GSM Fundamentals 2011 For Beginners

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Chapter 1 GSM System Overview Chapter 2 Features of GSM Chapter 3 GSM Network Structure Chapter 4 Service Area and Number Planning Chapter 5 Handover and Frequency hopping Chapter 6 Location Update Chapter 7 Propagation Mechanisms Chapter 8 GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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GSM system overview

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GSM system overview

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GSM system overview

CELLULAR TELEPHONY

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GSM History and Overview
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Cell Definitions
Macro Cell and Micro Cell

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Multiple Access Technique

FDD-TDMA
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FDMA
Frequency
Time
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TDMA
Frequency
Time
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CDMA
Frequency
Time
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Frequency Spectrum
GSM 900

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Frequency Spectrum
Extended GSM(EGSM)

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Frequency Spectrum
DCS 1800

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Frequency Spectrum
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Features of GSM
INCREASED CAPACITY

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Features of GSM
AUDIO QUALITY

USE OF STANDARDISED OPEN INTERFACES

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Features of GSM
IMPROVED SECURITY AND CONFIDENTIALITY

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Features of GSM
CLEANER HANDOVERS

SUBSCRIBER IDENTIFICATION

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Features of GSM
ENHANCED RANGE OF SERVICES

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Features of GSM
FREQUENCY REUSE

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Frequency Reuse
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Cell Types
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GSM-GPRS Network Component
SS7
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Interface Between Different Entities
SS7
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Mobile StationMS

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Mobile StationMS
CLASS POWER OUTPUT

1 2 3 4 5 20W 8W 5W 2W 0.8W
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Base Station Subsystem-BSS
The Base Station Controller
BSC
The Base Transceiver Station
BTS
The Trans-coder TC and Sub
multiplexer (SM)
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Base Station Subsystem-BSS

Transcoder (XCDR) or Remote transcoder (RXCDR) . Base Station Controller (BSC). Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) assigned to the BSC.
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Transcoder

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Transcoder
BSC
Transcoded information from four calls
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Base Station Controller-BSC

Controls the BTS components.Performs Call Processing. Performs Operations and Maintenance (O & M). Provides the O & M link (OML) between the BSS and the OMC. Provides the A Interface between the BSS and the MSC. Manages the radio channels. Transfers signaling information to and from MSs.
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Base Tran receiver Station-BTS

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BTS Connectivity
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Packet Control Unit - PCU
Packet data switching Bridge between SGSN
and BSC
Provide Pb and Gb
interface
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Network Switching System
Mobile-service Switching Center Home Location Register Visitor Location Register Equipment Identity Register Authentication Center Echo Cancellor
MSC HLR VLR EIR AUC EC

Mobile-service Switching Center - MSC

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Home Location Register - HLR

Subscribers ID (IMSI and MSISDN ) Current subscriber VLR. Supplementary services subscribed to. Supplementary services information (eg. Current forwarding address ). Authentication key and AUC functionality. TMSI and MSRN
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Visitor Location Register -VLR

Mobile status ( Busy / Free / No answer etc. ) Location Area Identity ( LAI ) Temporary Mobile Subscribers Identity ( TMSI ) Mobile Station Roaming Number ( MSRN )
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Authentication Centre - AUC

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Equipment Identity Register - EIR
White List: All Valid
assigned IDs
Black List: Service
allowed but noted

Grey List: Service
denied
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Operation and maintenance Centre for Radio OMC-R

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OMC Functional Architecture
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Different Interfaces in GSM
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Terrestrial Interface

2 Mb/s Signaling System (C7 or SS7) Packet Switched Data Abis using the LAPD protocol (Link Access Procedure D )
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Interface Names
NAME
INTERFACE
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2 Mbits/s Trunk 30-Channel PCM

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Service Area
......
cell cell
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LAI
The LAI is the international code for a location area MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits . For example: The MCC of China is "460" MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits . For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00" LAC: Location Area Code It is a two bytes hex code. The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid. For example: 460-00-0011
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CGI
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell The format is LAI+CI LAI: Location Area Identification CI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to the cells within an LAI. For example : 460-00-0011-0001
identify
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BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. It allows various neighboring PLMNs to be distinguished. BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used to distinguish different cells assigned the same frequency!
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MSISDN
CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86". NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135. SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCD Example: 86-139-0666-1234
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IMSI
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TMSI
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber
authentication.
The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbers and
notifies them to the HLR.

TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile subscriber
on the air interface is kept secret.

The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) and determined by
the operator.
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IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC
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Handover
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Handover

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Handover
MS END

Serving cell downlink quality (bit error rate (BER) estimate. Serving cell downlink received signal level, and six best neighbor cells downlink received signal level.
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Handover
BTS END

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Handover Types
BSC
Call is handed from timeslot 3 to timeslot 5
BTS

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Intra-BSC Handover
BSC1
BTS1
Call is handed from timeslot 3 of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2 . Both the cells are controlled by the same BSC.
.
Inter-BSC Handover
BSC1
BTS1 MSC
Call is handed from timeslot of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2 Both the cells are controlled by the different BSC.
BSC2
BTS2
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Inter-MSC Handover
MSC1
BSS1 BTS1
Call is handed from timeslot 3 of cell1 to timeslot 1 of cell2 . Both the cells are controlled by the different BSC, each BSC being controlled by different MSC
MSC2
BSS2 BTS2
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Frequency Hopping
M OT O R OL A
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Introduction to Frequency Hopping

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Introduction to Frequency Hopping
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Increased immunity to Fading

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Increased immunity to Fading

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Types of Hopping
Base Band Hopping (BBH)

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Types of Hopping
Synthesiser Frequency Hopping (SFH)

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Location Update

3 digits
1-2 digits
Max 16 bits
MCC
MCC MNC LAC
MNC
LAC
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Location Update Types

Normal location update Periodic location update IMSI attach
Normal Location Update
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IMSI Attach

Periodic Location Update

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Propagation Mechanisms
Reflection

Diffraction (Shadowing)

Scattering

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Multipath

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Multipath
Multipath Propagation

Multipath causes three major things

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What is Fading?

Large scale fading component
Small scale fading component
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Rayleigh fading

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Ricean fading

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Diversity

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Need of Diversity

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Kind of Diversity
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Interference
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Effects of Interference

Source of Interference

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TYPES OF INTERFERENCE
Co-channel interference Adjacent channel interference
Co-Channel Interference

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Adjacent-Channel Interference

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General packet radio service-GPRS

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Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution

Characteristics

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GSM Development Evolution

2Mbps 384kbps 115 kbps 57.6 kbps 9.6 kbps GSM HSCSD GPRS EDGE IMT-2000
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GSM system overview

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GSM system overview

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GSM system overview

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GSM History and Overview

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Multiple Access Technique

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USE OF STANDARDISED OPEN INTERFACES

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GSM-GPRS Network Component

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