Physics 212

Lecture 11
Today's Concept: RC Circuits
(Circuits with resistors & capacitors & batteries)

Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 1

Music
Who is the Artist? A) B) C) D) E) Miles Davis Wynton Marsalis Chris Botti Nina Simone Chet Baker
Ultimate West Coast Cool Jazz from the 50s Definitive version of My Funny Valentine Hypnotizing voice DVD Must-See: Twilight of his career/life Interviewed by Elvis Costello (Diana Kralls husband) Van Morrison does Send in the Clowns

Physics 212 Lecture 11

Your Comments
The relationship between time and resistor over a short time and over a long time. I do not understand why it changes over a long time. the last question on two loop RC circuit Well emphasize the limiting cases I don't think this was too bad. It sucks that we will have to memorize the equations for q(t) and I(t) though Remember that I = dq/dt You need to know the solution to one differential equation (exponential)

WHERE ARE THE GRADES??? Lazy TA's in my opinion. In phys 211 we got our grades the next day...

My friends and I discussed and we are not sure if we RCing the concepts right. We may just have to throw in the Tau-el.

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 3

Key Concepts:
1) Understanding the behavior of capacitors in circuits with resistors 2) Understanding the RC time constant

Todays Plan:
1) Examples with switches closing and opening - What changes? - What is constant? 2) Example problem 3) Exponentials
Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 4

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The 212 Differential Equations

We describe the world (electrical circuits, problems in heat transfer, control systems, etc., etc.) using differential equations You only need to know the solutions of two basic differential equations

dq 1 + q=0 dt

q = q0e t /

d q 2 + q = 0 2 dt

q = q0 sin (t + )
Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 5

RC Circuit (Charging)
Capacitor uncharged, Switch is moved to position a a a Kirchoffs Voltage Rule C C

-Vbattery +

q +IR = 0 C

b b Vbattery Vbattery R R

Short Term (q = q0 = 0)

Vbattery + 0 + I0R = 0

Vbattery I0 = R Long Term (Ic =0)

q Vbattery + + 0R = 0 C q = CVbattery

Intermediate

q dq Vbattery + + R = 0 C dt q(t ) = q (1 e t / RC )

I(t ) = I0e t /RC

Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 6

11

A circuit is wired up as shown below. The capacitor is initially uncharged and switches S1 and S2 are initially open.

Checkpoint 1a & Checkpoint 1b

A) V1 = V Close S1, V1 = voltage across C immediately after V2 = voltage across C a long time after
There is no voltage at the get go. There is no current, so the resistor has no voltage drop As time progress, the voltage will drop to 0 since the current goes to 0 The capacitor is completely charged and doesn't allow any current to flow so no voltage can drop across the resistor. All voltage must drop across the capacitor
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V2 = V V2 = V V2 = 0 V2 = 0

B) V1 = 0 C) V1 = 0 D) V1 = V

Checkpoint 1a
Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 7

A circuit is wired up as shown below. The capacitor is initially uncharged and switches S1 and S2 are initially open.

Checkpoint 1a & Checkpoint 1b

A) V1 = V Close S1, V1 = voltage across C immediately after V2 = voltage across C a long time after B) V1 = 0 C) V1 = 0 D) V1 = V V2 = V V2 = V V2 = 0 V2 = 0

Immediately after the switch S1 is closed: Q=0 V = Q/C V1 = 0

After the switch S1 has been closed for a long time I=0 VR = 0 V2 = V

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 8

R V C 2R

Close S1 at t=0 (leave S2 open)

S1

S2

I
V C V VC = Q/C =0
15

I=0
C

VC = V At t = big
Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 9

At t = 0

RC Circuit (Discharging)
Capacitor has q0 = CVbattery, Switch is moved to position b aa Kirchoffs Voltage Rule C C

q + + IR = 0 C Short Term (q=q0)

+ Vbattery Vbattery b b

I
R R

Vbattery + IR = 0

Vbattery I0 = R
Long Term (Ic =0)

Intermediate

q + 0R = 0 C q = 0
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q dq + + R=0 C dt q(t ) = q0e t /RC

-I

I(t ) = I0e t /RC

Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 10

A circuit is wired up as shown below. The capacitor is initially uncharged and switches S1 and S2 are initially open.

Checkpoint 1c
+ -

IR

After being closed a long time, switch 1 is opened and switch 2 is closed. What is the current through the right resistor immediately after switch 2 is closed? A A. B. IR = V/3R C. IR = V/2R D. IR = V/R B IR = 0 C D Switch 1 is open so the current will be zero. The higher resistance will make the voltage on the right resistor be less than the one on the left The capacitor acts like a battery immediately after the switch is closed so you can calculate the current using Ohm's law. Since the voltage already went to one resistor, the current will be V/R.
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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 11

A circuit is wired up as shown below. The capacitor is initially uncharged and switches S1 and S2 are initially open.

Checkpoint 1c
+ -

IR

After being closed a long time, switch 1 is opened and switch 2 is closed. What is the current through the right resistor immediately after switch 2 is closed? A A. B. IR = V/3R C. IR = V/2R D. IR = V/R B IR = 0 C D

I
V C 2R

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 12

R V C 2R

Open S1 at t=big and close S2

S1

S2
V

I
V C I = V/2R 2R

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 13

A circuit is wired up as shown below. The capacitor is initially uncharged and switches S1 and S2 are initially open.

Checkpoint 1d

Now suppose both switches are closed. What is the voltage across the capacitor after a A very long time? B V =0 A. C B. VC = V C. VC = 2V/3 C Since there is no current anywhere, there will be no potential difference across the capacitor when it is uncharged Even with another resistor, the capacitor will eventually become fully charged and equal the potential of the battery. Eventually, the capacitor's voltage will equal the voltage from the top part of the capacitor to the bottom. Because the resistor R removes V/3, the remaining voltage is 2V/3.
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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 14

A circuit is wired up as shown below. The capacitor is initially uncharged and switches S1 and S2 are initially open.

Checkpoint 1d

Now suppose both switches are closed. What is the voltage across the capacitor after a A very long time? B V =0 A. C B. VC = V C. VC = 2V/3 C

After both switches have been closed for a long

time The current through the capacitor is zero The current through R = current through 2R Vcapacitor = V2R V2R = 2/3 V
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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 15

R V C 2R

Close both S1 and S2 and wait a long time

S1

S2 I
No current flows through the capacitor after a long time. This

R V C

VC

2R

will always be the case in any static circuit!!

IR +VC = V I = V/(3R)
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VC = V R(V/(3R))

VC = (2/3)V
Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 16

DEMO ACT 1
Bulb 2 S V Bulb 1 R R C

What will happen after I close the switch?

A) B) C) D) Both bulbs come on and stay on. Both bulbs come on but then bulb 2 fades out. Both bulbs come on but then bulb 1 fades out. Both bulbs come on and then both fade out.
V(bulb 1) = V(bulb 2) = V V(bulb 2) = 0 Both bulbs light

No initial charge on capacitor

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No final current through capacitor

Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 17

DEMO ACT 2
Bulb 2 S V Bulb 1 R R C

Suppose the switch has been closed a long time. Now what will happen after open the switch?
A) B) C) D) Both bulbs come on and stay on. Both bulbs come on but then bulb 2 fades out. Both bulbs come on but then bulb 1 fades out. Both bulbs come on and then both fade out.
Capacitor discharges through both resistors
Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 18

Capacitor has charge (=CV)

32

Calculation
S R1 V R2 C R3 In this circuit, assume V, C, and Ri are known. C initially uncharged and then switch S is closed. What is the voltage across the capacitor after a long time ?

Conceptual Analysis:

Circuit behavior described by Kirchhoffs Rules: KVR: Vdrops = 0 KCR: Iin = Iout S closed and C charges to some voltage with some time constant

Strategic Analysis
Determine currents and voltages in circuit a long time after S closed

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 19

Calculation
S R1 V R2 C R3 In this circuit, assume V, C, and Ri are known. C initially uncharged and then switch S is closed. What is the voltage across the capacitor after a long time ?

Immediately after S is closed: what is I2, the current through C what is VC, the voltage across C?
(A) Only I2 = 0 (B) Only VC = 0 (C) Both I2 and VC = 0 (D) Neither I2 nor VC = 0

Why??
We are told that C is initially uncharged (V = Q/C) I2 cannot be zero because charge must flow in order to charge C

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 20

I1 S R1 V R2 C

Calculation
In this circuit, assume V, C, and Ri are known. C initially uncharged and then switch S is closed. R3 What is the voltage across the capacitor after a long time ?

Immediately after S is closed, what is I1, the current through R1 ?

V R1
(A)

V R1 + R3
(B)

V R1 + R2 + R3
(C)

V R R R1 + 2 3 R2 + R3 (D)
S

R1 + R2 + R3 V R1 R2 + R2 R3 + R1 R3
(E)

Why??
Draw circuit just after S closed (knowing VC = 0) R1 is in series with the parallel combination of R2 and R3 R1 V

R2
VC = 0

R3

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 21

Calculation
S R1 V R2 C R3 In this circuit, assume V, C, and Ri are known. C initially uncharged and then switch S is closed. What is the voltage across the capacitor after a long time ?

After S has been closed for a long time, what is IC, the current through C ?

V R1
(A)

V R2
(B)

0
(C) I

Why??
After a long time in a static circuit, the current through any capacitor approaches 0 ! This means we Redraw circuit with open circuit in middle leg R1

IC = 0

VC

R3

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 22

Calculation
S R1 V R2 C R3 In this circuit, assume V, C, and Ri are known. C initially uncharged and then switch S is closed. What is the voltage across the capacitor after a long time ?

After S has been closed for a long time, what is VC, the voltage across C ?

R3 V R1 + R3
(A)

R2 R1 + R2
(B)

V
(C)

R2 RR R1 + 2 3 R2 + R3 (D) I

0
(E) I

Why??
VC = V3 = IR3 = (V/(R1+R3))R3

R1
VC

R3

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 23

Challenge
S R1 V R2 C R3 What is c, the charging time constant? In this circuit, assume V, C, and Ri are known. C initially uncharged and then switch S is closed.

Strategy
Write down KVR and KCR for the circuit when S is closed 2 loop equations and 1 node equation Use I2 = dQ2/dt to obtain one equation that looks like simple charging RC circuit ( (Q/C) + R(dQ/dt) V = 0 ) Make correspondence: R = ?, and C = ?, then = R C We get:

RR R2 + 1 3 C c = R1 + R3

Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 24

How do exponentials work?

1

Q ( t ) = Q0e

t RC

Q (t ) Q0
Fraction of initial charge that remains

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

How many time constants worth of time that have elapsed

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t RC
Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 25

Q (t ) Q0

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

Q ( t ) = Q0e

t RC

RC = 2
0.2 0.1

Time constant: = RC

RC = 1
0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

The bigger is, the longer it takes to get the same change
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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 26

The two circuits shown below contain identical capacitors that hold the same charge at t = 0. Circuit 2 has twice as much resistance as circuit 1.

Checkpoint 2a

Which circuit has the largest time constant? A) Circuit 1 B) C) Circuit 2 Same

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3

= RequivC

0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3

RC = 2 RC = 1
4 5 6 7 8 9 10

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 27

The two circuits shown below contain identical capacitors that hold the same charge at t = 0. Circuit 2 has twice as much resistance as circuit 1.

Checkpoint 2b

Which of the following statements best describes the charge remaining on each of the the two capacitors for any time after t = 0? A. Q1 < Q2 B. Q1 > Q2 C. Q1 = Q2 D. Q1 < Q2 at first, then Q1 > Q2 after long time E. Q1 > Q2 at first, then Q1 < Q2 after long time Charge runs off quicker in the presence of lower resistance The resistor in much larger in case two which means the current is less. The difference in resistance will not change the charge on the capacitors, and they are both initially the same so Q1=Q2 Since the resister in circuit 2 is stronger it will release more heat thus reducing the charge over a long period of time. The charge will be greater at first in 1, but after a long time it will decrease
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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 28

The two circuits shown below contain identical capacitors that hold the same charge at t = 0. Circuit 2 has twice as much resistance as circuit 1.

Checkpoint 2b

Which of the following statements best describes the charge remaining on each of the the two capacitors for any time after t = 0? A. Q1 < Q2 B. Q1 > Q2 C. Q1 = Q2 D. Q1 < Q2 at first, then Q1 > Q2 after long time E. Q1 > Q2 at first, then Q1 < Q2 after long time

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Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide 29

The two circuits shown below contain identical capacitors that hold the same charge at t = 0. Circuit 2 has twice as much resistance as circuit 1.

Checkpoint 2b Checkpoint 2b

Which of the following statements best describes the charge remaining on each of the the two capacitors for any time after t = 0? A. Q1 < Q2 B. Q1 > Q2 C. Q1 = Q2 1 D. Q1 < Q2 at first, then Q1 > Q2 after long time E. Q1 > Q2 at first, then Q1 < Q2 after long time 0.9
0.8 0.7

Q = Q0

e-t/RC

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

RC = 2 RC = 1
0 1

Look at plot !!!

0.1 0

Physics 212 Lecture 11, Slide9 30 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 10