2.

0 DESIGN BASIS

Resistivity data has been taken from the available report .

EQUIVALENT
200 M AREA

100 M

(Fig-1)
Switch yard

Length of the area = 27 m

(Lay out Drg)
Width of the area = 30 m
(Lay out Drg)

Ground Grid Area = 810 m²

Assuming conductor spacing D 2.5 m

No. of conductors parallel to length side( nl) = 13

No. of conductors parallel to width side ( ns) = 12

Therefore buried length in grid area Lc = (nl x length)+(ns x width)

Total buried length LC = 711 M

Sheet 2 of 8
Subject : EARTHING MAT DESIGN CALCULATION FOR 220/33 kV SUBSTATION

3.0) Earthing conductor sizing for main earth grid-

Input data :-

(i) Conductor material = MS

(ii) System Voltage = 33 kV

(TS or client or CEA guideline)
(iii) Fault Current, If = 25 kA

(iv) Fault Duration, tc = 1 sec

(v) Max. Allowable Temperature, Tm = 1510 0

C
(Ref table 2, Page 44, IEEE 80-2000 Material Constant)
(vi) Ambient Temperature, Ta = 50 0
C

(vii) Reference temp for material constant,Tr = 20 0

C
(Ref table 1, Page 42, IEEE 80-2000 Material Constant)
(viii) Thermal Co-eff.of resistivity at reference
Temperature, ar = 0.0016 1/ oC
(Ref table 1, Page 42, IEEE 80-2000 Material Constant)
(ix) Resistivity of Ground Conductor at ref.
Temperature, rr = 15.9 mW/cm3
(Ref table 1, Page 42, IEEE 80-2000 Material Constant)
(x) Thermal Capacity Factor, TCAP = 3.28 J/cm3/oC
(Ref table 1, Page 42, IEEE 80-2000 Material Constant)
(xi) K0 = (1/ar) -Tr = 605 o
C
(Ref table 1, Page 42, IEEE 80-2000 Material Constant)

Conductor Size :-

As per Eq.37 of IEEE Std 80-2000, conductor size is given by

tc ar r r x 104
TCAP
A = If Ko + Tm
ln
Ko + Ta

Substituting the input data, we get

Conductor size, A = 203 sq.mm

Therefore required conductor size = 203 mm2

We are considaring A = 300 mm2 SAFE TS
A = L*B

Hence the CONDUCTOR size selected, 50 X 6 MS FLAT

`
Sheet 3 of 8
 4 CALCULATIONS FOR TOLERABLE TOUCH VOLTAGE (Etouch ) AND STEP VOLTAGE( Estep)

4.1) Input Data :

(i) System Voltage, Vs = 33 kV

(ii) System fault Current, If = 25 KA

(iii) Fault Duration, tc(as per Specification) = 1 sec

(iv.1) Length of Earth grid = 27.00 metre

(iv.2) Width of Earth grid = 30.0 metre

(iv.3) Area of Earth grid, A = 810.0 sq.metre

(v) Conductor Size for main grid = 300 sq.mm

(vi) Depth of burial w.r.t. ground level, h = 0.6 metre

(vii.1) Length of one earth mat conductor Lx = 27 metre

(vii.2) Width of one earth mat conductor Ly = 30.00 metre

(vii.3) Additional length of conductor considered 0 metre

(for interconnecting earthing system)
(vii.4) Grid conductor combined length, Lc = 711 metre

(viii.1) Total no. of ground electrodes length in M no. of electrodes

LA 3 2
CVT 3 2
PT 3 2
Ligthning Mast 3 2
External Flat 3 2
Transformers 3 2
Towers 3 2
Bay Control Room 3 2
Main Control Room 3 2
(viii.2) length of each rod in m Lr = 3 meter
(viii.3) Total ground rod length, LR = 54 metre

Effective length of buried conductoLT = LR + Lc = 765 metre

(viii.3) Effective Buried Length for mesh voltage, L M = 799.60 metre

(viii.4) Effective Buried Length for step voltage, LS = 579.15 metre

(ix) Soil Resistivityconsidered for design, r = 48 W -metre

(x) Surface Resistivity, rs = 3000 W-metre

(xi) Spacing for Earthing Mat ,D = 2.5 metre

(xii) Corrective weighting factor, Kii = 1

(xiii) Reference Depth of grid, h0 = 0.6 metre

(xvi) Thickness of Concrete , hs = 0.1 metre

(xvii) Fault Current division factor (Sf) = 0.7

Sheet 4 of 8
4.2) Calculation of Tolerable Etouch & Estep Voltage :

a) Tolerable Etouch50 :
From IEEE Std 80-2000
Tolerable Etouch50= [(1000 + 1.5CS rS) 0.116/ ÖtS ] ( From eq.32of IEEE Std 80-2000 )
Where,
Cs = Reduction factor for derating the nominal value of surface layer
resistivity.

Cs = 1 - 0.09 [(1-r /r s)/(2hs + 0.09)] ( From eq.27 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )

Cs = 0.6946
tS = Duration of shock current in seconds = 0.3
( from clause 16.2.2 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )
Substituting the above values,
Tolerable Etouch50 = 873.79 Volts

b) Tolerable Estep50 = [(1000 + 6CS rS) 0.116/ ÖtS ] (from eq.29 of IEEE Std 80-2000)

Substituting the values,

Tolerable Estep50 = 2859.78 Volts

4.3) Calculation of Grid Resistance, R g :

As per Eq.53 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

R1 R2 - Rm2
The total system resistance, Rg =
R1 + R2 - 2Rm
Where,
R1 = Ground resistance of grid conductors in Ω
R2 = Ground resistance of of all ground rods in Ω
Rm = Mutual ground resistance between the group of grid conductors, R1 and
group of ground rods, R2 in Ω

Ground resistance of the grid, R1

ρ 2 Lc k1 L c
R1 = ln + - k2 From eq.54 of IEEE Std 80-2000
ΠLc a'
A

Where,
r = Soil Resistivity in Ω-m 48 ohm-m
Lc = Total length of all connected grid conductors in m 711 m
a' = a.2h for conductors buried at depth h in m 0.1532 m
2a = Diameter of conductor in m 0.02 m
A = Area covered by conductors in m2 810 m2
k1 = Coefficient from fig 25(a) of IEEE Std 80-2000 1.09
k1= -0.05*(Lx/Ly) + 1.13
k2 = Coefficient from fig 25(b) of IEEE Std 80-2000 4.36
k2= -0.05*(Lx/Ly) + 4.40
Coefficient K1 and k2 of schwarz's fromula IEEE Std 80-2000 )

R1 = 0.6852 Ω

Sheet 5 of 8
 Ground resistance of the rod bed, R2
From eq.55 of IEEE Std 80-2000
r 4 LR 2 k 1 . Lr
R2 = ln -1 + ( nR - 1 ) 2

2p nRLR b A

Where,
Lr = length of each rod in m 3 m
2b = diameter of rod in m 0.02 m
nR = number of rods placed in area A 18
LR = Total length of ground rods 54
k1 = Coefficient from fig 25(a) of IEEE Std 80-2000 1.09
R2 = 0.090 Ω

Mutual ground resistance between the grid and the rod bed, R m
From eq.56 of IEEE Std 80-2000

r 2 Lc k1 L c
Rm = ln + - k2 + 1
p Lc Lr A

Rm = 0.6428 Ω
Subtituting the above values,
Rg = 0.6887 Ω

4.4) Calculation of Maximum Ground Potential Rise :

Max. Ground potential above remote earth, GPR = IG x RG Volts
Where,
IG = grid current = If x Sf

IG = 17.5 KA
Substituting the values,

Ground Potential Rise, GPR = 12053.04 Volts

Since, GPR > Estep50 (as per Figure 33 of IEEE Std 80-2000),calculate Attainable Emesh and Attainable
Estep voltages

4.5) Calculation of Attainable Emesh Voltage :

From Eq.80 of IEEE Std 80-2000, for Grid rods in the periphery,

Emesh = [ r Km Ki IG / LM ]

Lr
LM = Lc + 1.55+1.22 LR From eq.91 of IEEE Std 80-2000
L2x + L2y
Where,
Lr = Length of each ground rod = 3 m
Lx = Maximum length of grid conductor in x-direction = 27 m
Ly = Maximum length of grid conductor in y-direction = 30 m

Sheet 6 of 8
 IG = grid current = 17.5
Ki = corrective Factor, = 2.49

LR = Total length of ground rods = 54 m

Subtituting the above values,

LM = 799.60 m

As per Eq.81 of IEEE Std 80-2000, the Spacing Factor for Mesh Voltage,

1 D2 (D + 2h)2 h Kii 8
Km = ln + - + ln
2p 16hd 8Dd 4d Kh p(2n-1)

Equ. Diameter of Earth conductor, d = 0.0195 metre

Kh = 1 + h / h0 ( From eq.83 of IEEE Std 80-2000 )

Kh = 1.41

No. of Parallel Paths, n = na nb nc nd (From eq.84 of IEEE Std 80-2000)

Where, From eq.85 to 88 of IEEE Std 80-2000 Lp

na = (2 Lc)/Lp nb =
4 A
0.7 A
L x Ly Lx Ly Dm
nc = nd I
A L2x + L2y

Where,
Lp = Peripheral length of the grid = 114 m
Dm = Maximum distance between any two points
on the grid = 40.4 m
Substituting the above values,

na = 12.47 nb = 1.001

nc = 1 nd = 1.00

n = 12.48 = 12 Rounded of to nearest digit

As per Eq.89 of IEEE 80-2000,

The corrective Factor, Ki = 0.644 + ( 0.148 x n ) From eq.89of IEEE Std 80-2000

= 2.49
Substituting the values,
Km = 0.4013

AttainableEmesh Voltage = 1050.41 Volts

Sheet 7 of 8
4.6) Calculation of Attainable Estep voltage :

From Eq.92 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

Attainable Estep = [ r K s K i IG / LS ] From eq.92 of IEEE Std 80-2000

As per Eq.94 of IEEE Std 80-2000, the Spacing Factor for Step Voltage,

1 1 1 1
Ks = + + (1 - 0.5n-2) From eq.94of IEEE Std 80-2000
P 2h D+h D

No. of Parallel paths, n = 12

n = 12
As per Eq.89 of IEEE 80-2000,
The corrective Factor, Ki = 0.644 + ( 0.148 x n )
Ki = 2.49

Ks = 0.4954

As per Eq.93 of IEEE Std 80-2000,

Ls = 0.75 Lc + 0.85 LR From eq.93of IEEE Std 80-2000

Lc = Total length of all connected grid conductors in m
LR = Total length of ground rods

Ls = 579.15 m

Substituting the values,

Attainable Estep = 1790.22 Volts

5 CONCLUSION :
Tolerable
Etouch = 873.79 Volts

Attainable
Etouch = 1050.41 Volts UNSAFE

Tolerable
Estep = 2859.78 Volts

Attainable
Estep = 1790.22 Volts SAFE

Grid Resistance = 0.6887 ohms SAFE

1) From the above results,it can be seen that the Attainable E mesh and Voltages are less
than the Tolerable Etouch.
2) The grid resistance is less than 1 ohms.
3) Hence the design value of conductor size and length of conductor are adiquate and safe with spacing 5 meter
4) Outer Periphery of Earth Grid shall be 100X16 MS Flat
5) All Equipment shall be earthed with 50X8 G.I Flat

Sheet 8 of 8
 LENGTH OF THE RISERS 50 X 8mm GS
Vertical
lengths up
to the no.of bends length at Distance Total
structures vertical bottom(1 sides)in between riser length/unit no.of
Sl.no Description Type in mm risers mm to mat(1 sides) in mm units QTY(mtrs)
1 BPI
220KV LL 3600 2 450 2000 12100 45 545
33KV HL 5000 2 450 2000 14900 6 89
2 220KV SF6
3600 2 450 2000 12100 18 218
3 ISOLATORS
220KV LL 3200 6 450 2000 33900 17 576
33KV LL 4600 6 450 2000 42300 28 1184
4 CTS
220KV CT 2600 2 450 2000 10100 30 303
33KV CT LL 3000 2 450 2000 10900 39 425
33KV CT HL 6900 2 450 2000 18700 6 112
5 PTS
220KV CVT 2700 2 450 2000 10300 6 62
220KV PT 2700 2 450 2000 10300 15 155
33KV PT 3000 2 450 2000 10900 16 174
6 LAS
220KV LA 2700 2 450 2000 10300 12 124
33KV LA LL 3000 2 450 2000 10900 6 65
33KV LA HL 7400 2 450 2000 19700 24 473
33KV LA HHL 10500 2 450 2000 25900 6 155

7 TOWER WITHOUT PEAK

33KV 1000 2 450 2000 6900 15 104
TOWER WITH
8 PEAK
220KV 1100 3 450 2000 10650 24 256
33KV 1100 3 450 2000 10650 27 288
9 GATE
1000 2 450 2000 6900 8 55
MAIN ISOLATOR
10 AUXILLIARY MAT
220KV 1500 6 0.5 2000 21003 0 0
33KV 1500 6 0.5 2000 21003 0 0

11 220/33KVSUB RAIL TRACK EARTHING 6000 2 2000 16000 4 64

12 BAY MARSHALLING BOX 1500 2 2000 7000 58 406

220/33KV
13 TRANSFORMER 20000 2 2000 44000 2 88
36KV
14 CIRCUIT BREAKER 3000 2 450 2000 10900 11 120
220KV/33KV
15 SUB-STN-CT NCT EARTHING
220KV CT 2600 2 0.5 2000 9201 6 55
33KV CT 6900 2 0.5 2000 17801 6 107

16 C&R PANELS 500 2 0.5 2000 5001 21 105

automation 20000 2 0.5 2000 44001 2 88
Control room 150
External fence 40
Internal fence 60
HG FUSE 3000 6 450 2000 32700 2 65
AUXILIARY TRF 3000 4 450 2000 21800 2 44
CABLE TRENCH 1000

LM 2000 3 450 2000 13350 7 93

Total length of 50X6mm GS Flat for structures earthing 7848

Total 7848

220/33KV
13 TRANSFORMER

Bushing to Ground 75X8 Cu Flat 2 8 16

Ground to Pit-pit 75X8 Cu Flat 2 6 12
Pit - Pit Interconnection 75X8 Cu Flat 2 3 6
Pit to Plate -1 75X8 Cu Flat 2 3 6
Pit to Plate -2 75X8 Cu Flat 2 3 6
46
remarks

13+2future

Mtrs