Bridge Substructure

Abutments
MAB1053 Bridge Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering, UTM
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Subtructures

Substructures may be classified as %end su&&orts' or %intermediate su&&orts', according to t(eir &osition along a bridge) End su&&orts can be abutment *alls *it( associated *ing *alls for closed side s&ans, and eit(er skeleton abutments or bank seats for bridges *it( o&en side s&ans) +ntermediate su&&orts are t(e &iers and columns in all bridges *it( more t(an one s&an)
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Bridge Abutments

Current &ractice is to make decks integral *it( t(e abutments) T(e ob,ective is to avoid t(e use of ,oints over abutments and &iers) E-&ansion ,oints are &rone to leak and allo* t(e ingress of corrosion agents into t(e bridge deck and substructure) +n general all bridges are made continuous over intermediate su&&orts and decks under .m long *it( ske*s not e-ceeding $!/ are made integral *it( t(eir abutments)
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Bridge Abutments

Usually t(e narro* bridge is c(ea&er in t(e o&en abutment form and t(e *ide bridge is c(ea&er in t(e solid abutment form) T(e e-act transition &oint bet*een t(e t*o ty&es de&ends very muc( on t(e geometry and t(e site of t(e &articular bridge) +n most cases t(e o&en abutment solution (as a better a&&earance and is less intrusive on t(e general flo* of t(e ground contours and for t(ese reasons is to be &referred) +t is t(e cost of t(e *ing *alls *(en related to t(e deck costs *(ic( s*ings t(e balance of cost in favour of t(e solid abutment solution for *ider bridges) 0o*ever t(e *ider bridges *it( solid abutments &roduce a tunneling effect and costs (ave to be considered in con,unction *it( t(e &ro&er functioning of t(e structure *(ere fast traffic is &assing beneat()

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Bridge Abutments

Solid abutments for narro* bridges s(ould only be ado&ted *(ere t(e o&en abutment solution is not &ossible) +n t(e case of *ide bridges t(e o&en abutment solution is to be &referred, but t(ere are many cases *(ere economy must be t(e overriding consideration)

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1&en Abutments

A bridge constructed at e-isting ground level to s&an across a road in cutting may need only nominal bank seats if good foundation strata are available at s(allo* de&t(s) T(is may give rise to &roblems *(ere negative reactions are likely to develo&)

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1&en Abutments

S&ill2t(roug( or skeleton abutments are suitable *(ere s&read footings are needed at a level *ell belo* a bank seat) +t is often advantageous to design a footing to offset t(e foundations in relation to t(e bearings, because t(e &ermanent (orizontal loading s(ifts t(e reaction)
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3arious Ty&es of 1&en Abutments

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4iled Foundation

5(ere load2bearing strata are at considerable de&t( belo* t(e bank seat level, &iled foundations (ave to be used)
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5all Abutments

Mass Concrete

Cantilever

Mass concrete is economic for small (eig(ts, suc( as *(ere (eadroom is less t(an t(at needed for ve(icular traffic) Cantilever is sim&le to form but demanding (ig( concentration of reinforcement in t(e stem as (eig(t increases
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5all Abutments

Counterfort

Stub Counterfort

Counterfort and Stub Counterfort abutments) 6educes *eig(t of reinforcement com&ared *it( cantilever, but calls for more com&le- s(uttering)
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0ollo* Abutment

For (ig( abutments on slo&ing ground, t(is construction offers advantages over (eavy counterfort construction)
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1t(er Ty&es of 5all Abutments

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C(oice of Abutments
Wall Abutments

T(ese are normally designed as a reinforced concrete cantilever fi-ed along t(e base slab) Strutted abutments may be used for s7uare bridges u& to #8m s&an, *(ere advantage is taken of t(e &ro&&ing action of t(e deck to relieve t(e foundation &ressure under t(e toe of t(e footing) Backfilling to t(ese *alls is generally selected granular material and eart( &ressures are often assessed on t(e basis of an e7uivalent fluid density) Ty&ical details 9 a: 5all (eig(t ; from "m to <m b: 5all t(ickness ; !)=m to #)#m
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C(oice of Abutments
Skeleton Abutments
T(is ty&e of end su&&ort consists of transverse cill beam across one or more buried columns carrying t(e loads do*n to a base) +t can be used *(ere t(e road over a bridge is on embankment and a suitable foundation can be obtained near t(e &revious e-isting ground level) Ty&ical details 9 Columns s&aced at $)"m center and directly under deck bearings *(ere &ossible to avoid large bending moments in t(e cill beam) Columns &laced at ends of t(e cill beam since *ing *alls are cantilevered (orizontally from eac( end) T(e rear face of a column is usually vertical and t(e front face battered at #9. since eac( column is designed to act as a vertical cantilever from t(e continuous based slab and (orizontal loads (ave a large effect)
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C(oice of Abutments
Bank Seats

+f t(e road over a bridge is at or near to e-isting ground level, t(en a bank seat may be sited at ground level after eit(er a s a sim&le base or carried on &iles) A bank seat carried on &iles driven t(roug( fill is usually &referable to a skeleton abutment carried on &iles at a lo*er level) T(e (eig(t of a bank seat is often only 82> metres so t(at it is &ossible to em&loy mass concrete *all sections) 5(ere t(e foundation level is above t(e level of a nearby o&en surface, a sli& circle analysis s(ould be made to c(eck t(e stability of t(e bank slo&e)
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C(oice of Abutments
Wing Walls T(ese *alls are included at all end su&&orts in order to contain t(e immediate areas of back2fill) T(ere are t*o basic ty&es to be considered and t(e c(oice is normally made on &urely structural or economic reasons) 0orizontal cantilevered *all ; t(is ty&e is very economic since it re7uires a minimum amount of material and saves on e-cavation for additional footings) 3ertical cantilever free2standing *all ; t(is ty&e is similar to a normal retaining *all e-ce&t t(at (orizontal cantilever e-tensions are often used) T(ey are suitable beyond t(e lengt(s and ske* angles at *(ic( (orizontal cantilevered *alls become un&ractical) T(e main disadvantage is t(e large (eig(t of t(ese *alls and t(e amount of buried structure *(ic( causes t(e cost to become e-cessive)
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5ing 5alls

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5ing 5alls

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5ing 5alls

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Modes of Failure
T(e stability of an abutment s(ould be c(ecked for several modes of failure 9 Sliding failure 1verturning Foundation yield Sli& Circle Structural failure
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Abutments ; Modes of Failure

Sliding Failure
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Abutments ; Modes of Failure

Sliding Failure 6esisted by friction in granular soils or ad(esion in co(esive soils, aided by t(e &assive resistance of t(e soil in front of t(e toe) +f &ublic utilities are to install services in front of t(e *all, t(e location or de&t( of t(e trenc(es may invalidate t(e &assive resistance) Sliding resistance can be increased by incor&orating a (eel belo* t(e foundations) Factor of safety ? 8)! considering &assive resistance) @A6 use f)o)s ? #)" not considering &assive resistance)
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Abutments ; Modes of Failure

Foundation ield
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!verturning
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Abutments ; Modes of Failure

Foundation "ield Bbearing failure: ; &roduces similar effect to overturning !verturning ; +n &ractice overturning is usually associated *it( some yielding of t(e foundation, since t(is &roduces very (ig( &ressures under t(e front of t(e footing)
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Abutments ; Modes of Failure

Sli# Circle

Structural Failure
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Abutments ; Modes of Failure

Sli# Circle ; 1nly a &roblem in co(esive soils) Structural failure ; Failure can occur in t(e stem of t(e footing if an inade7uate section is &rovided Bdesign fault:) Factor of safety for reinforcement is &rovided in code) Substructure 9 nominal f)o)s) ? #)! B&iles:) Use &artial safety factors for material)
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Basic Com&onents of Abutment

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Forces on an Abutment

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Forces on an Abutment

$ead load due to t%e su#erstructure) 4ro&er dead load include self2*eig(t of beams and deck) Su&erim&osed dead load include &remi-, surfacing, services and railings etc) &ive load on t%e su#erstructure)

BS ">!! ; 0A UCD and 0C AED BS ">!! ; 0B B>" units: abnormal ve(icle load @A6 Standard ; s&ecial ve(icle BS3:

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Forces on an Abutment

Self'(eig%t of t%e abutment ; Com&onents of t(e abutment include main body, *ing *alls and a&&roac( slab) )raction force ; 0orizontal forces due to braking and acceleration of ve(icles) BS ">!! s&ecifies ma-imum traction force) @A6 &uts a ma-imum value of 8"$ kE)

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Forces on an Abutment

)em#erature variations ; E-&ansion and contraction due to tem&erature variation *ill induce force in t(e substructure) Substantial movements occur in steel bridges) T(e tem&erature induced movements or deflections give rise to forces *(ic( *ill be transferred to t(e abutments) Cree# and s%rinkage ; T(ese are time de&endent &ro&erties of concrete) For bot( cree& and s(rinkage, it is assumed B@A6 &ractice: t(at about "!F occurs after $ mont(s and about G (as taken &lace after . mont(s)
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Forces on an Abutment

Eart% #ressures ; T(e e7uivalent fluid conce&t B6ankine's or Coulomb's t(eory: is normally used for calculating t(e eart( &ressures on an abutment, but t(e selection of t(e a&&ro&riate intensity de&ends on t(e degree of restraint offered by t(e *all and t(e &articular calculation being considered) +n a situation *(ere a *all can move by tilting or sliding and t(e backfill is a free draining granular material, active &ressures are assumed) A common design a&&roac( is to use an e7uivalent fluid &ressure of "0 kE m8, *(ere t(e active coefficient, Aa is normally !)8") Modern com&action tec(ni7ue for &lacing t(e backfill material and t(e use of more rigid ty&e of construction (ave caused many designers to estimate design &ressures for t(e at2rest condition) T(e value of t(e eart( &ressure coefficient at2rest, Ao is often taken to be #)"28)! times t(e active coefficient, Aa)
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Forces on an Abutment

Surc%arge #ressure ; T(e effect of 0A and 0B loadings on t(e carriage*ay be(ind t(e abutment is arbitrarily treated as an additional surc(arge loading) T(e nominal values suggested in BS ">!! for live load surc(arge are #!kE m8 for 0A loading and 8!kE m8 for 0B loading) T(e *eig(t of granular material is assumed to be #<kE m$)

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Forces on an Abutment

Wind loading ; must be considered only for bridges *it( s&ans greater t(an 8!m) A ty&ical value for *ind s&eed of >! m&( is assumed for $!m s&an) Seismic loading ; T(ere *as only one case so far in #<.! of medium size disturbance) Dong s&an bridges suc( as 4enang Bridge include seismic loading consideration in t(e design)
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Forces on t(e Abutment

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Abutment BDoad Case #:

WA Self Weig%t during construction

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Abutment BDoad Case 8:

$& * +A 1,3 -S+B )r * Fstc * W -a

WA
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Abutment BDoad Case $:

$& * +B 1,3 -S+B )r * Fstc * W -a

WA
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Abutment BDoad Case >:

$& Fstc

WA
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Cesign Standards for Abutments

Britis% Standards BS ">!!9 4art 89 S&ecification for Doads BS ">!!9 4art >9 Code of 4ractice for t(e Cesign of Concrete Bridges BS H!!89 Code of 4ractice for Eart( 6etaining Structures BS H!!.9 Strengt(ened 6einforced Soils and 1t(er Fills
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Cesign Standards for Abutments

$esign Manuals BC$!9 Backfilled 6etaining 5alls and Bridge Abutments BC$=9 Doads for 0ig(*ay Bridges BA>#9 T(e Cesign and A&&earance of Bridges BA>89 T(e Cesign of +ntegral Bridges BC>89 Cesign of Embedded 6etaining 5alls and Bridge Abutments BC"= and BA"=9 Cesign for Curability BC=!9 Strengt(ened 6einforced Soils and 1t(er Fills for 6etaining 5alls and Bridge Abutments
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Basic Cesign Considerations

Cantilever 5all Abutment

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Cantilever 6etaining 5all

T(e C1EC6ETE CAET+DE3E6 6ETA+E+EI 5ADD is constructed of reinforced concrete and it su&&orts backfill soil by a cantilever action) T(e cantilevered stem &ortion is fi-ed at t(e bottom and is free at t(e to&) T(e base slab serves as a fi-ed su&&ort and &revents against sliding and overturning) T(ere is an o&tion to install a key at t(e bottom of t(e base slab to ensure furt(er safety against sliding) T(ese *alls &rovide &rolonged durability and serviceability) T(ey are *idely used due to t(eir ease in construction and cost2effectiveness)
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Cantilever 6etaining 5all

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Analysis J Cesign of Cantilever 6etaining 5all

Stability Analysis Cesign of Concrete Members

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Modes of Failure
1verturning Sliding Translation Bearing ca&acity Bending or s(ear failure of stem Bending or s(ear failure of (eel Bending or s(ear failure of toe Bending or s(ear failure of key

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Cesign Considerations
T(e design of t(e *all must9 6esist sliding along its base 6esist overturning Eot e-ceed t(e bearing ca&acity of t(e soil beneat( t(e base Avoid e-cessive settlement) Built structurally strong to resist failure from t(e build u& of internal stresses &roduced by e-ternal forces
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Forces and -ressures on .etaining Walls

T(e basic ob,ective is to a&&ly t(e conditions for static e7uilibrium, *(ic( are9

1/ All t%e forces in t%e %ori0ontal direction must add to 0ero/ 1/ All t%e forces in t%e vertical direction must add to 0ero/ 3/ )%e clock(ise moments 2or tor3ues4 must e3ual t%e counter'clock(ise moments/

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Forces on Cantilever 5all

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Dateral Eart( 4ressures

Dateral eart( &ressure is normally calculated based on 6ankine or Coulomb's t(eories) Dateral eart( &ressure is assumed distributed triangularly) T(e location of resultant is at # $ of (eig(t) +f t(ere is surc(arge, lateral eart( &ressure from surc(arge is distributed uniformly) T(e resultant is at K of (eig(t) T(e lateral eart( &ressure is calculated at t(e edge of (eel)
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Dateral Eart( 4ressures

Ka.wH
Pa = 1/2Ka.H2 H/2 H/3

Ka.w
Due to surcharge

Ka.H
Due to backfill soil
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4ressure Coefficients

T(e 6ankine active eart( &ressure coefficient Ka for t(e s&ecific condition of a (orizontal backfill surface is calculated as follo*s9

Ka = (1 sin()) / (1 + sin())
is t(e angle of internal friction of soil backfill)

T(e e7uation is modified if t(e backfill surface is slo&ed)

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Stability Analysis
#) C(eck factor of safety against overturning) 8) C(eck soil bearing &ressure) $) C(eck factor of safety against sliding)

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1verturning

T(e rotating &oint for overturning is normally assumed at bottom of toe) T(e (eig(t of soil used to calculate lateral eart( &ressure s(ould be from to& of eart( to t(e bottom of footing) Elements t(at resist overturning are *eig(t of stem, *eig(t of footing, *eig(t of soil above footing) +f t(ere is a surc(arge, t(e *eig(t of surc(arge can also be considered) T(e factor of safety against overturning is resisting moment divided by overturning moment) Acce&table factor of safety is bet*een #)" to 8)
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Factor of Safety for 1verturning

1verturning moment is calculated from 9

T(e resisting moment is calculated as 9

5(ere is unit *eig(t of soil, Ka is active &ressure coefficient, and 0 is t(e (eig(t from to& of eart( to bottom of footing, 7 is surc(arge)

*(ere Ws,Wf,We,Wk,Wq are *eig(t of stem, footing, eart(, key and surc(arge, Xs,Xf,Xe,Xk,Xq are distances from t(e center of stem, footing, eart(, key, and surc(arge to t(e rotation &oint at toe)
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Factor of Safety for 1verturning

T(e factor of safety against overturning is determined from 9 FoS ? 6esisting Moment ? M6 1verturning Moment Mo

FoS s(ould be L #)"

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Bearing 4ressure

T(e centre of t(e total *eig(t from t(e edge of toe is

5(ere 5 is total *eig(t of retaining *all including stem, footing, eart( and surc(arge) T(e eccentricity, e ? B 82M, *(ere B is *idt( of base footing)
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C(ecking for Bearing 4ressure

W

e Eccentricity, e = B/2 X B/2 X Either, e B/6 or e > B/6

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Bearing 4ressure

+f e B ., t(e ma-imum and minimum footing &ressure is calculated as9

5(ere, Qmax, Qmin are ma-imum and minimum footing &ressure, B is t(e *idt( of footing)
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Bearing 4ressure

+f e L B ., Qmin is zero,

Qmax s(ould be less t(an allo*able soil bearing ca&acity of footing soil)

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Sliding

T(e driving force t(at causes retaining *all to slide is t(e lateral eart( &ressure from soil and surc(arge) T(e forces t(at resist sliding are &assive &ressure at toe, t(e friction at t(e base of t(e footingN and t(e &assive &ressure against t(e key if used) T(e factor of safety against sliding is t(e total resisting force divided by total driving force) Acce&table factor of safety is bet*een #)" to 8)
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Factor of Safety for Sliding

T(e driving force for sliding is calculated as

T(e friction resisting force at t(e base of footing is calculated as *(ere is friction coefficient bet*een concrete and soil) is often taken as tanB8 $ :) is internal friction of t(e soil)
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Factor of Safety for Sliding

T(e &assive resistance Bif any: at t(e toe of retaining *all is calculated as

5(ere Kp is &assive eart( &ressure coefficient, ( is t(e (eig(t from to& of soil to bottom of footing at toe) +f a key is used to (el& resist sliding, ( is t(e (eig(t from to& of soil to t(e bottom of t(e key)
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Factor of Safety for Sliding

T(e factor of safety is calculated as

6esisting Force, F L Sliding Force, O5

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Forces on t(e Abutment

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Cesign of 6C Members
#) 8) $) >) ") .) =) C(eck t(ickness of stem for s(ear stress) Cesign stem reinforcement for bending) C(eck t(ickness of (eel for s(ear stress) Cesign (eel reinforcement) C(eck s(ear stress for toe *(en t(e toe is long) Cesign toe reinforcement for bending) C(eck s(ear stress in key *(en key is dee& and narro*) H) Cesign key reinforcement for bending)
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Cesign of Stem

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Cesign of 0eel
eu B/6

eu > B/6

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Cesign of Toe

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