M c tiu v n i dung

T V CNG NGH X
(suy thoi v b o v t)

l m t ph n gi i quy t cc v n mi tr ng

Nguy n Kim Thanh

M c tiu N m c c s v c u trc l, ha, sinh h c c a t; Cc v n suy thoi t ang g p ph i hi n nay; Cc phng php c b n trong x l/c i t o t nhi m.

2011

T i sao ph i h c v t?
Qui ho ch s d ng t ( th ha, qu n l r ng, nng nghi p) Cc v n th i b ch t th i Tai h a thin nhin: ng t, l t l i, s t l L ch s kh h u

Chng trnh (1)

N i dung 1. t- chu k c a 2. S hnh thnh t 3. c tnh L Ho c a t 4. Sinh h c c a t Cc qu trnh chuy n ha 5. Keo v dung d ch t 6. C b n c h c t Tu n 2 3 4 5 6 7
Warning: Yu c u h c l i ha mi tr ng!

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Chng trnh (2)

8. Cc v n mi tr ng - Xc nh n ng cho php 9. Phng php x l l h c & BT 10. X l t i ch & BT 11. Phng php x l sinh h c & BT 12. Trch ly ng c dng &BT 13 Cc phng php khc & bi t p Tu n 8 9 10 11 12 13-15
Warning: Yu c u d c thm thm v cc qu trnh c s : v n chuy n, lu ch t, ph n ng

1. Dinh d ng t - Soil Fertility Kh nng c a t cung c p dinh d ng cho s pht tri n c a th c v t v i cc y u t thu n l i khc S hnh thnh t l m t s ki m sot quan tr ng trong qu trnh ti n ho trn kh nng s n xu t c a 1 vng t l m t h th ng sinh thi ph c h p (soil is a complex ecosystem)

2. Cc c tnh k thu t c a t Engineering Properties of Soils

S c b n (strength): kh nng khng l i s bi n d ng b i cc l c cohesion and friction; nn (compressibility) xu h ng gi m th tch xi mn (erodibility): s d dng di chuy n c a t do cc ngo i l c tc ng nh gi ho c n c d n th y (hydraulic conductivity): kh nng di chuy n c a n c trong tl M c d o (ease of excavation) Ti m nng nn - Shrink-swell potential

Xi mn t - Soil Erosion
R cy s lm k t dnh t v i nhau: tng dnh v gi m xi mn

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Soil Erosion (2)

S si mn t ph thu c c tnh c a t, s d ng t, a m o, v kh h u

V d v degradation

Runoff

Gully Formation

S nhi m do l ng ng (Sediment Pollution)

S l ng ng l 1 trong nh ng tc nhn l n nh t c a nhi m t:
Thoi ho t ngu n Suy gi m ch t l ng n c

Land Use Effects - US

Channel Condition

R t kh lo i b (difficult to remove) Ngu n:

Agriculture, Overgrazing, Urban Construction, cc vng ch y trn do cy x i v t, khai thc m

Agriculture Urbanization Off road vehicles Soil pollution

Land Use

Ki m sot (controls):
Cc th c t t t v phng ch ng suy thoi, cc b y l ng ng

Sediment yield = l ng l ng ng c t o ra trn 1 n v th i gian trn 1 di n tch

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Nng nghi p v t v d t i M
~1/3 topsoil in U.S. has been lost to erosion
Cc rnh cy trong nng nghi p l th ph m chnh

th ho & t
Gia tng s ch y trn trn cc vng b tng ha Tng s ch ng th m vng trn = gi m xi mn vng nay = tng s xi mn vng d i t c th b o ln v mang i n khc t nh p kh u t ni khc c th lm mi tr ng thay i. S rt n c gy nn s kh h n R t d b nhi m

Protective measure to reduce erosion

Canh tc theo ng ng m c - Contour plowing Terracing phn vng nh No-till: khng cy a ma (thay i cy tr ng)

Image: National Resources Conservation Service, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture

Contour Plowing in Iowa

Giao thng (ni khng lt n n)& t

H u qu :
S xi mn tr c ti p t o i u ki n cho n c v xi gia tng xi mn Thay i th y l c t g n b m t b nn ch t, gia tng cch ly n c Thay i nhi t trong ph u di n t temperature daily profile Lm h i cy tr ng v ng v t
Nh ng con ng mn ny trn sa m c c th c hng trm nm tr c

t nhi m - Soil Pollution

t c h t st c th c s h p thu ch n l c m nh lm tch ly ho c lin k t v i ch t c h i (postive and negative properties) t c ch a VSV c th phn h y ch t nhi m Soil can become polluted:
Ha ch t h u c (organic chemicals: hydrocarbons, pesticides) Kim lo i n ng (heavy metals)

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S hnh thnh t (Soil Development)

Phong ha lm gy v b m t b qu trnh c h c ho c ha h c S hnh thnh t b i 5 y u t :
Climate Topography Parent material (rock from which the soil is formed) Time biological processes

S l c tri t v t

R=6370km

Plate Tectonic Theory

Continent-Continent Collision
(va ch m l c a)

Hnh thnh ni, e.g. dy Alps, dy Himalayas

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200 tri u nm tr c y, tri t l 1 kh i

CONTINENTAL DRIFT THEORY

n nm 1912, t ng v s d ch chuy n c a cc l c a b t u hnh thnh- c g i l Continental Drift This theory was introduced in two articles published by a 32year-old German meteorologist named Alfred Lothar Wegener.

theo Alfred Wegener, German meteorologist, 1912

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Mantle
Vng dy nh t c a bn trong tri t Vng l n nh t bn trong c a tri t: Iron, Mg, Oxygen, and Silicon Ch y u l Under rock, zone of melted rock asthenosphere
According to the continental drift theory, the super continent Pangaea began to break up about 225-200 million years ago, eventually fragmenting into the continents as we know them today.

Crust-v c ng
L p m ng nh t c a v tri t Igneous (ni l a), sedimentary (tr m tch), metamorphic (bi n ch t) V vng bi n
(Oceanic Crust) Underlies ocean Che ph - Covers 71%

Plate Tectonics-ki n t o m ng
Ph n c ng c a l p mantle v li lin t c thay i (constantly changing) H u h t cc hi n t ng t nhin x y ra trn cc m ng Dy 60 miles Di chuy n lin t c C nh trn lithosphere

V vng t li n
(Continental Crust) Underlies continents

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K t qu
T o ra cc v c, khe v ni d i bi n Gi i thch s ti n ho sinh h c Cc nh khoa h c c th d tm s di c v Pangea Khi cc m ng d ch chuy n tch nhau,cc lo i v t tr nn a phng ho,v tch bi t ti sinh sinh s n ( c h u)

Cc ki u bin gi i c a m ngTypes of Plate Boundaries

Convergent ch ng l n
lithosphere c a bi n chuy n theo h ng xu ng Thng th ng t o khe rnh T o ra nhi u ng t

Convergent-ch ng l n Divergent-tch Transform-d ch chuy n ng c nhau gi a 2 m ng

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Divergent - tch
Cc m ng d ch xa nhau theo cc h ng khc nhau T o ra khe gi a bi n v ni trong lng bi n

Transform-d ch chuy n ng c nhau

Cc m ng d ch ng c chi u nhng song song Xu t ki n d c cc t gy H u h t x y ra trong lng i dng

http://www.mapsofworld.com/world-continent-map.htm

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Profile t
O - L p mn A - Th t - st B phong ha C g c phong ha

AS m t tr i

Qu trnh thnh t o

N c v nng l ng gi

ni l a trn b m t

Qu trnh phn r v t l v ha h c Phi v bo mn

Dng Magma bi n ch t Magma Qu trnh bi n ch t

V n chuy n v l ng Chn vi v lithid ha

tr m tch ni l a chn vi

Nhi t b c x

nh ngha
1. V t li u khang r i trn b m t tri t ph c v nh l mi tr ng s ng c a cy tr ng; 2. V t ch t khong trn b m t tri t l ch th c a s s ng v v cc nhn t mi tr ng: v t li u g c, kh h u, sinh v t macro v micro, a hnh, t t c cc v n ny tc ng qua th i gian v t o ra T m n khc v i v t li u ban u b i cc c tnh l, ha, sinh h c v hnh th .
(Glossary of soil science terms. Soil Science Society of America, 1979)

nh ngha (tt)
3. Khoa h c mi tr ng: L l p b m t c a tri t bao g m ch t r n, n c, kh. l ni c tr c a sinh v t (l n v nh ) v l ci neo c a r cy tr ng. 4. Ng i H Lan (Lu t b o v t): t l 1 ph n r n c a tri t cng bao g m cc thnh ph n khc nh d ng kh, l ng v sinh v t

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What is soil? (Tham kh o)

Soil scientists definition:
solid earth material that has been altered by physical, chemical, and biological processes such that it can support rooted plant life.

Chu k
Igneous rock: low and quick cooling Wearhering and sedimentation Metamorphic rock

Engineers definition:
solid earth material that can be removed without blasting.

Geologists use both definitions

The rock cycle

http://www.cet.edu/ete/modules/msese/earthsysflr/rock.html

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Soil Development

http://soils.usda.gov/education/resources/surdown.pdf

Cu h i
nh ngha t? Chu k bao g m m y ph n? Hy m t Khong nguyn sinh l g? Cc nhn t t o l p t? B n bi t thm g v thuy t ki n t o m ng?

acknowledgement
http://www.earthscienceworld.org/ http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/vwlessons/plate_tectonics/par t1.htm

http://earthsci.org/processes/pro.html#geological_p rocesses http://www.seismo.unr.edu/ftp/pub/louie/class/100/in terior.html

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