperMesh you can run the ABAQUS solver using the job1.inp file that was written from HyperMesh.
To import the hm file, attach the results file, and set visual options: 1. If you have a model loaded into HyperMesh, follow these procedures: Select the delete panel from the Tool page. Click delete model.
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Answer Yes in the pop-up window. 2. Select the files panel. 3. Read the input deck that was used to run the ABAQUS job or the input deck supplied in the tutorials directory:
Select the import subpanel. Double-click translator = and choose abaqus from the feinput directory. Double-click filename = and choose job1.inp, if you ran your own solver program and abaqus3_0tutorial.inp, if you want to use the supplied file. Select EXTERNAL. Click the upper toggle to no overwrite. Click import. 4. Set the pre-prepared visual options:
Select the command subpanel. Double-click file = and choose abtut2.cmf from the tutorials directory. Click execute. If you are using the x version of HyperMesh, an error message may be displayed. Select continue in the pop-up menu. 5. Assign the results file for post-processing:
Select the results subpanel. Double-click results file = and choose job1.hmres if you ran your own solver program and abaqus3_0tutorial.res if you want to use the supplied file. 6. Click return to exit the panel.
To post-process displacement and stress results: 1. Select the contour panel on the Post page. 2. Click simulation = and select: step 1 inc 7, t=1.00e+00 Notice that each increment in the ABAQUS analysis is a new simulation. 3. Click data type = and select Displacements. 4. Click the leftmost switch and select model units from the pop-up menu. 5. Click model units = and enter 10.0 6. Click contour. 7. Click data type = and select Von Mises.
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8. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select restore 1 from the pop-up menu. 9. Click assign. The default location for ABAQUS to output stress values is at the Integration Points. The hmabaqus program takes these values and averages them to the centroid of each element. Therefore, the most accurate representation of the stress values as they were reported from ABAQUS can be found with an assigned plot. 10. Click return to exit the panel.
To post-process incremental results: 1. Select the transient panel on the Post page. 2. Click start with = and select step 1 inc 1, t=5.00e-02. 3. Click end with = and select step 1 inc 7, t=1.00e+00. 4. Click data type = and select Von Mises. 5. Click scale factor = and enter 100.0. If you are using the x-version, skip to Step 12. 6. Click transient. HyperMesh calculates seven frames of animation showing the displacement and von Mises stress for each increment. In a non-linear analysis, this type of animation is necessary to view the history of the stress development. 7. Once the animation begins, click the leftmost toggle to visual options. 8. Click the toggle next to mode and select hidden line. 9. Click the toggle next to color and select contour. 10. Click exit to exit the animation. 11. Activate the hidden line option. 12. Click transient. HyperMesh calculates seven frames of animation showing the displacement and von Mises stress for each increment. In a non-linear analysis, this type of animation is necessary to view the history of the stress development. 13. Click exit to exit the animation. 14. Click return to exit the panel.
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To set up the display for post-processing contact results: 1. Select the display panel from the permanent menu. 2. Click the input collector switch and select comps. 3. Click the toggle to elems. 4. Click none. 5. Click return to exit the panel. 6. Select the view panel from the permanent menu and select iso 1 from the pop-up menu. The elements displayed on the screen are the slave elements that are involved in the contact. To view the contact results, the underlying element faces must be visible. The following steps show all of the elements connected to these slave element faces. 7. Select the find panel on the Tool page. 8. Select the find attached subpanel. 9. Click the upper switch and select elems. 10. Click the switch under attached to: and select elems. 11. Click elems under attached to: and select displayed from the extended entity selection menu. 12. Click find. 13. Click return to exit the panel.
To post-process contact results: 1. Select the contour panel on the Post page. 2. Click simulation = and select: step 1 inc 7, t=1.00e+00 Notice that each increment in the ABAQUS analysis is a new simulation. 3. Click data type = and select Contact Pressure. 4. Click the second switch down, which should be set to model units, and choose undeformed from the pop-up menu. 5. Click contour. At this point, an error message is displayed in the message bar that states: Some node results were not found (ignored). When ABAQUS reports contact results, it only reports values for the nodes directly on the slave surface. Therefore, the nodes on the other end of the displayed solid elements dont have any contact results reported from ABAQUS. HyperMesh recognizes that there are no values at those nodes and reports an error message to warn you that they may be missing results. Also notice that the contact pressure is high on the corners of the slave surface, but is zero in the middle where no contact is occurring.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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Updating Elements
In this tutorial, make the existing element types ANSYS-compatible elements. To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Double click file =. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash, /. 4. Select the hm-ansys.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the ansys.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to exit the files panel. hm-
To select the ANSYS template: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Double click template file =. 3. Select the ansys.2d template from the \ansys\ directory. 4. Click return.
To update elements: 1. Select the elem types panel on the 2-D page. 2. Click mass = and select MASS21. 3. Click rod = and select LINK1. 4. Click gap = and select CONTAC12. 5. Click tria3 = and select PLANE42. 6. Click quad4 = and select PLANE42. 7. Click elems and select all from the extended entity selection menu. 8. Click update. HyperMesh Tutorials 286 Altair Engineering
9. Click return.
To define options for mass, gap, and link elements: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the card image subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps. 4. Double click name = and select MASS. 5. Click card image = and select ETR21. 6. Click load/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. 7. Select kopt3_FLAG. 8. Click the data entry field under kopt3 and enter 4.
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9. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel. 10. Double click name = and select GAP. 11. Click card image = and select ETR12. 12. Click load/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. 13. Select kopt1_FLAG. 14. Click the data entry field under kopt1 and enter 0. 15. Select kopt2_FLAG. 16. Click the data entry field under kopt2 and enter 1. 17. Select kopt4_FLAG. 18. Click the data entry field under kopt4 and enter 0. 19. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel. 20. Double click name = and select LINK. 21. Click card image = and select ETR1. 22. Click load/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. 23. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel. 24. Click return to access the main menu.
To create a property collector for mass elements: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select props. 4. Click name = and enter MASS. 5. Click card image = and select ETR1D21 from the pop-up menu. 6. Click material = and select mat.
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7. Click create/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. 8. Click R_LEN = and enter 1. 9. Click the data entry field under R and enter 100 for the mass of the MASS elements. 10. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel. 11. Click return to access the main menu.
To create a property collector for gap elements: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click name = and enter GAP. 4. Click card image = and select ETR1D12. 5. Click material = and select mat. 6. Click create/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. 7. Click R_LEN = and enter 4. 8. Click the data entry field under R and enter 0. Use the TAB key to enter the following values in the remaining data entry fields: 2 E 05, 0, and 0. 9. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel. 10. Click return to access the main menu.
To create a property collector for link elements: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click name = and enter LINK. 4. Click card image = and select ETR1D1. 5. Click material = and select mat.
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6. Click create/edit. HyperMesh goes to the card image panel. 7. Click R_LEN = and enter 1. 8. Click the data entry field under R and enter 10 for the cross sectional area of the link elements. 9. Click return. HyperMesh returns to the collectors panel. 10. Click return to access the main menu.
After creating property collectors, assign them to their respective element types.
To update mass element properties: 1. Select the masses panel on the 1-D page. 2. Select the update subpanel. 3. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu. 4. Click config = and select mass from the extended entity selection menu. 5. Click select entities. 6. Click property = and select MASS. 7. Click update. 8. Select property. 9. Click update. 10. Click return to access the main menu.
To update the gap element properties: 1. Select the gaps panel on the 1-D page. 2. Select the update subpanel. 3. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu. 4. Click config = and select gap from the extended entity selection menu. 5. Click select entities. 6. Click property = and select GAP.
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7. Click update. 8. Select property. 9. Click update. 10. Click return to access the main menu.
To update the rod elements: 1. Select the rods panel on the 1-D page. 2. Select the update subpanel. 3. Click elems and select by config from the extended entity selection menu. 4. Click config = and select rod from the extended entity selection menu. 5. Click select entities. 6. Click property = and select LINK. 7. Click update. 8. Click return.
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2. Select the export subpanel. 3. Click filename = and enter hm-ansys.prp. 4. Click write. 5. Click return. 6. Click quit to end the HyperMesh session. You do not need to save the HyperMesh file. To edit the ANSYS file: You must edit the hm-ansys.prp file since HyperMesh does not translate the application of angular velocity to ANSYS. 1. Open the hm-ansys.prp file in a text editor. 2. Before the /SOLU command, insert the following command: OMEGA,,,10 (3600 rpm 10 rad/s) 3. Save the file and exit. You can now submit the hm-ansys.prp file to ANSYS for analysis.
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Fixing penetrations (2 methods) Creating joints. Checking the minimum time step.
All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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The penetration panel calculates penetration based on the following formula: Ta/2 + Tb/2 - d = P Where Ta and Tb are element and/or nodal thicknesses, d is the distance between the element midplanes, and P is the amount of penetration. HyperMesh computes the penetration check on a node by node basis, which allows the penetration, P, to vary throughout the model. Nodes with negative penetration values are marked as non-penetrating nodes. Contact directions (interface element normals) are not considered when determining if nodes are penetrating the opposing contact face. Nodes are marked as failed regardless of the direction normal to the contact elements. However, the calculated penetration does consider the normal direction. This is discussed in more detail in the Fixing Penetrations section. There are some limitations for penetration checking:
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Nodes that penetrate far enough through the thickness of the opposing surface so that the thicknesses do not overlap at the nodal location (left diagram in above figure). Nodes that lie exactly normal to nodes on the opposing contact surface (right diagram in above figure). Some of the nodes in the right diagram will be detected, however some of nodes will not be detected.
To retrieve the pene_dyna.hm file: 1. Select the files panel. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. 4. Select the pene_dyna.hm file. 5. Click retrieve. 6. Click return.
To specify the dyna.key template: 1. Select the files panel. 2. Select the template subpanel. 3. Click template file = twice. 4. Select the ls-dyna/dyna.key file. 5. Click return.
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To check for penetrations: 1. Select the penetration panel on the Tool page. 2. Click groups and select S2S_regular. 3. Click select. The minimum distance between the two surfaces of elements in this group is 3.00 and the thickness of each component is 9.00. 4. Click check. All of the nodes that fail the penetration check are marked as temporary nodes and the penetration adjustment panel is displayed.
Fixing Penetrations
After a penetration check is completed, the penetration check adjustment subpanel is displayed.
NOTE
The penetration check adjustment panel can only be accessed after completing a penetration check in the penetration panel.
The thickness value you enter in the penetration check adjustment subpanel specifies the element thickness adjustment required to eliminate the penetration. The value in the thickness number field can be set to scale or reduction. When you click recheck, it recalculates the penetration by either scaling or by reducing the element thickness by the specified value. The amount of penetration calculated when you use the recheck function is based on the following formulas: for scale: scale * (Ta/2 + Tb/2) d = P for reduction: (Ta/2 + Tb/2) d reduction = P The display mode can be set to temp nodes, vectors, or contour. The temp nodes mode displays yellow temporary nodes at all node locations that failed the penetration check. The vectors mode displays vectors in the direction and magnitude required to fix each penetrating node. You can alternate the vector display between uniform size or magnitude %. The contour mode displays a contour plot from zero to the maximum penetration. The save penetrated option allows you to save the location of the penetration areas as well as the magnitude and direction of the vectors required to fix the penetration areas. The saved entities can Altair Engineering HyperMesh Tutorials
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be used in other HyperMesh panels to fix the penetration (see exercise two). The save penetrated function creates a ^vectors collector that contains the saved vectors. The ^vectors collector can be turned on and off by using the display panel. The adjust function allows you to quickly fix penetrations by moving only the nodes that failed the penetration check. When you click adjust, the penetrated nodes move in the direction and magnitude of the vectors in the vectors display mode. Additional use of the adjust function continues to translate the nodes in the same direction and magnitude. You must use this function with discretion because the adjust function deforms the original model at the points of penetration (shown in the next exercise). After the adjust function has been applied, you can: Use reject to undo any modifications and remain in the penetration check adjustment panel Use abort to undo any modifications and return to the penetration panel Use return to accept the modifications and return to the penetration panel
The penetration checking calculation does not take into account the direction of the contact normals. Nodes are marked as failed regardless of the direction the contact normals are pointing. However, the computed direction and magnitude of the penetration does take into account the direction of the contact normals. When the segment orientation option is on, the penetration check takes into consideration the directions of contact normals when it calculates the amount of penetration (first illustration below). The returned values represent the actual nodal penetration. When the segment orientation option is off (second figure below), the penetration check does not take into account the directions of element normals. Instead, the check calculates the amount of penetration as the shortest distance required to move nodes so they do not lie within the region defined as the element thicknesses. The returned values are the mathematical absolute amount of nodal penetration. It is recommended that you leave the segment orientation option active unless all the vectors in the vector display mode are pointing in the opposite direction needed to fix the penetration.
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Once the amount of penetration is determined, the value is used to calculate the vector directions and magnitudes required to fix the penetrating nodes. Surface to Surface and Single Surface contacts create vector magnitudes equal to P/2 (the total penetration divided by 2). Node to Surface contacts define vector magnitudes equal to P because only slave nodes are adjusted. One method you can use to fix penetration areas is to use the translate panel to move the elements the distance necessary to correct the penentration.
To correct penetration areas: 1. Click the switch under display mode and select vectors. 2. Activate the label vector check box. 3. Click the toggle under vectors and select uniform size. 4. Click uniform size = and enter 50.000 to make the vectors easier to view. The vectors show the direction and magnitude required to fix the penetrations. The calculated value for P is 6.00, so moving each surface in this surface to surface contact by P/2=3.00, will fix the penetration problem. 5. Click the switch under save penetrated and select nodes & vect.
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6. Click save penetrated to place the failed nodes in the user mark and to create vectors at all the failed nodes. The vectors are placed in a ^vector collector that can be turned on and off in the display panel. The vectors are created in the direction and magnitude required to fix the penetration. 7. Click return. 8. Select the translate panel on the Tool page. 9. Select all the elements in the fl1 component: Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select by comp. Select the fl1 component. Click select. 10. Click the plane and vector collector switch and select vector. 11. Pick one of the vectors that point in the positive x direction. 12. Click magnitude = and enter 3.000 13. Click translate +. 14. Click reset to clear the selected entities. 15. Select all of the elements in the fl2, light blue component. Click the input collector switch and select elems. Click elems and select by comp. Select the fl2 component. Click select. 16. Click translate 17. Click return.
To delete the ^vector collector: 1. Select the delete panel on the Tool page. 2. Click the input collector switch and select vectorcols . 3. Click vectorcols . 4. Select ^vector. 5. Click select. 6. Click delete. HyperMesh Tutorials Altair Engineering
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Another method you can use to fix penetration areas is to use the adjust function in the penetration check adjustment panel.
To fix penetration areas by using adjust: 1. Select the penetration panel on the Tools page. 2. Click groups. 3. Select the NS_reverse group. 4. Click select. 5. Click check. 6. Click the switch under displayed mode and select contour. 7. Click view in the permanent menu and select iso 1. 8. Pick one element on the screen to see the nodal penetration values associated to that element. 9. Click the left mouse button to turn off the penetration value display. 10. Click the switch under displayed mode and select vectors. 11. Click magnitude % = and enter 2000. 12. Click view in the permanent menu and select top. Notice that the lengths of the vectors are dependent on the amount of penetration and are pointing in the wrong direction. 13. Deactivate the segment orientation check box. HyperMesh ignores which direction is normal to the contact. 14. Click adjust.
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NOTE
The adjust function is an easy way to fix penetrations. However, using the adjust function deforms your model at the areas of penetration, as is apparent when this exercise is complete. The pene-dyna.hm file contains other model components that may be useful for trying the penetration checking/adjusting functions. These examples are not included in the tutorial but are available for more practice. Use the display panel to view the other collectors in the model.
Creating Joints
Joint definitions are created in the joints panel on the 1D page. HyperMesh 3.0 supports the following standard joint types: Spherical, Revolute, Cylindrical, Planar, Universal, Translational, and Locking. All of these types are stored as joint elements in the HyperMesh database. HyperMesh also supports LS-DYNA3Ds *CONSTRAINED_JOINT_STIFFNESS_OPTION (Card 38) property to define friction, damping, stop angles, etc. The LS-DYNA3D solver interface supports the creation of joints in the joints panel. The PAMCRASH solver interface currently supports the creation of joints as rod elements (see the PAMCRASH tutorial). NOTE A spherical joint consists of two coincident nodes. During analysis, the two coincident nodes are forced to remain coincident but the bodies attached to each coincident node are allowed to rotate freely about the joint location.
To retrieve the joints.hm file: 1. Select the files panel. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. 4. Select the joints.hm file. 5. Click retrieve. 6. Click return.
To load the dyna.key template: 1. Select the files panel. 2. Select the template subpanel. 3. Click template file = twice. 4. Select the ls-dyna/dyna.key file. 5. Click return.
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To activate coincident node picking: 1. Select the options panel in the permanent menu. 2. Select the modeling subpanel. 3. Activate the coincident node picking check box.
To change the display: 1. Select the display panel in the permanent menu. 2. Select the blue torus, orange torus, and New Joint collectors. 3. Deactivate any other collectors. 4. Click return.
To create a spherical joint: 1. Select the joints panel on the 1D page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch under joint type and select spherical. 4. Left click once on a node in the center of both tori to bring up the coincident node picking window (see figure below). There are two nodes in the window, node 598 and node 1. 5. While holding down the left mouse button, drag the cursor over the node labeled 598. The blue rigid body attached to this node is highlighted. 6. Release the left mouse button to select node 598.
7. Repeat the last three steps, but select node 1 from the coincident node picking window instead
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of node 598. 8. Click create to generate the spherical joint element. NOTE A revolute joint consists of four nodes, two sets of two coincident nodes. During analysis, all four of the revolute joint s nodes remain at the same location with respect to each other. The bodies attached to the nodes are free to rotate about the axis that lies along the length of the revolute joint.
To change the display: 1. Select the display panel in the permanent menu. 2. Select the bearing, shaft, bearing rigids, shaft rigids, and New Joint collectors. 3. Deactivate the other collectors. 4. Click return. To create a revolute joint: 1. Zoom in on one end of the shaft assembly (see figure below). 2. Click the switch under joint type and select revolute. 3. Left click once on a node at the center of one of the rigid link elements to bring up the coincident node picking window (see figure below). 4. Select a node attached to a blue rigid link element. If you depress the left mouse button while your cursor is over a node in the coincident node picking window, the element attached to that node is highlighted. 5. Click at the same node location again and select the node attached to the orange rigid link element. 6. Repeat the previous three steps on the opposing pair of blue and orange rigid link elements (see figure below). 7. Click create.
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To specify the dyna.key template: 1. Select the files panel. 2. Select the template subpanel. 3. Click template file = twice. 4. Select the ls-dyna/dyna.key file. 5. Click return.
To check the time steps: 1. Select the check elements panel on the Tool page. 2. Select the time subpanel. 3. Click check elems .
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
To retrieve a HyperMesh binary database: 1. Select the files panel. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Double-click file = and select rail-dyna.hm. 4. Click retrieve. 5. Click return.
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To define the Title Card: 1. Select the cntl cards panel on the BCs page. 2. Click Title Card and enter the title string, This is my first LS-DYNA example. 3. Click return.
To define the Control Cards: 1. Click Termination. 2. Click the data entry field under endtim and enter 10. 3. Click return. 4. Click TAURUS. 5. Click the data entry field under the output intervall, PLTC, and enter 1. 6. Click return. 7. Click ASCII out I. 8. Enter values for SECFORC, RWFORC, NODOUT, GLSTAT and MATSUM : Click the text. Click the data entry field that appears under the text. Enter .1 This sets the output intervall for cross-section-, rigid-wall, nodal time history-, global statisticand material output. 9. Click return. 10. Click return.
Define Materials
NOTE The material collector is used in the LS-DYNA3D interface. In contrast to
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PAM-CRASH, LS-DYNA3D has separate material and cross section definitions. Once materials and cross sections are defined, they can be combined in different property definitions. The property collects the cross section and material data for a certain number of elements. Elements and property are connected with the property ID in the element cards.
To define a Material Type 24 (Piecewise Linear Plasticity): 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. 4. Click name = and enter steel. 5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. 6. Click card image = and choose MATL24. The template provides different material dictionaries. It supplies not only materials for shells and bricks, but also materials for discrete elements like springs. To switch the material type, use the card previewer. 7. Click create/edit. 8. Click the data entry field under RHO and enter 7.85e-6. 9. Click the data entry field under Comment and enter This is the side material. 10. Click the data entry field under E and enter 210 (in kN/mm2). 11. Click the data entry field under NU and enter 0.3. If necessary, use the arrow buttons on the left side to scroll the screen. 12. Click SIGY, click the data entry field, and enter 0.37 to define the yield stress . 13. Click the button under array count and select 3. This means that we are defining a stress-strain curve with 3 points. 14. Type the following pairs for strain (in EPS(i)) and stress (in ES(i)) : (0.0; 0.37), (0.02; 0.39), (0.04; 0.45). 15. Click return. 16. Click return.
To define a second steel Material Type 24 using loadcurves for the nonlinear behavior: It is necessary to define the loadcurve first. After it is defined, it is possible to choose this loadcurve in the material definition instead of using the method described in the first section.
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1. Select the Post page. 2. Select the xy plots panel. 3. Select the plots panel. 4. Click plot = and enter Materialdata. 5. Click create plot. 6. Click return.
To create a curve: 1. Select the edit curves panel. 2. Click plot = and select Materialdata. 3. Select the math option instead of file. 4. Click x= and enter {0.0, 0.02, 0.04} (including the brackets) as the value for the plastic strain. 5. Click y= and enter {0.37, 0.39, 0.45} (including the brackets) as the value for the effective stress. 6. Click create. 7. Click return. 8. Click exit. NOTE Once a loadcurve is defined, it can be used for the stress-strain behavior of a material, as a load vs. time function, force-deflection function, or others.
To create and edit a material collector: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type and select mats. 4. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. 5. Click name = and enter steel2. 6. Click card image = and select MATL24. 7. Click create/edit. 8. Click Rho, click the data entry field, and enter 7.85e-6. 9. Click the data entry box under Comments and enter This is the second definition.
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10. Click the data entry field under E and enter 210 (in kN/mm2). 11. Click the data entry field under NU and enter 0.3. If necessary, use the arrow buttons on the left side to scroll the screen. 12. Click the data entry field under SIGY and enter 0.37 to define the yield stress . 13. Double-click LCSS and pick curve1. 14. Double-click LCSR and pick curve1. 15. Click return.
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The tutorial model has different thicknesses for the elements on the top and bottom and on the sides. Therefore, you must create 2 cross section properties. To define the first cross section property: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type and select props. 4. Click name = and enter side_prop. 5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. 6. Click card image and select SectShll. 7. Click material = and select steel. 8. Click create/edit. 9. Enter a comment for that property; for example, Property of side elements. 10. Select NIP, click the data entry field, and enter 3. (This is the number of integration points through the thickness.) 11. Click the data entry field under T1 and enter 1 (shell thickness). 12. Click return twice.
To define the second cross section property: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type and select props. 4. Click name = and enter top_prop. 5. Click card image and select SectShll. 6. Click material = and select steel2. 7. Click create/edit. 8. Click the data entry field under comment and enter Property of elements on the top and bottom of the rail. 9. Click NIP, click the data entry field, and enter 3 for the number of integration points through the thickness. 10. Click the data entry field below T1 and enter 2.5 (shell thickness).
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To create a new collector : 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type and select comps. 4. Click name = and enter topbottom. 5. Click card image = and select Part. 6. Click material = and select steel. 7. Click color and select color13. 8. Click create/edit. 9. Double-click SID and select top_props. 10. Click the data entry field under Comment and enter Elements on top and bottom of the rail. The number below ELFORM should be the same as in the ShellSectionProperty definition, which is depicted below the comment. If it is not, change the value. 11. Click return. 12. Click return.
In the next steps, combine the elements with material and cross section data. To reorganize the elements: 1. Select the organize panel. 2. Click the input collector switch and select elems. 3. Click elems to access the extended entity selection menu. 4. Select by comps. 5. Select the tmp component. 6. Click select. 7. Click destination = topbottom. 8. Click move.
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All elements that were previously in the tmp component are moved to the topbottom component. 9. Click return. 10. Select the delete panel on the Tool page. 11. Click the input collector switch and select comps. 12. Click comps and select the tmp component. 13. Click return. 14. Click delete. The tmp component is deleted. 15. Click return.
To add a material and a ShellSection property to the side component: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the card image subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type and select comps. 4. Double-click name = and select side. 5. Click card image and select Part. 6. Click load/edit. 7. Double-click SID and select side_prop. 8. Click in the area below Comment and enter Elements on the side of the rail. 9. Note that the value below ELFORM is the same as the value for ELFORM in the Shell section property (in this case in the property component side). 10. Click return. 11. Click return.
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In this section, define a multiple self-impacting contact of type 13. To define the group: 1. Select the interfaces panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click name = and enter self_impact. 4. Click type = and select SingleSurface. 5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. 6. Click card image = and select SingleSurface. 7. Click interface color and select color 5. 8. Click create/edit. 9. Click the switch below options and select Automatic. The contact type in the card previewer window changes to 13. 10. Click return.
To add the slave components: 1. Select the add subpanel. 2. Click the switch under slave and select comps. You can specify the contact members by their component ID. 3. Click comps and select the components side and topbottom. 4. Click select. 5. Click return. 6. Click update. 7. Click return.
In this section, define a master slave (element - node) contact of type 5. To define the group: 1. Select the interfaces panel. 2. Select the create subpanel.
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3. Click name = and enter masterslave. 4. Click type = and select NodesToSurface. 5. Click card image = and select NodesToSurface. 6. Click create/edit. 7. Click the switch under Options and select Automatic. 8. Click return.
To add the master elements and slave nodes: 1. Select the add subpanel. 2. Click the switch under master and select entity. 3. Click the switch under slave and select entity. 4. Click elems and pick two arbitrary elements. 5. Click the upper add. 6. Click nodes and pick two arbitrary nodes. 7. Click the lower add. 8. Click return.
To create a node as base node for the rigid wall: 1. Select the create nodes panel on the Geom page. 2. Select the type in subpanel. 3. Set x = -1.0, y = 0.0, and z = 0.00116. 4. Click create node. 5. Click return.
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1. Select the rigid walls panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click name = and enter rwall1. 4. Click type = and select RWPlanar. 5. Click the switch under creation method and select card image. 6. Click card image = and select RWPlanar. 7. Click rgdwall color and select color 12. 8. Click size = and enter 100. This controls only the size of the displayed Rigid Wall on the screen. 9. Click create/edit.
To define the rigid wall type: 1. Click in the data entry field under FRIC and enter 0.3 for the friction coefficient. 2. Click return.
To define rigid wall geometry: 1. Select the geom subpanel. 2. Click name = and select rwall1. 3. Select the switch after shape and select plane. 4. Click the toggle to infinite. 5. Click the switch under normal vector and choose x-axis. 6. Click base node, and then pick the node you just created in the graphics area. You may need to click f in the permanent menu to see the node. 7. Click update to create the rigid wall geometry.
To add slave nodes for rigid wall: 1. Select the add subpanel. 2. Click the switch under slaves and select nodes. 3. Click nodes and select by id.
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4. Enter 1-21 after id = and press the ENTER key on the keyboard. 5. Delete the previous selection and enter node 1012 as input and press the ENTER key on the keyboard. 6. Click add.
To add a motion to the rigid wall: 1. Select the motion subpanel. 2. Click the switch and select components. 3. Click x comp = and give 2000.0 as value. 4. Click the switch under type of motion and select velocity. 5. Click update.
To define attributes in the card previewer: 1. Select the card subpanel. 2. Click edit. 3. Click the data field under mass and enter 1. 4. Make sure that the IMSWF is switched off; then the velocity is defined as initial velocity and you are able to specify the mass of the stonewall. 5. Click return. 6. Click return. NOTE The card previewer of the rigid wall changed accordingly to the definitions been made. If the IMSWF is switched on in HyperMesh you can define the stonewall movement with a loadcurve.
To create a load collector: 1. Select the collectors panel. 2. Select the create subpanel.
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3. Click the switch after collector type and select loadcols. 4. Click name = and enter bounc. 5. Click color and select color15. 6. Click create. 7. Click return.
To specify the load type: 1. Select the load types panel on the BCs page. 2. Click constraint = and choose BoundSPC. All constraints that are now created will be displacement boundary conditions. 3. Click return.
To create constraints on nodes: 1. Turn off the display of groups: Click display on the permanent menu. Click the upper switch and select groups. Click none. Click return. 2. Select the constraints panel on the BCs page. 3. Select the create subpanel. 4. Double-click nodes and select by id. 5. Enter 990-1011 as the node numbers. 6. Press ENTER on the keyboard. 7. Click create. The constraints are now added to all nodes. 8. Click return.
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create time histories for both. The method is the same for any type of time history you create.
To create a node time history card: 1. Turn off display of loads: Click the display panel from the permanent menu. Choose the switch next to groups and select loadcols. Click none. Click return to access the main menu. 2. Select the output block panel from the BCs page. 3. Click name = and enter nodeth. 4. Make sure that nodes is the entity type, if not, use the toggle button to switch. 5. With your mouse, select a few nodes in the graphics area. 6. Click create. The Time History for nodes is now created.
To create an element time history card: 1. Click name = and enter elemth. 2. Click the input collector switch and select elems. 3. Pick a few elements in the graphics area. 4. Click create.
To review time histories entities: 1. Click review. 2. Select elemth. The entities associated with this time history are now highlighted. 3. Click return to access the main menu.
To create a node time history card: 1. Click card on the permanent menu. 2. Click the switch and select outputblocks .
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3. Click elemth. 4. Click select. 5. Click edit. The time history card is displayed as it will look in the output. 6. Click return. 7. Click return.
To create the cross section. 1. Select the interfaces on page BCs. 2. Select the create menu. 3. Click name = and enter cross-sect1. 4. Click type = and select CrossSection. 5. Click card image and select CrossSection also. 6. Click create. 7. Select the add menu. 8. Use the toggle button below master: to select the selection type sets. 9. Click sets in the yellow area and select cross_ele. 10. Click select. 11. Click return.
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12. Click update. 13. Make sure that the selection type for the slaves is entity. 14. Click nodes and select the nodes with the mouse which describe the section. 15. Click add. 16. Click return.
To export a LS-DYNA3D file: 1. Select files from the main menu. 2. Select the export sub-panel. 3. Make sure that the template = field still shows the dyna.lrg file. 4. Click filename = once, and enter the name of the LS-DYNA3D file you will create: rail.bdf 5. Click write. HyperMesh writes the deck, and it displays a message once it is complete. 6. Click return to access the main menu.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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4. Select the rail.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the rail.hm file. 5. Click retrieve. 6. Click return to access the main menu.
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input deck. NOTE The settings of the control cards influence the default values for defining materials. No PAM-CRASH deck can be executed without error if the control card CTRL is undefined.
To define the title card: 1. Select the cntl cards panel on the BCs page. 2. Click Title and enter This is my first PAM-CRASH example. 3. Click return.
To define the control card: 1. Click Control. 2. Below TIME, enter the value 0.06. 3. Below TIOD, enter the value 0.005. 4. Below PIOD, enter the value 0.005. 5. Click the box below MORE and select 1 from the pop-up menu. 6. Click return.
To define the file optional keyword: 1. Click File Name. 2. Below FILENAME, enter rail. 3. Click return.
To define the time step optional keyword: 1. Click next. 2. Click Time Step. 3. Click the switch below Shell Criteria and select LARGE from the pop-up menu. 4. Click the switch below Thickness Term and select BEND from the pop-up menu. 5. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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To edit the SHELL card properties in the card previewer: 1. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click the upper left switch and select elems from the extended entity selection menu. 3. Click config = and select quad4 from the pop-up menu. 4. Click type = and select SHELL from the pop-up menu. 5. Select any displayed element and click edit. The SHELL card now appears in the card previewer. The number of integration points through the thickness NINT and the optional thickness T are defined here. If no thickness is entered, the thickness of the material defined in the component is used. 6. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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Elements are located in a component (beam, bar, joint, shell). The template takes the component ID as material ID. The card image type of the collector defines the material as 1-D material, 2-D material, or 3-D material. To define a Material Type 102 for collector side: 1. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the card image subpanel. 3. Click the switch and select comps from the pop-up window. 4. Click name = twice and select side. 5. Click card image = and select MAT_2D from the pop-up menu. NOTE The template provides MAT_1D, MAT_2D, and MAT_3D dictionaries. Material types from 200 to 230 are defined with MAT_1D. Materials types from 100 to 151 are defined with MAT_2D. Material types from 1 to 41 are defined with MAT_3D. To switch the material type, use the card previewer.
6. Click load/edit. 7. Click the switch below Material Type and select Type 102 from the pop-up menu. NOTE Only the materials of the current dictionary (1-D, 2-D, 3-D) can be selected. The ID of the material is given by HyperMesh with the component ID.
8. Below density, enter the value 7.85e-9. NOTE You can use the TAB or SHIFT TAB key on the keyboard to go to the next or previous edit field.
9. Below TITLE, enter This is the side material. 10. Below E, enter the value 20000. 11. Below Yield, enter the value 250. 12. Below v, enter the value 0.3. 13. Below t, enter the value 2.
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To define a Material Type 102 for collector topbottom: 1. Select the create subpanel. 2. Click name = and enter topbottom. 3. Click the switch below creation method: and select same as from the pop-up menu. 4. Click same as = and select side. 5. Click color and select Color 10 from the pop-up menu. 6. Click create/edit. All attributes of the card image from the side material are automatically copied into the current component.
7. Below t, enter the value 2.5. 8. Below Title, enter This is the topbottom material. 9. Select LARGE_FMT. NOTE The card previewer of the components allows you to change between the MAT and the large material format MATER.
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10. Click return twice to access the main menu. NOTE The created component topbottom now is empty. We will now move the elements of the component tmp into the component topbottom.
To reorganize the elements: 1. Select the organize panel on any main menu page. 2. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. 3. Click elems and select by comps from the extended entity selection menu. 4. Select tmp. 5. Click select. 6. Click destination = and select topbottom. 7. Click move. All elements of the component tmp are moved to the component topbottom. Note that the color of the elements has changed from orange to green. 8. Click return.
To delete the component tmp: 1. Select the delete panel on the Tool page. 2. Click the switch and select comps from the extended entity selection menu. 3. Click comps and select tmp. 4. Click return. 5. Click delete. The component tmp is now deleted. 6. Click return to access the main menu.
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5. Click interface color and select Color 6. 6. Click create/edit. 7. Below SLFACM, enter the value 1.0. 8. Select Comment. 9. Below Comment, enter This is the selfimpact interface. 10. Click return.
To add the slave components: 1. Select the add subpanel. 2. Click name = twice and select self_impact. 3. Click the switch below slave: and select comps from the pop-up menu. 4. Click comps twice and select side and topbottom. 5. Click return. 6. Click update. If update is not clicked, no changes to the previous definition are made. No changes are made to the graphics window, because the master and slave component list is not displayed.
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NOTE
If you edit this interface with the card previewer, the master and slave set and component definition are not shown; however, they are still defined in the add subpanel.
7. Click return to access the main menu. The procedure below explains how to define a type 34 master slave (element - node) contact. To define the group: 1. Select the interfaces panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click name = and enter masterslave. 4. Click type = and select SLINT34 from the pop-up menu. Note that the card image is updated simultaneously. 5. Click interface color and select Color 13. 6. Click create/edit. 7. Below SLFACM , enter the value 1.0. 8. Click return.
To add the master elements and slave nodes: 1. Select the add subpanel. NOTE The add subpanel now appears with different options. The template specifies what group type is available with the different interfaces, such as SLINT26 or with SLINT34. Possibilities are: (1) master and slave elements, (2) master elements and slave nodes, (3) slave elements, and (4) slave nodes.
2. Click the switch below master: and select entity from the pop-up menu. 3. Click the switch below slave: and select entity from the pop-up menu. 4. After master:, click elems to highlight the box with the blue input cursor. 5. Select two elements on the model. 6. Click the upper right add. 7. After slave:, click nodes to highlight the box with the blue input cursor. 8. Select two nodes on the model.
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9. Click the lower right add. 10. Click return to access the main menu. You should now see the master elements (elements with x) and the slave nodes (S) displayed on the model.
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4. After Y =, enter the value 0.0. 5. After Z =, enter the value 0.00116. 6. Click create node. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To create and define the rigid wall card: 1. Select the rigid walls panel on the BCs page. 2. Select the create subpanel. 3. Click name = and enter rwall1. 4. Click type = and select RIGWA from the pop-up menu. NOTE You can switch between the PAM 97 RIGWA and the PAM 98 RWALL card by choosing different types: RIGWA or RWALL.
5. Click rgdwall color and select Color 12. 6. Click size = and enter the value 100. This specifies the display size of the rigid wall. 7. Click create.
To define rigid wall geometry: 1. Select the geom subpanel. 2. Click name = twice and select rwall1. 3. Click the switch after shape = and select plane from the pop-up menu. 4. Click the toggle after shape = and select infinite. 5. Click the switch below normal vector: and select x-axis from the pop-up menu. 6. Click base node to highlight the box with the blue input cursor. 7. Select the created node in the graphics area. You may need to click f on the permanent menu to see the node. 8. Click update. The rigid wall is now shown in the graphics area. To add slave nodes for the rigid wall:
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1. Select the add subpanel. 2. Click the switch below slaves: and choose nodes from the pop-up menu. 3. Click nodes twice and select by id from the extended entity selection menu. 4. Enter the value 1-21. Note that 21 nodes at the interface of the rail and the rigid wall are highlighted. Also note that one of the nodes was not selected. 5. Click the node that was not highlighted. or Enter the value 1012 in the by id field. 6. Click add. The selected nodes are now set as slaves.
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To add motion to the rigid wall: 1. Select the motion subpanel. 2. Click the switch below name = and select components from the pop-up menu. 3. Click x comp = and enter the value 1.0. 4. Click the switch below type of motion: and select velocity from the pop-up menu. 5. Click update.
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To define attributes in the card previewer: 1. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click the switch and select groups from the extended entity selection menu. 3. Click groups and select rwall1. 4. Click return. 5. Click edit. 6. Click the switch below Friction Coefficient and select no sliding from the pop-up menu. 7. Click the switch below Rigid Wall Descriptor Plane Type and select Type 4 from the pop-up menu. NOTE The card previewer of the rigid wall changed according to the definitions made. Now it is possible to define the mass and the initial velocity for moving rigid wall with finite mass.
8. Below Mass, enter the value 1. 9. Below Vinit, enter the value 2000.0. 10. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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To specify the load type: 1. Select the load types panel from the BCs page. 2. Click constraint = and choose BOUNC from the pop-up menu. All constraints that are now created will be displacement boundary conditions. 3. Click return to access the main menu.
To create constraints on nodes: 1. Select the display panel on the permanent menu 2. Click the upper right switch and select groups from the pop-up menu. 3. Click none. The display of groups is now off. 4. Click return to access the main menu. 5. Select the constraints panel from the BCs page.
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6. Select the create subpanel. 7. Click nodes and select by id from the pop-up menu. 8. Enter the value 990-1011. 9. Click size = and enter the value 10. 10. Click create. The constraints are now added to the nodes. 11. Click return to access the main menu.
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To create a node time history card: 1. Select the display panel on the permanent menu 2. Click the upper right switch and select loadcols from the pop-up menu. 3. Click none. The display of loads is now off. 4. Click return. 5. Select the output block panel from the BCs page. 6. Click name = and enter node_thp. 7. Click the switch and select nodes from the pop-up menu. 8. Use the mouse to select a few nodes in the graphics area. 9. Click create. The time history for nodes is now created. To create an element time history card: 1. Click name = and enter elem_thp. 2. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. 3. Use the mouse to select a few elements in the graphics area. 4. Click create.
To review time histories entities: 1. Click review. 2. Select elem_thp. The entities associated with this time history are highlighted. 3. Click return to access the main menu.
To view the time history card image: 1. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click the switch and select outputblocks from the pop-up menu. 3. Click outputblocks.
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4. Select elem_thp. 5. Click return. 6. Click edit. The time history card is displayed as it will look in the output. 7. Click return twice to access the main menu.
Create a Function
This section describes how to generate curves, which corresponds to the function cards FUNCT and LOCUR in PAM-CRASH. This curve should serve as a function for a logical sensor switching on and off. At time=0, the sensor is on, at time=0.01 the sensor is switched off. To create a curve: 1. Select the xy plots panel from the Post page. 2. Click plots. 3. Click plot = and enter sensor. 4. Click create plot. 5. Click return. 6. Click edit curves. 7. Select the create subpanel. 8. Click plot = and select sensor. 9. Select math. 10. After x =, enter {0, 0.01, 0.1}. 11. After y =, enter {1, 0, 0}. 12. Click create.
9. Select COMMENT. 10. Below Comment, enter This is a logical function sensor. 11. Click the switch below Sensor type and select logical function switch from the pop-up menu. 12. Click LCS twice and select curve1. 13. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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All files referenced in the HyperMesh tutorials are located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. If you do not know the location of the HyperWorks installation directory, contact your systems administrator.
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rail_crash.hm.
To load the RADIOSS template: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click template file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 3. Select the radioss31.fix template, located in the HyperMesh installation directory under /radioss/radioss31.fix/. HyperMesh returns to the global panel. Note that template file = now displays the location of the radioss31.fix template. 4. Click return to access the main menu.
To define material data: 1. Select the collectors panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the card image subpanel. 3. Click the switch after collector type: and select mats from the pop-up menu. 4. Click name = twice and select steel. 5. Click card image = and select MLAW2 from the pop-up menu.
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This is the RADIOSS material. 6. Click load/edit. 7. Below Title, enter steel. 8. Below RHO_1, enter the value 7.8e-06. This is the density. 9. Below E, enter the value 2e5. This is the Youngs modulus. 10. Below nu, enter the value .3. This is the Poissons ratio. The material properties are now edited. 11. Click return to access the collectors panel. The material data is now defined.
To create and define property data: 1. Select the create subpanel. 2. Click the switch after collector type: and select props from the pop-up menu. 3. Click name = and enter rail_prop. 4. Click the switch below creation method: and select card image from the pop-up menu. 5. Click card image = and select SectSHEL from the pop-up menu. The RADIOSS property is now selected. NOTE It is not necessary to specify material in this panel when using the RADIOSS template.
6. Click create/edit. 7. Below Title, enter rail property. 8. Below Thick, enter the value 1.0.
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The property data is now defined. 9. Click return to access the collectors panel.
To define components: 1. Select the card image subpanel. 2. Click the switch after collector type: and select comps from the pop-up menu. 3. Click name = twice and select rail. 4. Click card image = and select Part from the pop-up menu. 5. Click load/edit. NOTE Although not a RADIOSS card, this allows you to control which property is associated with a component. RADIOSS does not have a component concept such as HyperMesh, so this card was created to bridge the gap. This card will not be output, but element data associated with this component will reflect the MATNUM (material ID) and IPID (property ID) shown here.
6. Click IPID twice and select rail_prop. This selects the property that was created and defined earlier. 7. Click return twice to access the main menu. The component data is now defined.
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NOTE
8. Click return to access the interfaces panel. We will now add master elements to the model. 9. Select the add subpanel. 10. Click name = twice and select int1. 11. Click the switch below master and select entity from the pop-up menu.
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NOTE
For the RADIOSS template, only entity, sets, or all are valid for element definitions.
12. Click the upper elems box and select all from the extended entity selection menu. You can also select elements individually or with any other option on the extended entity selection menu. 13. Click the upper right add. Master interface elements are created on each structure element. We will now add slave elements to the model. 14. Click the switch below slave and select entity from the pop-up menu. 15. Click the lower elems box twice and select all from the extended entity selection menu. 16. Click the lower right add. Slave interface elements are created on each structure element.
NOTE
Slave and master elements are added to all structure elements in order to define the model for self contact.
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6. Click size = and enter the value 100. This controls the size of the displayed rigid wall on the screen when it is created. 7. Click create. The rigid wall group is now created. We will now define the rigid wall geometry. 8. Select the geom subpanel. 9. Ensure that rwall1 is displayed after name =. 10. Click the upper right switch and select plane from the pop-up menu. 11. Click the toggle and select infinite. 12. Click the switch below normal vector: and select x-axis from the pop-up menu. 13. Press F8 on the keyboard to select the create nodes panel. 14. Create a node at (900,0,0). 15. Click return to access the rigid walls panel. 16. Click base node to highlight the box with the blue input cursor. 17. Select the created node in the graphics area. You may need to click f on the permanent menu to see the node. 18. Click update. The rigid wall geometry is now created. We will now add slave nodes for the rigid wall. 19. Select the add subpanel. 20. Click the switch below slaves and select nodes from the pop-up menu.
NOTE
Only nodes, sets, or all are supported for the RADIOSS template.
21. Click the yellow nodes box twice and select all from the extended entity selection menu. 22. Click add. We will now edit the RADIOSS rigid wall card.
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Rigid wall.
23. Select the card subpanel. 24. Ensure rwall1 is displayed after name =. 25. Ensure that RigidWall is displayed after card image =. 26. Click edit. 27. Below Xm, enter the value 900. 28. Below Ym, enter the value 0.0.
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29. Below Zm, enter the value 0.0. These are the coordinates of the base point that was used to create the rigid wall. 30. Below Xm1, enter the value 901. 31. Below Ym1, enter the value 0.0. 32. Below Zm1, enter the value 0.0. The above values are the direction of the normal. 33. Click return twice to access the main menu.
NOTE
There are no card images associated with loadcols for the RADIOSS template.
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To specify the load type: 1. Select the load types panel on the BCs page. 2. Click velocity = and select PrcrcbVel from the pop-up menu. All velocities now created are initial velocities.
NOTE
To create velocities on nodes: 1. Select the display panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click the upper right switch and select groups from the pop-up menu. 3. Click none. The display of groups is now turned off. 4. Click return to access the main menu. 5. Select the velocities panel on the BCs page. 6. Select the create subpanel. 7. Click view on the permanent menu and select left. The left side of the model is displayed. 8. Click nodes and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. 9. Use the mouse to draw a window around the nodes on the far left end of the rail. 10. Click select entities. 11. Click magnitude = and enter the value 1000. 12. Click the lower left switch and select x-axis from the pop-up menu.
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13. Click create. The velocity is now added to all nodes. 14. Click return to access the main menu.
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4. Click return to access the main menu. 5. Select the output block panel on the BCs page. 6. Click name = and enter nodeth. 7. Use the mouse to select a few nodes in the graphics area. 8. Click create. The time history for nodes is now created. To create an element time history card: 1. Click name = and enter elemth. 2. Click the switch and select elems from the pop-up menu. 3. Use the mouse to select a few elements in the graphics area. 4. Click create.
To review time histories entities: 1. Click review. 2. Select elemth. The entities associated with this time history are now highlighted. 3. Click return to access the main menu.
To view a time history card image: 1. Select the card panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click the switch and select outputblocks from the pop-up menu. 3. Click outputblocks. 4. Select elemth. 5. Click select. 6. Click edit. The time history card is now displayed as it will look in the output. 7. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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2. Click HeaderCard. 3. Below RUNAME, enter a name for the file. 4. Click return. Repeat this procedure for any other cards you wish to update.
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1. Click delete. 2. Select the control card you want to reset. The card changes colors from green to grey. To suppress control card data from being written: 1. Click disable. 2. Select the control card you wish to suppress. The color changes from green to red. To reactivate the control card: 1. Click enable. 2. Select the card you want to restore. The color changes from red back to green. To define a control card in order to export a RADIOSS file: 1. Click TimeHistory_1. 2. Click return twice to access the main menu.
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File export.
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Using the Fatigue Panel to Export Data and Write an nSOFT Input Deck
In this tutorial, retrieve the file keyhole.hm. This file contains a finite element (FE) model -for which an analysis has already been conducted- to obtain the stress/strain information for durability loads of interest.
To retrieve the file for this tutorial: 1. Select the files panel on any main menu page. 2. Select the hm file subpanel. 3. Click file = twice. HyperMesh displays a list of the files and subdirectories in the current directory. Directory names are followed by a slash. 4. Select the keyhole.hm file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 5. HyperMesh returns to the files panel. Note that file = now displays the location of the keyhole.hm file. 6. Click retrieve. 7. Click return to access the main menu.
To load the results file: 1. Select the global panel on the permanent menu. 2. Click results file = twice. 3. Select the keyhole.res file, located in the HyperWorks installation directory under /tutorials/hm/. 4. Click return.
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2. Click the upper left toggle and select linear statics. Results contained in keyhole.res were obtained from linear statics analysis. NOTE Select the transient dynamic option if a dynamic finite element analysis was used to obtain the stress/strain results for the model.
3. Click the lower left toggle and select ascii. NOTE Select the binary option if the fatigue solver allows a binary input file. For more information on fatigue solvers and acceptable input file formats, please see the fatigue panel in the Panels On-line Help. 4. Click output file = and enter a name for the output file. This file becomes the input file for the fatigue solver. 5. Click data group = and select any of the data groups that you want to write to the output file. The data groups are organized based on whether nodal or elemental results are available in the results file. NOTE For more information on how HyperMesh organizes the analysis results available in the results file, please see the fatigue panel in the Panels On-line Help.
6. Click the switch under select simulation: and select all. This specifies the data in the results file that is written to the output file. In this case, selecting all writes the stress/strain data for the selected nodes or elements for all loadcases represented in keyhole.res. NOTE For a linear static analysis you can write out stress/strain information from one , or all of the simulations. For a transient dynamic analysis you can write out stress/strain information , for one or all of the time steps, or you can choose a range from the starting time step to the ending time step. For more information, see the fatigue panel in the Panels On-line Help.
The next step is to select the entities for which the finite element analysis results file is written.
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NOTE
The type of entity you select is based upon the data group you selected. Select nodes if the data group you selected refers to nodal results. Similarly, select elements if the data group you selected refers to elemental results. If the data group results and the entity type are not the same, HyperMesh displays an error message, Results file doesnt contain nodal values.
7. Click the entity input collector switch and select elems. 8. Click elems and select by window from the extended entity selection menu. 9. Draw the window as shown in the figure below.
10. Click interior. 11. Click select entities. 12. Click write. An ascii file is written to your directory. You can read this file into the appropriate fatigue solver to complete the fatigue analysis.
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