WHY SUBSTATION REQUIRED

• The substation / switchyard is a vital and an integral

component of a transmission system. The genrating
switchyard is generally associated with step up transformers
for transformation to a suitable voltage level for evacuation of
power from generating station to load centre over the
transmission lines.
 SCOPE OF LEARNING
• Type of Substation, why substation required & Process involved in developing
of substation/ switchyard
• Substation equipment sequence & interconnections
• Electrical Clearances (GROUND CLEARANCE, PHASE TO PHASE
CLEARANCE, PHASE TO EARTH & SAFETY CLEARANCE) selection
• Substation Layout Plan & Section Layout drawing preparation
• Control Room building Layout
• Benefits of Substation Automation system
• Estimation of Substation Plot Land Area Requirements
• Substation switching scheme study
• Substation material sizing (support structure & oil pit)
• 3 phase short circuit force calculation electrodynamics force
• (required for civil dept. to prepare equipment foundations strength designing)
 VOLTAGE LEVEL
• The preferred Alternating Current (AC) voltage levels in India are 11 kV, 33 kV,
66KV, 110KV, 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV and 765 kV.
• The voltage level of 66 kV and above (i.e. 66 kV, 110 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV, 400 kV
and 765 kV) is considered as transmission system voltage.
• The Direct Current (DC) transmission system voltage levels are +/-500 kV and +/-
800 kV.
• Biswanath Chariali to Agra via Alipurduar (about 1728 km) is the first +/- 800 kV
multi-terminal HVDC transmission system in the country with 6000 MW of power
transmission capacity
• The next higher AC transmission system voltage level planned in the country is 1200
kV, which is considered to be highest AC transmission voltage in the world
• The bipolar Conventional Line Commutated Converter (LCC) / Current Source
Converter (CSC) based HVDC system is planned for bulk power transfer over long
distance (typically more than 600-700 km
 System requirement and basic concepts

A. The transmission network constitutes the following two main

elements:
• Transmission lines/Circuits (overhead lines, underground
cables, that enable
power transmission
• Substations that enable the interconnection of these
lines/circuits and the
transformation between networks of different voltages.
B
C. These three functions of the transmission network are
fulfilled through different types of substations listed below:
(i) Substations attached to Power Stations that is called
Generating substation
(ii) Interconnection substations / switching
(iii) Step-down (EHV/HV, EHV/MV HV/MV) substations.
(D)- A single substation may perform more than one of these
functions. Structure of a Substation generally comprise the
following: (i) Switchgear. (ii) Power transformers. (iii)
Control (local and remote), protection, monitoring, and
automation equipment.
(E) Substations usually include bus bars and are divided into
bays.
(F) For economic benefits and use of standardized HV
equipment, standardized parameters (such as normal current
rating, short time current rating, insulation levels,
characteristics of transformers and compensating devices)
are established.
 Site selection
The substation site
• Should preferably be on fairly flat land as far as
possible to save the time and cost in levelling.
• In mountain regions, the substation must be placed away
from avalanche corridors as far as possible.
• For reducing levelling costs, the substation area can be
divided into various terraces, increasing the total levelled
area but reducing the volume of soil displacements.
• must not be flood-prone / water stagnation.
• Wherever there is level difference between existing GL &
proposed levelling area A slope of 1 (vertical) : 1.5
(horizontal) shall be provided
 Equipment To Equipment Spacing
• The equipment to equipment spacing is decided based upon following
factors:
• Adequate clearances (phase to earth, phase to phase, section and ground
clearances).
• Equipment foundations should not foul with each other and cable trenches.
• Technical requirements.
• Location of surge arrestors with respect to protected equipments such as
transformer and reactors.
• Position of CVT, wave-trap and shunt reactor approaching from line side.
• Maintenance flexibility
• The dielectric strength of air is influenced by air density (temperature and
pressure)
 Type of Electrical Layout drawing

Any equipment have two view as top view & front elevation

view, therefore we prepare two kind of drawing for equipment

positioning in substation

The first drawing is PLOT plan drawing showing the top view &

second drawing is section drawing showing front elevation view.

HOW TO DEVELOP OVERALL ELECTRICAL LAYOUT – PLAN LAYOUT DRAWING