Nutritional Roles of Energy Substrates

Nutr|t|ona| ko|e of Ca|or|es "Lnergy"

O asal metabolism
O !ysical activity
O Mental activity
O Figting disease
O Growt
Carbohydrates


o|ysacchar|des



|p|ds
O Energy, membrane structure, insulation, biological regulators

O !roduced during ydrogenation of vegetable
oils

O Animal fat


O Olive oil


O Canola oil, flaxseed


O Corn oil, peanut oil, safflower


O Fatty fis, fis oil, salmon oil

rote|n
O !olymers of amino acids
4 Amino acids - 21 naturally occurring
O From Greek "proteios = first place
O ~50% of cells dry weigt cells
ko|es
1. Structural - silk fibres, elastin, collagen
2. Storage - ovalbumin, casein
3. Transport - Hb, glucose transporter
4. Hormones - insulin
5. Receptors - -adrenergic, leptin
6. Contractile - actin, flagellin
7. Defense - antibodies
8. Enzymes - glucose metabolism, digestion
. Energy - during starvation and exercise
N|trogen
O Essential to all organisms
O Most plants, animals, and oter eukaryotes are very deficient
O iverse prokaryotes use variety of nitrogen sources are are critical
in te nitrogen cycle

Nitromonas (nitrification)
Cyanobacteria (nitrogen fixation)
N
2
NH
3
Nitromonas (nitrification)
NH
3
NO
2
-
Nitrobacter
NO
2
-
NO
3
-
Pseudomonas (denitrification)
NO
2
-
or NO
3
-
N
2

O !lants can get nitrogen one of two ways:
1. As NO
3
-
produced in soil by nitrifying bacteria
MAJOR
2. Some plants (i.e. legumes; peas, soybeans, wite/red clover)
use "symbiotic nitrogen fixation

O Root nodules in tis legume ouse nitrogen
fixing bacteria wic live in a mutualistic
symbiotic relationsip
Lxamp|e of Coevo|ut|on
O Cooperate in te formation of legemoglobin one part made in eac
species (apoprotein in plant, eme in bacteria)
O !rovides O
2
for AT! production necessary for ig energy requiring
nitrogen fixation and keeps O
2
low in root nodules to allow
nitrogenase to work efficiently

O Nitrogen fixing bacteria "feeds plant

O Roots release flavonoids and oter cemicals tat attract
"Rizobium
O Tese infect root air and grow as bacterioids
xygen
Ob/iqote Aerobes
O &se oxygen for cellular respiration and cannot grow witout it
ocu/totive Anaerobes
O ill use oxygen if available but can also grow by fermentation if
oxygen is not around
Ob/iqote Anaerobes
O Cannot use oxygen and oxygen is poisonous
4 y? Must use oter electron acceptor

O How do multicellular organisms provide nutrients to cells tat do
not ave ready exposure to te environment were te nutrients
migt be found?
,u|t|ce||u|ar rgan|sms
O iffusion is too slow and inefficient for metabolism to occur at
reasonable rates
O Elaborate apparatus evolved for efficient use of nutrients from te
environment
O Nutrients or "foods are ingested, digested, and ten absorbed and
transported to places were tey will be used or stored for future
needs.
Lxcept|ona| C|||ate
O Single-celled "iplodinium dentatum
O Earliest digestive tract
O Cytoskeleton provides elements of a multicellular gut

ponges
O ater is sucked troug canals
O Food particles stick to
"coanocytes were tey are
broken down and absorbed

ung f|y |nfected w|th paras|t|c predatory fungus
Lntomophthora

O Spores ingested by fly germinate
O Hypae grow troug organism, absorb nutrients and eventually kill
te ost
es
O NOT a saprotrop, wic absorbs nutrients from dead organisms




redatory ea tar craw|s on what |t wants to eat
O Secretes digestive juices onto its "food
O Absorbs nutrients directly