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15
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NAwoQe,fcsUJ orm;wdonf (1824 rS 1885-cktxd) ESpaygif; (60) d d Yk f ausmftwGif; ppfoHk;Budrf qifETJNyD; tavmif;rif;w&m;? bdk;awmfbk&m;wdkY odr;f yduwnfaxmifcaom jrefrmEdiiawmfukd tNy;D tydif odr;f ,lvuonf/ k f hJ k f H k kd f ,if;jrefrmEdkifiHudk r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;u trSL;jyK ta&;ydkif? e,fydkif? NrKd Utkypaom t&m&SwjYkd zifh tpyxrwGif tkycsKyaponf/ od&mwGif t&m&Sd f d f f Yk tkyfcsKyfa&;xuf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;om jzpf onf/ 1897 ck? arv (1) &ufaeYwif jrefrmjynfukd tdE,Edii\ jynfe,f G d k f H wpfctjzpf owfrwvuonf/ 'kw,bk&ifctm; tkycsKyaponf/ 'kw, k S f kd f d H f f d bk&ifcHtm; ulnDwdkifyif&ef rif;wdkifyiftrwf(9)OD;yg0ifaom Oya'jyK tzGJUwpfckudkvnf; zGJUpnf;vdkufonf/ odkY&mwGif Oya'jyKjcif;? jyifqifjcif;? zsuor;f jcif; tmPmwdrm 'kw,bk&ifcom &Sonf/ twdiyifcH rif;wdif f d Yk S d H d k f k yiftrwf (9)OD;rSm bk&ifctm; tMuay;Homjzpfonf/ 1919-ckwif rif;wdif H H k G k yiftrwf (15)OD;jzifhvnf;aumif;? 1920-ckwGif rif;wdkifyif trwf (28)OD; jzifh vnf;aumif;? 'kwd,bk&ifcH twdkifyifcH Oya'jyKtzGJUudk zGJUpnf;ay;cJh onf/ AsLdkua&pDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfom jzpfonf/ 1917-ckEpavmufwif Ediia&;Ed;k Mum;pjyKvmonf[k qd&ayrnf/ S f G k f H k ,if;ESpf Mo*kwfv(20)&ufwGif rGefaw*l aMunmcsuf xGufay:vmonf/ 0di-trf-bD-at toif;rsm;\ vIy&m;rIonfvnf; Ediia&;toGif wjznf; k f f S k f H jznf;ajymif;vJvm onf/ 1910-ck 'DZifbmvwGif 'kw,bk&ifcH qmtmom d
16
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u&ufa'gufu tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf (u&ufa'gufpuif;)udk xkwfjyefcJh&m q&mawmfOD;Owr trSL;&Sdaom jrefrmjynfolwpf&yfvHk;u uefYuGufrIrsm; ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1920-ckwGif &efukefwuodkvf tufOya'udk qefYusifonfhtae jzifh jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJhonf/ 1923-ck Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYrp 'ditmcD tkycsKya&;pepfjzifh jrefrmjynfukd NAwoQ S k f f f d d e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u tkyfcsKyfonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk vufcHolrsm;ESifh vufrcHorsm;[l uGjJ ym;vmNy;D *spbattoif;rSmvnf; ESpjf crf;uG&onf/ l D D D J [kr;l tkycsKya&;ay;&ef awmif;qdonfh a<u;aMumform jrefrmjynfwpf0ef; f f k H S wkef[nf;vsuf&Sdaeonf/ 1922-ckESpf? Edk0ifbmvwGif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf yxr tBudrf rif;wdkifyif a&G;aumufyGJudk jyKvkyfonf/ ,if; 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; pepft& Oya'jyKvwawmfwif rif;wdiyiftrwf (79)OD; &Sonf/ bk&ifcrm T f G k f d H S qm[mukwfbwvmjzpfonf/ 'kwd,tBudrf rif;wdkifyifa&G;aumufyGJudk 1925-ckwif jyKvyonf/ 'ditmcDvwawmftycsKya&;pepfjzifh tkycsKyae G k f k f T f k f f f f onfhtcsdef 0ef;usifwpf0dkufumvtwGif; EdkifiHa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? ynma&;ESifh tkycsKya&; u@toD;oD;wGif yg0ifcMhJ uaom &cditrsKd ;om;rsm;xJrS xif&m; f f k f S aom yk*dKvfrsm; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;xif&m;onfh &cditrsKd ;om;rsm;rSm t*Fvy-jrefrm 'kw,ppfyJG S k f d f d rjzpfrDESifh jzpfNyD;aemufydkif;umvtwGif; zGm;jrifcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ azmfjycJh aom jrefrmhordkif;pOfwGif u@pOf wpfckck yg0ifcJholrsm; jzpfonf/ 1927ckEpf aemufyi;f umvxd ESpaygif; (40)ausmf (50)udk jzwfausmcol S kd f f hJ rsm;jzpfMuonf/ ,if;xif&m;ausmMf um;onfh &cditrsKd ;om;rsm;\ ud,a&;rSwwrf; S k f k f f rsm;udk BuKd ;pm;jyefqwifjyygonf/ ,if;odYk jyefqwifjy&mrSm Ny;D jynfpatmif kd kd h kH wifjyjcif;r[kwfbJ tydkif;cGJNyD; tydkif;(1)tjzpf pkpnf;wifjyvdkufygonf/
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Oya'jyK rif;wdiyiftrwf jzpfonf/ a&SUaewpfO;D jzpfNy;D ppfawGNrKd U k f wGif aexdkifonf/ 1888-ck? Mo*kwfv 14-&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKU zGm;jrif onf/ pdeftefY(pf)aumfAef? ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukef pde*Re;f aumvdywwif ynmoifMum;cJonf/ 1911-ckwif a&SUaerSwywif f f Ykd G h G f kH
17
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OD;pHatmif
(K.S.M, A.T.M)
XmecsKyvufaxmufEihf ppfawGcdif &mbufw&m;olBu;D jzpfonf/ f S k 1879-ck Mo*kwfv (13)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKU zGm;jrifonf/ uG,fvGefol tNidrf;pm; txl;vufaxmufrif; BuD; OD;pHvSabmf\ om;jzpfonf/ ppfawG tpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;? pdeZAD;,m;ESihf umvuwm; a'ADwefaumvdywYkd Yf f wGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1899-ck? rwfv(24)&ufaeYwGif tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpf wm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/ 1900-jynfwif ,m,DNrKd Utkytjzpfvnf;aumif;? ud,pm; h G f k f vTtyfjcif;cH&aom ,pfrsKd ;t&m&Sd tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ar(5)&ufrS 1902ck? J 'DZifbm(23)&ufaeYtxd wm0efxrff;aqmifonf/ txl;vufaxmuf wdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpfvnf; 1916-ck? pufwifbmv(5)&ufaeYwGif wm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/ ,m,Dcdkif0eftjzpf 1920-ck? rwfv(27)&ufaeYwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ ti,fwef;tpdk;&twGif; 0eftjzpf 1923-ck? Mo*kwfv(28)&ufwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ XmecsKyfvufaxmufESifh ppfawGcdkif &mbufw&m;olBuD;tjzpf 1925-ck? atmufwdkbmv(24)&uf aeYwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1913-ckwGif A.T.M bGJUudk vnf;aumif;? 1922-ckwGif K.S.M bGJUudk vnf;aumif;? csD;usL;*kPfjyKxdkufaom trIxrf;aqmifrItwGuf tpdk;&\ csD;jrifhjcif;udk cH&onf/ 1926-ck? vTwfawmfwGif bk&ifcHrdefYMum; onfh rdece;f trnfxwazmf ajymMum;jcif; cH&oljzpfonf/ tdraxmif&ol Yf G k f f dS jzpfonf/ xl;cRefaom tm;upm;orm;wpfOD;jzpfonf/ umvuwm;wGif ynmoifMum;pOfu aoewfudkif uRrf;usifrI aMumifh bk&ifccsKy\ qkwqycs;D jrijhf cif; cH&oljzpfonf/ tNrwrf;ae&yfrm H f H d f J S ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/
18
jrxGef;atmif
OD;a&TZHatmif (B.A, K.S.M, A.T.M)

1871-ck Zefe0g&DvwGif ppfawGNrdKU zGm;jrifonf/ uG,fvGefol cdkif&J0ef OD;a&Tom I.S.O, K.S.M, A.T.M \om; jzpfonf/ 1881-ckwGif ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; ynmoifMum;onf/ 1885-ckwGif tv,fwef;ynm&nfcRefqkudk qGwfcl;cJhonf/ 1891-cktxd &efukef aumvdyfwGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;cJhonf/ rpdkif;a';ApfESifh yl;wGJ bmomjyefqdkcJhaom bmoma&;qdkif&mpmayrsm;rSm OD;a&TZHatmif\ EdkifiH twGuf rSwfwrf;wifwm0efxrf;aqmifcsufrsm; jzpfonf/ Ak'\ eufeJcufcJaom oabmw&m;rsm;udk bmomjyefqdkcJhonf/ Oa&mywduom;rsm;\ av;pm;jcif;cH&aomausmMf um;xif&m;onfh yxrqH;k k f S jrefrmtrsKd ;om; wpfO;D jzpfonf/ ol\bmomjyefqraMumifh taemufwi;f kd I kd om;rsm;\rsufpdudk yGifhaponf/ ol\*E0ifpmayrSm Ak'\tbd"rmudk tusOf;csHK;NyD; a&;om;xm;aom The Compendium of Philosophy pmtkyf jzpfonf/ ,if;rSm t*FvefEdkifiH\ Ak'pmaye,fwGif vufudkifxm;&aom pmtkyjf zpfonf/ jrefrmEdiioawoe*sme,fwivnf; wefz;kd &Saom aqmif; k f H k G f d yg; tajrmuftjrm;udk a&;om;cJhonf/ 1892-ckwif aMu;wdi;f ESihf ajrpm&if;XmewGif tpd;k &trIxrf;tjzpf G k wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ ,if;XmewGif ESptawmfMum wm0efxrf;aqmifNy;D f aemuf 1902-ckwif jrefrmEdiiH ti,fwef;jynfoUl 0efxrf;tjzpf ajymif;a&TU G k f wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ 1907-ckwGif wdkif;tqifhjynfolU0efxrf;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf 1909-ckwif ajrusL;ausmorsm;tm; ae&mcsxm; G f l iSm;&rf;cudpESifh ywfouf txl;wm0ef ay;tyfjcif;udkcH&onf/ ,if;vkyfief;rSm xdktcsdefumvwGif tvGefcufcJaom udpwpf&yf jzpfonf/ OD;a&TZHatmif\ axmufcHwifjycsufrsm;udk oufqdkif&mu vufcHoabmwlMu&onf/ ol\pmtkyfjym (Blue Print)rSm ,cktcsdefxd rSDjirf;jyKudk;um;tm;xm;&onf/ &efukefNrdKU ajrt&m&SdHk;wGif wm0ef xrf;aqmifpOf ol\wefzdk;&Sdaom wm0efxrf;aqmifrIaMumifh 1914-ckwGif A.T.M bGUJ udk tyfEjHS cif;cH&onf/ wGaw;wl;ajrmif;azmuf&ef ajrodr;qnf; H f a&;twGuf tvGefta&;BuD;aomwm0efudk 1902-ckwGif tyfESif;jcif; cH&onf/
19
oefvsifNrdKUwdk;csJUjrifhwif&ef ajrtoHk;csa&; txl;pHkprf;a&; (aumfrwD)wGifvnf; 1913-ckwGif a&G;cs,fwm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onf/ cdkifcGJt&m&Sdtjzpf ausmufwef;NrdKUwGif 1918-ckwGif wm0efxrf;aqmifpOf 'kwd,tBudrfppfacs;aiG tjzpf aiGaMu;tajrmuftjrm; wdk;jrifhay;cJhonf/ [Hom0wD cdkif0eftjzpf ESpfBudrfwdkif ,m,Dwm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ b@mawmfrif;BuD;\ ,m,DtwGif;0eftjzpf 1920-ckwGif wm0ef rxrf; aqmifrDumv jzpfonf/ ,if;aemuf cdkif0eftjzpf ajymif;a&TUwm0ef xrf;aqmif&onfh xif&Sm;ausmfMum;onfh 0efxrf;wpfOD;jzpfNyD; oxHkNrdKUol NrdKUom;rsm;\ tNrJowd& cspfcifjcif;cH&oljzpfonf/ OD;a&TZHatmifrSm oufaomifhoufomtcsdef[l r&SdcJh/ odkY&mwGif pDrtycsKy&mwGif atmifjrifcol jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1923 ckwif K.S.M H k f f hJ G bGJUudk csD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf/ tdEd,EdkifiH jrLeDpDy,f tcGefpnf;MuyfaumufcHrI pHprf;a&;aumfrwDtzGUJ 0if tjzpfvnf; a&G;cs,jf cif;cH&onf/ ,if;aumfrwD\ k Ou|u OD;a&TZHatmif\ wm0efxrf;aqmifrIudk azmfxkwfcsD;usL; ajymqdk jcif;udkvnf;cH&onf/ yxrqHk;jrefrmtrsdK;om; ,pfrsdK;rif;BuD;tjzpf wm0efay;tyfjcif;cH&onfrSm ol\ *kPf &nfxl;jcm;ay:vGifrIyifjzpfonf/ ESpfaygif;(30)ausmf wm0ef \0w&m;rsm;udk opm&Sd&Sdxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh wm0eftqifqifh wd;k jrijhf cif;cH&onfh 0efxrf;rsm;wGif xdywef; h f u yg0ifcJholjzpfonf/ tpd k ;&trI xrf ; t&mxrf; rsm;wGi f OD; a&TZ Ha tmif\ aqGr sdK ; awmfpyfolrsm;&Sdonf/ a'gufwmomEdk; K.S.M, A.T.M rSm OD;a&TZHatmif\ wpf0rf;uGJnDtpfudkawmfpyfol jzpfonf/ xm;0,f&mbufw&m;olBuD; OD;apmvSjzLESifh &efukeftaxGaxGaq;Hk vufaxmufBuD;Muyfa&;t&m&Sd a'gufwmom'dk; M.B., Ch.B(Edin) wdkYrSm OD;a&TZHatmif\ wlrsm;jzpfonf/ uG , f v G e f o l t xl ; vuf a xmuf wd k i f ; rif ; BuD ; OD ; xG e f ; atmif \ orD ; ES i f h tdrfaxmif jyKcJhonf/
OD;atmifBuD;
a&SUaewpfOD; jzpfonf/ 1864-ck? {NyDv 24&ufwGif oHwGJNrdKU zG m ;jrif o nf / umvuw m ; pd e f Y * sd K UZuf txuf w ef ; ausmif ; wG i f ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ wuodkvf0ifwef; atmif jrifcJhonf/ 1883-84wGif ynma&;Xme wm0efxrf;aqmifonf/ jrefrmEdkifiH ti,fwef; y#dnmOf
20
jrxGef;atmif
cH0efxrf;tjzpf 1891-ckwGif a&SUaepmar;yGJudk atmifjrifonf/ ausmufjzL jrLeD p D y ,f t zG J U \ Ou | jzpf o nf / jref r mEd k i f i H Oya'jyKvT w f a wmf rif;wdkifyiftrwfwpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ a':cifESifh tdrfaxmifjyKcJhonf/ orD;oHk;OD;? om;oHk;OD; xGef;um; cJhonf/ uywdef H.atmifcif? I.Ms, B.WbxGef;? M.A, LL.B jrefrm Ediiw&m;a&;0efxrf;ESihf vef'efvif;uGe;f tif; ausmif;om; P.atmifBu;D wdYk k f H jzpfMuonf/ tyef;ajztm;upm;tjzpf vrf;avQmufonf/ tNrJwrf; ae&yfrSm ausmufjzLNrdKU jzpfonf/
OD;ausmfZHvS
zsmyH&mbufw&m;olBu;D ESihf puf&iw&m;olBu;D jzpf onf/ 1877ck? k S f Edk0ifbmv(1)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKU zGm;jrifonf/ ppfawGNrdKUESifh &efukef aumvdywwif ynmoifMum; cJonf/ NrKd Utky?f w&m;olBu;D ? &efuef puf&if f Ykd G h k S w&m;olBuD;tjzpf wm0efxrf;cJhonf/ &efukef&mbufw&m;olBuD;ESifh ppfui;f cdiw&m;olBu;D ? puf&iw&m;olBu;D tjzpfvnf; wm0efxrf;aqmif kd k f S f cJhonf/ &efukefNrdKU c&pfvrf;rS OD;zdk;rif;\orD;ESifh tdrfaxmifjyKcJhonf/ tyef;ajztm;upm;tjzpf wif;epfupm;onf/ &efukef tdk&D,ifhuvyf? &efuejf refrm0efxrf;rsm;uvyftzGUJ 0if jzpfonf/ ae&yfrm zsmyHNk rKd U jzpfonf/ k S
OD;yef;vS A.T.M
txl;vufaxmuf wdi;f rif;Bu;D tNir;f pm;jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrKd U jrLeD k d pDy,ftzGJUOu|vnf;jzpfonf/ 1862-ck? Edk0if bmv(16)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrKd U zGm;jrifonf/ ajrpd;k pm; awmifpeBD u;D aemufawmfyg; oif;0efrLS ; H 1 qiftkyfbGJUwHqdyfawmf& OD;&JpH\ \ tquftEG,fjzpfonf/ OD;&JpHrSm &cdkif bk&ifvufxufawmftcgu a&wyfAdkvfcsKyfjzpfonf/
1/ Mre-So-Za-Taung-Zan-Ni-Gri-Nauk-Ba-Thin Winmu-Sin-Ok-Resan. [k azmfjyxm;onfudk awGGU&ygonf/ ajrpdk;pm; awmifyHeDBuD; aemufyg oif;0efrSL; qiftkyf&JpH[k xifygonf/ awmifpH^ZHeDrSm awmifyHudk t*Fvdyf t*Fvdyftu&mjzifh Pan/Ban rS ta&;csKdU,Gif;rIaMumifh Zan jzpfvm[ef wlygonf/ &cdkifbk&ifrsm;\ ol&Jaumif;bGJUwHqdyfwpfck jzpfojzifh okawoe jyKoifhonfh udpwpf&yf jzpfygonf/
21
OD;yef;vSonf OD;pHvSabmf\ 'kwd,om;jzpfonf/ OD;pHvSabmfudk c&pf,meftrnf rpwm*syfawmh? odkYr[kwf q&m,mukyf[k odMuonf/ ppfawGtpdk;&ausmif;rS t*Fvdyfpmjy q&mjzpfNyD; OD;udkvmz&D(umvmjzL)\ ajr; jzpfonf/ bk&iftif*sie,mcsKyf OD;i'gBu;D \jrpf jzpfonf/ OD;i'gBu;D \ f D zcifrSm qifOD;pD; ausmfZHa0jzpfNyD; a&wyfAdkvfcsKyf jzpfonf/ OD;ausmfZHa0\ tbdk;rSm txufwGifazmfjycJhonfh OD;&JpHjzpfonf/ OD;yef;vSonf ppfawGtpd;k &txufwef;ausmif;wGif ynmoifMum; cJonf/ ESpaygif; 36ESpwif NAwoQtpd;k &xH trsKd ;rsKd ;aom pGrwc,Eiaom h f f kd d d J S f H l kd f owdj zifh trIxrf;cJonf/ NrKd Utkytjzpf ESpaygif;rsm;pGm xrf;aqmifconf/ h f f hJ cdkifcGJt&m&Sdtjzpfjzifh 1897-ckrS 1911ckxd wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ umv&Snfvsm;pGm opm&Sd&Sdwm0efxrf;aqmifrItwGuf 1911-ckwGif yr ajrmufa*smhbk&ifxHrS *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;wif vufrSwf csD;jrifhjcif;udk cH&onf/ a'vDNrdKUwGif bk&ifrif;jrwf\ bdodufcHtcrf;tem;wGif jzpfonf/ tdEd, ppfacs;aiGESifh ywfouf OD;yef;vS\wm0efxrf;aqmifcsufudk todtrSwf jyKonftaejzifh jrefrmEdiiH 'kw,bk&ifc\ *kPjf yKrwwrf;wif vufrwukd h k f d H S f S f 1917-ckwGif csD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf/ 1918-ck? ZGefv(3)&ufwGif tdEd, bk&ifcHcsKyfxHrS xif&Sm;onfh pGrf;aqmifcsuftwGuf A.T.M bGJUwHqdyfudk csD;jrifhjcif;cH&onf/ e,fedrdwfowfrSwfa&;t&m&SdESifh ae&mcsxm;a&;t&m&Sdtjzpf &SpfBudrfwdkiftxl;wm0ef ay;tyfjcif;cHcJh&onf/ ,if;tjyif 1919-ckwGif ,m,Dcdi0eftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifconf/ ppfawGcdi0ef\ yxrXme k f hJ k f csKyfvufaxmuftjzpfvnf;aumif;? ajroHk;cspHkprf;a&;aumfrwDESifhe,fed rdwft&m&Sd tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? aemufqHk;wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1922-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif tpd;k &trIxrf;tjzpfrS tNir;f pm;,lonf/ d 1924-ckrS 1926-cktxd ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f aumfrwDwGif 'kwd,Ou| tjzpfjzifhvnf;aumif;? 1927-ckwGif Ou|tjzpfvnf;aumif; a&G;cs,f wifajrmufjcif; cH&onf/ 1924-ckwif ppfawGjrLeDpy,fausmif;bkwtzGUJ \ G D f em,utjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf/ OD;yef;vSrSm tdrfaxmif&Sdol jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif aexdkifol jzpfonf/
22
jrxGef;atmif
OD;armifomxGef;
bPfocifwpfOD; jzpfonf/ 1883-ck? azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKU zGm;jrifonf/ tNidrf;pm;txl;vufaxmuf wdkif;rif;BuD; OD;jrOD; A.T.M \ om;jzpfNyD;? ausmif;'um OD;aumif;vSjzL\ ajr;jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif armfuGef;ausmufwdkiftjzpf wnf&Sdaeonfh a&TapwDESpfqludk ol\ud,yiaiGjzifh wnfxm;ud;k uG,col jzpfonf/ umvuwm;NrKd U a'ADZef k f kd f f hJ aumvdyfwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ ppfawGaq;Hk aumfrwD\ a&G;cs,f cefYxm;onfh tzGJU0ifwpfOD;jzpfonf/ "mwfrSefud&d,mwyfqif&eftwGuf taqmufttHk aqmuf vkyf&mrSm rdbrsm;udk &nfpl;NyD; tvSLaiG tajrmuf tjrm; vSL'gef;cJhonf/ tdrfaxmif&Sdol jzpfonf/ ppfawGuvyftoif;0ifjzpfonf/ tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm vrf;rBuD; ly&Gm? ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/
OD;ausmfxGef; (Barrister at Law)

ppfawGNrdKU ukefonfOD;xGef;atmif\ om;jzpfonf/ 1889-ckwGif ppfawGNrdKU zGm;jrifonf/ umvuwm; a'ADZefaumvdyf? udef;b&D;vfpdef; uufo&if;aumvdywwif ynmoifMum;cJonf/ 1911-ckwif 0wfvawmf& f Ykd G h G kH a&SUaetjzpf *a&tif;toif;rS &,lcJhonf/ &efukefNrdKU w&m;vTwfawmf a&SUaejzpfonf/ ae&yfrSm rGefeD;taqmufttHk? Zmz&ufvrf;? &efukefjzpf onf/
uywdefOD;atmifcif MB,CB. B,F.R.C.S(Edin)I.M.S

1887-ck? 'DZifbmv(8)&ufaeYwif oHwNJG rKd U zGm;jrifonf/ &efuef G k pdefaygvftxufwef;ausmif;? tD'ifbm&mwuodkvf? dkwGefwmaq;Hk? 'lvbifvef'eftyl;ydkif;a'o aq;ausmif;wdkYwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ uywef OD;atmifcifonf ppfrxrf;tjzpf 1915-ckrS 1920-cktxd d I rufqdkydkaw;eD;,m;? yg&Sm;? tmz*efepwefESifh taemufajrmufe,fpyfrsm; wGif wm0efxrf;aqmifcJhonf/ 1922-ckwGif aq;bufXmewGif wm0ef xrf;aqmifonf/
23
Oya'jyKvwawmf rif;wdiyiftrwfEihf ausmufjzL jrLeDpy,f Ou| T f k f S D OD;atmifBuD;ESifh a':cifwdkY\om;jzpfonf/ tyef;ajztm;upm;rSm wif;epf dkufupm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ae&yfrSmwpfqifh taxGaxG tifpywfawmf? jynfolUaq;HkBuD; &efukefNrdKUjzpfonf/
a'gufwm ausmfcdkif L.M.P

ppf a wG N rd K U uk e f o nf O D ; xG e f ; \om; jzpf o nf / ppf a wG t pd k ; & txufwef;ausmif;ESifh r'&yfaq;ausmif;wdkYwGif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ jrefrmEdkifiHaq;XmewGif tpdk;&trIxrf;tjzpf xrf;aqmifonf/ ,if;Xme wGif(11)ESpf wm0efxrf; aqmifNyD; tvkyfrSEkwfxGufcJhonf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif ud,yif aq;cef;zGivpconf/ ppfawGor0g,rtoif; bPfvrwuf\ k f kd hf S f hJ D d em,u jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU jrLeDpDy,faumfrwDtzGJU0if wpfOD;vnf; jzpfonf/ tdraxmif&ol jzpfonf/ tNrwrf;ae&yfrm xD;wef;vrf;? ppfawGNrKd U f dS J S jzpfonf/
OD;armifndK
jrefrmEdiiH y#dnmOfcH 0efxrf;tNir;f pm;jzpfonf/ 1871-ck Zlviv k f d kd f (15)&ufaeYwGif ppfawGNrdKU zGm;jrifonf/ umv&Snfvsm;pGm opm&Sd&Sd wm0efxrf;aqmifjcif;twGuf usufoa&r*FvmESifh jynfhpHkaom 0dwdk&d, bk&ifr\ *kPfjyKvTmudk 1877-ck csD;jrifhcH&ol OD;armifumvm\ajr;jzpf onf/ OD;armifumvmonf udk,fydkifp&dwfjzifh rif;jym;NrdKUESifhaps;udk wnf aqmufcJholjzpfNyD; ppfawGjrLeDpDy,f tzGJU0ifjzpfonf/ OD;armifndKonf ppfawGtpdk;& txufwef;ausmif;ESifh &efukef aumvdyfwdkYwgif ynmoifMum;cJhonf/ 1892-ckwGif bJGU&&Sdonf/ 1896ck wGif ,SOfNydKifajzqdk&onfh pmar;yGJwGif yxrwef; ta&G;cs,fcHpm&if;0if wpfOD;jzpfNyD; 1897-ckwGif NrdKUtkyftjzpf cefYtyfjcif;cH&onf/ 1914-ckwGif vufaxmuf w&m;olBuD;tjzpf &mxl;wdk;jrifhjcif; cH&onf/ 1925-ckwGif tNidrf;pm;,lonf/
24
jrxGef;atmif
tdraxmif&ol jzpfonf/ 1911-ck a'vD'gbm bGUJ wHqyukd cs;D jrihf f dS d f jcif;cH&ol jzpfonf/ tNrJwrf;ae&yfrSm rdZH&yf? ppfawGNrdKU jzpfonf/
twdkaumufpmvHk;rsm;
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32
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33
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34
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NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;csrSwfonfh ynma&;pepfwGif Oa&my wduom;uav;rsm;ESihf ujym;rsm;twGuf ynma&;? jrefrmwdi;f &if;om;rsm; k f k twGuf ynma&;[l ESpfrsdK;cGJjcm;xm;onf/ ausmif;om;rsm;todPfyivif;aprnfh pmtkypmwrf;ESihf owif; G hf f pmrsm;zwfcirjyK? tifyg,mopmawmfcH tawG;tac:aumfrwD (Imperial G hf Idea Committee) rS csrSwfay;onfh tawG;tac:rsm;udk ausmif;om;rsm; tm; dkufoGif;ay;onf/ NAdwdoQtifyg,mtwGif;&Sd udkvdkeDEdkifiHrsm;taeESifh vlrsKd ;bmomuGjJ ym;apumrl tifyg,mrNyKd ua&;twGuf wnDwpfwwnf; JG G f pkaygif;aqmif&GuftHh[laom tawG;tac: jzpfonf/ tpdk;&u wm0ef,lzGifhvSpfaom ausmif;csif;wlaomfvnf; Oa&my wduom;uav;rsm;twGuf zGivpaom ausmif;rsm;rSm tcGita&;ydr&&Sd k f hf S f hf k kd onf/ ynma&;toHk;p&dwf oufomap&ef a'oE&tzGJUtpnf;rsm;tm; wm0efc,aponf/ ,if;aMumifh NAwoQe,fcsUJ orm;rsm;\ ynma&;0g'rSm JG l d d 0wfauswrf;aus pmoifay;a&;om jzpfonf/ tkyfcsKyfcH wdkif;&if;om;rsm; uRefouf&Snfapaom ynma&;pepfom jzpfonf/ ,if;odYk ynma&;pepf rnDrQrEiywfouf 1912-ck? pufwifbm I S hf vwGif jrefrmbk&ifu Bu;D rSL;usi;f yaom t*Fvy-jrefrm ynma&; uGez&ifh d f f wGif 0wfvHkawmf& OD;pHa&T* u atmufygtwdkif; wifjyaqG;aEG;cJhonf/ * 0wfvHkOD;pHa&T
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35
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36
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37
,if;tufOya'rSm jynfowYkd vdvm;csuEihf rudunaom ynma&;tHacsmf l k f S k f D csufrsm;om jzpfawmhonf/
aumvdyfoydwf
,if;odkY jynfolwdkYrvdkvm;onfh &efukefwuodkvf tufOya'udk twnfjyKvuojzifh OD;bOD; (B.A txufwef;oHwJG) OD;aqmifonfh (26)OD; kd f aumfrwDua&SUaqmifNy;D &efueaumvdyEihf ,k'oefaumvdywukd 1928ck? k f f S f Ykd 'DZifbmv(5)&ufaeYwGif oydwfarSmufvdkufMuonf/ 'DZifbmv (23)&uf aeYukd aemufq;kH xm; ausmif;0if&efEihf ,if;od0ifa&mufjcif;r&Sd olrsm;udk S Yk ausmif;xkwfrnf[k wuodkvftmPmydkifwdkYu aMunmonf/ 'DZifbmv(20)&ufwGif oydwfarSmufaumifpDuBuD;rSL; ausmif; awmf&m a&Tusiausmif;wdu oydwarSmuf ausmif;om;xku tpnf;ta0; f k f f udk usi;f yonf/ ,if;tpnf;ta0;rS tmPmydiwu tjyKtrlukd rauseyf? k f Ykd qEjyonfhtaejzifh ausmif;0ifpm&if;rS Ekwfy,f&ef qHk;jzwftwnfjyKMu onf/ ,if;oydwarSmufaumvdyausmif;om;rsm;wGif atmufazmfjyyg &cdif f f k ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yg0ifaxmufcH Muonf/ ,if;ausmif;om;rsm;rSmB.A txuf w ef ; / OD ; bOD ; (oH w G J oyd w f a rS m uf a usmif ; om;Ou | )? trsd K ;om;ausmif ; q&mOD ; omEd k Y ( jrLeD p D y ,f ) ? OD;vSxGef;atmif (OD;vSxGefjzL M.A, B.L \nD)? OD ; omEd k Y ( ruf a cgif ) ? OD ; &J a usmf a tmif ( oH w G J ) ? OD ; om'd k ; OD ; ? OD ; ausmf { (awmif u k w f ) ? OD ; omEd k Y (w&m;olBuD;)? OD;zaxmfOD;(Bar at Law)? OD;atmif xGef;OD; (q&m0efOD;apmjr atmif\tpfudk)/
B.Sc
txufwef; / OD;b&Sif (B.E., Eng) ? OD;ausmjf r (a&SUae)? OD;apmOD; (pOfhtdk;wef;)/ / OD;omEdkYatmif (a&SUae)? (trsdK;om; ausmif;q&m) OD;om'dk;? OD;omxGef; atmif (NrdKUa[mif;NrdKUtkyf)/ / OD;xGef;atmifZH (puf&Sifw&m;olBuD;)? OD;pHom/ / OD;a&TxGef; (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m)? OD;vSatmif? OD;omEdkY (trsdK;om;ausmif; q&m)? OD;vSxGef;ausmf (tdkifpDtuf-OD;ausmfcif\tpfudk)? OD;omausmf
B.A atmuf w ef ;
B.Sc atmuf w ef ; I.A txuf w ef ;
38
jrxGef;atmif
atmif ( ausmuf a wmf ) ? OD ; ausmf r if ; (bD v l ; )? OD;vSazmfZ(v,f,mpduysKd ;a&;)? OD;armifjrOD; (&cdif H k f k aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; oydwfarSmufa&;udk t"duvIHUaqmfol? ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif; yxr qHk; ausmif;tkyf)/
I.Sc, txuf w ef ;
/ OD;armifbk (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m)? OD;at;csrf; (trsKd ;om;ausmif;q&m? a&SUae)? OD;armifjratmif? OD ; tvef ( tif ; pd e f tif * sif e D , mausmif ; tk y f ) ? OD;zdk;GefY(yuyfpk)/ / OD;apmvS(trsKd ;om;ausmif;q&m? a&SUae)? OD;zd;k jrpdef (trsKd ;om;ausmif;q&m?ppfawGtpd;k & txufwef; ausmif; ausmif;tkyfBuD;)/ / OD;pHxe;f atmif (trsKd ;om;ausmif;q&m? 'Drua&pD G kd a'oE& tkyfcsKyfa&;rif;BuD;)? OD;pHxGef;OD;? OD;pdefndK xGef;(I.C.S)
I.A atmuf w ef ;
I.Sc atmuf w ef ;
,k'oefaumvdyf
I.A atmuf w ef ;
/ OD;pHxGef;atmif? OD;ausmfOD; (a&SUae)wdkY jzpfygonf/
ppfawGausmif;om;oydwf
1920-ck ausmif;om;oydwfrSm &efukefaumvdyfESifh,k'oef aumvdyfausmif;om;rsm; ta&;omru jrefrmwpfEdkifiHvHk; ausmif;om; rsm;\ta&;jzpfonf/ ausmif;om;xkwpf&yfvHk;\ vufiif;cHpm;ae&aom ta&;udp jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynftESYH ausmif;om;rsm;onf &efuewuovf k f kd tufOya'udk qefYusifMuonf/ oydwfarSmufMuonf/ &cdkifwpfjynfvHk;wGif ,if;tcsdefu t*Fvdyfjrefrm txufwef; ausmif; wpfausmif;wnf;om&Sdonf/ NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\ ynma&; pepfatmufwGif zdESdyfrItrsdK;rsdK;udk cHpm;ae&onf/ aumvdyfoydwfonf rdrdwdkYcHpm;csufESifh wom;wnf;jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh OD;atmifxGef;OD; (ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? ausmufawmftrsdK;om; ausmif;q&mBuD; &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om; tpnf;tHk; acgif;aqmif)? OD;pHatmif? OD;ndKbl;? OD;atmifausmfOD;ponfh
39
ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;aqmifNy;D aumvdyoydwukd axmufconfh f f H taejzifh ppfawGtxufwef;ausmif;udk oydwarSmufvuMf uonf/ onf f kd rSm ordi;f ay;wm0efukd OD;vnfrokexrf;aqmifvujf cif; jzpfonf/ ppfawG k f kd tpdk;&ausmif;\ ordkif;rSwfwdkifudk pdkufxl vdkufjcif; jzpfonf/ aumvdyfausmif; oydwfarSmufNyD; wpfywfcefYtMumrSm ppfawG tpd;k &ausmif;om;rsm;onf oydwvufeufukd qGuiNf y;D NAwoQe,fcsUJ orm; f J kd d d rsm;\ ynma&;pepfudk qefYusifvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ twkvrm&Zdef jynfvHk; csr;f ombk&m;Bu;D &ifjyifukd oydwpcef;tjzpf toH;k jyKMuonf/ ,if;oydwukd f f NrKd UrdNrKd Uzrsm;u axmufctm;ay;Muonf/ pm;a&;? aomufa&; udpt00udk H ulnDMuonf/ axmufyHhMuonf/ ,if;tm;ay;axmufcHrIonf oydwfacgif;aqmifrsm;\ pGrf;tm;udk xufjrufaponf/ aumvdyfoydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; yl;aygif; tm;jznfhMuonf/ ausmif;om;tm;vHk;onf ausmif;rStNyD;tydkif oydwf arSmuf xGuvmolrsm;jzpfonf/ tpd;k &ESitpd;k &taxmuftyHcH ausmif;rsm; f hf h odkY rnfonfhtcgrS jyefrwuf&ef qHk;jzwfMuNyD;jzpfonf/
trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfaxmifjcif;
jrefrmwpfjynfvHk; oydwfarSmufxm;Muaom NrdKUe,ftoD;oD;&Sd ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh rdbjynfolrsm;onf rdrdwdkYtiftm;jzifh wdkif;&if;om; ausmif;rsm; tjrefay:aygufatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwMf uonf/ ppfawGrvnf; S ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ESifh rdbjynfolrsm;onf oydwfarSmufausmif; om;\ ynma&;udk pDpOf&onf/ pmoifrysufap&ef trsdK;om;ausmif;udk wnfaxmifMuonf/ oCF&mZmausmif;? ynmvuFm&ausmif;ESifh a&TapwDbkef;BuD; ausmif;rsm;wGif pmoifcef;rsm;tjzpf ,m,Dzivpxm;Mu&onf/ ausmif;H;k G hf S f cef;udk a&TapwDbkef;BuD;ausmif;rSm xm;&Sdonf/ aumvdyfausmif;om; bGdKifaumhwmrsm;u (BoyCotters) 0ifa&mufulnDoifMum;ay;Muonf/ ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;tjzpf bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; * ( IA txufwef;)u aqmif&Gufonf/ ausmif;pwifzGifhu (8)wef;rS (10)wef;
* trsKd;om;ausmif;\ ausmif;tkyfBuD;rSm OD;xGef;atmifjzpfonf[k pma&; ol\ ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (18-4-1947txd)wGif azmfjyzl;ygonf/ trSefrSm bGdKifaumhwm OD;armifjrOD; (IA txufwef;) jzpfygonf/
40
jrxGef;atmif
txd zGivponf/ aemufyi;f wGif oli,fwef;rS (10)wef;txd xm;&Sonf/ hf S f kd d ausmif;q&mrsm;rSm aumvdyausmif;om; bGKd iaumhwmrsm;ESihf txufwef; f f ausmif; oydwfarSmufacgif;aqmifrsm;jzpfonf/ ausmif;zGifhNyD; rMumrD ausmif;om;OD;a&(700)txd jzpfvmonf/ ausmif;jzpfajrmufa&;twGuf NrKd UrdNrKd Uzrsm;u aiG? vl? pdw"mwftzuf zufrS ulntm;ay;Muonf/ &[ef; f D oHCmawmfrsm;uvnf; rdrdwdkYausmif;rsm;udk pmoifcef;tjzpf MunfjzLpGm toHk;jyKcGifh ay;Muonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1921-ck ZGefvtwGif;rSm ppfawG trsdK;om;ausmif;udk atmifjrifpGm zGifhvSpfEdkifMuonf/
udk,fpm;vS,f apvTwfjcif;
jrefrmjynfwpfjynfvHk;&Sd tpdk;&ausmif;om;rsm;onf aumvdyf ausmif;oydwfudkaxmufcHNyD; oydwfarSmufMuonf/ rdbjynfolrsm;\ tm;ay;axmufcHrIjzifh trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;udk wnfaxmifMuonf/ oydwarSmufausmif;om;rsm; wpfpnf;wpfv;kH wnf;&SzYkd ,if;tcsetcgwGif f d d f vdktyfaeonf/ ,if;aMumifh 1921-ck {NyDv? (10)&uf we*FaEGaeYwGif ArmEdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m oydwfarSmufausmif;om;BuD;rsm; (All Burma Senior Boy cotter's Conference) nDvmcHudk &efukefNrdKUwGifusif;yonf/ ppfawG oydwarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ ud,pm;vS,tjzpf OD;atmifxe;f OD; (ppfawG f k f f G tpd;k & txufwef;ausmif; oydwarSmuf ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif? ppfawG f trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? ausmufawmf trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mBuD;? &cdkif wd k i f ; vH k ; qd k i f & m wd k i f ; &if ; om;tpnf ; tH k ; acgif ; aqmif ) OD ; pH a tmif OD;pHxe;f atmif (I.Sc atmufwef;)wdYk ,if;nDvmcH odYk wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/ G ,if;nDvmcHrS qHk;jzwfcsuf 15-csufudk csrSwfMuonf/ trsdK;om; ausmif;q&mrsm;ta&; tpd;k &xHrS ESppOfo;kH pGaeaom b@maiGrS tcsKd ;us f J &&Sda&;? &efukefwuodkvf oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; or*zGJUpnf;yHk pnf;rsO;f a&;qG jyefvnfzUJG pnf;&ef? ausmif;oH;k pmtkyEihf tjcm;oifavsmf J f S h aom pmtkyfrsm;yHkESdyfa&mif;cs&ef? wefaqmifrkef;vqkwf (10)&ufaeYudk trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm;? trsdK;om;aumvdyfrsm;\ ausmif;ydwf&uf owfrSwf &ef? oydwarSmufta&;awmfytrsKd ;rsKd ; aESmuf,u[efwm;rIrsm;udk usL;vGef f kH S f Y onfh ArmEdiitpd;k &tm; jyif;xefpm uefuuaMumif;? a'oE&t&m&Srsm;\ k f H G Y G f d aESmuf,urrsm;onf ArmEdiitpd;k &ESihf jynforsm;qufqa&; txiftjrif S f I k f H l H vGJrSm;apEdkifojzifh ,if;tjyKtrlrsdK; quf rvkyf&ef? q&mawmf OD;Owr\
41
pGrf;aqmifrIrsm;udk rSwfwrf;wif&ef ponfhqHk;jzwfcsuf? uefYuGufcsuf? rSwfwrf;wifjcif;rsm;udk nDvmcHrScsrSwfcJhMuonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm;\ a&SUvkyfief; pOfrsm;udk csrSwfay;cJhMuonf/ ,if;oydwfarSmuf ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;\ nDvmcHonf trsdK;om;ynma&;atmifvHudk jrifhrm;pGmvTifhxlay;cJhonfh nDvmcHwpf&yfjzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfwpfjynfv;kH &Sd ausmif;om;rsm;\ wpfom; wnf; pnf;Hk;nDGwfrIudk &&SdcJhayonf/
ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwD
ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef;ausmif; oydwfarSmufausmif;om;rsm; pmoifcsef rysua&;twGuf pmoifcef;rsm;udk ,m,Dtm;jzifh bke;f Bu;D ausmif; d f rsm;wGif zGifhvSpfxm;NyD;jzpfonf/ a&&SnfwGif aiGa&;aMu;a&;udp? ausmif; taqmufttHkrsm;udp? q&mrsm;axmufyHhaMu;? pnf;urf;xdef;odrf;a&; ausmif; pDrHtkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf pDpOftkyfcsKyf&ef tzGJUtpnf;wpf&yf vdktyf vmonf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&;udk NrdKUrd NrdKUzrsm;? NrKd UrsuEmzH;k vlBu;D rsm; yg0ifonfh ausmif;tkycsK ya&; aumfrwDwif OD;t'd;k ? f S f f G OD;a&Tom? OD;aZmfa*gif? OD;armifom xGef;? OD;xGef;atmif? OD;armifjrxGef;? OD;apmvSatmifESifh trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm; yg0ifonf/ ,if;aumfrwD onf ausmif;taqmufttHk&&Sda&;? q&mrsm; vpmay;a&;pnf;urf; xdef; odrf;a&;ponfhudp&yfrsm;udk aqmif&GufMuonf/
ausmif;&efyHkaiG &SmazGjcif;
oCF&mZm? ynmvuFm&ESihf a&TapwDausmif;rsm;wGif a&&Sntm;jzifh h f pmoifcef;rsm;xm; rjzpf? ausmif;taqmuf ttHkwpfckck &&Sd&efvdkonf/ wpfzufrmvnf; ausmif;y&dabm*ESihf q&mrsm;twGuf axmufy&ef aiGaMu; S hH vdktyfvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh ausmif;&HyHkaiG&&Sda&;twGuf uyGJwpf&yfudk ppfawGNrdKU&Sd JACCOB kyf&SifHkwGif jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;uyGJrSm trsdK;om; ausmif;udk vlrsKd ;aygif;pHu tm;ay;axmufcaMumif; okyazmfujyMuonf/ k H f OD;pHxGef;atmif (trsdK;om;ausmif;q&m? 'Drdkua&pD a'oE& tkyfcsKyfa&; rif;BuD;u) ArmtrsdK;om;? OD;ndKbl;u wkwftjzpf okyfaqmifonf/ OD;atmifausmO;D (oydwarSmufausmif;om;acgif;aqmif)u &cditrsKd ;om; f f k f
42
jrxGef;atmif
tjzpf okyfaqmifonf/ OD;zdk;at;? OD;ausmfxGef; ponfwdkYu yGJMunfh y&dowfrsm;tm; bm;uRr;f jzifh yg0ifunazsmajzay;Muonf/ ppfawGNrKd UvH;k l D f uRwf Hkjynfhatmif vma&mufMunfhItm;ay;Muonf/ ,if;uyGJrS &&Sdaom aiGjzifh ppfawGNrKd U jynfv;kH csr;f ombk&m;Bu;D \ taemufpufvrf;ESihf OD;Owr kH vrf;axmifh? ,ckawmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;ae&mwGif 0g;ausmif;udk ,m,Dausmif;tjzpf aqmufvyMf uonf/ 0g;ausmif;aqmufNy;D wpfEpccefY k S f JG MumrS tkwctxufxyf opfom;taqmufttHukd aqmufvyNf y;D pD;onf/ f H k k ,if;tjyif ppfawGNrdKUay:&Sd aiGaMu;wwfEdkifolrsm;ESifh apwem&Sifrsm;u wwftm;oa&GU trsKd ;om;ausmif;&HyaiGtwGuf pdwtm;xufoefpmxnf0if kH f G h vSL'gef;Muonf/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;jyKvyum trsKd ;om;ausmif; wnfaxmif k f &ef qH;k jzwfNy;D trsKd ;om;ynma&; &efyaiGtwGuf atmufygtwdi;f xnfvLS kH k h Muonf/ ]]OD;&Jausmfol\om; 0wfvHkawmf&a&SUae OD;a&Tom usyf 20000d? OD;ay:xGef;atmif\om; 0wfvHkawmf& a&SUaeOD;owdk; usyf 10000d? OD;ay:xGef;atmif\om; ukefonfBuD; olaumif;jyK&mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; OD;xGef;ay: usyf 10000d ESifh tjcm;xnfh0ifolrsm; t&yf&yfpm&if;aygif; wpfodef;ig;aomif;ausmf vufiif;pm&if;ayguf &&Sdavonf}} [k 1921-ck Zefe0g&Dv (18)&ufxkwf ol&d,aeYpOfowif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onfudk awGU&onf/ ,if;odkY trsdK;om;ynma&;twGuf tm;wufoa&m ulnDtm; ay;MuonfrSm ,if;tcsdeftcgu acwftajctaeudk rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkuf jcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYtrsdK;om;ausmif;twGuf tvSLaiGxnfh0ifaiGrsm;tjyif a&&SntwGuvnf; ausmif;tkycsKya&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u aqmif&uMf u& f f f f G ao;onf/ ausmif;&efyHkaiG tNrJwrf;jznfhwif;&ef tzdwfaeYwdkif; trsdK;om; ausmif;q&mrsm;ESifh ausmif;tkyfcsKyfa&; aumfrwDvlBuD;rsm;onf ppfawG wpfNrKd UvH;k odYk tvSLcHxuMf u&onf/ tcsKd Utdrrsm;u tvSLaiG&uf &ufa&m G f a&m xnfh0ifMuonf/ tcsdKUuvnf; rcHEdkifavmufaom pum;jzifh tvSL aumufcorsm;tm; ajymqdjk yKrMl uonf/ od&mwGif pOfqufrjywf tzdwaeY H l Yk f wdkif; tvSLcHxGufcJhMuonf/ ,if;odkY &efyHkaiGudk NrdKUrdNrdKUzrsm;u wwfoa&GU ulntm;ay; cJMh uaomfvnf; &efyaiGrm vHavmufjynfprI r&Scojzifh q&m D kH S k h kH d hJ rsm;\vpmrsm;rSm jynfhjynfhpHkpHk &&Sdjcif; r&SdcJhay/
43
ausmif;taqmufttHkrsm;
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;zGifhpwGif bkef;BuD;ausmif;rsm;rS tpjyKcJh &onf/ ,if;aemuf ,ckawmifwef;omoemjyKausmif;wnf&mae&mudk NrdKUvlxku0,f,lNyD; ,m,D0g;ausmif;udk aqmufvkyfMuonf/ ausmif; taqmufttHkyHkrSm t*Fvdyf tu&m (L)yHk jzpfonf/ ausmif;\rsufESmpm onf pufHkvrf;twdkif; awmif-ajrmufwef;aeNyD; ta&SUbufodkY rsufESmrl xm;onf/ taemufrsuEmpmrSm OD;Owrvrf;twdi;f ta&SUtaemuf wef; f S k aeNyD; ajrmufbufodkY rsufESmrlxm;onf/ 0g;ausmif;aqmufvkyfNyD; wpfESpfcGJcefYMumrS atmufrS tkwfcH? txufrS ysOfpDysOfaxmifESifh ESpfxyf ausmif;udk aqmufvyonf/ ,if;taqmufttHukd OD;aZmfa*gu OD;aqmif k f k vkyfonf/ aqmufvkyfc r,l[k od&onf/ ausmif;taqmufttHkvrf; wpfzuf (OD;Owrvrf;wpfzuf)rSm ausmif;tdyausmif;pm;rsm;\ taqmuf f ttHk &Sdonf/ ysOfaxmiftaqmufttHkjzpfNyD; ausmif;tdyfausmif;pm; (20)cefY &Sdonf/
trsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;
ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;\ yxrqHk;ausmif;tkyfrSm OD;armifjrOD; jzpfonf/ OD;pdefxGef;atmifvnf; ausmif;tkyftjzpfaqmif&GufcJhonf/ ,if;aemuf OD;xGef;atmif (a&SUae? rif; wdkifyiftrwf)u aqmif&Gufonf/ rpwm aZmfe'if (Mr. Zau Nuddin) rSm 'kwd,ausmif;tkyf jzpfonf/ tdEd,trsdK;om;ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh qufqHa&;tqifajy&ef twGuf rpwmaZmfe'iftm; ,if;wm0efudk ay;jcif;jzpfonf/ pnf;Hk;a&; twGufvnf; jzpfonf/ ,if;tjyif ausmif;tkyf OD;xGef;atmif rif;wdkifyif tpnf;ta0;odYk wuf a&mufaecsewif ausmif;udk wm0ef,l tkycsKy&onf/ d f G f f oli,f wef;rS (10)wef;txd jyoonfhq&m (24-25)a,mufcefY &Sdonf/ ,if;q&mrsm;rSm OD;armifomEdkY? OD;a&TxGef;? OD;omxGef;atmif? OD;atmifomOD; (ordkif;okawoD)? OD;zdk;jrpdef (ppfawGtpdk;&txufwef; ausmif; ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;)? OD;pHxGef;atmif (bdk'defq&m? 'Drdkua&pD a'oE&tkyfcsKyfa&; rif;BuD;)? q&mOD;ausmfZH? OD;omausmf? OD;todyf? OD;atmifausmO;D ? OD;atmifxe;f OD; (ausmufawmftrsKd ;om;ausmif;q&mBu;D )? f G a&SUaeOD;atmifxGef;OD;? OD;armifomEdkY? a&SUaeOD;at;csrf;? a&SUaeOD;apmvS?
44
jrxGef;atmif
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ausmif;om;pmar;yGJESifh ausmif;vc
ppfawGNrdKUcH ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh e,frSvma&muf oifMum;Muonfh ausmif;om;rsm;&Sonf/ e,frvmaeMuaom ausmif;om;rsm;rSm ausmif;tdyf d S ausmif;pm;aeMuonfhtjyif todrdwfaqG? aqGrsdK;rsm; tdrfwGifaeNyD; wufMuonfh ausmif;om;rsm;vnf; &SMd uonf/ ausmif;zGipu ausmif;om; hf (700) cefY &Sdonf/ 'kwd,urmppf jzpfcgeD;wGif ausmif;om; (400) cefYom &Sdawmhonf/ oli,fwef;rS (10)wef;txd&Sdonf/ (7)wef;ESifh(10)wef; pmar;yGJrsm;udk trsdK;om;ynma&;tzGJUcsKyfu rwfvwGif pmar;yGJrsm;udk BuD;Muyfusif;yonf/ useftwef;rsm;udk ausmif;ppfpmar;yGJtjzpf ppfaq; Muonf/ ausmif;vcudk twdtusrnfa&GUrnfrQ owfrwconfukd rod&/ S f hJ odkY&mwGif qif;&JEGrf;yg;olrsm;tm; ausmif;vc vGwfNidrf;cGifh jyKcJhaMumif; od&onf/ ausmif;pwifzivponfh 1921-ck ZGevrS 'kw,urm ppfjzpfym; G hf S f f d G vmonftxd ausmif;oufwrf;rSm (20)ESpcefY &Sd onf/ ,if; (20)ESptwGi;f f f ausmif;om;OD;a& wpfEpysr;f rQ (500)OD;ESiwuvQif ausmif;om;wpfaomif; S f hf G f cefukd ynmoifMum;ay;Ediconf/ trsKd ;om;ynma&;wm0efukd xrf;aqmif Y k f hJ cJhonf/ trsdK;om;ausmif;onf e,fcsJUqefYusifa&;? udkvdkeDynma&;udk qefYusif&mrSay:vmaomausmif;jzpfonf/
45
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rpwmael;ESifh tdEd&m*ED a&muf&Sdjcif;

ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;odkY EdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; rMumcP a&muf&MdS uonf/ trsKd ;om;vGwajrmufa&;udprsm;twGuf jzpfonf/ tdE, f d uGef*&ufacgif;aqmif rpwmael;ESifh orD;tdEd&m*EDwdkYonf trsdK;om; ynma&;ESifh trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;tiftm;pkrsm;pkpnf;&m ppfawGtrsdK; om;ausmif;odkY 0ifa&mufvnfywfonf/ ,if;odkY a&muf&Sdvmaom rpwm ael;tm; EdkifiHwumta&;tcif;? trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;vIyf&Sm;rI? trsdK;om;ausmif;tay: xifjrifcsuf? b*Fvm;e,f&Sd &cdkiftrsdK;om;a&;? wdk;wufvmonfh odyHynmESifh ywfoufonfh ar;cGef;aygif; (10)ausmfudk ar;jref;Muonf/ rpwmael;u trsdK;om;ausmif; wnfwHha&;twGuf BuKd ;pm;oifaMumif;rsm;udk ajymjyonf/ b*Fvm;e,f&dS &cditrsKd ;om;rsm;udk h k f ulnDapmifha&SmufoGm;rnf jzpfonf/ ,ck tcsdefrSm odyHynm wdk;wufae onf/ vlowfvufeufrsm; xGef;umvmonf/ vlom;rsm; tusdK;&Sdatmif odyHynmudk toHk;jyKoifhaMumif;rsm;udk ajzMum;cJhonf/
46
jrxGef;atmif
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ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;udk 'kwd,urmppfjzpfyGm;NyD; 1941-ckESpf tukexd zGivpconf/ trSw(15)*syefwyfrawmf\ tkycsKyratmufwif f hf S f hJ f f f I G &Sdaom Adkvf&efatmif OD;aqmifonfh &cdkifcsD ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (bD? tdkif? at)u 1924-ck? arv (7)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/ aemufyi;f wGif ppfawGNrKd Uwpfcv;kH onf 'kw,urmppf'PfaMumifh jymyHtwd kd k d k jzpfcJh&onf/ trsdK;om;ynma&;? trsdK;om;vGwf ajrmufa&; trSwftom; jzpfonfh trsdK;om;ausmif; taqmufttHkrSmvnf; ppf'PfrS rvGwfcJh/ ysup;D cJ&onf/ ,if;udk ppfNy;D umvwGif jyefvnfxaxmifEijf cif; r&Sawmh f h l kd d acs/ ppfab;ppf'Pf uif;&Sif;NyD; ppfawGNrdKUolNrdKUom;rsm;tm; jyefvnf rdrdwdkYae&m&yfuGufrsm;wGif aexdkifcGifhjyKvdkufonfhtcg trsdK;om;ausmif; ae&mwGif awmifwef;omoemjyK bke;f Bu;D ausmif;tjzpf wnfaxmifaqmuf vkyfae&m,lvsuf&Sdayonf/ jrxG e f ; atmif (30-8-1981)
47
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ppfawGtrsdK;om;ausmif;q&mrsm;jzpfMuaom q&mBuD; OD;atmif omOD; (ordkif;okawoD)? OD;pHxGef;atmif ('Drdkua&pD a'oE& tkyfcsKyfa&; rif;BuD;)wdkYtm; awGUqHkar;jref;csufrsm;ESifh pma&;ol\ rdcifa':rrBuD;\ ajymjycJcsursm;udk tajccHNy;D atmufygpmtkypmwef;rsm;udk ud;k um;a&;om; h f f ygonf/ (1) trsdK;om;aeYESifh trsdK;om;ynma&; vIyf&Sm;rI ordkif;tusOf; (trsKd ;om;aeY a&T&wkobiftxl;xkw) jrefrmhq&,vpf vrf;pOf f kd S f ygwD? pnf;H;k a&;A[dk aumfrwDXmecsKyf (Ed0ifbmv 1970jynfEp) k h S f (2) jrefrmEdkifiH trsdK;om;ynma&;ordkif;? OD;{ausmf r[m0dZm? Oya'0dZmjyKpkonf (ykvJyef;pmay 1970) (3) ppfawGNrdKU ordkif;tusOf; (1824-1947 txd) jrxGef;atmif (&cddkifGefYzl; ,Ofaus;rIaqmif;yg;rsm; 1968-Zlvdkif) (4) NAdwdoQacwf &cdkifjynfynma&;? jrxGef;atmif &cdkifr*Zif; (1976-ckESpf? pufwifbmv) (5)
Who's who in Burma 1961, People's Literature Committee and House, 546 Merchant Street, Ragoon, Ragoon August 1, 1861.
&cdkifr*Zif; trSwf(8)
48
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OD;OwrESifh 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;
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1885-ck? Edk0ifbmv (14)&ufwGif pwifjzpfyGm;onfh wwd, t*Fvy-jrefrmppfyonf (14)&ufajrmufaeYrm rEav;NrKd Uudk odr;f ,ljcif;jzifh d f JG S NyD;qHk;onf/ tdEd,bk&ifcHcsKyf avm'gz&ifonf 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrtwGuf ESpopfu;l vufaqmiftjzpf 1886-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufaeYwif jrefrmjynf f G wpfjynfvHk;udk NAdwdoQwdkY odrf;,laMumif; aMunmonf/ jrefrmjynfudk tdEdEdkifiH\ tpdwftydkif;wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfonf/ r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;u tBuD;trSL;vkyfNyD; ta&;ydkif? e,fydkif? NrdKUtkyf? olBuD;paom t&m&SdwdkYjzifh tkyfcsKyfaom pepfudkusifhoHk;onf/ odkY&mwGif 1897-cktxd NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkY usifhoHk;aom tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfrfSm ]]ppftkyfcsKyfa&;}} jzpfonf/ 1897-ck? arv (1)&ufaeYrSp jrefrmjynfudk tdEd,EdkifiHjynfe,f wpfcktjzpf owfrSwfonf/ 'kwd,bk&ifcHwpfOD;udk wdk;csJUcefYxm;onf/ twdkifyifcHtrwf(9)OD;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcH\ oabmtwdkif;cefYxm;onf/ 1909-ckwGif twdkifyifcH trwf (15)OD;? 1920-ckwGif twdkifyifcHtrwf (30)OD;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcHwdkYu pdwfBudKufa&G;cs,fcefYxm;cJhMuonf/ ,if; twdkifyifcH trwfrsm;rSm Oya'jyKtmPm r&&Sday/ 'kwd, bk&ifcHtm; tMuHay;&efom jzpfonf/ tBuHay;csuudk vufcHjcif;? y,fcsjcif;rsm;udk 'kwd,bk&ifcHrSm jyKvkyfEdkifonfh tmPm&&Sdxm;onf/ ,if;tkyfcsKyfa&; pepfrSm jynfolUqErygbJ txuft&m&Sd t&mcHrsm;\ pdwfwdkif;us tkycsKyaom ]]jALdk ua&pD}} tkycsKya&;pepf jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynfovxrm f f f f l l k S tzdESdyfcHb0ESifh tarSmifxktwGif;usa&mufaeonfh umvjzpfonf/
49
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50
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tdEd,EdkifiHudk tkyfcsKyfa&;jyKjyifay;&ef tpD&ifcHpmwpf&yfudk 1918 ckwGif xkwfjyefvdkufonf/ jrefrmjynfovxuvnf; tdE,udk tkycsKya&;jyKjyif ajymif;vJay; l l k d f f ouJoYkd ay;apvdonf/ jynfowYkd qEuxwf azmfvmMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh h k l kd k jrefrmjynfovxukd vSnpm; &ef 'kw,bk&ifcH qmtm&fu&ufa'guf (Sir l l k hf d Regnald Creddock)onf jynfovxqE vH;0rygbJ u&ufa'gufprue; l l k k D H d f (Creddock Scheme)udk 1918-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfjyefvdkufonf/ tdE,EdiitwGuf rGeaw*lcsr;f (pf)zdYk tpD&ifcpmt& usio;kH rnfh tkycsKya&; d k f H f H hf f f pepfopfudk tdEd,EdkifiHwGif rusifhoHk;rD xGufay:vmjcif;jzpfonf/ u&uf a'gufprue;f rSm ud,yitycsKya&;pepfEihf vH;k vH;k vsm;vsm; jcm;em;onf/ D H d k f kd f k f f S rGefaw*lcsrf;(pf)zdkY tpD&ifcHpmt& tdEd,wGif usifhoHk;rnfh ]]tkyfcsKyfa&; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;}} jzpfaom 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;xufyif nHhao;onf/ ,if;aMumifh u&ufa'gufpDrHudef;udk jrefrmjynfolvlxku vufrcH vd?k jynfovxk vufrcHvaom tkycsKya&;pepfukd u&ufa'gufutpm;xd;k l l kd f f toH;k jyKvonf/ wpfenf;tm; jzifh jynfovxEihf wom;wnf; jzpfaeaom kd l l k S q&mawmf OD;OwrESihf jynfovxtm; 'kw,bk&ifcH u&ufa'gufu ol\ l l k d pDrHudef;ESifh aoG;wdk;prf;Munfhjcif; jzpfonf/ onfrSm yxrqHk;tBudrf jynfoltm;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u tuJprf;jcif;yif jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif jynfoUl pGr;f tm;aMumifh u&ufa'gufrm wyfacgufvu&onf/ jynfowEihf S kd f l Ykd S twl q&mawmfonf atmifyukd yxrqH;k tBurf &,lvujf cif;yifjzpfonf/ JG d kd
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rGefaw*lcsrf;(pf)zdkY tpD&ifcHpmwGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf tkyfcsKyfa&; udpudk csefvSyfxm;cJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmEdkifiHrS udk,fpm;vS,ftzGJUudk ESpfBudrfwdkif t*FvefodkYapvTwfNyD; jrefrmjynfolwdkY vdkvm;csufudk wifjy awmif;qdkcJhonf/ yxrtBudrfwGif wdusaomtajzudk r&&SdcJhMu/ 1919ck tdEd,Oy a' (Government of India Act of 1919) wGif jrefrmEdkifiHtwGuf xnfhoGif;ay;rnf[k tdEd,twGif;0ef rpwmrGefaw*lu 'kwd,tBudrf ud,pm;vS,tzGUJ tm; t*Fvefwif uwday;onf/ axmufccsuay;onf/ k f f G H f ,if;axmufcHcsuft& 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;twGuf pHkprf;&ef qmat h I f l l tufp0uf (Sir.A.S White) Bu;D rSL;onf) 0duaumfrwDu jrefrmjynfovxk f kd qEudk vm a&mufpHkprf;aponf/ tqdkyg aumfrwDxH tppfcHjcif;rjyKbJ
51
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52
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54
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55
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56
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57
]]pdwf0rf;ruGJ? ausmufcJoHwdkifuJhodkY usifh,laqmif&Guf vmcJh MuonfhtwGuf wpfurmvHk;&Sd Adkvfajctaygif;wdkYu tHhMorukefEdkifbJ &SdMuavNyD/ uJhodkY BuHUcdkifwnfMunfEdkifMujcif;rSm ]or*geHwayg okacg}[k qdtyfonfh ]pnf;vH;k nDwjf cif;wnf;[laom ormord k G \ okcyifwnf;} [l jynfolwdkY\ atmifyGJudk ]'dkiftmcDoydwfw&m;} acgif;pOfjzifh rtlyifaxmifrS vGwfvmNyD; ra&SU raESmif; 1922-ck? Zlvdkif (15? 16)&ufwGif jyKvkyfonfh *sDpDbDattpnf;ta0;wGif q&mawmfu rdefYMum;cJhygonf/ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;\zdESdyfrIonf rnfrQjyif;xefapumrl jynfolwdkY\ pnf;vH;k rIukd rcHEi?f jynfoom atmifyc&rnf jzpfonf/ pnf;vH;k nDwrI kd l JG H G f jzifh zdESdyfrIudk wGef;vSef&,lzdkY jzpfonf/ ,if;udk txufyg ]'dkiftmcDoydwf w&m;} rdefYcGef;wGif q&mawmfu rdefYqdkcJhonfrSm]]tpdk;&[lonf rnfrQyif&ufpufapumrl? jynfolwdkY\ wpfvHk; wpf0wnf; aygif;pnf;BuHpnf vGwfvyfa&;&SmMuawmhrnf[laom t"d|mefjzifh vkyfBuHjcif;udk wm&SnfpGmrcH r&yfEdkif jzpfacsonf}}[l jynfolwdkY\ ta&;ygyHkudk q&mawmfu rdefYqdkvrf;TefcJhayonf/ wpfqufwnf;rSm ]]vGwfvyfa&;onf jynfolwdkY\ vufxJrSm&Sd onf/ vGwfvyfa&;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;xHrS &Sdcdk;awmif;yef r&Edkif/ ,if; taMumif;rsm;udk q&mawmfu tqdkyg'dkiftmcDoydwfw&m;rSm xnfhoGif; rdefYcsufudk atmufygtwdkif; awGUEdkifygonf}}/ ]]vGwvyfa&;atmifqu&Edi&eftajconf 'g,dum 'g,dumr f k kd k f wdkY\ vufwGif;yif &Sdayonf/ 'l;yqpfwkyf vufpHkrdk;vsuf &Sdcdk; yefxm awmif;qd&monfr[kw?f xdoYkd c,awmif;qdjk cif;jzifvnf; r& G k k h Edkifay}}[k vGwfvyfa&;twGuf avQmuf&rnfhvrf;? a&G;cs,f&rnfh vufeufrSm jynfolwdkY\ pnf;Hk;nDGwfjcif;omvQifjzpfaMumif; q&mawmfu azmfxkwf vrf;TefcJhonfudk awGU&onf/
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jynfovxonf q&mawmf\ OD;aqmifrjI zifh 'ditmcD tkycsKya&; l l k k f f f udk qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifaepOfrSm NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;wdkYonf 1923-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufwif 'ditmcDtycsKya&;pepfukd pwiftaumiftxnfazmf G k f k f f onf/ 1921-ckwGif twnf jyKonfh (The Burma Rural Self Government
58
Act 1921)
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t& jyKvkyfonfh 'DpBudwfaumifpDa&G;aumufyGJrsm;ESifh 'dkiftmcD a&G;aumufyGJrsm;udkom oydwfarSmuf&ef *sDpDbDattzGJUu qHk;jzwfonf/ OD;bab acgif;aqmifaom (21)OD;tzGJUu ,if;a&G; aumufyGJrsm; wGif 0ifa&muf ta&G;cHMuonf/ ,if;(21)OD;onf *sDpDbDatrS cGJxGufum a&G;aumufyGJrsm;0ifMujcif; jzpf onf/ yl;owfa&;[k (21)OD;u qdkMuonf/ yl ; owf a &;qd k o nf r S m rjzpf E d k i f a Mumif ; ud k q&mawmf E S i f h *sD p D b D a t acgif;aqmifrsm;u cH,lMuonf/ ,if;aMumifh *sDpDbDatrSm pwifuGJawmh onf/ jynfolUbufawmfom; NAdwdoQe,fcsJUorm;rsm;ESifh raphpyfpwrf; wduy0ifcaom q&mawmfO;D Owronf oydwarSmuf *spbatbuf tNrJ k f JG hJ f D D D &yfwnfcJhonf/ k tpd;k &ESihf rqufqa&; (Non Co-operation) rltwdi;f a&G;aumufyJG H r0ifMu&ef tNrJyifq&mawmf vHIUaqmfcJhonf/ wdkufwGef;cJhonf/ ,if;ESifh wpfqufwnf;rSmyif EdiijH cm;jzpfaom 0wKypn;f wdukd avmfvo;kH pm;jcif;rS k f Yk D a&SmifMuOfEdkifcJhaomf [krf;l;udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&;udk raES;apmvsifpGm &Mu rnfjzpfaMumif; q&mawmfu vrf;jyenf;ay;cJhonf/ 'ditmcDvwawmfwif rif;wdiyiftrwf (103)OD;teuf rJqEjzifh k f T f G k f a&G;aumufaom rif;wdkifyiftrwf (79)OD; twGuf 1922-ck? Edk0ifbmv (21)&ufwGif a&G;aumufyGJ jyKvkyfonf/ ,if;a&G;aumufyGJwGif rJay;ol (6.92)&mcdiEe;f rQom&Sonf/ wpfenf;qdaomf rJqE&if wpfoef;ckepfoe;f k f I d k S d ausmwif vlwpf&mvQif (7)a,mufrQom rJqEay;Muonf/ vl (100)vQif f G (93)a,mufrSm 'dkiftmcDpepfudk rvdkvm;aMumif; azmfxkwfvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ onfrm tpd;k &ESihf ryl;aygif;a&;? rqufqa&; rl0g'atmifjrifrI S H udk jyovdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/ 1923-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (2)&ufaeYwGif pwifaom 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyf a&;onf 1937-ck? {NyDv (1)&ufwGif kyfodrf;vdkufonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh 15ESpfwdkifatmif jynfolwdkYESifhtwl qefYusifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhaom q&mawmf\ ryl;aygif;a&;rl0g' atmifjrifrI ordkif;rSwfwdkif wpfckyifjzpfonf/ jrefrmh ordi;f \ tvSntajymif;udk q&mawmfonf jynfowEitwl rSwwrf;wif k hf l Ykd S hf f a&;om;EdkifcJhjcif;yif jzpfonf/
59
q&mawmf\ ESpf(20)c&D;
jynfolUa&SUaqmif vGwfvyfa&;\ rD;SL;wefaqmif q&mawmf OD;Owronf 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tNrJqefYusifcJhonf/ 'dkiftmcD tkyfcsKyfa&;pepf tpysdK;rnfh rGefaw*laMunmcsuf xGufay:vmonfhtcg uyif pwifwdkufyGJ0ifcJhonf/ [krf;l;udkom tpOfwpdkuf awmif;qdkcJhonf/ jynfolwdkYbufrS toufcEmwnfoa&GU &yfwnfcJhonf/ q&mawmf\ e,fcsJUqefYusifa&; vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;onf 1917-ckrS? 1937-cktxd ESpfaygif; (20)twGif; txift&Sm; &SdcJhonf/ ,if;ESpfaygif; (20)twGif; jrefrmhordkif;jzpfpOfrsm;onf wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf; q&mawmf\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;ESifh ywfoufaeonfudk awGU&onf/ (1) 'dkiftmcDqefYusifa&; tESpf(20)umvtwGif; NAdwdoQe,fcsJU orm;rsm;u yk'fr 124(u)t&? 1922-ckESpfwGif yxrtBudrf tjzpf rtlyifaxmifwif (1)ESpf q&mawmftm; tjypfay;onf/ G trsdK;om;ynma&;twGuf yxrtBudrf oydwfwdkufyGJudk atmifjrifpGmqifETJEdkifcJhonf/ ,if;oydwfyGJ\ aemufqufwJG tjzpf trsdK;om;aumvdyf? trsdK;om;ausmif;rsm; &yfwnfa&; aqmif&GufrIrsm; tpdk;&xHrS taxmuftyHhrcHa&;twGuf vkyaqmifcsuwif q&mawmf\ vIy&m;yg0ifconfrm txif f f G f S hJ S t&Sm;jzpfonf/ q&mawmf\ OD;aqmifqefusiraMumifh u&ufa'guf pDrue;f Y f I H d rSm wyfacgufcJh&onf/ 0Idufaumfr&Sif a&SUarSmufwGif tppfrcHoydwfarSuf jcif;rSm atmifjrifonf/ a0vrif;om; (0ifpmNrdKUpm;BuD;) jrefrmjynfodkY <ua&muf vmonfhtcg jynfolvlxku rBudKqdkbJ oydwfarSmufcJhMu onf/ 1924-ck? Mo*kwfv (16)&ufwGif q&mawmf rEav;odkY <ua&mufvmonfhtcg q&mawmftm; BudKqdkMuonf/ *sDpD bDat *dkPf;om;rsm;ESifh (21)OD; *dkPf;om;rsm; t"dukPf;jzpf onf/ ,if;t"d ukPf;wGif q&mawmfOD;pEdrm ysHvGefawmfrl onf/
(2)
(3) (4) (5)
(6)
60
(7)
jrxGef;atmif
1924-ckwGif yk'fr 124(u)t& q&mawmftm; &efukefcdkif &mZ0wfw&m;olBuD; qpfqvmHk;wGif trIppfaq;pOftrI vma&muf em;axmifolrsm;udk ykvdyfwdkYu jrif;ESifhwdkuf eHygwf wkwfjzifhdkufrIrsm; jzpfcJhonf/ q&mawmftm; jynfolvlxk\ av;pm;rIrsm;udk ,if;jzpf&yfrsm;u azmfxwvujf cif;jzpf onf/ k f kd 1924-25ckwGif vlcGefESifh oar;"cGefrsm; ray;bJ tcsdKU cdkifrsm;wGif oydwfarSmufMuonf/ 1929-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (29)&ufwif qdireaumfr&Sif &efueoYkd G k f G f k f a&mufvmonf/ ,if;aumfr&SifxH tppfrcHbJ oydwfarSmuf Muonf/ 1929-ck? pufwifbmv (10)&ufaeYwif q&mawmfO;D Owr\ G omoemtmZmenf t&SiO;D 0dpm& onf axmifwi(166)&uf f G f tpmiwfcH ysHvGefawmfrlonf/ 1930-ckwGif q&mpH OD;aqmifonfh v,form; ta&;awmfyHk ay:aygufonf/ ,if;x<urIwGif q&mawmfESifh OD;pdk;odrf; *spbat\ vIUH aqmfraMumifjh zpfonf[k NAwoQtmPmydirsm; D D D I d d k f u ,lqonf/ 1936-ckwGif 'kwd,tBudrf ausmif;om;oydwf ay:aygufcJh onf/ wGJa&;cGJa&;twGuf wpfjynfvHk; qE,lyGJwGif wGJa&;bufrS tom&&Sdonf/ q&mawmfonf wGJa&;bufrS &yfwnfcJhav onf/ odkY&mwGif NAdwdoQ e,fcsJUorm;rsm;u cGJa&;rlt& td E d , ES i f h j ref r mjynf u d k 1937-ck ? {NyD v (1)&uf w G i f cGJcGmcGifhay;vdkuf onf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk zsuf odrf;vdkufonf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk zsufodrf;NyD; 91-XmetkyfcsKyfa&;udk pwifonf/ 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&;udk qefYusif&mwGif wyfOD;jzpfaom *sDpD bDatrSm 'dkiftmcDtkyfcsKyfa&; kyfodrf;csdefwGif tuGJuGJjzifh Zmwfodrf;cJh&onf/
(8) (9)
(10)
(11)
(12) (13)
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(15)
61
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q&mawmf\ aemufqHk;c&D;
tarSmiftwGi;f usa&mufaeaom jrefrmjynfovxtm; q&mawmf l l k onf tepfemcHNy;D vGwvyfa&;vrf;pudk pwifazmfay;cJonf/ toufcEm f h &Sdoa&GU jynfolwdkYtusdK;udk aqmif&GufcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif q&mawmf\ b0 Zmwfodrf;um; raumif;? q&mawmf\ t&Sdeft[kefaMumifh ig;zGifhqdkiftzGJU onf rif;wdkifyiftrwf (45)OD;udk &&Sdonf/ 'dkiftmcDOya'jyK vTwfawmf (rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0;)wGif tiftm;t&SdqHk; jzpfcJhonf/ q&mawmftm; ,if;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf pGefYcGmcJhMuonf/ vspfvsLIcJh Muonf/ odkY&mwGif q&mawmfrSm rwkefvIyf qif;&J'kucHum 1939-ck? pufwifbmv (6)&uf paeaeYwGif qD;csdKa&m*gjzifh &efukefaq;HkBuD;wGif ysHvGefawmfrlavonf/ jrxG e f ; atmif 1979-ck? pufwifbmv (9)&uf/
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1/ ocifvGif-ArmhvGwfvyfa&; rD;SL;wefaqmif q&m awmfOD;Owr vufa&G;pif rdefYcGef;ESifh aqmif;yg;rsm; (1967-ck) 2/ ocifvGif- tmZmenft&SifOD;0dpm& (1971-ck) 3/ OD;av;armif- jrefrmEdkifiHa&;ordkif; (y-'k wGJ) (1973-74-ck) 4/ rdk;BudK;OD;tkef;cif- jrefrmjynf Zmwfvrf;IyforQ (1973-ck) 5/ owif;pmq&mBuD; wdk;wufa&; OD;oef;xGef;-jrefrm EdkifiHa&; &Sif;wrf; (1974-ck? 'kwd,tBudrf) 6/ azbD,ef OD;bcdkif- jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;&mZ0if (1964-ck? 'kwd,tBudrf) 7/ yifpifpm; ta&;ydkifrif; OD;bat;? ]]jynfa&; jynf&mynm}} (1934-ck) 8/ vlxkOD;vS- uRefawmfowif;axmuf (1971-ck)
62
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63
t*Fvdyfta&SUtdEd,ukrPD
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64
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65
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1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ rif;om;BuD; a&Tbef;\ &wkpmayrsm; a';0ef;BuD; atmifausmf&TD\ &wkpmayrsm; NrdKUolBuD; atmifausmfZH\ &wkpmayrsm; uRef;tkyf armifoQif\ &mxl;cefYtvTm? ajymif;a&TU trdefYpm ("mwfyHkrdwL)
5/ Archives of Arakan Family (Type Copy) 6/ ewfjrpfpef;atmif ]]&cdkife,fcsJUawmfvSefa&;ysdK;axmifrIrsm;}} &cdkifr*Zif; trSwf(2)? 1975-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 7/ R.B. Smart (Deputy Commissioner, Settlement Officer Akyab)
Burma Gazetteer ''Akyeb District, Volume A'' 1957
8/
W.B. Tyeld (Deputy Commissioner) Burma Gazetteer ''Sandoway District, Volume A" 1962
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86
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92
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93
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94
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95
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96
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97
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100
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101
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102
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103
Edk0ifbm(30)&ufwGif wyfzGJUwyfrSL;rsm;csrSwfaom vkyfief;pOfudk r[mrdwf ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbwfwefonf oabmwlvufcHvdkufonf/
r[mrdwfwdkY\ yxrtBudrf ppfqifa&;

yxrtBurf &cdijf ynfppfqifa&;udk 1943-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (1)&ufaeY d k wGif jyKvkyfonf/ wyfr[m(9)ck yg0ifonf/ AdkvfcsKyfvGdKuf OD;pD;aom trSwf(14) tdEd,wyfru qifETJaom ppfqifa&;jzpfonf/ ,if;ppfqifa&;\ tpydkif;rSm atmifjrifrI &&Sdonf/ armifawm bl;oD;awmifESifh armifawmbl;oD;awmifvrf;rsm;udk odrf;,lEdkifcJhonf/ ar,kuRef;qG,frS(10)rdkifcefYa0;aom 'Hkbwfaus;&GmteD;txd odrf;EdkifcJh onf/ 'HkbdwfESifh &aohawmifwGif *syefwyfrsm; tcdkiftrm wyfpGJxm; onf/ ,if;aMumifh wifum;rsm;tygt0if wyfr[mtiftm;jzifh tBurBf urf h d d wducuaomfvnf; tustqH;k rsm;pGmjzifh qkwc&onf/ tawmtwGi;f k f kd f f hJ ppfawGrS *syefwyfrrsm; a&aMumif;jzifh xyfrHa&muf&Sdvmonf/ 'Hkbdwf&Sd *syefwyfrsm;udk tm;jznfhNyD; trSwf(55)tdEd,wyfr[mudk wdkufppfqif onf/ ,if;aMumifh trSwf(55)tdEd,wyfr[mrSm zdkz&JjzpfNyD; ar,kjrpfudk ul; qkwfcGm&onf/ ,if;tjyif ppfawGrS AdkvfrSL;buD; wmem[m&SD OD;pD; aom ppfaMumif;wpfckonf ar,kjrpfaMumif;twdkif; csDwufvmonf/ ar,kawmifwef;udk ta&SUrStaemufodkY jzwfausmfum {NyDv(3)&ufwGif 'Hkbdwfudk wdkufcdkufaeaom trSwf(6)NAdwdoQESifh trSwf(47)tdEd,wyf r[mwdkYudk tif;'if&GmwGif aemufausmrSjzwf wdkufcdkufonf/ ,if;wyf r[mrsm;rSm zdz&JEihf rdi(20)cefa0;aom abmfvb Zm;odYk 1943-ck? arv k S k f Y D (11)&ufwGif jyefvnfodrf;ydkufxm;aom armifawmESifh bl;oD;awmifNrdKU rsm;udk vufvTwfNyD;qkwfcGm&onf/
r[mrdwf\ 'kwd,tBudrf ppfqifa&;

'kw,tBurf ppfqifa&;udk 1943-ck? Ed0ifvbm(30)&ufrm pwif d d k S onf/ trSw(7)tdE,wyfronf ar,kawmif wef;udk awmifMum;vrf;rsm;rS f d jzwf csDwufMuonf/ 1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufaeYwif trSw(5)wyfronf &mZbD;vf G f
104
jrxGef;atmif
cHwyf\ ajrmufbufydGKifh(124)awmifukef;udk odrf;,lonf/ Zefe0g&Dv (9)&ufaeYwGif armifawmudk odrf;,lEdkifonf/ ewfjrpfudk toHk;jyKNyD; ppfvufeufypnf;rsm;udk a&aMumif;rS pwifjznfhwif;vsuf&Sdonf/ trSwf (7)wyfronf ppfqifa&;XmecsKyukd ig;ajcaxmuf&mwGif zGivpxm;onf/ f G hf S f ig;ajcaxmufawmifMum;rSwpfqifh ukvm;yef;Zif;jrpf0Srf;&Sd wyfrsm;tm; axmufyEi&ef jzpfonf/ 1944-ck? Zefe0g&D vtukewif trSw(7)wyfr\ hH kd f f G f wyf&if;wpf&if;u bl;oD; awmifteD;&Sd awmifapmif;udk pdk;rdk;aeonfh awmifukef;wpfckudk odrf;ydkufxm;NyD; jzpfonf/
[*dk;ppfqifa&;
jrefrme,fajr wyfrawmf ]]ppfaoemywdcsKyf 'kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; um0g ab}}onf jrefrmjynfppfrsuEmwGif tqH;k tjzwfay;rnfh ppfqifa&;ESp&yfukd f S f qifETJ&ef 1944-ck? Zefe0g&Dvqef;ydkif;wGif trdefYxkwfjyefvdkufonf/ ppfwaumif;txd csDwufrnfh [*dk; (HA GO) ppfqifa&;ESifh a'vDtxd cswufrnfh ,l*;kd (U GO) ppfqifa&;wdYk jzpfonf/ [*d;k ppfqifa&;udk trSwf D (28)*syefwyfrawmf ('kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; qmuldkif)u wm0ef,l qifETJ&onf/ ,l*dk; ppfqifa&;udk trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf ('kAdkvfcsKyfBuD; rlwmlcsD)u wm0ef,lqifETJ&onf/ &cdkif ppfrsufESmwGif [*dk;ppfqifa&;? jrefrmjynf tv,fydkif; ppfrsufESmwGif ,l*dk;ppfqifa&;udk qifETJ&efjzpfonf/ [*d;k ppfqifa&;udk 1944-ck? azazmf0g&Dv 3&ufwif ponf/ trSwf G (55)*syefwyfrppfqifa&;\ pk&yfrSm &aohawmifNrdKU jzpfonf/ ,if;wGif wdkufcdkufa&;wyfrsm;udk zGJUpnf;onf/ ,if;ppfqifa&;aMumifh r[mrdww\ wyfr(5)ESihf trSw(7)wyfr f Ykd f wdkYrSm wyfrBuD;(15)ESifh tquftoG,fudk jzwfawmufEdkifcJhonf/ [*dk; ppfqifa&;\ azazmf0g&Dv yxrydkif;wGif *syefbufrS ta&;omcJhonf/ r[mrdwfwdkYbuf Munf;? a&? av wdkufcdkufay;rISaMumifh azazmf0g&Dv (23)&ufwif trSw(55) *syefwyfrrSm wyfrsm;kyor;f p jyKvmonf/ rwfv G f f d (11)&ufaeYwGif r[mrdwfwdkY trSwf(7)tdEd,wyfru bl;oD;awmifudk jyef v nf o d r f ; yd k u f o nf / trS w f ( 5)td E d , wyf r u &mZmbD ; vf a 'o wpfavQmufvHk;udk 1944-ck? rwfv(12)&ufwGif odrf;ydkufEdkifonf/ ,if;ppfqifa&;wGif azazmf0g&D wpfvwnf;rSm *syef 5000cefY usq;kH cJonf/ h
105
,if;ppfqifa&;rSm *syefrsm;bufrS tHI;ESifh&ifqdkif tqHk;owfcJh &onf/ r[mrdwwyfrsm; taeESiqvQif tm&Sta&SUawmifyi;f ppfXmecsKyf f hf kd kd (tufp?f tD;? at? pD)wnfaxmif Ny;D onfaemuf wduyrm yxrqH;k wdu& h k f JG S k f aom wduyjJG zpfonf/ ,if;wduy\ atmifjrifraMumifh r[mrdwrsm;twGuf k f k f JG I f pdwf"mwfwdk;wufvmaponf/ ,if;tcsdefupNyD; *syefwyfrsm;onf &cdkif ppfrsufESm tygt0if jrefrmjynf ppfrsufESmwdkif;rSm tHI;ESifhom &ifqdkif& awmhonf/
ar,kuRef;qG,fwdkufyGJrsm;
1944-ck? 'DZifbmv (11)&ufwGif trSwf(25)tdEd, wyfrrS trSwf(74)wyfr[monf urf;ajcydkif;rS pwifcsDwufonf/ 'DZifbmv (12)&ufwGif trSwf(15)wyfr[monf bl;oD;awmifodkY csDwufonf/ 'DZifbmv(14)&ufwGif trSwf(53)wyfr[monf ar,kawmifwef; ta&SUbufawmifajc vuf0buf\ awmifwef;(4)rdiumwGif wyfponf/ J k f G JG trSw(82)taemuftmz&duwyfr\ a&SUaqmifwyfrsm;onf bl;oD;awmif f bufoYkd a&muf&onf/ (15)&ufaeY trSw(2) taemuftmz&du wyfr[m dS f onf bl;oD;awmifudk jyefvnfodrf;ypfEdkifonf/ 'DZifbmv(18)&ufwif trSw(53) wyfr[monf pdwni;f jym;udk G f f odrf;,lonf/ (21)&ufaeYwGif cGqHk&GmBuD;udk odrf;,lonf/ 'DZifbmv(19)&ufwGif eufyD;,m;oabFmrS ar,kawmifwef; ta&SUbuf&Sd &aohawmifNrdKUudk tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfwdkufcdkufonf/ &aohawmifwif trSw(28)*syefwyfrawmfrS ppfaoemywdBu;D 'kAvcsKyBf u;D G f kd f qmuli\ XmecsKyxm;&mNrKd Ujzpfonf/ atmif'iu(21)&ufwif odr;f yduf kd f f kd f kd G k onf/ xdk&Gm&Sd av,mOfuGif;udk tqifoifh &&Sdonf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm; twGuf tvGetusKd ;&Sonf/ trSwf (74)wyfr[monf 'DZifbmv(23)&uf f d wGif 'Hkbdwfudk odrf;,lonf/ 'DZifbm(26)&ufwif r[mrdwwyfrsm;onf arQmre;f xm;onfxuf G f f S (5)&ufapmNyD; azmif;yGdKifhtilodkY a&mufcJhonf/ ,if;aeYwGif pdkif;'ifacsmif; ajrmufbuf&Sd ukvm;yef;Zif; uGif;jyifwpfckvHk;&Sd *syefrsm;udk &Sif;vif; okwoifEiconf/ 'DZifbm(28)&ufwif &aohawmifEihf ulawmifuRe;f udk f kd f hJ G S r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u odrf;,lEdkifcJhonf/
106
jrxGef;atmif
ukvm;wefjrpfnm wdkufyGJrsm;
trSwf (81)taemuftmz&du wyfronf trSw(55) *syefwyfrrS f wyfzGJUtcsdKUudk xdef;csKyfxm;&eftwGuf ukvm;wefjrpf0Srf;wpfavQmufwGif wducuae&onf/ ,if;wyfronf ukvm;wefjrpf0r;f twdi;f awmifbufoYkd k f kd f S k qif;vmNyD; 1944-ck? rwfv tpydkif;wGif ausmufawmfESifh tayguf0wdkYudk odrf;,lonf/ trSwf(54)*syefwyfrrS wyfzGJUrsm;pkHk;um tjyif;txef wdkufcdkufvmonf/ ,if;aMumifh trSwf(81) taemuftmz&duwyfronf taemufajrmufbufodkY qkwfcGm&onf/ 1944-ck? atmufwdkbmvwGif taemuftmz&du wyfronf 'vufarudk odr;f ,lonf/ ,if;ESiE0ifbmv(17)&ufwif yvuf0udor;f ,l hf kd G k d onf/ ukvm;wef&GmrS yDacsmif;txd vrf;wpfavQmufudk 'DZifbmv(1) &ufwGif odrf;ydkufjyefonf/ NyD;cJhonfh aEGOD;&moDu wyfrsm;onf uk v m;wef j rpf \ taemuf b uf vG i f j yif r sm;twd k i f ; csD w uf c J h p Of u ausmufawmfwGif *syefrsm;tm; tHI;BuD;HI;cJhonf/ 1944-ck? 'DZifbmv(22)&ufwGif trSwf(81)taemuf tmz&du wyfronf o&ufwpfyif ta&SUawmifbuf(6)rdkiftuGm&Sd oHwHwm;odkY a&mufonf/ *syefrsm;onf o&ufwpfyif ajrmufO;D vrf;ESihf ,SOvsu&onfh f f dS ae&mwGif wyfpxm;onf/ ,if;*syefpcef;udk 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (9)&ufaeY JG wGif a&muf&Sdonf/ trSwf(82)taemuftmz&duwyfronf 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/ trSwf(82)taemuftmz&du wyfr\ trSwf(4)wyfronf ajrmufOD;taemufbuf(16)rdkifuGm ukvm;wefjrpfdk;&Sd tayguf0odkY uefapmufrSwpfqifh csDwufcJh&m 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(9)&ufaeYwGif a&muf & S d o nf / trS w f ( 82)taemuf t mz&d u wyf r onf 1945-ck ? Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufwGif ajrmufOD;NrdKUudk odrf;,lonf/
wdkufr,l&aom atmifyGJ
ppfqifa&;udk vQyfwpfjyuf ppfqifa&;[k trnfay;xm;onf/ ,if;ppfqifa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;yGJudk tdEd,EdkifiH bm&ufydkNrdKU&Sd tm&Sta&SU awmifyi;f ppfaoemywdAvcsKyBf u;D qmtdvAmvpf\ a&SUwef;XmecsKywif kd kd f k D f G 1944-ck? 'DZif bm(22)&ufwGif usif;yonf/ ,if;aqG;aEG;yGJodkY r[mrdwf
107
ppfaoemywdcsKyf armifhbufwef? trSwf(5)wyfrrSL;BuD; AdkvfcsKyfBuD; c&pfpwDqif? a&aMumif;AdkvfcsKyfrmwifESifh avaMumif;AdkvfrSL;csKyfbef'ef NrdKUpm;BuD;wdkY wufa&mufMuonf/ yxrqHk;a&aMumif;? ukef;aMumif; yl;aygif;ppfqifa&;jzpfonf/ trSw(25)tdE,wyfru ppfawGuRe;f taemuf ajrmufaxmifukd a&aMumif;? f d h ukef;aMumif; yl;aygif;ppfqifenf;jzifh jrpfudkul; wdkuf&rnfjzpfonf/ a&wyfom;rsm; wpf0ufyg0ifaom trSwf(3)uGefref'dkwyfr[mu urf;odkY wuf&rnf/ azmifyGdKifhrS trSwf(25)? tdEd,wyfr\ trSwf(44)wyfr[m u tqdkygwyf\aemufu wdkuf&rnf/ a&aMumif;ESifh avaMumif;rS tpGr;f ukef ulnay;rnf/ trSw(25)wyfr[mu ula'gifuRe;f udk &Si;f vif;Ny;D D f ppfawGuRef;qDodkY csDwuf&rnf/ *syefwyfom;aygif; (40000)cefY &Sdaernf jzpfonf/ *syefwdkYonf ppfawGNrdKUudk oJoJrJrJckcHrnf/ r[mrdwfrsm;bufrSvnf; ppfawGuRef;onf tvGeta&;Bu;D onf/ r[mrdww\ ppfXmecsKytjzpf toH;k jyK&ef jzpfonf/ f f Ykd f ukvm;wefjrpfupeNf y;D awmifbufoYkd wducuaeaomwyfrsm;udk ,if;rScefcJG kd k k f kd f Y Edkifrnf jzpfonf/ &cdkifppfrsufESmwGifomru jrefrmjynftv,fydkif;&Sd trSwf(14)wyfrawmfudk axmufyHha&;twGuf avaMumif; tajccHpcef; tjzpf ppfawGav,mOfuGif;udk toHk;jyKEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ odkYaomf 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(1)&ufwGif ppfawGNrdKUudk umuG,f aeaom *syefwyftiftm; avsmhoGm;aMumif; awGU&onf/ rnfrQavsmhoGm; onfuum;rod&/ rif;jym;ajryHvrf;rS xGurajy;Ediatmif ydwq&ef ta&; kd k f k f f Ykd BuD;onf/ ppfawGNrdKUudk tvsiftjref odrf;,l&efjzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh rlvtpD tpOfxufapm ponfhaeYudk 1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(3)&ufudk owfrSwfonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif tajrmufwyft&m&Sd wpfOD;onf av,mOfjzifh ppfawGuRef;ay:odkY ysHoef;qif;ouf MunfhIonf/ *syefrsm; r&SdawmhaMumif; od&onf/ ,if;aMumifh avaMumif;? ukef;aMumif;rS typftcwfr&SdbJ rlv tpDtpOftwdkif; csDwufaponf/ ppfawGNrdKUudk r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u Zefe0g&Dv(4)&ufwif odr;f yduonf/ tcktcHr&SbJ odr;f ,lEijf cif;rSm *syef G k f d kd rsm;(48)em&DapmNy;D ppfawGuRe;f rS xGucmoGm;onfukd r[mrdwwyfrsm;u f G f vH;k 0rodvu jzpfonf/ rlvcefre;f cJaom paeYxuf(9)ywfapm ppfawG kd f Y S h NrdKUudk &&Sdonf/ rlvtpDtpOfrSm azazmf0g&Dv(15)&ufaeY wdkufcdkuf&ef jzpfonf/
108
jrxGef;atmif
uefYa*gwdkufyGJ
uefYa*g&Gmonf ajryHkNrdKU ta&SUajrmufbuf(8)rdkifcefY tuGmwGif &Sdonf/ *syefrsm;onf &cdkifrSqkwfcGm&mwGif uefYa*grSwpfqifh jrefrmjynf txufydkif;txd qkwfcGm&ef jzpfonf/ r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf uefYa*grS qkwcmrnfh *syefrsm;tm; ydwqwucu&ef pDpOfonf/ 1945-ck? Zefe0g&D f G f Ykd kd f kd f (22)&ufwif trSw(3)uGeref'wyfr[mu uefa*gudk pwifwuf cduonf/ G f f kd Y kd k f urf;uyfa&,mOfrsm; ruyfEdkifrD rpfcs,fav,mOf ysHwyf&if; (2)cku wducuay;onf/ [m&Due;f av,mOfrsm;u rD;cd;k rIi;f zH;k vTr;f ay;Ny;D oef;'g;bdYk k f kd f d d av,mOffrsm;u 'dkif;yHk&Gmudk wdkufcdkufay;Muonf/ Zefe0g&Dv (23)&ufwif trSw(25)wyfrrS trSwf (51) wyfr[m G f ppfula&mufvmonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(25)&ufrSp avaMumif;rS(3)&ufwdkif wdkufcdkuf&onf/ Zefe0g&Dv(28)&ufaeY wpfaeYwnf;rSm *syefrsm;onf tajrmufqef 10000cefY toH;k jyKwucuconf/ Zefe0g&Dv(30)&ufwif kd f kd f hJ G r[mrdwfwyfrsm;onf uefYa*gudk odrf;onf/ awmifbufodkY qkwfcGmrnfh *syefrsm;tm; ydwfqdkYEdkifonf/ uefYa*gwdkufyGJonf *syefwdkYu r[mrdwfrsm; tm; &cdkifppfrsufESmwGif tjyif;xefqHk;wdkufppfudk wdkufcdkufcJhonf/ ydwqrzi&ef *syefwonf wyfrtenf;qH;k ppfom; 20000 usq;kH onf/ f Ykd I G hf Ykd S tajrmuf(15)vuf? armfawmfbkwfBuD;(16)pif;ESifh tjcm;vufeufypnf; tajrmuftjrm; qH;k H;I onf/ r[mrdwbufrS xdcu'Pf&m& olEihf usq;kH ol f kd f S 600cefY&Sdonf/ Zefe0g&Dv(26)&ufrS azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYtwGif; r[mrdwfwdkYbufrS AHk;wefcsdef(750)toHk;jyKcJh&onf/ uefYa*gteD;wpf0ufrS *syefrsm;tm; Zefe0g&Dv(23)&ufrSpNyD; azazmf0g&Dv tv,favmuftxd tjyif;txef wdkufcdkuf&onf/ ESpfzuf pvHk;qHk;HI;rI rsm;onf/
k&GmwdkufyGJ
1945-ck? azazmf0g&Dv tapmydi;f odYk a&mufaomtcg trSw(54) k f *syefwyfr\ wyf&if;rsm;onf ESppuom;onf/ wpfprmtrf;-rif;bl;vrf; f k JG G k S udk umuG,fay;aeonfh 'vufacsmif;a'orS wyfzGJUjzpfonf/ usefwpfpkrSm awmifukwfwGif jzpfonf/ trf;a'owGif trSwf(81)tmz&du wyfronf ajrmufbufrS csDwufvmNyD; trSwf(25)wyfru trf;awmifbuf&Sd k&Gmudk
109
a&wpfyi;f uke;f wpfyi;f cswufwucuonf/ armfawmfbwrsm;u ref;'l;udk kd kd D kd f kd f k f tajrmufrsm;jzifh wdkufcdkufMuonf/ trSwf(3) uGefref'dkwyfr[mrS uif;axmufwyfzGJUonf owfrSwfxm;aomae&mrS(4)rdkifceYftuGmwGif a&wpfyi;f uke;f wpfyi;f wufa&muf&ef ae&m,lxm;Muonf/ azazmf0g &Dv kd kd (16)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(224)avwyfr[m\ tultnDjzifh trSwf(25) tdE,wyfronf &eforsm;tcktcHr&SbJ uke;f ay:odYk wufa&mufEionf/ d l d kd f azazmf0g&D(17)&ufwGif r[mrdwfwyfrsm; k&GmodkY a&muf&Sdonf/ ,if;v (19)&ufwGif *syefrsm;onf tjyif;txefckcHwdkufcdkufonf/ vufwpfurf; wdkufyGJrsm; jzpfyGm;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(20)&ufwGif *syefrsm;ESifh wdkufcdkuf aepOf trSw(2)taemuftmz&du wyfr[mrS yxrtokwf wyfuuefa*g f l Y rS av,mOfjzifh a&muf&vmonf/ (25)&ufaeYwif wyfr[monf k&m\ dS G G ta&SUbufodkYcsDwuf&m(4)rdkifuGm c&D;odkYa&muf&Sdonf/ xdkaeYrSmyif trSwf(74)wyfr[mvnf; a&muf&Sdvmonf/ ,if;wyfr[monf wifhum; rsm; tultnD jzifh ajrmufbufoYkd cswufonf/ azazmf0g&Dvukeaomtcg D f ,if;wyfr[monf *syefrsm;udk rJacsmif;wpfzufoYkd wduxwonf/ rwfv k f k f (7)&ufaeYwif 'vuf&mudk odr;f yduonf/ rwfv(17)&ufwif trSw(22) G G k f G f ta&SUtmz&du wyfr[monf k&GmwGif wyfpGJEdkifonf/
&rf;NAJrmefatmifuRef;odrf;yGJ
r[mrdwfwdkY\ trSwf(14)wyfrawmfonf jrefrmjynf tv,fydkif; wGif *syefrsm;udk xdk;ppfqifaeonf/ ,if;wyfrawmfudk tultnDay;&ef txl;vdtyfaeonf/ trSw(14) wyfrawmftwGuf axmufya&;pcef;rsm; k f hH tjzpf ppfawGESifh&rf;NAJuRef;rsm;rSm taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ ppfawGESifh ausmufjzLNrdKUrsm;wGif trSwf(14)wyfrawmf axmufyHhrItwGuf tpGrf;ukef aqmif&uEirnf jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh &cdippfrsuEmwGif r[mrdww\ G f kd f k f f S f Ykd 'kw,ajcvSr;f rSm ppfawGNrKd UrS ta&SU awmifbuf rdi(70)uGm&Sd &rf;NAuRe;f udk d k f J odrf;&efjzpfonf/ ppfawGNrKd Uudk wducu&eftwGuf avhusixm;cJaomfvnf; wduyJG k f kd f hf h k f r0ifvdkuf&aom trSwf(26)tdEd,wyfrudk odrf;,l&mrSm toHk;jyKonf/ &rf;NAuRe;f udk wduNf y;D aemuf taemufawmifbuf(12)rdium&Sd rmefatmif J k k f G uRef;udk a&wyfrSodrf;,l&efjzpfonf/
110
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1945-ck? Zefe0g&Dv(21)&ufwGif trSwf(26) tdEd,wyfrrS trSw(71)ESihf trSw(4)wyfr[mrsm;udk ppfwaumif;rS ausmufjzLodYk yday; f f Yk onf/ a&wyfu yifv,frS tajrmufrsm;jzifh ypfcwfunay;onf/ trD;,m; l D trnf&dS av,mOfwifoabFmyg0if&m jrefrmjynfppfajrjyifwif av,mOfwif G oabFmudk yxrqHk;tBudrf toHk;jyKjcif;yifjzpfonf/ ,if;aeYnwGif ausmufjzLNrKd Uudk r[mrdwwyfrsm;u odr;f ,lEionf/ Zefe0g&Dv (26)&ufaeY f kd f wGif vl 500 yg0ifaom a&aMumif;wyf wpfwyfonf rmefatmifuRef;odkY csDwufonf/ trSwf(36)NAdwdoQwyfr[mudk &rf;NAJuRef;awmifbuf pukuRef;udk odrf;,l&ef wm0efay;vdkufonf/ (30)&ufaeYwGif aemfrefESifh a&'g;oabFmrsm;u tajrmufrsm;ESifh ypfcwfulnDay; NyD;aemuf odrf;ydkuf vdkufonf/ trSwf(71)wyfr[monf &efaygufacsmif;udk Zefe0g&Dv(26) &ufaeYwGif wpfBudrf? (28)&ufaeYwGif wpfBudrful;jzwf&ef BudK;pm;onf/ ratmifjrifacs/ xdkYaMumifh ajrmufbufurf;wGif wyfcGJwpfwyfxm;cJhNyD; aemuf ta&SUbufyifv,f&dS peJbufoYkd cswuf&ef pDpOf&onf/ azazmf0g&D D v(1)&ufaeY trSw(36)wyfr[monf &rf;NAuRe;f awmifbufpe;f odYk wuf f J G &m &efoltenf;i,fom ckcHMuonf/ ,if;aeYrSmyif peJ *syefwdkYudk tdEd, a&wyfrawmfu tjyif;txef wdkufcdkufonf/ azazmf0g&Dv(2)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(71)wyfr[mrS a&SUaqmifwyfrsm;u peJudk odrf;,lonf/ trSwf(4) wyfr[monf azazmf0g&Dv(6)&ufaeYwGif &efaygufacsmif;udk jzwful;Edkif onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(8)&ufaeYwGif trSwf(71)wyfr[monf &rf;NAJ ajrmufbuf&Sd awmifukef;rsm;odkY a&muf&Sdonf/ (11)&ufaeY yifv,fudk ydwfrdaeaom r[mrdwfwdkY\ wdkufoabFm ESpfpif;udk *syefav,mOfrsm;u vma&mufwdkufcdkufonf/ *syefrsm;onf &rf;NAJuRef;&Sd ,if;wdkY\ wyfrsm;udk u,fwif&ef awmifukwfrS pufa&,mOf(40)udk vTwfvdkufonf/ ,if; a&,mOf(40)teuf(36)pif;rSm epfjrK yzsuq;D jcif; cH&onf/ vGwajrmufom; f f f G onfh (4)pif;rSmvnf; tjyefwif wifaqmifvmaom ppfom;tm;vH;k ESitwl G hf epfjrKyfysufpD;oGm;onf/ azazmf0g&Dv(15)&ufaeYwGif &rf;NAJuRef;ay:&Sd *syefrsm; ckcHrItm;vHk; &yfpJoGm;onf/
111
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1945-ck? rwfvrukefcifuyif &cdkifppfrsufESm ajrmufydkif;ESifh tv,fyi;f wdrS *syefwyfrsm; qkwcmoGm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ trSw(55)*syefwyfr kd Yk f G f \ wyf<uif;wyfusef tcsKd Uudk awmifuwNf rKd UrS 1945-ck? {Nyv(28)&ufwif k D G vnf;aumif;? arv(9)&ufaeYwGif oHwJGNrdKUrSvnf;aumif;? arv(13)&uf aeYwGif *GNrdKUrSvnf;aumif; r[mrdwfwyfrsm;u wdkufxkwfEdkifcJhMuonf/ r[mrdwwyfzUJG rsm;onf odr;f ydu&&Saom a'orsm;wGif ppftycsKyf f k f d k f a&;pepfjzifh tkyfcsKyfonf/ ,if;udk ]]Armjynf NrdKUjytkyfcsKyfa&;Xme}} C.A.S (B) (Civil Administrative Affairs)[k ac:onf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;jzifh ppfajrjyiftjzpf(3)ESpfausmf&SdaecJhaom &cdkifjynfudk tkyfcsKyf&efjzpfonf/ pifwvif;jyifjzpfcJhonfh &cddkifjynf\ usef;rma&;? ynma&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? Nidrf0yfydjym;a&;ESifh vlrIa&;tm;vHk;rSm ysufjyKef;cJh&onf/ pD;yGm;a&;rSmvnf; ,d,i;f vsu&onf/ *syefrsm; xkwa0cJonfh aiGpuLrsm;udk ,if;tkycsKya&; k G f dS f h f f tzGJUu todtrSwfrjyKojzifh &cdkifjynfolvlxkrSm tcuftcJESifh BuHKawGU& onf/ pdkufysdK;a&;rSmvnf; 0rf;pmrvHkavmufonfh tajcrSm&Sdonf/ uufpbDac: ppftkyfcsKyfa&;rSm zufppf*syefrsm;u tHI;ay;&rnf jzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkonf r[mrdwfwdkY\ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; atmufwGif cg;oD;pGm cHae&onf/ ,if;aMumifh jrefrmjynfow\ ud,pm;vS,jf zpfaom l Ykd k f zqyvtzGJU tcsKyfESifh jynfolU[pfwdkifrsm;jzpfaom owif;pmrsm;odkY &cdkif acgif;aqmifrsm;u wifjyMuonf/ ,if;wifjycsuukd 1946-ck? azazmf0g&Dv f (11)&ufaeYwif zqyvXmecsKywif jyKvyonf/ &cdijf ynfow\ uufpbD G f G k f k l Ykd tkycsKya&;atmufwif cHpm;aeonfrsm;udk 1946-ck? azazmf0g&Dv (18)&uf f f G xkwf 'D;'kwf*sm e,fwGif atmufygtwdkif; azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ]]&cdkifjynfwGif w&m;rJhjzpfysufaeaomtjzpf tysufaygif;rsm; pGmudk rcH&yfEdkifMuojzifh jrefrmjynfolvlxk\ ukd,fpm;vS,fjzpfaom zqyvtzGJUcsKyfBuD;tm;vnf;aumif;? txl;ojzifhwdkif;jynfwGif [pfwiBf u;D rsm; jzpfMuaom owif;pmrsm;tm;vnf;aumif; wdiMf um;& kd k atmif a&mufvmMujcif;jzpf\/ tqdkyg wdkifcsufrsm;wGif tcsdKU&Gmrsm;odkY ppfom;rsm;0ifvsuf a,musm;rsm;udk pk;kH ac:jcif;? rde;f rrsm;udp;kH ac:jcif;wdjYk yKNy;D aom f k k tcg a,musm;rsm;tm;vH;k udk &Gmjyifxw rde;f rrsm;udk twif;t"r f k f
112
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113
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1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ ]armifhbufwef tpD&ifcHpm} umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme1957-ck/ ]vef'efa*Zuf} umuG,fa&;0efBuD;Xme 1957/ ]*syefbk&if Munf;wyfrawmf(15),l*dkppfqifa&;} 'kwd, AdkvfrSL;BuD; [efxGef; (tNidrf;pm;) 1977-ck/ ]*syefppftycsKya&;acwfjrefrmEdii}H *syefjynf wdusKd wuovf k f f k f k kd rS ordkif;ygarmurpwm tdkpmuufqlaeZdk *syefbmomjzifh a&;om; *syefEiitpumNrKd U bmomjcm;odyH jrefrmpm wGzuf kd f H kd J ygarmurpwm tdk;Edkwdk;k jrefrmjyefonf/ ]&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf ppfaMumif;rsm;} okawoe&Jabmf? 1975-ck? yxr tBudrf/ ]owif;pmrsm;ajymwJh ppfwGif;Armjynf} vlxkOD;vS yxrwGJ? 'kwd,ESdyfjcif; 1969ck/ ]&JabmfoHk;usdyfESifh rDemrD vQdKU0SuftzGJU} 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD; oD[Avjraomif; (tNidrf;pm;)*syefbmomrS wdkufdkuf jrefrm jyefonf/ 1976-ck? yxrtBudrf/ 'D;'kwf*sme,f? twGJ 19? trSwf(28)? (18-2-1946)
5/ 6/ 7/
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114
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e,fcsJUtm; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf awmfvSefrIrsm;onf 1900-ck rjynfhrDESpfrsm;u &cdkifjynfwGif >yef;vsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;awmfvSefrI rsm;udk e,fcsJUorm;rsm;onf tjyif;txefqHk;enf;rsm;jzifh ESdrfeif;cJhonf/ 1900-ckjynfNh y;D q,fpEpf ESpacwfavmufrm e,fcsUJ orm;rsm;tm; qefusif k S f S Y rIrsm;udk rawGU&/ ,if;aemufydkif;rSm e,fcsJUorm;rsm;udk wdkufdkufykefuefrI rsKd ;r&SawmhbJ vlxvy&m;rI? qefusirrsm;udom awGU&onf/ zdEyrrsm;udk d k I f S Y f I k dS f I Oya'abmiftwGif;rS ta&;qdkonfh vlxkvIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udkom jyKvkyfvm Muonf/ 1921-ckEpwif bl;oD;awmifrS Ak'bmombke;f awmfBu;D wpfyg;tm; S f G tdEd,? t*Fvdyfujym; e,fydkif0efaxmuf rpwma&; (Mr. Rae I.C.S)u taodkufowfrIwpfck jzpfyGm;cJhonf/ ,if;ta&;tcif;udk qefYusifonfh vlxvy&m;rIrsm; yxrqH;k tBurf atmifjrifonfh vIy&m;rIwpf&yfjzpfonf/ k I f S d f S toif;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk 1918-ck aemufydkif;rSm &cdkifjynfwGif ay:aygufvmonf/ &cditrsKd ;om;rsm;onf e,fcsUJ rsm;udk acwftajctae k f t& qefYusif&ef zGJUpnf;wnfaxmifonfh tzGJUtpnf;rsm;yg0ifvmonf/ ,if;ay:aygufvmonfh tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;udk vufvr;f rD &SmazG&oavmufrm S S atmufyg twdkif;jzpfonf/ (1) (2) &cddkifjynfoif; (Arakan Association) 1918-19 cefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/ &uyl&toif; 1918-19cefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/
(3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
115
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(Prole tarial)
1935-ck
rsdK;cspftoif; 1935-ckcefYwGif wnfaxmifonf/ rsKd ;csptoif; (or0g,r)rmefatmifNrKd U? 1935-ck wpf0uwif f kd f G wnfaxmifonf/
,if;tzGJUtpnf;rsm;rSm vlrIa&;? ynma&;? pD;yGm;a&;ESifh vli,f rsm;\ pm&dwjrifhwifa&;rsm;udk tav;ay;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm;udk tajctaeu awmif;qdkvmonfESifhtrQ yg0ifvIyf&Sm;Muonf/ odkY&mwGif e,fcsJUqefYusif a&; trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&; vIyf&Sm;rIt&Sdeft[kefonf 1939-42-ck ppfBudKacwfumvrSm jrifhrm;vmonf/ txl;ojzifh ]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;tHk;} (The Arakan National Congress) ay:ayguf vmNyD;tcsdefrSm jzpfonf/
tm&uHygwDzGJUpnf;jcif;
1935-ck jrefrmEdiiH tufOya' (1935 Act of Burma)t& 'ditmcD k f k f tkyfcsKyfa&;zsufodrf;NyD; (91)XmetkyfcsKyfa&;pepfudk tpm;xdk; wDxGifay; vdkufonf/ ,if;Oya't& a&G; aumufyGJwGif tEdkif&onfh &cdkifrif;wdkifyif trwf r sm;onf atmuf v T w f a wmf (House of Representative)od k Y wufa&muf&ef 1937-ck? rwfvqef;rSm ]*svm*dkyg;vf} oabFmjzifh &cdkifrS &efukefodkY vdkufygvmMuonf/ ,if;&cdkifrif;wdkifyif trwfrsm;onf rif ; wd k i f y if t pnf ; ta0;wG i f rd r d w d k Y & yf w nf & rnf h taetxm;ud k ]]*svm*dyg;vf}} (S,S. Jalagopal) oabFmxrif;pm;cef;wGif aqG;aEG;Muonf/ k rif;wdiyiftpnf;ta0;rsm;wGif &cdirif;wdiyiftrwfrsm; pnf;pnf;vH;k vH;k k f k f k f &Sd&ef oabmwlMuonf/ tm&uHygwD (Arakan Party)udk ,if;aqG; aEG;yGJ wGifyif tm;vHk;uoabmwl zGJUpnf;Muonf/ ,if;ygwD\ pnf;rsOf; pmcsKyfudkvnf; ,if;aeYrSmyif tm;vHk;oabmwl vufrSwfa&;xdk;Muonf/ ,if;pnf;rsOf;pmcsKyfvufrSwfa&;xdk;pOf todoufaotjzpf q&mausmfZH (rsufrSefwyf)u vufrSwfa&;xdk;onf/
116
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,if;tm&uHygwDrSm rif;wdkifyiftpnf;ta0; (vTwfawmf)wGif EdkifiHa&;ygwDrsm;\ csdefcGifvsmuJhodkY (Balance of Power)udk &&SdcJhonf/ rif;wdiyiftpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm owif;Bu;D cJonf/ ,if;ygwDukd wnfaxmif k f h &mwGif t"duyg0iforsm;rSm txufvwawmftrwf (Senator) OD;pHatmif l T f (ta&;ydkif)yif jzpfonf/ qmxGef;atmifausmfESifh &cdkifrif;wdkifyiftrwf rsm;\ pdwftm;xufoefrIaMumifhvnf; ,if;odkYzGJUpnf;EdkifcJhjcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;rif;wdkifyiftrwfrsm;rSm *VKefOD;apm\ rsdK;cspfygwD0if oHwGJ rif;wdkifyiftrwf OD;ausmfjrifhudk csefvSyf--(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) OD;a&Tom qmxGef;atmifausmf qmay:xGef; OD;armifarmifxGef;atmifausmf OD;atmifZHa0 rpwm qlvwefrmrl; rpwm *leDrm&fuH uu OD;bdk;jr OD;apmvSndKwdkY yg0ifonf/ Ou|
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117
ygwDwif aqmif&uaponf/ tm&uHygwDEihf &cdiwi;f vH;k qdi&m wdi;f &if; G G f S k f kd k f k om;tpnf;tH;k wdrm tajccHuyif uGjJ ym;onf/ odaomf rif;wdiyiftpnf; Yk S Yk k f ta0;rsm;wGif &cdkifa&;&mrsm;twGuf twlwuGaqmif&GufEdkif&ef udk,fpm; vS,ftjzpf apvTwfjcif;jzpfonf/ &cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;tHk;ay:aygufvmyHk 1930-ckavmufwGif ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}} (All Arakan League)udk zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifNy; jzpfonf/ ,if;tzGUJ wGif a&SUae OD;jrxGe;u D f Ou|tjzpf aqmif&Gufonf/ twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf a&SUaeOD;pHxGef;atmifu aqmif&uonf/ a&SUae OD;pHxe;f atmif uG,veNf y;D aemuf OD;atmifomOD;u G f G f G twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? ,if;aemuf OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A)u aqmif&uonf/ OuXa&SUae OD;jrxGe;f uG,veNf y;D aemuf OD;omZHvS (B.Sc, G f f G BL Bar-at Law)u Ou|tjzpf wm0ef,laqmif&Gufonf/ vli,frsm;udk q&mBuD; OD;atmifxGef;OD;u OD;aqmifNyD; OD;bpH ('dkYvufHk;)? OD;pHa&T? OD;atmifxGef;jr? q&mOD;aomMumatmif? rif;jym; ausmif;q&mBuD; OD;bdk;pHwdkY yg0ifOD;aqmifaom ]]wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;tHk;}} wpfckvHk; &SdaeNyDjzpfonf/ vlBuD;rsm; OD;aqmifonfh ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&mtzGJU}} (All Arakan League)ESifh vli,frsm;OD;aqmifonfh ]]wdkif;vHk;qdkif&m tpnf;tHk;}}wdkYrSm trsKd ;om;vGwajrmufa&; vIy&m;rItwGuf wpkwaygif;wnf;jzpf&ef tajc f f S taeu awmif;qdkvsuf&Sdonf/ ,if;aMumifh q&mawmfODpdEm? OD;ynmoD[? 0wfvHkOD;omZHvS? q&mBuD; atmifxGef;OD;? q&mBuD;OD;atmifomOD;? OD;pHxGef;atmif (B.A) ? OD;bpH('dkYvufHk;)? OD;pHa&T? eErmvm OD;xGef;pdefponfh tzGJUtpnf;ESpfckrS acgif;aqmifrsm;onf tzGJUtpnf;rsm; wpfaygif;wpnf; jzpfajrmufa&;udk tBudrfBudrf aqG;aEG;Muonf/ tzGJUtpnf;rsm;udk zsufodrf;umwpfckwnf; aom tpnf;tHk;udk zGJUpnf;wnfaxmif&ef 1938-ck? 'DZifbmvtwGif; ppfawGNrKd Uwefc;kd q&mawmf OD;auwkausmif;wGif jyKvyonf/ nEi;f aqG;aEG; k f d dI yGrS qH;k jzwfMuonf/ ,if;aqG;aEG; oabmwlncsuonf e,fcsUJ orm;rsm;udk J D f tvJxdk;&ef pkpnf;rIwpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ v,frJh,mrJh ausmrGJrsm;twGuf tiftm;wpf&yfyif jzpfonf/ &cdkifjynfolvlxkwpf&yfvHk;twGuf r*Fvm owif;wpf&yf jzpfonf/ ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdkif;&if;om;tpnf;tHk;}}
118
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ay:aygufvmrnfh oabmwlnDcsufyif
(The Arakan National Congress)
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ppfawGNrKd Uonf avwyftajccHpcef;jzpfojzifh ta&;yg aomaMumifh tiftm;xyfrHjznfhwif;&ef rwfvtapmydkif;u qHk;jzwfcJhMuonf/ trSwf (109)wyfr[mXmecsKyfESifh vdkufavsmnDaxGpGm trSwf(9)*swfwyfESifh wyf&if;(9)trSwf(7) &mZykwfwdkYudk av,mOfypfaoewfrsm;ESifhtwl ppfawGoYkd ay;ydxm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ ,if;wdrm 1942-ck? rwfv (18)&ufaeYu Yk Yk S a&muf&Sdonf/ 1942-ck? rwfv (23)&ufaeYwGif *syefrsm;onf uyvDuRef;udk odrf;,lonf/ tapmifhwyfi,fudk rwfv(12)&ufaeYuyif qkwfcGm&ef tar&duef? NAdwdoQ? 'wfcsf? MopaMw;vs (wyfaygif;pk)\ trdefYt& qkwfcGmcJhNyD; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif *syefrsm;onf rwfv(23)&ufaeY rwdkifrD
132
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1942-ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeY aemufydkif;wGif ppfawGav,mOfuGif;? oabFmqdyfESifh a&wyfpcef;rsm;rSm *syefav,mOfrsm;\ rMumrMum vma&muf wdkufcdkufjcif; cHae&onf/ ,if;avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufrIrsm; aMumif; ppfwyfa&m t&yfom;rsm;yg pdwf"mwfusqif;vmMuonf/ ajrmufjrm;pGmaom wyfzUJG rsm;ESihf ykvyrsm;rSm rdrwXmersm;rS pGecmxGuajy; d f d Ykd Yf G f Muonf/ &cdiwi;f rif;Bu;D ESihf e,fbuft&m&Stm;vH;k eD;yg;wdonf a&wyfEihf k f kd d Yk S ppfbufrtmPmydirsm;u wm;qD;aomf vnf; 1942-ck rwfv(30)&ufwif S k f G ppfawGNrdKUrS xGufcGmoGm;Muonf/ ppfawGcdkif0efESifh vufa&G;pifaMu;eef; t&m&Sd tcsdKUwdkYom olwdkYvkyfief;XmewGif usef&SdaeMuawmhonf/ &cdkif wdi;f wpfcv;kH e,fbuftycsKya&;rSm vH;k 0csKyNf ir;f oGm;NyD jzpfonf/ rD;IUd rIrsm; k k k f f d rSmvnf; rMumcPqdkovdk qdyfurf;wGif jzpfyGm;aeonf/ qefpufrsm; rD;avmifrrsm; jzpfym;onf/ rD;tBu;D tus,f avmifuRr;f rIonf jrefrmha&eH I G ukrPDvDrdwuf (bDtdkpD)\ ta&;ygonfh a&eHqDavSmifuefrsm;udk
133
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jrefrmjynfbufrS ppfajy;rsm;jzpfMuaom e,fjcm;wyfzUJG ? wyfom;rsm; ESifh Armhppfykvdyyfrsm;onf qlylvIyf&Sm;aeaom &cdkifrsm;ESifh yl;aygif; oGm;Muonf/ ,if;qlylvIyf&Sm;aeonfh *dkPf;onf tdEd,trsdK;om;rsm;? txl;ojzifh rdef;rrsm;ESifh uav;rsm;tm; (tpkvdkuftNyHKvdkuf) owfjzwfrI? *kwfyDawmifwGif 1942-ck? {NyD (14)&ufaeYu jzpfyGm;cJhonfh ausmufawmf awmifydkif;ESifhukvm;wefjrpf ta&SUydkif;wdkYwGif taxGaxG rNidrfoufrIrsm; jzpfay:cJonf/ {Nyv tv,favmufwif rNiroufrrsm; vTr;f rd;k vmonf/ h D G d f I ,if;qlylvIyf&Sm;rIrSm awmfvSefykefuefrI[k taotcsm ,lqEdkifonfh yHkyef; jrifuGif; jzpfavonf/ uif;vSnfhaeaom &mZykwfppfom;rsm;onf ocif ygwD0ifrsm;? tjcm;olrsm;ESifh wdkufyGJi,frsm; jzpfyGm;cJhonf/
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134
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ppfawGNrdKUapmifhwyfzGJUESifh a&wyfrrSapmifha&Smufuif;vSnfhrI&Sdae aomfvnf; vkNH cKH a&;twGuf jynfpvavmufrI r&Sawmhay/ jzpfay:aeaom h kH kH d tajctaetwGuf xda&mufrI r&Sdawmhyg/ 1942-ck? {NyDv (11)&ufaeYu ausmufjzLNrKd Ue,fwif uif;vSnaeonfh a&wyfrS owif;&&Sonf/ ,if;&uf G hf d rwdkifrDaeYu jrefrmwyfom; (250)ESifh *syeft&m&Sdrsm;onf awmifukwfokdY a&muf&Sdaejcif;aMumifh jzpfonf/ olwdkYrSm oabFmrsm;? bkwfrsm; &Sdaeonf/ ,if;tzGJUonf urf;dk;wef;wpfavQmuf trf;rS olykefXmecsKyfwpfckjzpfaom rif;jym;odkY csDwufvmMuonf/
rif;jym;rS ppfawGodkY
{NyDvukefydkif;wGif *syefwdkY avaMumif;vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; wdk;yGm;vmMu onf/ &efowyfzUJG rsm;onf rif;jym;{&d,mwGif pkpnf;Ny;D ppfawGoYkd cswuf&ef l D jyifqifaeonfrSm oHo, rjzpfEdkifawmhay/ Armbk&ifa&wyf taysmfwrf; t&efwyfzGJUrS armfwmwyfqifxm;aom oabFmESpfpif;ESifh ,if;wyfzGJU wdonf 1942-ck? arv (1)&ufaeYwif rif;jym;teD; wduyJG jzpfym;cJMh uonf/ Yk G k f G vufeufBuD; av;vufudk ,if;wdkufyGJwGif toHk;jyKaMumif; awGU&onf/ xdcdkuf'Pf&m&olrsm;? aoausolrsm;udk oabFmay:wGifawGU&onf/ aemuf w pf & uf w G i f &ef o l w yf z G J U rsm;onf ausmuf a wmf E S i f h ykPm;uRef;NrdKUrsm;wGif a&muf&SdMuonf/ ,if;aeY naebufwGif &mZykwf wdkYtm;oabFmjzifh uif;vSnfhapNyD;&efol wdkYtm; pHkprf;aponf/ 1942-ck? arv (3)&ufaeY eHeufyi;f rSm ykPm;uRe;f atmufem;wGif ,if;oabFmrsm;udk kd pufao ewfjzifh ypfcwfjcif; cH&onf/ tjyeftvSef wdkufyGJwGif ESpfaygif'g tajrmufvufeufudk toHk;jyKMuonf/
ppfawGNrdKUay: AHk;rdk;&Gm
,if;aeYrSm ppfawGNrdKUudk avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufonf/ AHk;BuJ av,mOftpif; (27)pif;yg0ifonf/ tqdkygavaMumif; wdkufcdkufrIaMumifh taqmufttHkrsm;? ppfpwdk;ESifh ypnf;rsm;? pm;eyf&dumrsm;? armfwmESifh u,f&D,m av;vufyg ysufpD;aponf/ tapmifhwyfzGJU vufeufcJ,rf; rD;ausmufrsm;onfvnf; rD;avmifysufpD;cJh&onf/ aoaus qHk;HI;olaygif; (20)cefY&Sdonf/
135
ppfawGNrKd UapmifwyfzUJG \ t"duwm0efrm av,mOfui;f udk twwf h S G Ediq;kH umuG,xm;&ef jzpfonf/ jyif;xefaomwduyJG qdyurf;wGif jzpfym; k f f k f f G cJvQif azmufczsuq;D rIrsm;udk jyKvyNf y;D aemuf tapmifwyfzUJG onf uke;f vrf; h JG f k h c&D;jzifh ppfwaumif;odkY qkwfcGm&ef jzpfonf/ tapmifhwyfzGJU\ trdefYay; t&m&Sonf qdyurf;wGif wyfpxm;Edipr;f rSm tapmifwyfzUJG \ tiftm;jzifh d f JG k f G h rjzpfEdkifawmhaMumifh ,lqonf/ wyfom;rsm;onf oifwef;tawGU tBuHK enf;ygonf/ ,if;tjyif iSufzsm;a&m*gaMumifh tiftm;csnfheJYaeonfh wyfom;rsm;jzpfNyD; avaMumif;rS wdkufcdkufrIrsm;onf olwdkYtm; wkefvIyf acsmufcsm;aponf/ vuf&Sdtajctaet& *syefwyfrsm;onf 1942-ck arv(4)&ufaeY eHeufydkif;rwdkifrD wdkufcdkufvmEdkifrnf jzpfaMumif; azmfjy aeayonf/ urf;ajcwpfavQmuf&Sd vrf;rsm;rSm a&rsm;jynfhvQHvsuf &Sdae onf/ uRef;&Sdc&D;vrf;aMumif;rsm;rSmvnf; Ncdrf;ajcmufrIrsm; &Sdaeonf/ vrf;rsm; rjywfonfhwdkifatmif *syefwyfrsm; ykPm;uRef;rSm a&muf&SdaeNyD; jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg tajctaersm;aMumifh yifv,faMumif;twdi;f nwGi;f csi;f k qkwfcGm&ef qHk;jzwfMuonf/
atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGm
[def;&f*sufqefESifh a[;'g&DoabFmay:odkY aoewfrsm;? tBuD;pm; vufeufrsm;udk wifaqmifxm;Ny;D jzpfonf/ nOfh arSmifonfEihf wyfom;rsm; S oabFmay:odkY wufa&mufNyD; jzpfonf/ qdyfurf;&Sd azmufcGJzsufqD;&ef udprsm;udk a&wyfu azmufcGJzsufqD;vdkufMuonf/ toHk;jyK&ef rvdkawmh onfh oabFmrsm;udkvnf; epfjryfvdkufMuonf/ 1942-ck? arv (2)&ufaeY apmapmydkif;tcsdefwGif wyfom;rsm;onf ppfawGNrdKUudk pGefYcGmoGm;Muawmh onf/ trSwf(15)*syefwyfrawmf ordkif;rSwfwrf; pmrsufESm(24)wGif *syefwdkYu ppfawGNrdKUudk odrf;,ljcif;ESifhywfouf azmfjyxm;onfrSm--]]r[mAsL[mt& ppfawGNrdKUrSm ta&;BuD;aomfvnf; cdkifrmpGm odr;f yduxm;jcif;r&Say/ 'D0Zwyf(33)rS ajcvsiwyf cGwpfcEihf trf*swyfzUJG rS k f d D H f J JG S D wyfcxuf0ufukd uke;f vrf;a&vrf;wdrS apvTwvuonf/ ckcrI tenf;i,f JG Yk f kd f H &SdNyD; NrdKUudkodrf;ydkuf vdkufonf}}/
136
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(rSwfcsuf/ / NAwoQwonf 'kw,urmppftwGi;f &cdirS qkwcm d d Ykd d k f f G rS &mwGif *syefrsm;tm; &ifqdkifwdkufcdkufrIrSm r&Sdoavmufyif jzpfonf/ &cdkifjynf&Sd trsdK;om;nDGwfa&; wyfOD;jzpfaom ]]&cdkifwdkif;vHk;qdkif&m wdi;f &if;om;tpnf;tH;k }} 0ifrsm;ESihf Ediia&;? vlra&;? ppfa&;rsm;udk ajz&Si;f cJh k k f H I &onf/ ,if;tpnf;tH;k 0ifrsm;udk vk,ufwucuaeonfh vlq;kd rsm;tjzpf kd f kd f owfrwcMhJ uonf/ od&mwGif ppfawGcdi0ef \ aemufq;kH aMu;eef;pmwGif S f Yk k f NAdwdoQwdkYtm; ajAmifawmfvSef ykefuefrIjzpfaeaMumif;udk 0efcHxm;onf/ onfrm ]]&cdif wdi;f vH;k qdi&m wdi;f &if;om;tpnf;tH;k }}\ e,fcsUJ qefusif S k k k f k Y a&;vkyf&yfudk azmfjyvdkufjcif;yif jzpfonf/)
[ The Re Treat From Burma, 1941-42 Edited By Bisheshwar Prasad, D. Litt Official History of the Indian Armed Forces in The Second World War pmtkyfrS Capture of Akyab pmrsufESm 358-360udk
jyefqdkygonf/] xGef;atmif(abmif;'Gwf) 1987-ck? atmufwdkbmv (4)&uf/
137
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(1824-1947 xd)
t*Fvdyf jrefrmppfyGJonf 1824-ckESpfwGif pwifjzpfyGm;onf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armf&Dqif (General Morrison)onf &cdkifa'oudk xdk;ppf qif&mrSm OD;pD;uGyfuJ&onf/ AdkvfrSL;csKyf rufbdef (Brigadair Me Bean) onf 'kwd,OD;pD;csKyftjzpfESifh OD;pD;yg0ifonf/ a&wyfudk uGefref'dk *Ref;a[ (Commodore John Hayes) tkyfcsKyfuGyfuJ vdkufyg&onf/ ,if;t*Fvdyf wyfrawmfrSm ppfonftiftm; 9343-a,muf yg0ifonf[k od&onf/ xdt*FvywyfzUJG onf 1825-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif aumhbZm (Cox's Bazaar) k d f odkY csDwufonf/ yxr&cdkifcHwyfjzpfaom armifawmteD;odkY 1825-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufaeYwGif qdkufa&mufvmonf/ ,if;odkY a&mufvQif ppfwyfukd ESpwyfc wpfwyfukd AdvcsKyBf u;D armf&qifO;D pD;onf/ usewyfukd f JG k f D f AdkvfrSL;csKyf rufbdefu uGyfuJ&onf/ AdkvfcsKyfBuD; armf&Dqif\ wyfzGJU0if k l wpfO;D jzpfol Advtif;qx&Gi;f (Lieutenant LArmstrong) qdou 1825ck? k f azazmf0g&Dv(21)&ufaeYpJG jzifh oufqi&m AdvcsKyBf u;D xH tpD&ifcpmwGikd f k f H f ]]uReawmfwonf &cdijf rpf(ukvm;wefjrpf)[k ,lq&aom jrpf0odYk f Ykd k 0ifrdNyDjzpfygonf/ ,if;wGif uRefawmfwdkYudk taESmifht,Sufay;Edkifaom cHwyfwpfckudk awGU&ygonf/ pHkprf;Munfh&m ,if;jrpfrSm r,ljrpfjzpfonf/ &cdkifjrpf(ukvm;wefjrpf)rSm ta&SUawmifbufwGif &Sdonf[k od&ygonf/ &cdkifjrpfay:odkY xdkaeYnaebufwGif uRefawmfwdkY 0ifEdkifcJhygonf/ jrpf0rS &Spricefa0;aom ae&mrSm cHwyfwpfc&aMumif; od& ygonf/ (20)&ufaeYu f kd f Y k dS taxmufawmfrsm; owif;ay;csut& &cdib&ifcrm ppfavS 100 (wpf&m) f k f k H S ppfonfawmf 2000 (ESpfaxmif)ESifh uRefawmfwdkYudk wdkufcdkuf&ef pkqif;vm aMumif; od&ygonf/ uRefawmfwdkY urf;rScGm tqiftoifh &efolwyfrsm; tvmudk apmifhaeMuygonf}}[k awGU&onf/
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0dwdk&d,txdrf;trSwf&efyHkaiG aumfrwD(ppfawG)onf 0dwdk&d, bk&ifrud&nf&,Nf y;D wnfaxmifaomaumfrwDwpf&yf jzpfygonf/ od&mwGif k G Yk OD;jrOD;? OD;cse;f xGe;f atmif? OD;pHO;D cdiEihf OD;xGe;f cseponf &cditrsKd ;om;rsm;\ k f S f k f tajrmftjrifus,frIaMumifh ynm&nfcRefaxmufyHhaMu;ay;&ef qHk;jzwfEdkif cJhjcif;jzpfygonf/ ,if;odkYr[kwfrlbJ rpwmtmatpaumh tBuHay;wifjy onfhtqdkom atmifjrifcJhvQif ppfawGNrdKUwGif 0dwdk&d,bk&ifrausmufkyf pdkufxlxm;onfh trsm;ESifhoufqdkifonfhyef;NcHwpfck wnf&Sdaeonfudk awGUjrif&ayrnf/
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OD;jrOD;? OD;csefxGef;atmif? OD;pHOD;cdkifESifh OD;xGef;csefwdkY OD;aqmif OD;&Gujf yKconfh ynm&nfcReqk axmufyaMu;qkaygif;(29)qk&onfteuf hJ f hH dS h qkaygif;rnfrQudk rnfa&GUrnfrQ txd ay;cJhonfudkum; rod&yg/ odkY&mwGif ESpaygif;(85)ausmumvu ynm&nfcReaxmufyaMu; qkay;yHk ay;enf;rsm; f f f hH rS ,ckacwf tajctaexdatmif enf;,lz,rsm;udk awGU&ygrnf/ &cdijf ynf G f k \ ynma&;? vlra&;ESip;D yGm;a&; tajctaeudk ,if;ynm&nfcRef axmufyhH I hf aMu;vkyfief; atmifjrifonfESifhtrQ taxmuftulay;EdkifrnfrSm aocsm vSygonf/ jrxG e f ; atmif 23-10-1986 (pmwrf;udk
Education in Burma by Maung San Oo Khine, of
the Burma Subordinate Judicial and Exeecitive Service, Printed at the Akyab Press. APPENDIX A, Page. 35 to 41 udk
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ARAKAN NEWS owif;pm
1853 ckESpf xkwfa0pOftcgujzpf Akyab Commercial News jzpfonf/ aemufESpftawmfMumrSm rpwm a*stdka[; Mr. J.O, Hay u k 0,f,onf/ yHEywutrnfEihf owif;pmudk Arakan News [k ajymif;vduf l k dS f kd f S onf/ ,if;owif;pmudk rpwma[;uwpfqifh &cditrsKd ;om;wpfO;D jzpfaom k f OD;vSazmfoltm; 1868ckrSm a&mif;vdkufonf/ OD;vSazmfol\ vuf0,fwGif 1892-93-ck txd&aeygonf/ 1896-97ckrm OD;aumif;pH&u ydiqionf/ dS S DT k f kd f ,if;owif;pmonf rnfonfhckESpfavmufrSm &yfpJoGm;onfudk twdtus rod&yg/ od&mwGif 1916-ckrm OD;csexe;f \ rdece;f wpfcukd tqdyg owif; Yk S f G Yf G k k pmwdkufwGif dkufESdyfaMumif; awGU&onf/ ,if;aMumifh 1916-ck wdkifatmif &Sdaeao;onfrSm xif&Sm;ygonf/ (Arakan News)owif ; pmud k rawG U zl ; rzwf z l ; aomf v nf ; ,if;owif;pmyg aqmif;yg;rsm;udkpkpnf;NyD; pmtkyftjzpfESifh jyefvnf dkufESdyfxm;aom pmtkyf(2)tkyfudk awGUzl;ygonf/ (Old Arakan) trnfcH rpwma[;a&;om;onfh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;onfhpmtkyfjzpfonf/ 1892-rSm (William Blackwood & Sons, London) pmtkyfwdkufu dkufESdyf
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,if;yk*dKvfonf owif;pm(3)apmifudk wpfNydKifwnf; xkwfa0cJh aomfvnf; 1892-93ck rSwwrf;rSmom tqdygowif;pmrsm;udk awGU&onf/ f k 1897-98ck rSwfwrf;wGif OD;&JazmfOD;ydkif yHkESdyfwdkufudk (The Akyab Orphan Press)[k trnfajymif;xm;onfudk awGU&onf/ yxrowif;pm (3)apmif tpm; (The Arakan Times)[k trnfopfjzifh xkwfa0onfudk awGU&onf/ (The Arakan Advocate) ESifh (The Arakan Echo) owif;pm (2)apmifrSm wpfywfvQif(3)Budrf dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ (The Daily Advertiser) owif;pmrSm aeYpOfowif;pm jzpfonf/ yxrowif;pm apmifa&(100)txd xkwfa0&onf/ 'kwd,owif;pmrSm wpfBudrfvQif (125)apmiftxd xkwfa0&NyD; aeYpOfowif;pm wpfaeYvQifapmifa&(100) xkwa0&onf/ od&mwGif aeYpOfowif;pmom tcserexwa0&aomfvnf; f Yk d f S f k f usef(2)apmifrSm ESpfukefatmif xkwfa0Edkifjcif;&SdcJh[ef rwlacs/ (The Arakan Times)trnfjzifh 1896-97-ckESpfrSm xkwfa0onfh owif;pmrSm aeYpOfowif;pmr[kwfbJ wpfywfvQif(3)Budrfxkwfa0onfh apmifa&(150)xd xkwfa0&onf/ tqdkyg owif;pmtm;vHk;rSm ppfawGNrdKU wGif dkufESdyfxkwfa0onf/ rnfonfhckESpfrSm &yfpJoGm;cJhonfudk rod&yg/
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(Arakan Press)
171
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Report on the Administration of Burma during 1892-93 Report on the Administration of Burma during 1896-97 Arakan Past Present Future by John Ogilvyhay, William Black Wood & Son, London 1892. Education in Burma, by Maung San Oo Khine, Puinted at the Akyab Press, 1901 Early News Papers in Burma by C.A Cuttins, Burma Research Society, Fiftieth Anniversary Publications No. 2, 1960
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177
cJhol jzpfonf/ ppfawGNrdKU wGifaepOf 1853-ckESpfxkwf Akyab Commercial News owif;pmwdkufudk 0,f,lNyD; Arakan News owif;pmtjzpf trnf ajymif;NyD; OD;pD;xkwfa0cJhol jzpfonf/ ,if;owif;pmwGif ]]&cdkif0gBuD;}} Old Arakan trnfjzifh aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/ ,if; Old Arakan trnf jzifh t*Fvyoa&muf&dS Ny;D aemufrmvnf; owif;pmrsm;wGif a&;om;onfukd d f Ykd S awGU&onf/ ppfawGNrdKUwGif aexdkifpOf *kPfxl;aqmif w&m;rw&m;olBuD; Honarary Megistrate of the Town of Akyab tjzpf xrf;aqmifcJhonf/ a[;onf &cdiwi(7)ESpf (8)ESpcefY aexdipOftwGi;f &cdia'owGif k f G f f k f k f vrf;yef;qufo,a&; txl;nHzsi;f aeonfukd rsujf rifu,awGU awGUcJ&ol G f h kd f h jzpfonf/ vrf;yef;qufoG,fa&;twGuf owif;pmorm;wpfOD;yDyD rdrdydkif onfh Arakan News owif;pmrS aqmif;yg;rsm;udk tav;ay;a&;om;cJhol jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh ppfawGNrdKUonf qdyfurf;aumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif; &cdirrEav;udjk zwfNy;D wkwjf ynftxd rD;&xm;vrf; (Indo Burma China k f S Railway Connections) azmufvkyfa&; aqmif;yg;rsm;udk a&;om;onf/ a[;onf 1888-ckavmufwGif t*FvefjynfodkY jyefvnf a&muf&Sd onf/ t*FvefrSmvnf; ppfawGrS rEav;udkjzwfNyD; wkwfjynfodkY rD;&xm; vrf;azmufvkyfa&;udptwGuf oufqdkif&mtmPmydkifrsm;xHodkY pmtm;jzifh vnf;aumif;? owif;pmrS vnf;aumif;? vlu,wif csO;f uyfvnf;aumif; kd f kd BudK;yrf;aqmif&GufcJhol jzpfonf/ a[;onf &cdkifrSwkwfjynftxd rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&; twGuf BudK;yrf;&mwGif &cdkifwdkif;rif;BuD;tjzpf vnf;aumif;? jrefrmEdkifiHudk t*Fvdyfrsm; wwd,tBudrf odrf;ydkuf&mwGif EdkifiHa&;t&m&SdcsKyftjzpf vnf;aumif; aqmif&GufcJhol pav'if (Sir E.B, Sladon Knight Codonel) ESifh tif*sifeD,mcsKyfESifh jrefrmEdkifiH\ r[m0ef&Sifawmfrif;BuD;\ jynfolU vkyfief;Xme twGif;0eftjzpf vnf;aumif;? tdEd,EdkifiHtpdk;&\ jynfolU vkyfief;Xme\ twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol AdkvfcsKyfBuD; tvufZEm; za&Zm (General Alexander Fraser)ponfh yk*dKvfrsm;\ tm;wufoa&m ulnDrIudk &cJholjzpfonf/ ,if;yk*dKvfwdkYrSm a[;ESifhyk*dKvfa&;ta&vnf; &if;ESD;olrsm; jzpfMuonf/ a[;\aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh ol\aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk avhvmygu ]],leD,H*suf tvHatmufwGif &cdkifjynfudk wdk;wufapvdkolwpfOD;}}
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a[;onf &cdiwkwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvya&;twGuf tkycsKyf k f k f f a&;? ppfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlra&;? a&aMumif; vrf;tajctae? ppfwaumif;ESihf I &cdkifa'o&Sd vlOD;a& tajctaersmudk aphpHkpGm avhvmonf/ oufqdkif&m tkyfcsKyfa&; tmPmydkifrsm;? ppfa&;tmPmydkifrsm; aiGaMu;twGuf ukrPD ydi&irsm;? a&aMumif;uRr;f usiorsm;udvnf; wkwr;D &xm;vrf; azmufvyf k f S f f l k f k a&;twGuf pmtm;jzifvnf;aumif;? vlu,wif oGm;a&mufvnf;aumif; h kd f kd vlawGUqHk aqG;aEG;rIrsm; jyKvkyfcJhonf/ a[;onf olUudk,fydkif Arakan News owif;pmrS 1876-ck? Edk0ifbmv(4)&ufrS 1877-ck? Edk0ifbmv(24)&uftwGif; &cdkifwkwf rD;&xm;vrf;azmufvkyfa&;twGuf aqmif;yg; (12)apmifudk a&;om;azmfjy cJhonf/ ,if;tjyif tjcm;owif;pmrsm;jzpfaom Times, Indian Stateman, The Pioneer Mail, The Spector, Saturday Review owif;pmrsm;\ owif ; rsm;ud k ud k ; um;vnf ; aumif ; ? t,f ' D w mxH ay;pmrsm;jzif h vnf;aumif; a&;om;cJhonf/ NAdwdoQ0efBuD;csKyfESifh EdkifiHjcm;a&;0efBuD;tjzpfvnf;aumif;? tdE,Edii\ twGi;f 0eftjzpf vnf;aumif; aqmif &Gucol The Marquis d k f H f hJ of Salisbury K.G xHovnf;aumif;? tdE,EdiiH twGi;0ef Viscount Cross Ykd d k f f G.C.B xH o d k Y v nf ; aumif ; ? td E d , Ed k i f i H b k & if c H c sKyf The Marquis of Lansdowne G.C.S.L xHodkYvnf;aumif; pmtwefwef qufoG,f &cdkif wkwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&; tajctaersm;udk wifjytpD&ifcH cJonf/ vlu,wivnf; awGUqHwifjyEdia&;twGuf vef'efNrKd UwGif 1887h kd f kd f k k f ck? pufwifbmv (17)&ufaeYu pma&;om;NyD; awGUqHkcGifh awmif;cHcJhonf/ ,if;yk*Kd vrsm;xHrS pm&&SaMumif; jyefMum;pm&&Saomfvnf; awGUqHcihf r&&Syg/ f d d k G d
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,if;tjyif t*FvefEdkifiH NrdKUBuD;rsm;jzpfaom vDbmyl;? [l;vf? refcsupwmNrKd Ursm;&Sd ukeonfrsm;toif;wdxovnf; &cdiwkwf rD;&xm; f f Yk H Ykd k f vrf;azmufvya&;udp pma&;om; qufo, oabmxm;rsm;udk ar;jref; k f G f cJhonf/ ,if;tjyif a[;onf t*Fvef&Sd a&wyfOD;pD;csKyfESifh ygvDreftrwf jzpfol Lord George Hamilton M.P Ist. Iord of Admiralty xH tqdkyg udpESifh vludk,fwdkifawGUqHkcGifhudk 1890-ck? Zefe0g&Dv (25)&ufaeYu awmif;cHcJhonf/ odkY&mwGif ,if;yk*dKvf udk,fwdkif rawGUqHkEdkifcJhaomfvnf; olUud,pm; AdvBf u;D ba&;('f) Captain Bridge R,N. The Director of Nawal k f k Intelligeace qdkolESifh awGUqHkcGifh &&SdcJhonf/ ,if;tjyif a[;onf ol\ oabmxm;rsm;udk pmtm;jzifh 1890-ck? azazmf 0g&D (4)&ufaeYwif tqdyg G k AdkvfBuD;xHodkY a&;om;ay;ydkYcJhonf/ ,if;tjyif 1867-ck? arv (1)&ufrS 1874-ck? Mo*kwv (4)&ufaeY f txd b*Fvm;yifv,fatmftwGif; txl;ojzifh ppfwaumif;ESifh ppfawGNrdKU rsm;wGif yifv,fu;l oabFm rmvderLS ;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcol (Capatin f hJ
James Ewert, for mary years commarder of a Britigh India Company, Steomer in the Bay of Bengal) xHrS ppfawGoabFmqdyonf ppfwaumif; f
xuf aumif;rGefaom oabFmqdyfaumif;wpfckjzpfaMumif; oabmxm; rSwfcsufudk &,lcJhonf/ t*FvefygvDreftrwfrsm;xHovnf; 1891-ck? Mo*kwvtwGi;f u Ykd f a[;onf &cdi-wkwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvya&;udptwGuf ygvDrefwif k f k f G wifjyaqG;aEG;Edkif&efpmrsm;udk jzefYa0cJhonf/ ,if;tjyif xif&Sm;onfh avmh'f'gz&ifh (Lord Dufferin) pav'if? za&Zm ponfwtjyif pD;yGm;a&;bufrS yk*Kd vrsm;? twwfynm&Sirsm;xHrS Ykd f f oabmxm;rsm;udk &,lEdkifcJhonf/ a[;onf &cdkif-wkwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&;twGuf &cdkif wGif &SdpOfuvnf;aumif;? t*FvefodkY jyefa&mufpOfuvnf;aumif; ol\ aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;udk pkaygif;NyD; pmtkyfwpftkyf xkwfa0&ef pDpOfcJhonf/ 1892-ck? rwfv(9)&ufaeYpjJG zifh vef'ef&dS tdE,EdiiH twGi;f 0ef;kH odYk d k f &cdiwkwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvya&;udpEiywfoufonfh aqmif&ucsuf k f k f S hf G f rsm;udk pmtkyxwa0vdk aMumif; cGijhf yKcsuukd a[;u awmif;cHonf/ 1892f k f f ck? rwfv(23)&ufaeYpGJjzihf ,if;Hk;rS oabmwlnDcsufudk &&SdcJhonf/
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,if;aMumifh 1892-ck? arvwGif William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London) yHkESdyfwdkufrS &cdkiftwdwf? ypKyef? tem*wf (Arakan Past Present Future) pmtkyfudk dkufESdyfxkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;pmtkywif &cdia'oodYk a[;ra&mufru tajctae? a&muf&NdS y;D f G k f D tajctaeESihf tem*wfumv a[; arQmre;f cJaom &cdijf ynftajctaersm; f S h k udk aphpHkpGm wifjyxm;onf/
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tpdk;&twGuf BuD;rm;aomtusdK;tjrwf &&Sdrnfjzpfonf}} ponfjzifh a[;onf (Arakan News) owif;pmwGif 1876-ck? Edk0ifbm (4)&uf aeYu a&;om;azmfjycJhonf/ ,if;pmom;rsm;twdkif; 1874-ckESpfu tdEd,EdkifiH twGif;0efjzpfol Marquis of Salisbury xH pmay;ydkYcJhonf/ tdEd, twGif;0efxHodkY azmfjyyg pmudkay;NyD;(18)ESpftMum 1892-ck? arvwGif a&;onfh twdwfu&cdkifjynftaMumif;t&mudk azmf&mrSm azmfjyygpmudk xyfrHwdk;wufrIr&Sdao; aMumif;udk a[;u xyfqifh azmfjyxm;onf/ &cdkiftwdwf? ypKyef? tem*wftaMumif;rsm;udk trSmpm oabm jzifh pmtkyfwGif azmfjy&mwGif-]]&cdkifonf bk&ifEdkifiHtjzpf jyefvnfxlaxmifEdkifawmhrnf r[kwfacs/ odomxif&Sm;onfh taetxm;odkY jymyHkrS xlaxmifEkdifNyD; ppfawGqdyfurf;onf tdEd,EdkifiHwGif taumif;qHk; qdyfurf;wpfckESifh BuD;us,faom a&wyfpcef;wpfck jzpfvmrnf/ ,if;\pGrf;&nfESifh wnf&SdaeyHkwdkYrSm xl;xl;uJuJtajctaersm;aMumifh twnfjyKazmfjy &jcif; jzpfayonf}}[k a[;u 1892? arv&ufpGJjzifh typfy,fcH &cdkif jynf\ tem*wfudk a[;u arQmfrSef;cJhonf/
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a[;onf &cdkif? twdwf? ypKyef? tem*wfpmtkyfudk 1892-wGif pDpOfuEyxwa0onf/ ,if;pmtkywif ol\&nfe;f vdonfh taMumif; kd f dS f k f f G T k t&mESifh yk*dKvfrsm;udk a&SUqHk;pmrsufESmwGif azmfjyxm;onf/ ol\&nfTef; csuonf jzpfapcsiaom qEEihf cH,csursm;udk twdcsKH ;Ny;D azmfjyxm;jcif; f f S l f k jzpfonf/ a[;onf &cdkifwkwf rD;&xm;vrf; azmufvkyfa&; BudK;yrf;rIrSm tjrifq;kH tqiftxda&mufatmif wifjycJonf/ wduwe;f vIUH aqmfconf/ h h h k f G hJ oufqdkif&m yk*dKvfrsm;uvnf; ,if;udpudk tav;ay; pOf;pm;cJhonf/ ,if;aMumifh ol\&nfTef;azmfjy&mwGif tav;eufqHk;tqifhjzifh pOf;pm; cJhMuaomfvnf; cGifhjyKcsufr&&Sday[k a[;\aqmif&Gufcsufudk twdkcsHK; rSwfwrf;wifcJhavonf/ yxrBudK;yrf;rItcsdef 1874-ck umvtwGif;u wm0ef&Sdol 0efBuD;csKyfEdkifiHjcm;a&; wm0efcHtjzpfvnf;aumif;? tdEd,EdkifiH twGif;0eftjzpf aqmif&GufcJhol Marquis of Salisbury K.C 'kwd,tBudrf BudK;yrf;rIumv twGuf tdEd,EdkifiHtwGif;0ef Viscount Cross G.C.B ESifh
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Arakan Past Present Future, by John Ogilvy Hay. Willian Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London 1892- May.
2/ 3/
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vnf;aumif;? 1977-78wGif &cdkif wefaqmiftrSwf(15)udk vnf;aumif; xkwa0cJygonf/ ,if;r*Zif;rsm;wGivnf; &cdipmayu@ESihf t*Fvyu@ f h f k f d f wdkYudk azmfjyxm;jcif; r&Sdyg/ &cdiwefaqmiftrSwf (16)udk 1980-ckwif xkwa0cJygonf/ ,if; k f G f h r*Zif;wGif jrefrm-t*FvyEpcukd jyefvnfNy;D azmfjyxm;onf/ ,if;&cdiwef d f S f k k f aqmiftrSwf(16)udk 1980-ckwGif xkwfa0cJhNyD;onfrS ,aeYxufwdkif &cdkifwefaqmifum; ay:xGufvmjcif; r&Sdawmhyg/ &cdkifwefaqmif r*Zif;onf &efukefwuodkvf&Sd &cdkifausmif;ol? ausmif;om;wd\ BuKd ;yrf;rIaMumifh xGe;f vif;vmonfh rD;SL;wefaqmifwpf&yf Yk jzpfonf/ aemifawmfaemifawmfrsm; xGef;ndcJhaom rD;SL;wefaqmifwpf&yf jzpfonfh &cdiwefaqmifukd xGe;f nay;&efrm ,aeYwuovynmudk qnf;yl; k f d S kd f aeMuaom wuova&muf &cdiarmifr,frsm;\ wm0efwpf&yfyif jzpfay kd f k f onf/
"n0wDr*Zif;rsm;
ppfawGcdkifrSvma&mufMuonfh &efukefwuodkvfwGif ynm oifMum;aeaom ausmif;om;? ausmif;olrsm;u 1951-ck Mo*kwv (1)&uf f aeYwGif &efukefwuodkvf "n0wDausmif; ol-ausmif;om;rsm;toif;udk Ou|udkazmfZH? twGif;a&;rSL; udkausmfcifyg0ifonfh trIaqmif(18)OD;jzifh zGJUpnf;cJhygonf/ ,if;toif;rS BuD;rSL; "n0wDr*Zif; (1951-52) twGJ (1)? trSw(1)udk twdiyifcpmwnf; OD;ausm&if (r[m0dZm) pmwnf;pHa&TvS f k f H f ('k-0dZm)wdkYu jrefrmu@wGif vnf;aumif;? twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;uHBuD; (r[m0dZm)pmwnf; pdexe;f atmif? wGzufpmwnf; rjroDwmwdu t*Fvyf f G J Yk d u@wGivnf;aumif; aqmif&uMf uonf/ ,if;r*Zif;udk 1952-ckEpf ESpO;D f G S f ydkif;wGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ "n0wD r * Z if ; twG J ( 1) trS w f - 2rS m twd k i f y if c H p mwnf ; OD;ausmf&if (r[m0dZm)? pmwnf; rvSvSMuif (0dZm)? wGJzufpHausmfom (y0dZm) ynma&;wdkYu jrefrmpmu@wGifvnf;aumif;? twdkifyifcHpmwnf; a':jrpdef? pmwnf; rjroDwm (0dZm)? wGJzufpmwnf; apmvSatmif (ody^0dZm)wdu t*Fvypmu@wGif wm0ef,cMhJ uonf/ ,if;r*Zif; twGJ H Yk d f l (1) trSwf-2udk 1953-ckESpfOD;ydkif;rSm jzefYcsdcJhonf/
190
jrxGef;atmif
"n0wDr*Zif;twGJ(1)? trSwf(1)ESifh (2)ESpfapmifom xkwfa0cJh ygonf/ aemufyi;f wGif &efuewuovf "n0wD ausmif;ol^ausmif;om; kd k f kd rsm;toif;onf &efukefwuodkvf &cdkifausmif;ol^ausmif;om;rsm;toif; ESihf yl;aygif;oGm;ygonf/ ,if;aMumifh "n0wDr*Zif;udk xkw0jcif;rjyKawmh f bJ &cdkifwefaqmifr*Zif;udk tm;jznfhNyD; xkwfa0oGm;Muygonf/
tkPfOD;r*Zif;
1952-rwfvwGif xkwa0cJonf/ trSwf 163-ck? 34-vrf;? &efuef f h k &Sd &cdkifvli,frsm;toif;(&efukef)rS xkwfa0jcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;r*Zif;rSm ,cktcg &SmazGrawGUawmhyg/ ,if;aMumifh ,if;pmtkyfwGif yg0ifonfh taMumif;t&m? uavmif&irsm;ESihf pmwnf;tzGUJ 0ifrsm;udk rodEiawmhyg/ S f kd f ,if;r*Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xGufcJhygonf/
om;rsm ppfawGausmif;om;rsm;; ESpfywfvnfpmapmif

Ediiawmf wef;jrifausmif; trSw(1)rS xkwa0aom pmapmif jzpfyg k f H h f f onf/ yxrqH;k tBurf ppfawGausmif;om;rsm;or*rS xkwa0aom pmapmif d f jzpfonf/ 1953-ck? azazmf0g&D(22)&ufaeYwGif xkwfa0rnf[k aMunmcJh onf/ odkY&mwGif pmapmifdkufESdyfNyD; jynfawmfomoabFmjzifh udkom'dk;ESifh udkausmfvSjzLwdkYu &efukefrS ,laqmifvmMuygonf/ ppfawGqdyfurf; ta&mufwif pmapmifxwa0cGivufrwf r,lraMumifh jzefa0cGihf &yfqi;f G k f hf S I Y kd jcif;cH&onf/ w&m;pGJum'PfaiG(100d) 'Pfwyfjcif;cH&onf/ pmtkyfrsm; udkvnf; rD;IdUzsufqD;cH&onf/ ,if;aMumifh ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnf pmapmiftrSwf(1)udk vHk;0xkwfa0jcif; rjyKvdkuf&yg/ ]ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpywfvnf pmapmif (1954-55)} twG(1) f J trSwf(2)pmapmifudk 1956-ck? Zefe0g&DvwGif dkufESdyfjzefYa0cJhygonf/ ,if ; pmapmif w G i f twd k i f y if c H p mwnf ; OD ; om'if ? wm0ef c H p mwnf ; udarmifarmifvEihf rjzLarwdYk jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;trSw(2) pmapmifxuNf y;D k S S f G aemuf ]ppfawGausmif;om;rsm; ESpfywfvnfpmapmif}xGuf ay:jcif; r&Sd awmhyg/
191
"npmapmif
,if;pmapmiftwGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1958-ck? arvrSm xkwfa0yg onf/ twdkifyifcHpmwnf;tjzpf "n0wDOD;btkef;? wm0efcHpmwnf; owd;k EG,?f pmwnf; &uo&e?f 'k-pmwnf; "npd;k ESihf "nrif;ausmwYkd jzpfMu l d f onf/ "npmapmif uavmif&SiftzGJUudk (6-7-1958)aeYwGif ppfawGNrdKU a&Tjym;&yf twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;btkef; tdrfrSmzGJUpnf;Muonf/ Ou| udkat;xGef;? twGif;a&;rSL; udkatmifjrtygt0if tzGJU0if(15)OD; yg&Sdonf/ "npmapmifukd ppfawGNrKd U rdZ&yf? vrf;rSeyEywuwif duEyNf y;D udwifO;D u H f kH dS f kd f G k f dS k wm0efcH xkwa0cJonf/ ,if;pmapmifrm trSwrnfrQxd xkwa0cJaMumif; f h S f f h rod&yg/
wufaeopf pmapmif
1958-ckavmufrSm pwifxkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;pmapmif wm0efcH pmwnf;tjzpf udkarmifausmf? pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;rSm ppfawG aemifvwf? jrwHZOf? prf;EG,f? vJhvJhrm? cifav;olZmwdkYu aqmif&Gufonf/ twGJ(2) trSwf(7)pmapmifudk (16-10-1959)&ufpGJjzifh xkwfa0onfudk awGU& ygonf/ ,if;pmapmifukd ppfawGNrKd Uausmif;wufvrf; jynfoUl pmyHEywuwif k dS f kd f G dkufESdyfNyD; udkausmfarmifu xkwfa0ygonf/ pmapmiftrSwf rnfrQtxd xkwa0cJaMumif;? rnfonfcEpavmufwif xkwa0rI &yfqi;f cJaMumif;rsm; f h h k S f G f kd h udkum; rod&Sd&yg/
acwfa&SUaqmif pmapmif
pmapmif twGJ(1) trSwf(1)udk 1961-ck? {NyDvrSm xkwfa0onf/ pmwnf ; tzG J U 0if OD ; owd k ; vS ? OD ; ausmf j r? ud k O D ; a&T Z H ? ud k p H v S a tmif ? udkatmifa&TxGef;ESifh udkausmfpdk;wdkYu aqmif&Gufonf/ ppfawGNrdKU yHkESdyfwdkuf wGif dkufESdyfonf/ twGJ rnfrQxGufcJhaMumif;? rnfonfh ckESpfwGif xkwfa0rI &yfqdkif;cJh&aMumif;rsm;udk rod&Sd&yg/
192
jrxGef;atmif
&cdkifjynfolUpmapmif
,if;pmapmifudk jynfolUyHkESdyfwdkuf OD;atmifxGef;OD;vrf;? ppfawGwGif dkufESdyfNyD; t,f'Dwm OD;atmifxGef;jru yHkESdyfxkwfa0onf/ 1959-ckESpf OD;ydkif;wGif jzefYa0cJhonf/ pmapmifoabmxuf t&G,ftpm; owif;azmfjy xm;yHrsm;rSm owif;pmoabm aqmifaeygonf/ rnfonhcEpwif &yfqi;f k f k S f G kd cJhaMumif; rod&yg/
&cdkifnGefYzl;
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI aqmifyg;rsm;
aqmif;yg;rsm;udkpkaygif;NyD; dkufESdyfxm;onfh pmapmifjzpfonf/ aqmif;yg;trsm;pkrSm &cdkif,Ofaus;rIudk avhvmvdkufpm;ol vli,fwdkY\ wifjycsufrsm; jzpfMuygonf/ ,if;aMumifh pmtkyfudkvnf; vli,fb0ESifh udkufnDatmif ]&cdkifGefYzl;}}[l trnfay;vdkufygonf[k rdwfqufpum; wGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ ,if;aqmif;yg;rsm; pmapmifwGif &cdkifpmayu@? *Dw? &moDbGJU? ordkif;okawoe pmay[l u@rsm;cGJxm;onfudk awGU& onf/ &cdivi,frsm;\ pmayvIy&m;rIwpf&yf jzpfonf/ 1968ck? Zlviv k f l f S kd f rSm &efukefNrdKUwGif dkufESdyfjzefYa0ygonf/ aemufwGif ]&cdkifGefYzl;uAsmrsm;} [l uAsmpmtkyfwpftkyfudk dkufESdyfxkwfa0NyD; aemufxyf ]&cdkifGefYzl;} pmapmifrsm; rxGufawmhyg/
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*Zif;
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtzGJU(&efukef)rS xkwfa0aom r*Zif; jzpfonf/ 1971-ck azazmf0g&DvwGif twGJ(1)udk xkwfa0cJhygonf/ &cdkif,Ofaus;rI tEkynmtzGJU(&efukef)\ Ou|rSm OD;armifarmifcifjzpfNyD; twGif;a&;rSL;rSm OD;cifarmifaxG;? wGJzuftwGifa&;rSL;rSm OD;atmifausmf wdkYjzpfNyD; r*Zif;wm0efcHpmwnf;rSm OD;atmifomOD;? OD;BudKifomatmif? OD;oef;armifwdkY jzpfMuygonf/ pmwnf;rsm;rSm OD;omGefY? OD;odef;vGif? OD;atmifausmfpdef? OD;armifxGef;a0? OD;wifarmifESifh OD;ausmfwifwdkY jzpfMu ygonf/
193
&cdkif,Ofaus;rI r*Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xkwfa0EdkifcJhNyD; aemufxyf rxGufawmhyg/
&cdkifr*Zif;
&cdkifr*Zif;twGJ(1)udk 1335-ck? ewfawmfvqef;(1)&ufaeYwGif pmqdkawmf txdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwfa0ygonf/ &cdkif,Ofaus;rI aumfrwD tjzpf (ppfawGNrdKUe,f)pmayaumfrwDwGif Ou|OD;ausmfOD; (taemufom;) twGif;a&;rSL; OD;OD;ausmfodef;(tm;opf)ESifh tzGJU0if(11)OD; yg0ifonf/ ,if;r*Zif;wGif twdkifyifcHpmwnf; OD;omausmf? wm0efcHpmwnf; taemufom;(ppfawG) pmwnf;tzGJU0if tm;opf? udkav;i,f(ppfawG)? armifapmol(ppfawG)? ppfawG odef;aemifwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/ &cdir*Zif; trSw(2)udk 1975-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif xkwa0onf/ k f f f ,if;r*Zif;wGif twdkifyifcH t,f'DwmtzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf tm;opf (ppfawG) ppfawG odef;aemifwdkYu aqmif&Gufygonf/ &cdkifr*Zif; trSwf(3)udk 1976-ck? pufwifbmvwGif xkwfa0yg onf/ wm0efcpmwnf; apmode;f armif (cGya'gif;eD-ppfawG) pmwnf;tzGUJ 0if H f rsm;tjzpf ppfawGyGifhvTm? tm;opf? a':arodef;? armifrrif;rm? (ajrmufOD;) A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG) ppfawG odef;aemifESifh ppfawGndKoefYwdkYu aqmif&GufMu ygonf/ &cdkifr*Zif; trSwf(4)udk 1977-ck? pufwifbmvwGif xkwfa0 onf/ ,if;r*Zif;\ twdiyifcH pmwnf;rSm OD;ausmf OD;? wm0efcpmwnf;rSm k f H OD;OD;bodef; (ppfawG odef;aemif) pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawG yGifhvTm? ppfawG ndKoef?Y a':arode;f ? armifrif;rm (ajrmufO;D )ESihf ppfawG xGe;f ,OfwYkd u aqmif&GufMuygonf/ &cdkifr*Zif;trSwf(5)udk 1977-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0ygonf/ twdiyifcpmwnf; OD;ausmO;D ? wm0efcpmwnf; ppfawG ode;f aemif? pmwnf; k f H f H tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawGyGifhvTm? ppfawG ndKoefY? a':arodef;? ppfawG xGef;,OfESifh A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG)wdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/ &cdkifr*Zif;trSwf(6)udk 1980-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif q&mawmf OD;Owr &mjynfhtxdrf;trSwftjzpf xkwf0jcif;jzpfonf/ ,if;r*Zif;wGif twdiyifcpmwnf; OD;ausmO;D ? wm0efcpmwnf; ppfawG ode;f aemif? pmwnf; k f H f H tzGUJ 0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawG ndKoef?Y A*s;D ausm(ppfawG)? jrifausmvif (ppfawG)? f h f dI
194
jrxGef;atmif
armifodef;cdkif(ppfawG)? ppfawG yGifhvTm? &u ESif;jrZHESifh a':OD;jrarwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/ &cdir*Zif; trSw(7)udk 1981-ckwif xkwa0ygonf/ &cdir*Zif; k f f G f k f aumfrwDwGif em,ursm;tjzpf oQiftkef;? taemufom;(ppfawG) yef;csD rif;ndKwdkYu aqmif&GufNyD; pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawGodef;aemif? atmifvSodef;? ppfawGyGifhvTmESifh ppfawGndKoefYwdkYu aqmif&GufMuygonf/ ]]aqmif;yg;aygif;(48)yk'?f 0wKw(30)yk'?f 0wK&n(15)yk'?f uAsmyk'f kd S f a& (200) ESifh umwGef;rsm; vufcH&&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYteuf toifhawmfqHk; ,lqaom aqmif;yg;(12)yk'?f 0wKw(4)yk'?f 0wK&n(2)yk'?f uAsm(18)yk'Eihf kd S f f S umwGef;tcsdKUudk &cdkifr*Zif; trSwf(7)wGif xnfhoGif;&ef a&G;cs,fcJhMu ygonf}}[k r*Zif;aumfrwD\ tpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;ygonf/ &cdir*Zif; trSw(8)udk 1984-ck? azazmf0g&DvwGif xkwa0onf/ k f f f &cdkif? jrefrmESifh t*Fvdyfu@rsm; yg0ifonf/ twdkifyifcHpmwnf;tjzpf OD;ausmfOD;? wm0efcHpmwnf; ppfawG odef;aemif? pmwnf;tzGJU0ifrsm;tjzpf ppfawGndKoefY? A*sD;ausmf(ppfawG)? armifaumufpH (ppfawG)ESifh ppfawG yGifhvTmwdkY u aqmif&GufMuygonf/ &cdkifr*Zif; trSwf(9)udk 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0onf/ ,if;r*Zif;wGif twdiyifcpmwnf; OD;ausmf OD;? OD;btke;f ? wm0efcpmwnf; k f H H ppfawG ode;f aemif? pmwnf;tzGUJ 0if ppfawGnKd oef?Y ppfawGyivm? A*s;D ausmf G hf T (ppfawG)? armifaumufpH (&cdijf ynf)ESihf atmifvoe;f wdYk yg0ifaqmif&uMf u k S d G ygonf/ &cdir*Zif;udk 1973-ckavmufuyifpwifNy;D NrKd Ue,f &cdi,Ofaus;rI k f k f tzGJU (ppfawG)rS xkwfa0vm&m 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvtxd r*Zif;udk;apmif xkwa0cJNh y;D jzpfygonf/ trSwf (10)udk xkwa0Edi&ef pdi;f jyif;vsu&aMumif; f f k f k f dS od&ygonf/ ,if;r*Zif;onf wpfEpvQif wpfBurus xGuaeonfukd awGU& S f d f f ygonf/
&cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif
&cdkifjynfe,fpmapmif twGJ(1)? trSwf(1)udk 1975-ck? Edk0ifbmv wG i f &cd k i f j ynf e ,f j ynf o l U aumif p D tvk y f t rI a qmif t zG J U twG u f OD;rG;D vSatmif (a&T0)u wm0efcxwa0onf/ &cdijf ynfe,f jynfoUl aumifpD H k f k BuD;MuyfrIjzifhxkwfa0cJh&m trSwfpOf(13)txd xkwfa0cJhNyD; jzpfygonf/
195
1984-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif &cdijf ynfe,f (10)ESpajrmuf txdr;f trSwf tjzpf kd f ]&cdkifjynfe,f r*if;}udk xkwfa0Jhygonf/ ,if;r*Zif; wGif &cdkifjynfe,f\ (10)ESpfc&D;rSwfwdkifrsm;tjzpf w&m;pD&ifa&;? vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;? EdkifiHa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;? pyg;oD;ESw;kd csUJ pduysKd ;a&;? &cdiajrrSm pufrv,f,m? *kP,l H k f k f I f zG,f&m qefpyg;wifydkYrI? qdyfurf;NrdKUrsm; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;ponfh q,fESpf twGif; &cdkifjynfe,fa&;&m aqmif;yg;rsm;ESifh tjcm;pD;yGm;a&;? EdkifiHa&;? ydkUaqmifa&;? usef;rma&;ESifh ywfoufonfh aqmif;yg;rsm; 0wKuAsmrsm; tjyif t*Fvyu@udyg xnfoi;f xm;onfukd awGU&ygonf/ r*Zif;rSm d f k h G &cdkifjynfe,f jynfolUaumifpDrS oD;jcm;aumfrwD zGJUpnf; xkwfa0aom pmtkyf jzpfygonf/
ppfawGaumvdyfr*Zif;
ppfawGaumvdyr*Zif;udk 1978-ckEpuyif xkwa0cJonf[k od& f S f f h onf/ 1983-84ck pmoifESpfwGif ppfawGaumvdyf r*Zif;trSwf(6)udk 1984-ck? 'DZifbmvwGif xkwfa0cJhonf/ ,if;r*Zif;wGif wuodkvf aumvdyrsm;rS pmay0goem&Sirsm;omru jyifyrSpmay0goem&Sirsm; yg0if f f f a&;om;Muonf/ q&m-q&mru MuwfrwfNy;D ausmif;ol-ausmif; om;rsm; u wm0ef,xwa0aomr*Zif; jzpfonf/ ,if;aMumifh r*Zif;rsm;qufwuf l k f kd xGufay:vmjcif; jzpfygonf/
rdom;pk0dkif;r*Zif;
rdom;pk0dkif; tajccHa'orSm awmifukwf? oHwGJ? *GjzpfNyD; 197071rS ynmoif axmufyHha&;udk pwifay;cJhonf/ rdom;pk0dkif;r*Zif;udk 1978-ck? ZlvivwGif xkwa0cJonf/ ppfawGa'oaumvdyEihf wuovf kd f f h f S kd rsm; &efuerS awmifuw?f oHw?JG *GNrKd Ue,frsm;rS ausmif;om;rsm;\ BuKd ;yrf;rI k f k jzpfonf/ ,if;r*Zif;\ wm0effcHpmwnf;rSm udkarmifarmifjrifhjzpfNyD; vufaxmufpmwnf;rsm;rSm udkvSjrifh? udkxGef;aomif;? udkjrifhvIdifESifh udkcifodef;wdkY jzpfMuonf/ rdom;pk0kdif;r*Zif;rSm wpfBudrfom xkwfa0cJh ygonf/
196
jrxGef;atmif
'Gg&0wDr*Zif;
oHwGJtoif;&efukefrS xkwfa0aom r*Zif;jzpfonf/ r*Zif; aumfrwDOu| OD;wifatmif? twGif;a&;rSL; OD;cifarmifjzpfNyD; pmwnf; OD;wifatmif? wGJzufpmwnf; wifhcdkifwdkYjzpfonf/ 1979-ck? arvwGif xkwfa0ygonf/ ,if;'Gg&0wDr*Zif;rSm wpfBudrfwnf; xkwfa0cJhygonf/ aemufxyf xkwfa0jcif; r&Sdawmhyg/
arC0wDr*Zif;
(5)Budrfajrmuf &cdkifjynfe,faeYudk *kPfjyKaomtm;jzifh rmefatmif NrdKUe,fjynfolUaumifpDr*Zif; jzpfajrmufa&;aumfrwD\ BudK;yrf;rI\ toD; tyGifhrsm;jzpfonf/ ,if;r*Zif;wGif wm0efcHpmwnf;tjzpf rmefatmif jrat;jzpf N yD ; pmwnf ; tzG J U 0if r sm;tjzpf atmif o l j rwf ? atmif a z? odef;wifvwf? apmcGefEdkifESifh armifcifwG,fwdkY yg0ifMuygonf/ arC0wD r*Zif; trSwf(2)twGuf pmrlydwf&ufudk 1980-ck? arv(31)&ufaeYudk owfrSwfxm;aomfvnf; ,if;r*Zif;trSwf(2)rSm ,aeYwdkif xGufay: vmjcif;udk rawGU&yg/
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4

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