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el = 4 2 (3)
by using simple circuitry shown by the comparator in which
the inputs are el and 4 2 , however, both capacitor voltages
can be successfully regulated by a single controller, shown
by a PI controller in Fig. 3, over a wide variety of output If the snpply frequency is denoted h y j a n d w is defined
voltage as long as the output voltage is regulated higher by 2x5 the sinusoidal input current reference li*l is
than twice that of the supply. discretely regulated with zero-order-hold at every interrup-
When the clock pulses are applicd, Q and Qc,r are tion according to:
simultaneously turned on from a zero crossing to the peak
of the supply. The time interval from a zeio crossing to the li'l = 1 sinwtlu(kT) (6)
peak of the supply can be determined by two monostables
shown in Fig. 3. From the peak to the next zero crossing of a s seen from Fig. 3. The output u(kT) of a PI controller is
the supply, Q is not turned on. Whcn the current ilreaches described by:
the rcference li*l> Q(,2 is turned o f by operation of the
comparator for current-mode control. At the same time. u(kT) = u [ ( k - I)T] + k,(c(kT) - E { ( k ~ I)T}]
either or Q operates in the on-state. This enables C, to
charge or discharge at the same frequency as that of the
clock pulses in order to satisfy the constraint represented by
+ ktc(kT) (7)
(3). If the capacitors are large enough to permit the where T i s the sampling period, given by 1/25 and kr,,k;are
proportional and integral gains, respectively. The error c is
pulsating components of their voltages to be neglected,
defined by:
D C equivalent circuits during the intervals from (k-l)x to
(2k-l)n/2 and from (2k-l)n/2to kx can be reprcsented hy s(kT) = e; e2(kT)
~
(8)
Figs. 4 and 5, respectively, where k is the positive integer. where e: is the reference of ez and e Z ( k n is the detected
When DC equivalent circuits are operated under pulse value at t = k T . The computation of (7) is executed
by a microcomputer in the tested setup and thc rectifier
can be controlled with the vpltage doubling by adjusting the
output voltage reference ez higher than twice that of the
supply.
Under shortcircuit fault conditions, there is a direct path
across the rectifier bridge, that cannot be controlled by the
switches. To prevent this, it is necessary to use the suitable
input fuses fitted in the rectifier arms.
;I+---
dt L Lil dt L L L L
When the current il reaches the reference /i*l and Q<,,is After these modes of operation. the mode, illustrated by
in the on-state as shown in Fig. 7(a), the capacitor Cl is Fig. 7(c), occurs if the energy stored in the boost inductor is
completely discharged and so the current il is reduced to
zero. In this mode of operation all the power devices stop
conducting. The load circuit is then isolated from the supply
and the energy dissipated in the load resistance is supplied
only by the discharge of C2. Fig. 7(c) gives the following
equations:
0 on. Q,,:ott(i,sO)
b Table 1: Switching States and modes of operation
ut (rad! Q Q
,, Qa2 i, mode
Ik-l!n-(Zk-l)ld2 1 0 1 non-negative 1
0 1 0 positive 3
zero 5
1 0 0 positive 4
zero 5
(2k-l)n/Z-h 0 0 1 non-negative 2
c 0 1 0 positive 3
Fig. 7 Modes of operurion during ofl~iimedwaiion of Qa! zero 5
a Q:off. Q,,:on(i, >O) 1 , 0 0 positive 4
h Q:on. a,,:off(i,>O)
zero 5
c Q:oB Q#,:off(i, = 0 )
84
5 State-space simulation method can be verified by those shown in Fig. 9, rigorously
simulated by the afore-mentioned state-space simulation
If the supply voltage li is given by method with A t = 1/120/18000=0.463ps in (30). The
U = AV sin wt (24)
the following fictitious supply voltage is introduccd to
obtain the solution of the state equation without a
convolutioii integral:
U, = Jzv cos f 0 t (25)
Then
+
x(r dr) = eaCd'x(t) (30) Fig. 9 Siiiiuluted nowfurnu nf Fig 8
I). e , . c2= IOOV/div; i= IOAjdiv
at f f d f . Eqn. (30) is repeated with (7), (8) unpl the output
voltage e? converges to the desired reference e>.
6 Steady-state characteristics
simulated results are generally in good agreement with the
The operating conditions and circuit constants are set as experimental results except for a slight difference in
follows in the paper: V= 50V, f= 60Hz, L=2.204niH switching phenomenon between them. To examine the
( R = 0.124 O), CI = C, = 1000 pF, RI. = 49.8 O. Fig. 8 input currents shown in Figs. X and 9 in more detail. they
shows the experimcntal operating wavefonns of the rectifier were analysed by the FFT analyser and by the numerical
shown in Fig. 2 when the mean output voltagc is set to calculation of trigonometric Fourier series, respectively. The
150V, a little over 2 d V , by adjusting the output voltage low-order harmonics. which cause the serious distortion. are
reference e;. It is ohscrved that the input current can be shown in Table 2 where U,, is the amplitude of the hth-order
sinusoidally waveshaped with a near-unity power factor. It harmonic current and so ui,/ul is the value normalised by
is also iipprcciated that the constraint represented by (3) is the fundamental-frequency component. It appears that the
always satisfied as was expected. Experimental waveforms low-order harmonics contained in the input currents shown
in Figs. X and 9 are effectively suppressed, although the
measured values are a little larger than those obtained by
the simulation on thc whole. To demonstrate the depen-
dence of the input currents upon the working conditions,
moreover, the measured and simulated distortion factors
when varying the output voltage are shown in Fig. 10,
3 2.343 1.801
5 1.251 0.851
7 0.723 0.650
9 0.659 0.568
11 0.569 0.508
13 0.302 0.443
15 0.222 0.384
11 0.262 0.324
19 0.216 0.275
85
which are chosen to minimise thc settling time. Fig. II
5 7 1 shows the selected experimental transient responses with
t 1 e ~ 15OV,
= in which the output voltage is controlled to be
kept constant when the load resistance is changed from
49.80 to 94.60 and vice versa. The experimental transient
responses can also be verified by the state-space simulation.
as shown in Fig. 12. It is appreciated that the constraint
represented by (3) is always satisfied and the sinusoidal
input current with a near-unity power factor is maintained
even if the rectifier is operated under the transient condition.
1
I t i
01 ' 1 ' 1 I ' 1 ' 1 '
1I
2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0
7 Transient characteristics
1
4 I
9 Acknowledgments
10 References
I MAKINO. Y . . T A M U K A . H.. USHIJIMA, K..andTSUKAMOTO.
K.: 'New power supply ~ysleinFor air conditioner using hidirectionill
CUIICIII amlrollrd c~nverler'.Nalional Convention Kccord of Ina.
Electr. Eng. Jpn (Industry Applications Society), 1988. pp. 4 5 7 4 6 2
IEE Pmc.~N<mr.
P u w r Appl., Vol. ISU, N o 1. J m m ~ r r j2W3
2 ROYS, J.T., and GREEN, A.W.: 'Current-forced single-phasc 6 OISHI. H.. OKADA. H., ISHIZAKA. K.. and ITOH. R.: 'Single-
reversihle rectifier', 1.56 Pruc. Elccrr Ponlrer Appl.. 1989. 136, (5). pp. phase switch-mode rh-tificr employing voltage-reversal circuit switched
with a fined frequency., IEE Pro?.. Elecrr. Power Appl.. 1995, 142. (2).
"" ._.
I C L I""
l f r
7 TAKAHASHI. 1.. and IKESHITA. W.: 'Improvrmmt of input
~ ~ n r i waverom
it 01 is single-phax rectifier cixu11'. Tmm I m ! . €lev.
Eng. Jpu R, 1985, 105. (2). p. 174
8 MANIAS. S.. and ZIOGAS. P.D.: 'An SMR to polo^ with ruppresscd
fc&ce. Tokyo. Japan. 15-17 A p d I?%,pp. 2%')-294 DC link componcnts and predictive line current waveshaping'. IEEE
5 LIN. R.R.. HOU. Y.L.. and CHIANG. H.K.: .Implcmenration of a Tram. Itid Appl., 1987. 23, (4). pp. W 5 3
thm-level reclifier for nower faclor ~orre~tion'.
IEEE Tmnr, Pmwr
Eleorr*z., 2000. 15. (5).'pp. 891-900