Expression of DNA through RNA

Transcription
and translation
of DNA
 Central Dogma

DNA  RNA  amino acids  proteins

 Proteins
• If DNA does not ever
leave the nucleus and
proteins are made in
cytoplasm…
• How do cells make
proteins?
• Why do cells need
proteins?
 Protein review
• Composed of C, H, N and
sometimes Sulfur.
• Made of amino acids.
• Only 20 amino acids are found in
nearly all living cells.
• Amino acids are linked together to
form proteins just like words join
together to form sentences.
 Why are proteins needed?
• Immune system
• Muscles move bones
• Cell membranes
• Enzymes
• Human Genome project: human
beings make between 30,000 and
90,000 different proteins.
 Ribonucleic acid
• A cell uses RNA to get DNA
code
• RNA is like DNA in that it is
made of nucleotides.
• Ribose is the five carbon sugar.
• Difference is that it is a single
strand and smaller
• RNA can move outside the
nucleus.
 RNA acts like an intermediary
• RNA is smaller so it can
move into the cell where
it’s sequence can be
decoded
• Three types of RNA
– Messenger RNA (mRNA)
– Ribosomal RNA (rRNA
– Transfer RNA (tRNA)
 Transcription
process of transferring information from
DNA to RNA.
occurs in the nucleus
1. RNA Polymerase “unzip” the DNA
2. Sequence of nucleotides from one strand of
DNA is transcribed into a new RNA
molecule
3. Single strand of RNA moves into cytoplasm
4. RNA molecule is used to make proteins
 Ribosomes & Translation
• The ribosome is a tiny
structure which allows
the cell to decode
RNA
• Decoding=
Translation
• Code= codon (3
nucleotides) which
corresponds to an
amino acid
• Ribosomes “read” the
code to build the
amino acid chain.
 tRNA
• Each tRNA carries an amino acid
• As each codon of the mRNA
molecule moves through the
ribosome, the corresponding
amino acid is brought into the
ribosome by the tRNA.
• Each tRNA molecule has three
unpaired bases
(anticodons)which are
complimentary to mRNA codons
 Online resources
• Transcription animation
• RNA and DNA animation