PROJECT : 1X10MW BIOMASS BASED POWER PLANT

OWNER CONSULTANT : AVANT-GARDE

CUSTOMER : M/s. VIATON ENERGY PVT. LTD.
CONTRACTOR : PEC ELECTRICALS PVT. LTD.
DOCUMENT TITLE : EARTHING CALCULATION FOR SWITCHYARD

EARTHING CALCULATIONS FOR SWITCHYARD

6/3/2012 0 EARTHING CALCULATIONS KS PK MVLN

DATE Rev : NO DESCRIPTION DESIGNED CHECKED APPROVED
DOCUMENT NO :

Sheet 1 of 8
BLOCK1 : 66KV Switchyard
Reference Documents
a) Electrical resistivity test report at plant site for 1x10MW Biomass Based power plant
b) IEEE80-2000
c) Plant General Layout
D) CBIP Manual on substation publication number : 223
1.0 DESIGN BASIS
1) Resistivity data has been taken from the available soil report .

70

30M

(Fig-1)
Power Plant

Length of the area = 70 m

Width of the area = 30 m
Ground Grid Area = 2100 m²
Assuming conductor spacing D 2.5 m
No. of conductors parallel to length side( nl) = 28
No. of conductors parallel to width side ( ns) = 12

Therefore buried length in grid area Lc = (nl x width)+(ns x length)

Total buried length LC = 1680 M

Sheet 2 of 8
Subject : EARTHING DESIGN CALCULATION FOR 1X10MW BIOMASS BASED POWER PLANT

1) IEEE 80-2000
2) Soil resistivity Report.
3) CBIP Manual on substation publication number : 223

1.0) Earthing conductor sizing for main earth grid-

Input data :-
(i) Conductor material = MS

(ii) System Voltage = 66 kV

(iii) Fault Current, If = 31.5 kA

(iv) Fault Duration, tc = 1 sec

0
(v) Max. Allowable Temperature, Tm = 675 C

0
(vi) Ambient Temperature, Ta = 50 C

0
(vii) Reference temp for material constant,Tr = 20 C

(viii) Thermal Co-eff.of resistivity at reference

Temperature, αr = 0.0016

(ix) Resistivity of Ground Conductor at ref.

Temperature, ρr = 15.9 µΩ/cm3

(x) Thermal Capacity Factor, TCAP = 3.28 J/cm3/oC

(xi) K0 = (1/αr) -Tr = 605

Conductor Size :-

As per Eq.37 of IEEE Std 80-2000, conductor size is given by

tc αr ρr x 104
TCAP
A = If Ko + Tm
ln
Ko + Ta

Substituting the input data, we get

Conductor size, A = 339 sq.mm
D = 20.7785762 mm
By considering 30% corrosion allowance D = 27.012149 mm

Hence the CONDUCTOR size selected is 32mm dia 803.84

Sheet 3 of 8
2. CALCULATIONS FOR TOLERABLE TOUCH VOLTAGE (Etouch )& STEP VOLTAGE( Estep)

2.1) Input Data :

(i) System Voltage, Vs = 66 kV

(ii) System fault Current, If = 31.5 KA

(iii) Fault Duration, tc(as per Specification) = 1 sec

(iv.1) Length of Earth grid = 70 metre

(iv.2) Width of Earth grid = 30 metre

(iv.3) Area of Earth grid, A = 2100 sq.metre

(v) Conductor Size for main grid = 804 sq.mm

(vi) Depth of burial w.r.t. ground level, h = 0.6 metre

(vii.1) Length of one earth mat conductor Lx = 70 metre

(vii.2) Width of one earth mat conductor Ly = 30 metre

(vii.3) Additional length of conductor considered 100 metre

(for interconnecting for power plant earthing system)
(vii.4) Grid conductor combined length, Lc = 1780 metre

(viii.1) Total no. of ground rods

LA 6
Generator Transformer 4
Towers 3
Switchyard corners 4
Additional ground rods 0
(viii.2) length of each rod in m Lr = 3 meter
(viii.3) Total ground rod length, LR = 51 metre

LT = LR + Lc
Effective length of buried conductor = 1831 metre

(viii.3) Effective Buried Length for mesh voltage, LM = 1861.50 metre

(viii.4) Effective Buried Length for step voltage, LS = 1378.35 metre

(ix) Soil Resistivityconsidered for design, ρ = 88.83 Ω-metre

(x) Surface Resistivity, ρs = 3000 Ω-metre

(xi) Spacing for Earthing Mat ,D = 2.5 metre

(xii) Corrective weighting factor, Kii = 1

(xiii) Reference Depth of grid, h0 = 1 metre

(xvi) Thickness of Concrete , hs = 0.15 metre

(xvii) Fault Current division factor (Sf) = 0.7

Sheet 4 of 8
2.2) Calculation of Tolerable Etouch & Estep Voltage :

a) Tolerable Etouch50 :
From IEEE Std 80-2000
Tolerable Etouch50= [(1000 + 1.5CS ρS) 0.116/ √tS ] ( From eq.32of IEEE Std 80-2000 )
Where,
Cs = Reduction factor for derating the nominal value of surface layer
resistivity.

Cs = 1 - 0.09 [(1-ρ/ρs)/(2hs + 0.09)] ( From eq.27 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )

Cs = 0.7761
tS = Duration of shock current in seconds = 0.5
( from clause 16.2.2 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )
Substituting the above values,
Tolerable Etouch50 = 736.95 Volts

b) Tolerable Estep50 = [(1000 + 6CS ρS) 0.116/ √tS ] (from eq.29 of IEEE Std 80-2000)

Substituting the values,

Tolerable Estep50 = 2455.67 Volts

2.3) Calculation of Grid Resistance, Rg :

As per Eq.53 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

R1 R2 - Rm2
The total system resistance, Rg =
R1 + R2 - 2Rm
Where,
R1 = Ground resistance of grid conductors in Ω
R2 = Ground resistance of of all ground rods in Ω
Rm = Mutual ground resistance between the group of grid conductors, R1 and
group of ground rods, R2 in Ω

Ground resistance of the grid, R1

r2 2 Lc k1 Lc
R1 = ln + - k2 From eq.54 of IEEE Std 80-2000
p Lc a' A

Where,
ρ = Soil Resistivity in Ω-m 88.83 ohm-m
Lc = Total length of all connected grid conductors in m 1680 m
a' = a.2h for conductors buried at depth h in m 0.1385 m
2a = Diameter of conductor in m 0.0320 m
A = Area covered by conductors in m2 2100 m2
k1 = Coefficient from fig 25(a) of IEEE Std 80-2000 1.013
k2 = Coefficient from fig 25(b) of IEEE Std 80-2000 4.283
Coefficient K1 and k2 of schwarz's fromula IEEE Std 80-2000 )
R1 = 0.7231 Ω

Sheet 5 of 8
 Ground resistance of the rod bed, R2
From eq.55 of IEEE Std 80-2000
ρ 4 LR 2 k1 . Lr
R2 = ln -1 + ( nR - 1 )2
2π nRLR b A

Where,
Lr = length of each rod in m 3 m
2b = diameter of rod in m 0.100 m
nR = number of rods placed in area A 17
LR = Total length of ground rods 51
k1 = Coefficient from fig 25(a) of IEEE Std 80-2000 1.013
R2 = 0.175 Ω

Mutual ground resistance between the grid and the rod bed, Rm
From eq.56 of IEEE Std 80-2000

ρ 2 Lc k1 Lc
Rm = ln + - k2 + 1
π Lc Lr A

Rm = 0.6882 Ω
Subtituting the above values,
Rg = 0.7256 Ω

2.4) Calculation of Maximum Ground Potential Rise :

Max. Ground potential above remote earth, GPR = IG x RG Volts
Where,
IG = grid current = If x Sf

IG = 22.05 KA
Substituting the values,

Ground Potential Rise, GPR = 16000.25 Volts

Since, GPR > Estep50 (as per Figure 33 of IEEE Std 80-2000),calculate Attainable Emesh and Attainable
Estep voltages

2.5) Calculation of Attainable Emesh Voltage :

From Eq.80 of IEEE Std 80-2000, for Grid rods in the periphery,

Emesh = [ ρ Km Ki IG / LM ]

Lr
LM = Lc + 1.55+1.22 LR From eq.91 of IEEE Std 80-2000
2 2
Lx+L y
Where,
Lr = Length of each ground rod = 3 m
Lx = Maximum length of grid conductor in x-direction = 70 m
Ly = Maximum length of grid conductor in y-direction = 30 m

Sheet 6 of 8
 IG = grid current = 22.05
Ki = corrective Factor, = 3.40

LR = Total length of ground rods = 51 m

Subtituting the above values,

LM = 1861.50 m

As per Eq.81 of IEEE Std 80-2000, the Spacing Factor for Mesh Voltage,

1 D2 (D + 2h)2 h Kii 8
Km = ln + - + ln
2π 16hd 8Dd 4d Kh π(2n-1)

Equ. Diameter of Earth conductor, d = 0.0320 metre

Kh = 1 + h / h0 ( From eq.83 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )

Kh = 1.26

No. of Parallel Paths, n = na nb nc nd (From eq.84 of IEEE Std 80-2000)

Where, From eq.85 to 88 of IEEE Std 80-2000 Lp

na = (2 Lc)/Lp nb =
4 A
0.7 A
Lx Ly Lx Ly Dm
nc = nd =
A L2x + L2y

Where,
Lp = Peripheral length of the grid = 200 m
Dm = Maximum distance between any two points
on the grid = 76.2 m
Substituting the above values,

na = 17.80 nb = 1.045

nc = 1 nd = 1.00

n = 18.59 = 19 Rounded of to nearest digit

As per Eq.89 of IEEE 80-2000,

The corrective Factor, Ki = 0.644 + ( 0.148 x n ) From eq.89of IEEE Std 80-2000

= 3.40
Substituting the values,
Km = 0.1987

Attainable Emesh Voltage = 710.10 Volts

Sheet 7 of 8
 2.6) Calculation of Attainable Estep voltage :

From Eq.92 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

Attainable Estep = [ ρ Ks Ki IG / LS ] From eq.92 of IEEE Std 80-2000

As per Eq.94 of IEEE Std 80-2000, the Spacing Factor for Step Voltage,

1 1 1 1
Ks = + + (1 - 0.5n-2) From eq.94of IEEE Std 80-2000
Π 2h D+h D

No. of Parallel paths, n = 19

n = 19
As per Eq.89 of IEEE 80-2000,
The corrective Factor, Ki = 0.644 + ( 0.148 x n )
Ki = 3.40

Ks = 0.4955

As per Eq.93 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

Ls = 0.75 Lc + 0.85 LR From eq.93of IEEE Std 80-2000

Lc = Total length of all connected grid conductors in m
LR = Total length of ground rods

Ls = 1378.35 m

Substituting the values,

Attainable Estep = 2391.12 Volts

3. CONCLUSION :
Tolerable
Etouch = 736.95 Volts

Attainable
Emesh = 710.10 Volts

Tolerable
Estep = 2455.67 Volts

Attainable
Estep = 2391.12 Volts

Grid Resistance = 0.72563512 ohms SAFE

1) From the above results,it can be seen that the Attainable Emesh and Attainable Estep voltages are less
than the Tolerable Etouch and Tolerable Estep voltages.
2) The grid resistance is less than 1 ohm.
3) Hence the design value of conductor size and length of conductor are adiquate and safe.
4) Buried earth mat conductor size - 75X8MM GI Flat

Sheet 8 of 8