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Lecture 23
Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys The Viper and His Famous Orchestra Big Sandy and the Fly-Rite Boys Pokey LaFarge and the South City Three Blind Boy Paxton
Why? They were the headliners at the CU Folk and Roots Festival this past weekend. They were wonderful !!
Your Comments
This lecture was fun! super hard I don't understand what the equations mean with the (kz+-wt). Can you explain the E and B electromagnetic waves graph in more detail? I'm still confused.
05
Your Comments
PLEASE READ MEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. <----- Don't post this annoying part =D I set the equations of (energy density )*(Volume) = planck's constant *(c/lambda) . Solving for lambda I see that the wavelength decreases as Volume increases. Does that mean that EM waves loose their wavelength as the Universe expands? YES! Photons left over from the Big Bang (starting out with the energy that binds electrons to protons = hydrogen atom) have lost a lot of energy as the universe expands (from t = 400,000 years to now) initial 100 nm = 10-7 m, today 1 mm: the cosmic microwave background
05
E and B are perpendicular and in phase Oscillate in time and space Direction of propagation given by E X B E0 = cB0 Argument of sin/cos gives direction of propagation
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 5
t=0
Ex
t = /2
What has happened to the waveform in this time interval? It has MOVED TO THE RIGHT by /4
/4 speed = c = = = f / 2 2
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 6
Checkpoint 1a
The value at t=0 is 0 for this function and it is positive in the x direction right after Since the sine wave is going up, its - the omega t The terms within the sin function show that the wave is moving in the +z direction and B is in the y plane so it's By.
Checkpoint 1a
Checkpoint 2a
Doppler Shift
Electromagnetic Waves : You need relativity (time dilation) to calculate BUT Result is simple: only depends on relative motion of source & observer
1 2
1+ f= f 1
= v/c > 0 if source & observer are approaching < 0 if source & observer are separating
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 11
v
or
v
The Doppler Shift is the SAME for both cases ! f/f ONLY DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE VELOCITY
1+ f= f 1
1 2
1+ f= f 1
1 2
<< 1
f f (1 + )
Remember > 0 for approach < 0 for separation around = 0
WHY ??
Taylor Series: Expand
1 + F ( ) = 1
1/ 2
F ( ) = F (0) +
Evaluate:
F ( 0) = 1
F (0) = 1
F ( ) 1 +
NOTE: F ( ) = (1 ) n
F ( ) 1 n
Red Shift
wavelength
Our Sun
Red Shift
the dopper effect in relation to magnetic fields. Is this used in any practical applications? Is anything moving fast enough on earth that relative to the speed of light that there would be any significant shift? I understand that this makes sense in looking at the universe and motion of planets and stars and such but there is no way you can "run" fast enough to ever see an iclicker signal.
Star Clusters and Distant, Red Galaxies Near Edge of Galaxy NGC 3370 (Hubble Space Telescope)
Example
Police radars get twice the effect since the EM waves make a round trip:
f f (1 + 2 )
If f = 24,000,000,000 Hz (k-band radar gun) c = 300,000,000 m/s v 30 m/s (67 mph) 31 m/s (69 mph) 1.000 x 10-7 1.033 x 10-7 f 24,000,004,800 24,000,004,959 f-f 4800 Hz 4959 Hz
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 16
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
Running away decreases the frequency that your eyes would see.
Running toward the iclicker will cause the frequency we observe to be greater than the source frequency.
Moving relative to the iclicker would only change its velocity in relation to you, but not its frequency.
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
( > 0)
How fast would you need to run to see the i>clicker radiation?
f 1014 1 + = 9 = 105 = f 10 1
1/ 2
1 + 10 = 1
10
1010 1 1 10 10 = 10 = 10 + 1 1 + 10 10
Approximation Exercise:
1 (2 1010 )
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 18
Intensity
Intensity = Average energy delivered per unit time, per unit area
1 dU I A dt
Length = c dt
Area = A
dU = u volume = u Acdt
I =c u
Sunlight on Earth:
I ~ 1000J/s/m2 ~ 1 kW/m2
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 20
p F F= ; P= t A
Approximate p by p:
p U P= = At cAt
U I= At
I P= c
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 23
Therefore:
Optical Tweezers
Checkpoint 1b
Which of the following actions will increase the energy carried by an electromagnetic wave? A. Increase E keeping constant C. Both of the above will increase the energy B. Increase keeping E constant D. Neither of the above will increase the energy
Only the electric field changing can increase energy. Energy doesn't depend on the amplitude, just the frequency. Increasing both will add energy since it has a greater base energy if you increase E and more waves per a period of time if you incease w. only velocity of the wave influences energy
Checkpoint 1b
Which of the following actions will increase the energy carried by an electromagnetic wave? A. Increase E keeping constant C. Both of the above will increase the energy B. Increase keeping E constant D. Neither of the above will increase the energy
But then again, what are we keeping constant here? WHAT ABOUT PHOTONS? The energy of one photon is Ephoton = hf = h/2 Uwave = Nphotons Ephoton = 1/2 0E02
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 26
PHOTONS
We believe the energy in an e-m wave is carried by photons Question: What are Photons? Answer: Photons are Photons. Photons possess both wave and particle properties Particle: Energy and Momentum localized Wave: They have definite frequency & wavelength (f = c) Connections seen in equations: E = hf p = h/ Plancks constant h = 6.63e-34 J-s
Question: How can something be both a particle and a wave? Answer: ~It cant (when we observe it) What we see depends on how we choose to measure it ! The mystery of quantum mechanics: More on this in PHYS 214
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 27
Calculation 1
An electromagnetic wave is described by: E = 0 cos(kz t ) jE where is the unit vector in the +y direction. j
y x z
X
(A) (B) (C)
X
(D)
E and B are in phase (or 180o out of phase) Wave moves in +z direction y E E B points in direction of propagation x
E = 0 cos(kz t ) jE
B = iB0 cos(kz t )
B z Physics 212
Lecture 23, Slide 28
Calculation 2
An electromagnetic wave is described by: What is the form of B for this wave?
j i+ E= E0 cos(kz + t ) 2
y x z
(A) (B)
j i+ B= ( E0 / c)cos(kz + t ) 2
j i B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(C)
j i + B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(D) B = i j ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t )
2
E=
j i+ E0 cos(kz + t ) 2
y E x B
E B points in negative z-direction
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 29
Calculation 3
An electromagnetic wave is described by:
E = 0 sin(kz + t ) jE
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
B = i ( E0 / c)sin(kz + t )
at t = /2:
Bx = ( E0 / c) cos(kz )
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 30
Calculation 4
A certain unnamed physics professor was arrested for running a stoplight. He said the light was green. A pedestian said it was red. The professor then said: We are both being truthful; you just need to account for the Doppler effect ! Is it possible that the professors argument is correct? (green = 500 nm, red = 600 nm)
(A) YES
(B) NO
As professor approaches stoplight, the frequency of its emitted light will be shifted UP The speed of light does not change Therefore, the wavelength (c/f) would be shifted to a smaller value If he goes fast enough, he could observe a green light !
Follow-Up
A certain unnamed physics professor was arrested for running a stoplight. He said the light was green. A pedestian said it was red. The professor then said: We are both being truthful; you just need to account for the Doppler effect ! How fast would the professor have to go to see the light as green? (green = 500 nm, red = 600 nm)
f 600 1+ = = f 500 1
36(1 ) = 25(1 + )
f = f (1 + )
Note approximation for small is not bad: c = 3 X 108 m/s v = 5.4 X 107 m/s
11 = 0.18 61 1 = = 0.2 5
Physics 212
Lecture 23
Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys The Viper and His Famous Orchestra Big Sandy and the Fly-Rite Boys Pokey LaFarge and the South City Three Blind Boy Paxton
Why? They were the headliners at the CU Folk and Roots Festival this past weekend. They were wonderful !!
Your Comments
This lecture was fun! super hard I don't understand what the equations mean with the (kz+-wt). Can you explain the E and B electromagnetic waves graph in more detail? I'm still confused.
05
Your Comments
PLEASE READ MEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. <----- Don't post this annoying part =D I set the equations of (energy density )*(Volume) = planck's constant *(c/lambda) . Solving for lambda I see that the wavelength decreases as Volume increases. Does that mean that EM waves loose their wavelength as the Universe expands? YES! Photons left over from the Big Bang (starting out with the energy that binds electrons to protons = hydrogen atom) have lost a lot of energy as the universe expands (from t = 400,000 years to now) initial 100 nm = 10-7 m, today 1 mm: the cosmic microwave background
05
E and B are perpendicular and in phase Oscillate in time and space Direction of propagation given by E X B E0 = cB0 Argument of sin/cos gives direction of propagation
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 5
t=0
Ex
t = /2
What has happened to the waveform in this time interval? It has MOVED TO THE RIGHT by /4
/4 speed = c = = = f / 2 2
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 6
Checkpoint 1a
The value at t=0 is 0 for this function and it is positive in the x direction right after Since the sine wave is going up, its - the omega t The terms within the sin function show that the wave is moving in the +z direction and B is in the y plane so it's By.
Checkpoint 1a
Checkpoint 2a
Doppler Shift
Electromagnetic Waves : You need relativity (time dilation) to calculate BUT Result is simple: only depends on relative motion of source & observer
1 2
1+ f= f 1
= v/c > 0 if source & observer are approaching < 0 if source & observer are separating
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 11
v
or
v
The Doppler Shift is the SAME for both cases ! f/f ONLY DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE VELOCITY
1+ f= f 1
1 2
1+ f= f 1
1 2
<< 1
f f (1 + )
Remember > 0 for approach < 0 for separation around = 0
WHY ??
Taylor Series: Expand
1 + F ( ) = 1
1/ 2
F ( ) = F (0) +
Evaluate:
F ( 0) = 1
F (0) = 1
F ( ) 1 +
NOTE: F ( ) = (1 ) n
F ( ) 1 n
Red Shift
wavelength
Our Sun
Red Shift
the dopper effect in relation to magnetic fields. Is this used in any practical applications? Is anything moving fast enough on earth that relative to the speed of light that there would be any significant shift? I understand that this makes sense in looking at the universe and motion of planets and stars and such but there is no way you can "run" fast enough to ever see an iclicker signal.
Star Clusters and Distant, Red Galaxies Near Edge of Galaxy NGC 3370 (Hubble Space Telescope)
Example
Police radars get twice the effect since the EM waves make a round trip:
f f (1 + 2 )
If f = 24,000,000,000 Hz (k-band radar gun) c = 300,000,000 m/s v 30 m/s (67 mph) 31 m/s (69 mph) 1.000 x 10-7 1.033 x 10-7 f 24,000,004,800 24,000,004,959 f-f 4800 Hz 4959 Hz
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 16
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
Running away decreases the frequency that your eyes would see.
Running toward the iclicker will cause the frequency we observe to be greater than the source frequency.
Moving relative to the iclicker would only change its velocity in relation to you, but not its frequency.
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
( > 0)
How fast would you need to run to see the i>clicker radiation?
f 1014 1 + = 9 = 105 = f 10 1
1/ 2
1 + 10 = 1
10
1010 1 1 10 10 = 10 = 10 + 1 1 + 10 10
Approximation Exercise:
1 (2 1010 )
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 18
Intensity
Intensity = Average energy delivered per unit time, per unit area
1 dU I A dt
Length = c dt
Area = A
dU = u volume = u Acdt
I =c u
Sunlight on Earth:
I ~ 1000J/s/m2 ~ 1 kW/m2
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 20
p F F= ; P= t A
Approximate p by p:
p U P= = At cAt
U I= At
I P= c
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 23
Therefore:
Optical Tweezers
Checkpoint 1b
Which of the following actions will increase the energy carried by an electromagnetic wave? A. Increase E keeping constant C. Both of the above will increase the energy B. Increase keeping E constant D. Neither of the above will increase the energy
Only the electric field changing can increase energy. Energy doesn't depend on the amplitude, just the frequency. Increasing both will add energy since it has a greater base energy if you increase E and more waves per a period of time if you incease w. only velocity of the wave influences energy
Checkpoint 1b
Which of the following actions will increase the energy carried by an electromagnetic wave? A. Increase E keeping constant C. Both of the above will increase the energy B. Increase keeping E constant D. Neither of the above will increase the energy
But then again, what are we keeping constant here? WHAT ABOUT PHOTONS? The energy of one photon is Ephoton = hf = h/2 Uwave = Nphotons Ephoton = 1/2 0E02
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 26
PHOTONS
We believe the energy in an e-m wave is carried by photons Question: What are Photons? Answer: Photons are Photons. Photons possess both wave and particle properties Particle: Energy and Momentum localized Wave: They have definite frequency & wavelength (f = c) Connections seen in equations: E = hf p = h/ Plancks constant h = 6.63e-34 J-s
Question: How can something be both a particle and a wave? Answer: ~It cant (when we observe it) What we see depends on how we choose to measure it ! The mystery of quantum mechanics: More on this in PHYS 214
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 27
Calculation 1
An electromagnetic wave is described by: E = 0 cos(kz t ) jE where is the unit vector in the +y direction. j
y x z
X
(A) (B) (C)
X
(D)
E and B are in phase (or 180o out of phase) Wave moves in +z direction y E E B points in direction of propagation x
E = 0 cos(kz t ) jE
B = iB0 cos(kz t )
B z Physics 212
Lecture 23, Slide 28
Calculation 2
An electromagnetic wave is described by: What is the form of B for this wave?
j i+ E= E0 cos(kz + t ) 2
y x z
(A) (B)
j i+ B= ( E0 / c)cos(kz + t ) 2
j i B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(C)
j i + B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(D) B = i j ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t )
2
E=
j i+ E0 cos(kz + t ) 2
y E x B
E B points in negative z-direction
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 29
Calculation 3
An electromagnetic wave is described by:
E = 0 sin(kz + t ) jE
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
B = i ( E0 / c)sin(kz + t )
at t = /2:
Bx = ( E0 / c) cos(kz )
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 30
Calculation 4
A certain unnamed physics professor was arrested for running a stoplight. He said the light was green. A pedestian said it was red. The professor then said: We are both being truthful; you just need to account for the Doppler effect ! Is it possible that the professors argument is correct? (green = 500 nm, red = 600 nm)
(A) YES
(B) NO
As professor approaches stoplight, the frequency of its emitted light will be shifted UP The speed of light does not change Therefore, the wavelength (c/f) would be shifted to a smaller value If he goes fast enough, he could observe a green light !
Follow-Up
A certain unnamed physics professor was arrested for running a stoplight. He said the light was green. A pedestian said it was red. The professor then said: We are both being truthful; you just need to account for the Doppler effect ! How fast would the professor have to go to see the light as green? (green = 500 nm, red = 600 nm)
f 600 1+ = = f 500 1
36(1 ) = 25(1 + )
f = f (1 + )
Note approximation for small is not bad: c = 3 X 108 m/s v = 5.4 X 107 m/s
11 = 0.18 61 1 = = 0.2 5
Physics 212
Lecture 23
Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys The Viper and His Famous Orchestra Big Sandy and the Fly-Rite Boys Pokey LaFarge and the South City Three Blind Boy Paxton
Why? They were the headliners at the CU Folk and Roots Festival this past weekend. They were wonderful !!
Your Comments
This lecture was fun! super hard I don't understand what the equations mean with the (kz+-wt). Can you explain the E and B electromagnetic waves graph in more detail? I'm still confused.
05
Your Comments
PLEASE READ MEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE. <----- Don't post this annoying part =D I set the equations of (energy density )*(Volume) = planck's constant *(c/lambda) . Solving for lambda I see that the wavelength decreases as Volume increases. Does that mean that EM waves loose their wavelength as the Universe expands? YES! Photons left over from the Big Bang (starting out with the energy that binds electrons to protons = hydrogen atom) have lost a lot of energy as the universe expands (from t = 400,000 years to now) initial 100 nm = 10-7 m, today 1 mm: the cosmic microwave background
05
E and B are perpendicular and in phase Oscillate in time and space Direction of propagation given by E X B E0 = cB0 Argument of sin/cos gives direction of propagation
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 5
t=0
Ex
t = /2
What has happened to the waveform in this time interval? It has MOVED TO THE RIGHT by /4
/4 speed = c = = = f / 2 2
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 6
Checkpoint 1a
The value at t=0 is 0 for this function and it is positive in the x direction right after Since the sine wave is going up, its - the omega t The terms within the sin function show that the wave is moving in the +z direction and B is in the y plane so it's By.
Checkpoint 1a
Checkpoint 2a
Doppler Shift
Electromagnetic Waves : You need relativity (time dilation) to calculate BUT Result is simple: only depends on relative motion of source & observer
1 2
1+ f= f 1
= v/c > 0 if source & observer are approaching < 0 if source & observer are separating
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 11
v
or
v
The Doppler Shift is the SAME for both cases ! f/f ONLY DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE VELOCITY
1+ f= f 1
1 2
1+ f= f 1
1 2
<< 1
f f (1 + )
Remember > 0 for approach < 0 for separation around = 0
WHY ??
Taylor Series: Expand
1 + F ( ) = 1
1/ 2
F ( ) = F (0) +
Evaluate:
F ( 0) = 1
F (0) = 1
F ( ) 1 +
NOTE: F ( ) = (1 ) n
F ( ) 1 n
Red Shift
wavelength
Our Sun
Red Shift
the dopper effect in relation to magnetic fields. Is this used in any practical applications? Is anything moving fast enough on earth that relative to the speed of light that there would be any significant shift? I understand that this makes sense in looking at the universe and motion of planets and stars and such but there is no way you can "run" fast enough to ever see an iclicker signal.
Star Clusters and Distant, Red Galaxies Near Edge of Galaxy NGC 3370 (Hubble Space Telescope)
Example
Police radars get twice the effect since the EM waves make a round trip:
f f (1 + 2 )
If f = 24,000,000,000 Hz (k-band radar gun) c = 300,000,000 m/s v 30 m/s (67 mph) 31 m/s (69 mph) 1.000 x 10-7 1.033 x 10-7 f 24,000,004,800 24,000,004,959 f-f 4800 Hz 4959 Hz
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 16
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
Running away decreases the frequency that your eyes would see.
Running toward the iclicker will cause the frequency we observe to be greater than the source frequency.
Moving relative to the iclicker would only change its velocity in relation to you, but not its frequency.
Checkpoint 2b
A) B) C)
( > 0)
How fast would you need to run to see the i>clicker radiation?
f 1014 1 + = 9 = 105 = f 10 1
1/ 2
1 + 10 = 1
10
1010 1 1 10 10 = 10 = 10 + 1 1 + 10 10
Approximation Exercise:
1 (2 1010 )
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 18
Intensity
Intensity = Average energy delivered per unit time, per unit area
1 dU I A dt
Length = c dt
Area = A
dU = u volume = u Acdt
I =c u
Sunlight on Earth:
I ~ 1000J/s/m2 ~ 1 kW/m2
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 20
p F F= ; P= t A
Approximate p by p:
p U P= = At cAt
U I= At
I P= c
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 23
Therefore:
Optical Tweezers
Checkpoint 1b
Which of the following actions will increase the energy carried by an electromagnetic wave? A. Increase E keeping constant C. Both of the above will increase the energy B. Increase keeping E constant D. Neither of the above will increase the energy
Only the electric field changing can increase energy. Energy doesn't depend on the amplitude, just the frequency. Increasing both will add energy since it has a greater base energy if you increase E and more waves per a period of time if you incease w. only velocity of the wave influences energy
Checkpoint 1b
Which of the following actions will increase the energy carried by an electromagnetic wave? A. Increase E keeping constant C. Both of the above will increase the energy B. Increase keeping E constant D. Neither of the above will increase the energy
But then again, what are we keeping constant here? WHAT ABOUT PHOTONS? The energy of one photon is Ephoton = hf = h/2 Uwave = Nphotons Ephoton = 1/2 0E02
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 26
PHOTONS
We believe the energy in an e-m wave is carried by photons Question: What are Photons? Answer: Photons are Photons. Photons possess both wave and particle properties Particle: Energy and Momentum localized Wave: They have definite frequency & wavelength (f = c) Connections seen in equations: E = hf p = h/ Plancks constant h = 6.63e-34 J-s
Question: How can something be both a particle and a wave? Answer: ~It cant (when we observe it) What we see depends on how we choose to measure it ! The mystery of quantum mechanics: More on this in PHYS 214
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 27
Calculation 1
An electromagnetic wave is described by: E = 0 cos(kz t ) jE where is the unit vector in the +y direction. j
y x z
X
(A) (B) (C)
X
(D)
E and B are in phase (or 180o out of phase) Wave moves in +z direction y E E B points in direction of propagation x
E = 0 cos(kz t ) jE
B = iB0 cos(kz t )
B z Physics 212
Lecture 23, Slide 28
Calculation 2
An electromagnetic wave is described by: What is the form of B for this wave?
j i+ E= E0 cos(kz + t ) 2
y x z
(A) (B)
j i+ B= ( E0 / c)cos(kz + t ) 2
j i B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(C)
j i + B= ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t ) 2
(D) B = i j ( E0 / c) cos(kz + t )
2
E=
j i+ E0 cos(kz + t ) 2
y E x B
E B points in negative z-direction
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 29
Calculation 3
An electromagnetic wave is described by:
E = 0 sin(kz + t ) jE
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
B = i ( E0 / c)sin(kz + t )
at t = /2:
Bx = ( E0 / c) cos(kz )
Physics 212 Lecture 23, Slide 30
Calculation 4
A certain unnamed physics professor was arrested for running a stoplight. He said the light was green. A pedestian said it was red. The professor then said: We are both being truthful; you just need to account for the Doppler effect ! Is it possible that the professors argument is correct? (green = 500 nm, red = 600 nm)
(A) YES
(B) NO
As professor approaches stoplight, the frequency of its emitted light will be shifted UP The speed of light does not change Therefore, the wavelength (c/f) would be shifted to a smaller value If he goes fast enough, he could observe a green light !
Follow-Up
A certain unnamed physics professor was arrested for running a stoplight. He said the light was green. A pedestian said it was red. The professor then said: We are both being truthful; you just need to account for the Doppler effect ! How fast would the professor have to go to see the light as green? (green = 500 nm, red = 600 nm)
f 600 1+ = = f 500 1
36(1 ) = 25(1 + )
f = f (1 + )
Note approximation for small is not bad: c = 3 X 108 m/s v = 5.4 X 107 m/s
11 = 0.18 61 1 = = 0.2 5