132KV/33KV

SUBSTATION
HIEE
 CONTENT
1) INTRODUCTION of SUBSTATION
2) CONSTRCUTION of SUBSTATION
3) TYPES of SUBSTATION
4) LIST of ABBREVIATIONS
5) SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
6) MAIN EQUIPMENT INVOLVED IN THE SUBSTATION
 TRANSFORMERS
 PROTECTION RELAY
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFOMERS (CT &PT)
 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
 CIRCUIT BREKER
 BUS
 INSULATORS
 ISOLATORS
 LIGHTNING ARRESTOR
 WAVE TRAP DRUM
 CLAMPS & CONNECTORS
 EARTHING SYSTEM
 SWITCHGEAR
 FIRE PROTECTION
 FEEDER PROTECTION
7) IMPORTRANT POINTS TO BE KEPT IN VIEW WHILE LAYING OUT THE S/S
8) CONCLUSION
 ABSTRACT
A substation receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission delivers

electrical power through feeders and this is used for controlling the power on different routes. Substations are integral

part of a power system and form important part of transmission and distribution network of electrical power system.

Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the generating stations, reduce the voltage to

a value appropriate for local distribution and provide facilities for switching some sub-station are simply switching

stations different connections between various transmission lines are made,others are converting sub-stations which

either convert AC into DC or vice-versa or convert frequency from higher to lower or vice-versa. The various circuits

are joined together through these components to a bus-bar at substation. Basically, sub-station consists of power

transformers, circuit breakers, relays, isolators, earthing switches, current transformers, voltage transformers,

synchronous condensers/ capacitor banks etc. As a part of case study we are going to study on 132KV/33KV substation.
1. INTRODUCTION OF SUBSTATION:

The present-day electrical power system is A.C. i.e. electric

power is generated, transmitted and distributed in the form of alternating current. It is delivered to the
consumers through a large network of transmission and distribution. At many places in the line of the
power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristic (e.g. voltage, A.C. to D.C.,
frequency, Power factor etc.) of electric supply.
This is accomplished by suitable apparatus called sub-station. For example,
generation voltage (11KV or 6.6KV) at the power station is stepped up to high voltage (say132KV or
220KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this
purpose is the sub-station. Similarly, near the consumer's localities, the voltage may have to be stepped
down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by a suitable apparatus called ‘substation’.
2.CONSTRUCTION OF SUBSTATION:
At the time of constructing a substation, we have to
consider some factors which affect the substation efficiency like selection of site.
Selection of Site:
Main points to be considered while selecting the site for EHV Sub-Station are as follows:
 The site chosen should be as near to the load center as possible.
 It should be easily approachable by road or rail for transportation of equipment.
 Land should be fairly levelled to minimize development cost.
 The sub-station site should be as near to the town / city but should be clear of public places, aerodromes,
and Military / police installations.
 The land should be have sufficient ground area to accommodate substation equipment, buildings, staff
quarters, space for storage of material, such as store yards and store sheds etc. with roads and space for
future expansion.
 Set back distances from various roads such as National Highways, State
 While selecting the land for the substation preference to be given to theGovt. land over Private land.
SUBSTATION lay out
3.TYPES OF SUB STATIONS:
There are several ways of classifying sub-stations. However, the two most
important ways of classifying them are according to (1) service requirement and (2) constructional features.

3.1 ACCORDING TO THE SERVICE REQUIREMNT

 A sub-station may be called upon to change
voltage level or improve power factor or convert A.C. power into D.C. power etc. According to the service
requirement, sub-stations may be classified into:

I. Transformer substations (Step up & Step Down Substations)

II. Switching sub-stations
III. Power factor correction sub-stations
IV. Frequency changer sub-stations
V. Converting sub-stations
VI. Industrial sub-stations
3.2 ACCORDING TO THE CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES:

A sub-station has many components (e.g.

circuit breakers, switches, fuses, instruments etc.) which must be housed properly to ensure continuous and
reliable service. According to constructional features, the sub-stations are classified as:
I. Indoor sub-station
II. Outdoor sub-station
III. Underground sub-station
IV. Pole-mounted sub-station
SUBSTATIONS BY OPERATING VOLATGE LEVELS

I. Low voltage substations – voltages involving up to 6.6KV

II. Medium voltage substations – voltages involving 11KV
III. High voltage substations – voltages involving between 33KV to 66KV
IV. Extra high voltage substations – Voltages involving between 132kv to 400KV
V. Ultra high voltage substations – Voltages above 400KV
VI. Direct current high voltage (D.C.H.V.) - ±250 kV, ±400 kV, ±500 kV
HIEE Choosing Extra high Voltage Out Door Transformer Substation

132KV/33KV OUTDOOR– STEP DOWN SUBSTATION

4.LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

EHV –Extra High Voltage

SLD – Single Line Diagram
PT – Potential Transformer
CT – Current Transformer
HVCT - High Voltage CT
LVCT – Low Voltage CT
CVT – Capacitor Voltage Transformer
LA – Lightening Arrestors
ES - Earth Switches
CB – Circuit Breaker
HV side – High Voltage Side
LV side – Low Voltage Side
PLCC - Power Line Carrier Communication
OLTC –On load Tap Changer
HG Fuse -Horn Gap Fuse
OTT –Oil Temperature Minimum Time Characteristics.
 OTT –Oil Temperature Indicator
 WTI – Winding Temperature Indicator
 IDMT Characteristics – Inverse Definite Minimum Time Characteristics
5.SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM:

A Single Line Diagram (SLD) of an Electrical System is the Line

Diagram of the concerned Electrical System which includes all the required electrical equipment connection
sequence wise from the point of entrance of Power up to the end of the scope of the mentioned Work. As in the
case of 132KV Substation, the SLD shall show Lightening Arrestor, C.T/P.T Unit, Isolators, Protection and
Metering P.T & C.T. Circuit Breakers, again Isolators and circuit Breakers, Main Power Transformer, all
protective devices/relays and other special equipment like CVT, GUARD RINGS, etc as per design criteria.
And the symbols are shown below. There are several feeders enter into the substation and carrying out the
power. As these feeders enter the station they are to pass through various instruments.
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM - EXAMPLE
6.Main Equipment involved in the SUBSTATION
 TRANSFORMER:
 A transformer is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding
circuits. A varying current in the primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the
transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic flux through the secondary winding. This varying
magnetic flux induces a varying electromotive force (emf) or voltage in the secondary winding.
 Transformers range in size from thumbnail-sized used in microphones to units weighing hundreds of tons
interconnecting the power grid. A wide range of transformer designs are used in electronic and electric
power applications. Transformers are essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization
of electrical energy.
 The transformer is based on two principles:-
 First, that an electric current can produce a magnetic field
 Second, that a changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage across the ends of the coil
(electromagnetic induction). Changing the current in the primary coil changes the magnetic flux that is
developed. The changing magnetic flux induces a voltage in the secondary coil.
 Referring to the below figure here, current passing through the primary coil creates a magnetic field. The
primary and secondary coils are wrapped around a core of very high magnetic permeability, usually iron, so
that most of the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils. Any secondary winding
connected load causes current and voltage induction from primary to secondary circuits in indicated directions.

Figure Ideal Transformer

Induction law
The voltage induced across the secondary coil may be calculated from Faraday's law of
induction, which states that, where VS is the instantaneous voltage, NS is the number of turns in the secondary
coil and Φ equals the magnetic flux through one turn of the coil. If the turns of the coil are oriented
perpendicular to the magnetic field lines, the flux is the product of the magnetic field strength and the area A
through which it cuts. The area is constant, being equal to the cross-sectional area of the transformer core,
whereas the magnetic field varies with time according to the excitation of the primary.

MUTUAL LAW OF INDUCTION

 Since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary coils in
an ideal transformer, the instantaneous voltage across the primary winding equals Taking the ratio of the two
equations for VS and VP gives the basic equation for stepping up or stepping down the voltage Ideal power
equation The ideal transformer as a circuit element.
If the secondary coil is attached to a load that allows current to flow, electrical power is transmitted from the
primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Ideally, the transformer is perfectly efficient; all the incoming energy
is transformed from the primary circuit to the magnetic field and into the secondary circuit. If this condition
is met, the incoming electric power must equal the outgoing power. Giving the ideal transformer equation
Transformers are efficient so this formula is a reasonable approximation. If the voltage is increased, then the
current is decreased by the same factor. If an impedance ZS is attached across the terminals of the secondary
coil, it appears to the primary circuit to have an impedance of ZS = (VS/IS).
 TYPES OF TRASNFROMER:

Auto Transformer:
Transformer in which part of the winding is common to both primary and secondary circuits
AUTO TRANSFORMER 132KV/33KV – 50MVA
Power Transformer:

Transformers being used to transfer electric energy between the generator and distribution primary circuits.

132KV 20MVA POWER TRANSFORMER

Transformer Oil: 

The tank is filled with transformer oil; & sealed. It is a mineral oil obtained by
refining crude petroleum. It serves the following purposes:-
1.Provides additional insulation
2. Carries away the heat generated in the core & oils Good transformer oil should have:-
 High dielectric strength.
 Low viscosity to provide good heat transformation.
 High flash/fire point
 Free from inorganic acid, alkali & corrosive Sulphur
 Free from slugging under normal operating condition. It is Important to check the oil in regular
intervals.
Conservator: 
It consists of an airtight metal drum fixed above the level of the top of the tank &
connected with the tank is completely filled with oil. The conservator is partially is filled with oil. The
function of conservator is to take up construction & expansion of oil without allowing it to come in contact
without side air. Transformer oil will expand due to the heat generated because of losses. 
Breather:
When the temperature changes, expansion of contacts & there is a displacement of air. When the
transformer cools the oil level goes down 7 air is drawn in. The oil should not be allowed to come in
contact with the atmospheric air as it may take moisture which may spoil its insulating properties. Air may
cause acidity or slugging of oil, so, the air coming in is passed through an apparatus called breather for
extracting moisture. The breather consists of a small vessel, which contains a drying agent like Silica gel
crystal.
Diverter tank:
It is a drum like structure mounted on a transformer wall &filled with transformer oil &
connected to conservator. It reduces arcing during tap changing operation.
 
Radiator: 
It is of small thickness & large diameter plates & used for heat dissipation during operation.
Large diameter means large surface area 7 better cooling. 
Temperature Indicator:
There are two temperature indicators on the transformer tank one for oil
temperature measurement & another for core temperature measurement. In 31.5 MVA Transformers when
oil temperature reaches 65o c cooling fans starts automatically but when the oil temperature rises at 75oc or
winding temperature rises at 85oc the alarm circuit will be closed. Further increase in oil or winding temp
the circuit will trip automatically. Cooling fans are placed beside the radiator tube, which are used for oil
cooling. Generally the cooling fans start automatically but when needed it can be started manually.
Bushing:
It is fixed on the transformer tank and these connections is made to the external circuits.
Ordinary porcelain insulators can be used as bushing upto voltage of 33 kV. Above 33 kv oil filled type
bushings are used. In filled bushings, the
conductor is passed through the hollow porcelain insulator which is filled with oil.
Buchholz relay:
It Is a gas actuated relay installed in oil immersed transformers for protection against
all kinds of faults. Any fault produces heat& forces the evolution of gas. It mainly consists of two float
switches 7 placed in the connecting pipe between the main tank & conservator. Under normal
condition they main tank and
Buchholz relay is completely filled up with oil &the conservator tank is about half full. When the fault
occurs, produces gas &collect in the container so the oil level gradually falls & closing the alarm circuit.
I f no attention is paid to it, the gas collection will be more & closes another circuit which will cut out
the transformer from the line.
Explosion Vent/ Pressure Release Vent:
 
When the gas pressure on the container is heavy, explosion
vent is released. Alarm circuit & trip circuit will close by Buchholz Relay, before opening the explosion
vent it is used now a days.

Tap Changing:

Mainly 132/33 kV transformer uses on-load tap changing &33/11 kV transformer is used of
load off-load tap changing. The tap changer is generally done on H.V side because current flow is less
than lv side. Which reduces the flashing during the tap changing. Here tap changed in 132/33 kV
transformer
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

 Station Transformer: HG Fuse protection on HV side and fuse protection on LV side and Vent pipe.
 Power transformers up to 7.5MVA:
 HV side: O/L & Directional E/L protection with highest element in O/L relays.
LV side: O/L & E/L protection Buchholz Relay OLTC Buchholz Relay OTI and WTI
 Power transformers from 8.0MVA and above: HV side O/L & Directional E/L protection with high set
element in O/L relays. LV side O/L & E/L protection: differential protection Buchholz Relay OLTC
Buchholz Relay OTI, WTI and PRV.
 Power transformers from 31.5MVA and above: Over flux protection & LV WTI in addition to protection.
 Protection Relay:
A protective relay is a device that detects the fault and initiates the operation of the C.B. is
to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system”. The relay detects the abnormal condition in the
electrical circuit by constantly measuring the electrical quantities, which are different under normal and fault
condition. The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage, current, frequency
and phase angle. Having detect the fault, the relay operate to close the trip circuit of C.B. There are two
principle reason for this; Firstly if the fault is not cleared quickly, it may cause unnecessary interruption of
service to the customer. Secondly, rapid disconnection of faulty apparatus limits the amount of damage to it
& prevents the effects from speeding into the system. A protective relay is a device that detects the fault &
initiates the operation of circuit breaker to isolate the defective element from the rest of the system. Most of
the relays operate on the principle of electromagnetic attraction or electromagnetic induction. The following
important types of relays are generally used in electrical distribution & transmission line:
 Induction Type Over Current Relay
 Induction Type Over Voltage Relay
 Distance Relay
 Differential Relay
 Earth Fault Relay
  Induction Type Over Current Relay:
  This type of relay operates on the principle of electromagnetic
induction initiates corrective measures when current in the circuit exceeds a predetermined value . The
actuating source is a current in the circuit supplied to the relay by a current transformer .These relays are
used on ac circuits only and can operate for fault flow in either direction. Under normal condition the
resulting torque is greater than the driving torque produced by the relay coil current.
Hence the Aluminium disc remains stationary, by during fault current in the protective circuit exceeds the
pre-set value. The driving torque becomes greater than the starting torque & the disc starts to rotate, hence
moving contact bridges are fixed contact when the disc rotates to a preset value. Trip circuit operates the
circuit breaker, which isolates the faulty section.
 Induction Type Over Voltage Relay:
This type of relay operates on the principle of
electromagnetic induction & initiates corrective measures when current in the circuit exceeds a
predetermined value. Under normal condition the aluminium disc remains stationary. However if the
voltage increases at any cost the disc starts to rotate, hence moving contact bridges to the fixed contact
when the disc rotates through a pre-set angle. Trip circuit operates the circuit breaker, which isolates the
faulty section.
 Distance Relay:
Under normal operating condition, the pull is due to the
voltage element. Therefore the relay contacts remains open. However when a fault occurs in the protected
zone the applied voltage to the relay decreases where the current increases. The ratio of voltage to current
faults is below the predetermined value. Therefore, the pull of the current element will exceed that due to
voltage element & this causes the beam to tilt in direction to close the trip circuit. 
 Differential Relay:
It compensates the phase difference between the power transformers
primary & secondary. The C.T.s on the two sides are connected by pilot wires at both ends are same & no
current flows through the relays. If a ground or phase-to-phase fault occurs, the currents in the C.T.s no
longer will be the same & the differential current flowing through the relay circuit will clear the
breaker on both sides of transformers. The protected zone is limited to the C.T.s on the low voltage side &
C.T.s on the high voltage side of the transformer.
This scheme also provides protection for short circuits between turns of the same phase winding. During a
short circuit, the turn ratio of power transformer is altered & cause unbalance in the system which cause
the relay to operate. However, such sorts are better taken care by Buchholz relay.
 
 Earth Fault Relay:

This scheme provides no protection against phase to phase faults unless & until
they develop into earth faults. A relay is connected across Transformer secondary. The protections against
earth faults are limited to the region between the neutral & line current transformer. Under normal operating
condition, no differential current flows through the relay. When earth fault Occurs in the protected zone,
the differential current flows through the operating coil of the relay. The relay then closes its contacts to
disconnect the equipment from the system.
 Instrument Transformer:
“Instrument Transformers are defined as the instruments in which the
secondary current or voltage is substantially proportional to the primary current or voltage and differs in
phase from it by an angle which is approximately zero for an appropriate direction of connection”. Direct
measurement of current or voltage in high voltage system is not possible because of high values and
insulation problems of measuring instruments they cannot be directly used for protection purposes.
Instrument transformers are of two types:
 Current Transformers
 Potential Transformer or Voltage Transformers
 Current Transformer:
Current transformer is a current measuring device used to measure the currents in
high voltage lines directly by stepping down the currents to measurable values by means of electromagnetic
circuit.

Basic Design Principle of Current Transformers

 The basic principle induced in designing of current transformers is
 Primary ampere turns = Secondary ampere turns
 Ip x Np = Is x Ns
Where, Ip - Primary current
Np - Primary Winding Turns
Is - Secondary Current;
Ns - Secondary Winding Turn
 Ampere turns plays very important role in designing current transformers.
 Current transformers must be connected in series only.
 Current transformer has less no of turns in primary and more no of turns in secondary.
The secondary current is directly proportional to primary current.
The standards applicable to CT's are IEC-60044-1 and IS – 2705.
132KV Current Transformer
 Tests generally to be conducted on CT:
Insulation resistance values (IR values): Primary to earth,
primary to secondary core1, primary to secondary core2, core1 to earth, core2 to earth and core1 to core2.
Primary to earth and primary to secondary cores are to be checked with 5KV motor operated insulation
tester (megger) and secondary to earth values are to be checked with 1000V insulation tester or preferably
with 500V insulation tester.
 Ratio test: Primary injection test is to be conducted for this purpose
 TAN-DELTA test: on 132KV CTs and above
 Secondary and lead resistance check
 Secondary injection check
 Primary injection check
 Specifications of HVCT:
Type : IT-245
Frequency : 50 Hz
H.S.V : 245 KV
BIL : 460/1050KV Oil
weight : 360kgs
Total weight : 1250kgs
 Specifications of LVCT:
Type : IT-145
Frequency : 50 Hz
HSV/NSV : 145/132 KV
BIL : 650/275 KV Oil
weight : 75Kg
Total weight : 550Kg
NOTE:

 CT secondary circuit and PT primary should never be open circuited. It is vulnerable to the CT/PT
 CT primary circuit and PT secondary should never be short circuited.
 Potential Transformer:
An instrument transformer in which the secondary voltage, in normal conditions
of use, is substantially proportional to the primary voltage and differs in phase from it by an angle which is
approximately zero for an appropriate direction of the connections.
Basic Design Principle of Voltage Transformer’s
 The basic principle involved in the designing of Voltage Transformer is
Voltage Ratio = Turns Ratio
VP / VS = NP / NS
Thus NS x VP = NP x VS
 As heavy primary voltages will be reduced to low secondary voltages, it will have more turns in the
primary & less turns in the secondary. It must always be connected in parallel only. Even if we connect
it directly from high voltage to earth, it is not going to be a short circuit as its primary winding has very
high resistance. Its core is a set of assembled laminations. It operates at constant flux density. The
standards are IEC – 600044 – 2 and IS – 3156.
132KV Potential Transformer
Tests generally to be conducted on the PTs:
 Insulation resistance values (IR values): primary to earth, primary to secondary core-1, primary
to secondary core-2, core1 to earth, core 2 to earth and core-1 to core-2. These values are to be
checked with 1000V insulation tester (megger) or preferably with 500V insulation tester.
 Ratio Test: By applying single phase voltage across primary the voltage induced in the secondary
winding is to be measure. This is approximately equal to voltage applied in the primary winding or
voltage ratio of the PT.
 Polarity test: at the time of commissioning (at least on the PTs connected to revenue meters)
PT secondary injection check.
 General checks for PT
 Mechanical alignment for PT power jaws
 PT primary winding star earthing
 Tightness of all connections
 Primary/secondary fuse ratings
 PT specifications
 In PTs no of secondary cores is 1 or more than 1 based on the requirement. Generally in 11KV or
33KV bus PTs, there is one secondary winding which is used both for protection and metering and
in 132KV and above, there are two secondary cores. First core is of metering core with 1.0 or 0.5
or 0.2 accuracy classes. This will be used metering, directional over current protection and
distance protection.
 CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER (CVT):

A capacitor voltage transformer

(CVT) is a transformer used in power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide
low voltage signals either for measurement or to operate a protective relay
These are high pass Filters (carrier frequency 50KHZ to 500 KHZ) pass carrier frequency to carrier
panels and power frequency parameters to switch yard. In its most basic form the device consists of
three parts: two capacitors across which the voltage signal is split, an inductive element used to tune
the device and a transformer used to isolate and further stepdown the voltage.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF CVT

 The device has at least four terminals, a high-voltage terminal for connection to the high
voltage signal, a ground terminal and at least one set of secondary terminals for connection to the instrumentation or
protective relay. CVTs are typically single-phase devices used for measuring voltages in excess of one hundred KV where
the use of voltage transformers would be uneconomical. In practice the first capacitor, C1, is often replaced by a stack of
capacitors connected in series. This results in a large voltage drop across the stack of capacitors, that replaced the first
capacitor and a comparatively small voltage drop across the second capacitor, C2, and hence the secondary terminals.

CAPACITOR VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER

Specifications of CVT

 CVT type : CVEB/245/1050

 Weight : 665 kg
 Total output simultaneous : 250 VA
 Output maximum : 750 VA at 50O C
 Rated voltage : A-N, 220/√3
 Highest system voltage : A-N, 245/√3
 Rated frequency : 50Hz
 Nominal intermediate voltage : A1-N, 20/√3 KV
 Voltage factor : 1.2Cont. 1.5/30 sec
 ‘HF’ capacitance : 4400pF +10% -5%
 Primary capacitance C1 : 4840pF +10% -5%
 Secondary capacitance C2 : 48400 pF +10%-5%
 Voltage ratio : 220000/√3/ 110/√3/110-110/√3
 Voltage : 110/√3 110-110/√3
 Burden : 150 100
 Class : 0.5
 CIRCUIT BREAKER:
The circuit breakers are used to break the circuit if any fault occurs in any of the instrument.
These circuit breaker breaks for a fault which can damage other instrument in the station. For any unwanted
fault over the station we need to break the line current. This is only done automatically by the circuit breaker.
 Operation mechanism function,
 Arc quenching function.

Figure. CIRCUIT BREAKER

various operating mechanisms
1. Spring charge mechanism,
2. Pneumatic mechanism,
3. Hydraulic Mechanism.

Arc quenching medium

4. Bulk oil (called bulk oil circuit breakers-BOCB)
5. Minimum oil (called minimum oil circuit breakers-MOCB)
6. Natural air (called air circuit breakers-ACB) (415v)
7. Forced air (called air blast circuit breaker-ABCB)
8. Vacuum (called vacuum circuit breaker-VCB)
9. SF6 gas (called Sulphur Hexafluoride-SF6 gas CB)
 The present trend is up to 33KV, VCBs are preferred and beyond 33KV, SF6 gas circuit breakers are
preferred. There are mainly two types of circuit breakers used for any substations. They are
(a) SF6 circuit breakers,
(b) Vacuum circuit breakers.

SF6 Circuit Breakers:

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) is an inert, heavy gas having good dielectric and arc
extinguishing properties. The dielectric strength of the gas increases with pressure and is more than the
dielectric strength of oil at 3 kg/cm2. SF6 is now being widely used in electrical equipment like high voltage
metal enclosed cables; high voltage metal clad switchgear, capacitors, circuit breakers, current transformers,
bushings, etc. The gas is liquefied at certain low temperature, liquidification temperature increases with the
pressure.
 Some of the properties of SF6 are,
 Very high dielectric strength
 High thermal and chemical inertia
 Superior arc extinguishing capability
 Low decomposition by arcing

Vacuum Circuit Breakers:

Vacuum type of circuit breakers is used for small KV rated stations below
33KV.They are only used in low distribution side.
Name Plate Details of 132KV SF6 CB:
 Type : 200-SFM-40A
 Rated Voltage : 145KV
 Lightening Impulse Withstand : 650KV(Peak)
 Rated Frequency : 50HZ
 Normal Current : 1600A
 Rated Short Circuit Breaking Current
 Symmetrical : 31.5KA
 Asymmetrical : 37.2KA
 Rated Short Circuit Making Current : 80KA(Peak)
 Out-Of-Phase Breaking Current : 7.9KA
 Rated Break Time : 60ms(3 Cycles)
 Rated Short Time Current : 40KA For 3 Sec
 Operating Sequence : 0-0.03s-C0-3min-CO
 Total Mass OF SF6 Gas : 8.7kg
 SF6 Gas Pressure AT 20c,1013hpa : 6.3bar
 Total Mass Of The Circuit Breaker : 1300kg
 Reference Standard : IEC-56

Name Plate Details of 33KV Vacuum CB:

 Voltage : 36KV
 Frequency : 50HZ
 Normal Current : 800A
 SYM Breaking Capacity : 25KA
 Short Time Current : 25KA
 Duration : 3sec
 Making Capacity : 63KA(peak)
 P.F Withstand : 70KV
 Impulse : 170KV(peak)
 Shunt Trip coil : 220VDC
 Spring Release Coil : 220VDC
 Total Weight : 2000kg
 Operating Sequence : 0-3MIN-CO-3MIN-CO
 Type : VN36 3AF
 BUS:
The bus is a line in which the incoming feeders come into and get into the instruments for further
step up or step down. The first bus is used for putting the incoming feeders in single line. There may be
double line in the bus so that if any fault occurs in the one the other can still have the current and the supply
will not stop. The two lines in the bus are separated by a little distance by a conductor having a connector
between them. This is so that one can work at a time and the other works only if the first is having any fault.
 INSULATORS:
The insulators serve two purposes. They support the conductors (or bus-bars) and
confine the current to the conductors. The most commonly used material for the manufacture of insulator is
porcelain. There are several type of insulators, and their use in the sub-station will depend upon the service
requirement. The main four types of insulators are as follows:
1 Pin Type Insulators
2 Suspension Type Insulators
3 Strain Insulators
4 Shackle Insulators
 ISOLATORS:
When carrying out inspection or repair in a substation installation, it is essential to
disconnect reliably the unit or section on which the work is to be done, from all other live parts on the
installation in order to ensure complete safety of the working staff. To guard against mistakes it is desirable
that this is done by an apparatus which makes a visible break in the circuit. Such an apparatus is the isolating
switch or ISOLATOR. Isolators used in power systems are generally three pole isolator. The three pole
isolators have three identical poles. Each pole consists of two or three isolator posts mounted on fabricated
supports. The conducting parts are supported on insulator posts. The conducting part consists of conducting
copper or aluminum rod, fixed and moving contacts. During the opening operation the conducting rod swings
apart and isolation is obtained. The simultaneous operation of 3 poles is obtained by mechanical interlocking
of 3 poles. For all 3 poles there is a common operating mechanism. The operating mechanism is manual plus
one of the following
 Pneumatic mechanism
 Electric motor mechanism
Pneumatic mechanism is the primitive mechanism of isolator operation. It operates on compressed air at 8
kg/cm2, example of this type of isolator is a TMG make isolator.But the biggest disadvantage of pneumatic
operation is that the whole process is dependent on compressor plant station. In case of breakdown in
compressor plant or the airline, isolator becomes dysfunctional.
Now days, however motor driven isolators are put to use. These are operated by 3ɸ ac motors. In case of
breakdown of electrical system, manual operation is also possible. The pneumatic operated isolators are
used only where a source of compressed air is available. Motorized systems are usually simpler and less
costly and hence we are using these in our design. The operating mechanism is generally mounted direct on
base frame of the isolator. The actuator unit then requires a bearing and additional link rod when the system
is well off the ground. Emergency manual operation is possible with all operating mechanisms, if the power
fails. The operating mechanisms also incorporate actuating switches for indicating the switching position
and for control and interlock purposes. Motor driven units also include contactors and control devices. The
control system is arranged so that only one switching pulse is needed and the actuators switch off
automatically when end position is reached. In the event of emergency manual operation safety contact
interrupts the motor circuit so that simultaneous actuation from control room is not possible. To prevent
maloperation, the operating mechanism of isolators and earthing switches can be interlocked relative to
each other, motorized systems electrically, compressed air systems electro-pneumatically and manual
systems mechanically.
Figure : 132KV ISOLATOR with Earth switch
 LIGHTENING ARRESTERS:
Lightening arresters are the instruments that are used in the
incoming feeders so that to prevent the high voltage entering the main station. This high voltage is very
dangerous to the instruments used in the substation. Even the instruments are very costly, so to prevent any
damage lightening arresters are used. The lightening arresters do not let the lightening to fall on the station.
If some lightening occurs the arrestors pull the lightening and ground it to the earth. In any substation the
main important is of protection which is firstly done by these lightening arrestors. The lightening arresters
are grounded to the earth so that it can pull the lightening to the ground.
These are located at the entrance of the transmission line in to the substation and as near as possible to the
transformer terminals.
The lightning arresters or surge diverters provide protection against such surges. A lightning arrester or a
surge diverter is a protective device, which conducts the high voltage surges on the power system to the
ground.
Figure: i) Lightning Arrestor
ii) Characteristics of Non Linear Resistor
Figure: Lightning Arrestor
The Action of The Lightning Arrester or Surge Diverter is as Under:

 Under normal operation, the lightning arrester is off the line i.e. it conducts no current to earth or the gap
is non-conducting.
 On the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the gap breaks down and an arc is formed
providing a low resistance path for the surge to the ground. In this way, the excess charge on the line due
to the surge is harmlessly conducted through the arrester to the ground instead of being sent back over
the line.
 It is worthwhile to mention the function of non-linear resistor in the operation of arrester. As the gap
sparks over due to over voltage, the arc would be a short circuit on the power system and may cause
power-follow current in the arrester. Since the characteristic of the resistor is to offer low resistance to
high voltage (or current), it gives the effect of short circuit. After the surge is over, the resistor offers
high resistance to make the gap non conducting
The Lightning Arrestor voltage rating corresponding to the system voltages indicated below

Rated Voltage in KV Highest voltage in KV Lightning arrestor in KV

11 12 9
33 36 30
66 72.5 60
132 145 120/132
220 245 198/216
400 420 336
 WAVE TRAP DRUM:
Wave trap is an instrument using for trapping of the wave. The function of
this wave trap is that it traps the unwanted waves. Its shape is like a drum. It is connected to the main
incoming feeder so that it can trap the waves which may be dangerous to the instruments in the substation.
Generally it is used to exclude unwanted frequency components, such as noise or other interference, of a
wave.

Note: Traps are usually unable to permit selection of unwanted or interfering signals.

Line trap also is known as Wave trap. What it does is trapping the high frequency communication signals
sent on the line from the remote substation and diverting them to the telecom/tele protection panel in the
substation control room through coupling capacitor.
This is relevant in Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC) systems for communication among various
substations without dependence on the telecom company network. The signals are primarily tele protection
signals and in addition, voice and data communication signals. The Line trap offers high impedance to the
high frequency communication signals thus obstructs the flow of these signals in to the substation bus bars.
If these are not present in the substation, then signal loss is more and communication will be
ineffective/probably impossible.

Figure: WAVE TRAP DRUM

 Clamps and Connectors
The role of clamps and connectors can be felt during operation of substation.
Connectors of bad quality often result in outage of system and can even lead to total bus fault. The cause of
failure of connector is mainly due to heating and excessive electromechanical stress. That is why, choice of
materials and design of connectors are given due consideration while designing the substation.

Figure: Clamps and Connectors

 Earthing System:
The earthing practice adopted at generating stations, sub-stations and lines should be in
such a manner as to provide in units of ohms
 Safety to personnel
 Minimum damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy fault currents
Improve reliability of power supply earthing resistance should reach
 Large sub-stations- 1Ohms
 Small sub-stations-2 Ohms
 Power stations -0.5 Ohms
 Distribution transformer stations- 5 Ohms
In All Sub-Stations There Shall be Provision For Earthing The Following:
 The neutral point of earth separate system should have an independent earth, which in turn should be
interconnected with the station grounding mat
 Equipment frame work and other non-current carrying parts.
 All extraneous metallic frame work not associated with equipment (two connections)
 The earth conductor of the mat could be buried under earth to economical depth of burial of the mat 0.5
meters.
 SWITCHGEAR:
The term switchgear, used in association with the electric power system, or grid,
refers to the combination of electrical disconnects, fuses and/or circuit breakers used to isolate electrical
equipment. Switchgear is used both to de-energize equipment to allow work to be done and to clear faults
downstream. Switchgear is already a plural, much like the software term code/codes, and is never used as
switchgears. The very earliest central power stations used simple open knife switches, mounted on
insulating panels of marble or asbestos. Power levels and voltages rapidly escalated, making open
manually-operated switches too dangerous to use for anything other than isolation of a de-energized circuit.
Oil-filled equipment allowed arc energy to be contained and safely controlled. By the early 20th century, a
switchgear line-up would be a metal-enclosed structure with electrically-operated switching elements, using
oil circuit breakers. Today, oil-filled equipment has largely been replaced by air-blast, vacuum, or SF6
equipment, allowing large currents and power levels to be safely controlled by automatic equipment
incorporating digital controls, protection, metering and communications.
 FIRE PROTECTION:
The fire protection device should be kept in store yard for safety of
equipment during storage. It can be useful in the time of danger. This includes fire extinguishers,
constant supply of water etc.
 
 FEEDER PROTECTION:

 33KV feeders: Non directional O/L & E/L protection with highest and IDMT characteristics.
 132KV feeders: Main protection: Distance protection. Back up protection: Directional O/L &
E/L protection.
 220KV feeders: Main-1 protection: Distance protectionMain-2protection: Distance protection,
LBB protection, pole discrepancy Relay.
7.IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE KEPT IN VIEW WHILE LAYING OUT THE
SUBSTATION:
Substations are important part of power system. The continuity of supply depends to
considerable extent upon the successful operation of sub-stations. It is, therefore, essential to exercise
utmost care while designing and building a substation.
The following are the important points which must be kept in view while laying out a substation:
 It should be located at a proper site. As far as possible, it should be located at the centre of gravity of
load.
 It should provide safe and reliable arrangement. For safety, consideration must be given to the
maintenance of regulation clearances, facilities for carrying out repairs and maintenance, abnormal
occurrences such as possibility of explosion or fire etc. For reliability, consideration must be given for
good design and construction, the provision of suitable protective gear etc.
 It should be easily operated and maintained.
 It should involve minimal capital cost.
8.CONCLUSION:
Transmission and distribution stations exist at various scales throughout a power system.
In general, they represent an interface between different levels or sections of the power system, with the
capability to switch or reconfigure the connections among various transmission and distribution lines.
The major stations include a control room from which operations are coordinated. Smaller distribution
substations follow the same principle of receiving power at higher voltage on one side and sending out a
number of distribution feeders at lower voltage on the other, but they serve a more limited local area and
are generally unstaffed. The central component of the substation is the transformer, as it provides the
effective in enface between the high- and low-voltage parts of the system. Other crucial components are
circuit breakers and switches. Breakers serve as protective devices that open automatically in the event of
a fault, that is, when a protective relay indicates excessive current due to some abnormal condition.
Switches are control devices that can be opened or closed deliberately to establish or break a connection.
An important difference between circuit breakers and switches is that breakers are designed to interrupt
abnormally high currents (as they occur only in those very situations for which circuit protection is
needed), whereas regular switches are designed to be operable under normal currents. Breakers are placed
on both the high- and low-voltage side of transformers. Finally, substations may also include capacitor
banks to provide voltage support.