S.C Calculations: Short Circuit Study

Electric Installation and Design of electric Systems in Premises
S.C Calculations
Short Circuit Study
1.Introduction:

Knowledge of 3-phase symmetrical short-circuits current values (Isc)
at strategic points of an installation is necessary in order to dimension
switchgear (fault current rating); cables (thermal withstand rating);
protective devices (discriminative trip settings) and so on...
In the following chapter a 3-phase short-circuit for a distributed
electrical system fed through a typical HV/LV distribution transformer
will be examined.
Except in very unusual circumstances, this type of fault is the most
severe, and is certainly the simplest to calculate.
The simplified calculations and practical rules which follow give
conservative results of sufficient accuracy, in the large majority of cases,
for installation design purposes.

2-(3-phase) short-circuit current (Isc) at any point
within a LV installation:
In a 3-phase installation Isc at any point is given by:

Where:
U20 = phase-to-phase voltage of the open circuited secondary
windings of the power supply transformer(s).
ZT = total impedance per phase of the installation upstream of the
fault location (in )

3-Method of calculating ZT:
Each component of an installation (HV network, transformer,
cable, circuit breaker, busbar, and so on...) is characterized by its
impedance Z, comprising an element of resistance (R) and an inductive
reactance (X). It may be noted that capacitive reactances are not
important in short-circuit current calculations.
The parameters R, X and Z are expressed in ohms, and are related by
the sides of a right-angled triangle.
The method consists in dividing the network into convenient
sections, and to calculate the R and X values for each.

Where sections are connected in series in the network all the
resistive elements in the section are added arithmetically; likewise for the
reactances, to give RT and XT. The impedance (Z) for the combined
sections concerned is then calculated from

A-Determination of the impedance of the HV network

Network upstream of the HV/LV transformer (see following table )
The 3-phase short-circuits fault level in kA or in MVA is given by the
power supply authority concerned, from which equivalent impedance can
be deduced.

S.C.KVA Us(volt) Rsc (m.ohm) Xsc (m.ohm)
250 , 000 230 0.095 0.633
500 , 000 230 0.047 0.316

A formula which makes this deduction and at the same time converts the
impedance to an equivalent value at LV is given, as follows:

Where:
Zs = impedance of the HV voltage network, expressed in milli-ohms
Uo = phase-to-phase no-load LV voltage, expressed in volts
Psc = HV 3-phase short-circuit fault level, expressed in kVA

B-Transformers impedance :

The impedance Ztr of a transformer, viewed from the LV terminals, is
given by the formula:

U20 = open-circuit secondary phase-to phase voltage expressed in volts
Pn = rating of the transformer (in kVA)
Usc = the short-circuit impedance voltage of the transformer expressed in
%

The transformer windings resistance Rtr can be derived from the
total losses as follows:

Where:
Pcu = total losses in watts
In = nominal full-load current in amps
Rtr = resistance of one phase of the transformer in milli-ohms (the
LV and corresponding HV winding for one LV phase are included in this
resistance value).

For an approximate calculation Rtr may be ignored since X Z in
standard distribution type transformers.

Transformer
KVA
Oil-immersed transformer Cast-resin transformer
Usc
%
Rtr
m
Xtr
m
Ztr
m
Usc
%
Rtr
m
Xtr
m
Ztr
m
50 4 70.3 107 128
100 4 28 57.5 64 6 33.5 100.4 105.8
160 4 14.7 37.5 40 6 18.6 63.5 66.2
250 4 8.3 24.2 25.6 6 10.7 41 42.4
315 4 6.28 19.3 20.3 6 8.2 32.6 33.6
400 4 4.6 15.3 16 6 6.1 25.8 26.5
500 4 3.52 12.3 12.8 6 4.6 20.7 21.2
630 4 2.62 9.82 10.16 6 3.5 16.4 16.8
800 4.5 2.55 8.63 9 6 2.6 13 13.3
1000 5 1.94 7.76 8 6 1.9 10.4 10.6
1250 5 1.51 6.78 7.04 6 1.5 8.3 8.4
1600 6 1.13 5.89 6 6 1.1 6.5 6.6
2000 6 0.9 5.53 5.6 6 0.8 5.2 5.3
2500 6 0.9 4.1 4.2 6 0.6 4.2 4.2

C-Circuit breakers

In LV circuits, the impedance of circuit breakers upstream of the fault
location must be taken into account. The reactance value conventionally
assumed is 0.15 m per CB, while the resistance is neglected.


D-Busbars:

The resistance of busbars is generally negligible, so that the impedance
is practically all reactive, and amounts to approximately 0.15 m/meter
length for LV busbars (doubling the spacing between the bars increases
the reactance by about 10% only).

E-Circuit conductors:

The resistance of a conductor is given by the formula:

Where:
= the resistivity constant of the conductor material at the normal
operating temperature being:
22.5 m.mm2/m for copper
36 m.mm2/m for aluminum
L = length of the conductor in m
S = C.S.A. of conductor in mm2
Cable reactance values can be obtained from the manufacturers.
For C.S.A. of less than 50 mm2 reactance may be ignored. In the absence
of other information, a value of 0.08 m/metre may be used (for 50 Hz
systems) or 0.096 m/metre (for 60 Hz systems). For prefabricated bus-
trunking and similar pre-wired ducting systems, the manufacturer should
be consulted.

F-Fault-arc resistance:

Short-circuit faults generally form an arc which has the properties of
resistance.
The resistance is not stable and its average value is low, but at low
voltage this resistance is sufficient to reduce the fault-current to some
extent. Experience has shown that a reduction of the order of 20% may be
expected. This phenomenon will effectively ease the current-breaking
duty of a CB, but affords no relief for its fault current making duty.

short circuit current of transformer Table Select

Short circuit curent(ka) S rated of transformer (kva)
3.6 100
4.5 125
5.8 160
7.2 200
9 250
11.4 315
14.4 400
18 500
22.7 630
23.1 800
28.9 1000
36.1 1250
37 1600
46.2 2000
57.7 2500

S. C MVA for networ
500 MVA

A ~ Impedance calculation for each element:

a) Medium Voltage:
V = 380 V , Ss.c = 500 MVA
X1= Referred to low voltage
= (380 * 1.05)^2 / (500*10^3) = 0.32 m ohm
R1 is neglected.
B) Transformer:
S = 2 MVA
From table (6-9)

X2 = 5.53 m ohm
Z2 = 5.6 m ohm
c) Bus bar between Transformer and main C.B:
L= 5 m , p=21 m ohm* mm^2*m, A = 2400 mm^2
R3 = p L / A =21*5/2400=.0437 m ohm
X3 = 0.15 * L =.15*5 = 0.75 m ohm
d) Main C.B, Bus bar, Sub main C.B:
1) Main C.B:
Ra= neglected
Xa=.15 m ohm
2) Bus bar:
Rb=neglected
Xb=.15*5=.75 m ohm
3) Sub main C.B:
Rc = neglected
Xc = 0.15

* The total impedance for main D.B
R4 = neglected
X4 = Xa+Xb+Xc = 1.05 m ohm
SC CALCULATION:
At Point a:
Zsc = .32+5.6 = 5.92
ISC = (1.05*220)/5.92 = 39.02 KA
Stander For CB = 40 KA
At Point b:
R1+R2+0.0437=0.0437
X1+X2+X3+.15 = 0.32+5.53+0.75
= 6.75 m ohm
Zsc = 6.75014 m ohm
Isc = (1.05*220) / 6.75014 = 35 KA
At point c:
R1+R2+R3+R4=0.0437

X1+X2+X3+X4+.15=6.75+1.05=7.8m
ohm
Zsc=7.8 m ohm
Isc = (1.05*220)/7.8=30 KA

KA 30 Standard for C.B =
At point d:
: DB-BO-N2 *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2, L=15 m , A= 300 mm^2
R5 = 21*15/300*3 = .35 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*15 = 1.05m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+.35=.3937
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+1.05=8.7
Total Impedence = 8.7089 m.ohm
ISC = 1.05*220/8.7089 = 26.5245KA

DB-AC-N2: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=66 m , A= 300 mm^2
R5 = 21*66/300 = 4.62 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*66 = 4.62m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+4.62=4.6637
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+4.62=12.27
Total Impedence = 13.1264m.ohm
ISC = 1.05*220/13.1264 = 17.6KA

DB-TA-N2: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=57 m , A= 50 mm^2
R5 = 21*57/50 = 23.94 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*66 = 3.99m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+23.94=23.9837
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+3.99=10.89

ISC = 1.05*220/26.34 = 8.77KA

DB-WSH-D: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=21 m , A= 300 mm^2
R5 = 21*21/300 = 1.74 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*21 = 1.74m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+1.74=1.7837
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+1.74=9.39
ISC = 1.05*220/9.557 = 24.1684KA
: N - DB-AIR *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=34 m , A= 35 mm^2
R5 = 21*34/35 =20.4 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*34 = 2.34m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+20.4=20.4437
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.34=9.99

Total Impedence =22.754m.ohm
ISC = 1.05*220/22.754 = 10.152KA

- N1: - DB-PRO3 *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=5 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*5/150*2 = .35 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*5 = .35m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+.35=.3937
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+.35=8
Total Impedence = 8 m.ohm
ISC = 1.05*220/8 = 28.84 KA
DB-PRO1-N1: *
R5 = p * L / A

Where: N=2,L=38 m , A= 240 mm^2
R5 = 21*38/240*2 = 1.6625 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*38 = 2.66m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+1.6625=1.7062
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.66=10.31
ISC = 1.05*220/10.45 = 22.104 KA
DB-LP-A: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=41 m , A= 10 mm^2
R5 = 21*41/10 = 86.1 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*41 = 2.87m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+86.1=86.1437
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.87=10.52
ISC = 1.05*220/86.7838 = 2.66179KA
DB-CH-N3: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=75 m , A= 185 mm^2
R5 = 21*75/185*2 = 4.25675 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*75 = 5.25m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+4.2567=4.3
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+5.25=12.9

ISC = 1.05*220/13.6 = 16.987 KA

DB-H-N3: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=84 m , A= 185 mm^2
R5 = 21*84/185*2 = 4.767 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*84 = 5.88m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+4.767=4.81071
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+5.88=13.53

ISC = 1.05*220/13.36 = 16.086KA
-N2: L O DB-C *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2, L=25 m , A= 300 mm^2
R5 = 21*25/300*3 = .5833 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*25 = 1.75m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+.5833=.627
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+1.75=9.4

ISC = 1.05*220/9.42088 = 24.52 KA

DB-AC-N2: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=74 m , A= 300 mm^2
R5 = 21*74/300 = 5.18 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*75 = 5.18m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+5.18=5.2237
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+5.18=12.83
ISC = 1.05*220/13.852 = 16.67KA
: DB-PRO3-N2 *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=12 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*12/150*2 = .84 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*12 = .84m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+.84=.8837
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+.84=8.49
ISC = 1.05*220/8.5358=27.06KA
DB-LP-B: *
R5 = p * L / A

Where: N=1,L=108 m , A= 10 mm^2
R5 = 21*108/10 = 226.8 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*108 = 7.56m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+226.8=226.843
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+4.66=12.31
ISC = 1.05*220/227.176 =1.016 KA
: DB-CH-N2 *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=66 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*66/150*2 = 4.62 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*66 = 4.62m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+4.62=4.6637
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+4.62=12.27
ISC = 1.05*220/13.126 = 17.6KA
: DB-H-N2 *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=75 m , A= 185 mm^2
R5 = 21*75/185*2 = 4.25675 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*75 = 5.25m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+4.256=4.3
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+5.25=12.9
ISC = 1.05*220/13.6 = 16.988KA
DB-COL-N2: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2, L=23 m , A= 300 mm^2
R5 = 21*23/300*3 = .5366 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*23 = 1.61m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+.5366=.5803
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+1.61=9.26
Total Impedence =9.278 m.ohm
ISC = 1.05*220/9.278= 24.897 KA

DB-WSH-A: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=18 m , A= 35 mm^2
R5 = 21*18/35 = 10.8 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*18 = 1.26m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+10.8=10.8437
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+1.26=8.91

Total Impedence = 14m.ohm
ISC = 1.05*220/14.0347 = 16.459KA
DB-PRO2-N1: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=30 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*30/150*2 = 2.1 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*30 = 2.1m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+2.1=2.1437
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.1=9.75
ISC = 1.05*220/9.98= 23.139KA
DB-LP-C: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=47 m , A= 10 mm^2
R5 = 21*47/10 = 98.7 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*47 = 3.29m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+98.7=98.7437
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+3.92=11.57
ISC = 1.05*220/99.42 = 2.3235KA
DB-CH-N1: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=60 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*60/150*2 = 4.2m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*60 = 4.2m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+4.2=4.2437

X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+4.2=11.85
ISC = 1.05*220/12.586= 18.352 KA
DB-PRO2-N2: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=40 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*40/150*2 = 2.8 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*40 = 2.8m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+2.8=2.8437
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.8=10.45
ISC = 1.05*220/10.83= 21.33 KA
DB-H-N1: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=68 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*68/150*2 = 4.74 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*68 = 4.74m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+4.74=4.7837
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+4.74=12.39
ISC = 1.05*220/13.2 = 17.392 KA

DB-BO-N1: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2, L=35 m , A= 300 mm^2
R5 = 21*35/300*3 = .8166 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*35 = 2.45m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+.8166=.8603
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.45=10.1
ISC = 1.05*220/10.136 = 22.7887 KA

: DB-WSH-B *
R5 = p * L / A

Where: N=1,L=36 m , A= 120 mm^2
R5 = 21*36/120 = 6.3m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*36 = 2.52m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+6.3=6.3437
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.52=10.17
ISC = 1.05*220/11.987 = 19.269KA
DB-WSH-C: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=15 m , A= 70 mm^2
R5 = 21*15/70 = 4.5m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*15 = 1.05m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+4.5=4.5437
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+1.05=8.7
ISC = 1.05*220/9.815= 23.535KA
DB-LP-D: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=83 m , A= 10 mm^2
R5 = 21*83/10 = 174.3m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*83 = 5.81m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+174.3=174.343
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+5.81=13.46
ISC = 1.05*220/174.86= 1.321KA

DB-CH-E: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=36 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*36/150*2 = 2.52m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*36 = 2.52m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+2.52=2.5637
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.52=10.17

ISC = 1.05*220/10.488 = 22.024 KA
DB-H-E: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=47 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*47/150*2 = 3.29 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*47 = 3.29m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+3.29=3.3337
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+3.29=10.94
ISC = 1.05*220/11.4366 = 20.11KA

: DB-BO-E *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2, L=42 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*42/150*2 = 2.94 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*42 = 2.94m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+2.94=2.9837
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.94=10.59
Total Impedence = 11 m.ohm
ISC = 1.05*220/11 = 21KA
DB-COL-E: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=36 m , A= 150 mm^2
R5 = 21*36/150*2 = 2.52m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*36 = 2.52m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+2.52=2.5637
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.52=10.17

ISC = 1.05*220/10.488 = 20.0248 KA

DB-T+AC-E: *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=61 m , A= 185 mm^2

R5 = 21*61/185 = 6.924m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*61 = 4.27m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+6.924=6.9677
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+4.27=11.92
ISC = 1.05*220/13.807 = 16.7305 KA
: 3-E 2 1 DB-PRO *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=2,L=42 m , A= 120 mm^2
R5 = 21*42/120*2 = 3.675 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*42 = 2.94m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+3.675=3.7187
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+2.94=10.
ISC = 1.05*220/11.224= 20.581 KA
: E DB-AIR- *
R5 = p * L / A
Where: N=1,L=56 m , A= 95 mm^2
R5 = 21*56/95 =12.3789 m ohm
X5 = 0.07*L=.07*56 = 3.92m ohm
R=R1+R2+R3+R4+R5= 0+0+0.0437+0+12.378=12.422
X=X1+X2+X3+X4+X5=.32+5.53+.75+1.05+3.92=11.57

ISC = 1.05*220/16.9755 = 13.67 kA

S.C Calculations: Short Circuit Study

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Electric Installation and Design of electric Systems in Premises

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