EECS 117

Lecture 6: Lossy Transmission Lines and the Smith Chart

Prof. Niknejad University of California, Berkeley

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 1/3

Dispersionless Line
To nd the conditions for the transmission line to be dispersionless in terms of the R, L, C , G, expand
=
=
=

(jL + R )(jC + G )
(j)2 LC(1 +
(j)2 LC

RG G R ) + + 2 LC jL jC (j)

Suppose that R/L = G/C and simplify the

R2 2R + =1+ jL (j)2 L2
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term

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 2/3

Dispersionless Line (II)

For R/L = G/C the propagation constant simplies
= R 1+ jL
2

R = j LC 1 + jL

Breaking into real and imaginary components

=R
C j LC = + j L

The attenauation constant is independent of R frequency. For low loss lines, Z0

The propagation constant is a linear function of frequency
University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 3/3

Lossy Transmission Line Attenuation

The power delivered into the line at a point z is now non-constant and decaying exponentially
|v + |2 2z 1 e (Z0 ) (v(z)i(z) ) = Pav (z) = 2 2|Z0 | 2

For instance, if = .01m 1, then a transmission line of length = 10m will attenuate the signal by 10 log(e2 ) or 2 dB. At = 100m will attenuate the signal by 10 log(e2 ) or 20 dB.

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 4/3

Lossy Transmission Line Impedance

Using the same methods to calculate the impedance for the low-loss line, we arrive at the following line voltage/current
v(z) = v + ez (1 + L e2z ) = v + ez (1 + L (z)) v + z e (1 L (z)) i(z) = Z0

Where L (z) is the complex reection coefcient at position z and the load reection coefcient is unaltered from before The input impedance is therefore
ez + L ez Zin (z) = Z0 z e L ez
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EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 5/3

Lossy T-Line Impedance (cont)

Substituting the value of L we arrive at a similar equation (now a hyperbolic tangent)
ZL + Z0 tanh( ) Zin ( ) = Z0 Z0 + ZL tanh( )

For a short line, if

1, we may safely assume that

Zin ( ) = Z0 tanh( ) Z0 Recall that Z0 = Z /Y Z Y

As expected, input impedance is therefore the series impedance of the line (where R = R and L = L )
Zin ( ) = Z = R + jL
University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 6/3

Review of Resonance (I)

Wed like to nd the impedance of a series resonator 1 near resonance Z() = jL + jC + R
Recall the denition of the circuit Q
time average energy stored Q = 0 energy lost per cycle

For a series resonator, Q = 0 L/R. For a small frequency shift from resonance 0
1 Z(0 + ) = j0 L + jL + j0 C
1 1 + 0
+R

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 7/3

Review of Resonance (II)

Which can be simplied using the fact that 0 L =
Z(0 + ) = j2L + R
1 0 C

Using the denition of Q

Z(0 + ) = R 1 + j2Q 0

For a parallel line, the same formula applies to the admittance

Y (0 + ) = G 1 + j2Q 0

Where Q = 0 C/G
University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 8/3

/2 T-Line Resonators (Series)

A shorted transmission line of length has input impedance of Zin = Z0 tanh( ) For a low-loss line, Z0 is almost real Expanding the tanh term into real and imaginary parts
j sin(2 ) sinh(2 ) + tanh( +j ) = cos(2 ) + cosh(2 ) cos(2 ) + cosh(2 )

Since 0 f0 = c and = 0 /2 (near the resonant frequency), we have = 2 / = 2 f /c = + 2f /c = + /0 If the lines are low loss, then
1

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 9/3

/2 Series Resonance
Simplifying the above relation we come to
Zi n = Z 0 +j 0

The above form for the input impedance of the series resonant T-line has the same form as that of the series LRC circuit We can dene equivalent elements
Req = Z0 = Z0 /2 Z0 = 20
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Leq

Ceq

2 = Z0 0

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 10/3

/2 Series Resonance Q
The equivalent Q factor is given by
0 1 = = Q= 2 0 0 Req Ceq

For a low-loss line, this Q factor can be made very large. A good T-line might have a Q of 1000 or 10,000 or more Its difcult to build a lumped circuit resonator with such a high Q factor

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 11/3

/4 T-Line Resonators (Parallel)

For a short-circuited /4 line
Zin tanh + j tan = Z0 tanh( + j) = Z0 1 + j tan tanh

Multiply numerator and denominator by j cot

Zin 1 j tanh cot = Z0 tanh j cot

For = /4 at = 0 and = 0 +
0 = + + = 20 2 v v

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 12/3

/4 T-Line Resonators (Parallel)

So cot = tan 20
Zin
20

and tanh

Z0 1 + j /20 = Z0 + j/20 + j/20

This has the same form for a parallel resonant RLC circuit 1 Zin = 1/R + 2jC
The equivalent circuit elements are
Req Z0 =
Ceq = 40 Z0
Leq 1 = 2 0 Ceq

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 13/3

/4 T-Line Resonators Q Factor

The quality factor is thus
= Q = 0 RC = 2 4

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EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 14/3

The Smith Chart

The Smith Chart is simply a graphical calculator for computing impedance as a function of reection coefcient z = f () More importantly, many problems can be easily visualized with the Smith Chart This visualization leads to a insight about the behavior of transmission lines All the knowledge is coherently and compactly represented by the Smith Chart Why else study the Smith Chart? Its beautiful! There are deep mathematical connections in the Smith Chart. Its the tip of the iceberg! Study complex analysis to learn more.
University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 15/3

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IND UCT IVE

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0.0 > WAVELE NGTH S TOW ARD 0.0 0.49 GEN ERA 0.48 TO R > 0.47

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0 -5 0.9
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RESISTANCE COMPONENT (R/Zo), OR CONDUCTANCE COMPONENT (G/Yo)

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Without further ado, here it is!

0.35 0.15

-35

4 0.3 6 0.1

-30

7 0.1

0.3

-25

2 0.3 8 0.1

-20 3.0

-14.0 5

5.0

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50
0.22

20

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An Impedance Smith Chart

0.2

20
0.2 1
0.3

0.

19

10
0.2
0. 31

3 0.

0.3

0.2

0.2

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0.28

0.25 0.26 0.24 0.27 0.23 0.25 0.24 0.26 0.23 0.27 REFLECTION COEFFICIENT IN DEG REES LE OF ANG ISSION COEFFICIENT IN TRANSM DEGR LE OF EES ANG

0.28

0.2

0.

19

University of California, Berkeley

5 -4

1.0
0.2
0.4

45

0.37

0.13

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1.2
0.6

0.6

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0.36

1.0

1.2
40

0.14

1.0

1.0

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0.35

2.0

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0.15

1.6
3.0

1.6

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0.1 6

1.8
2.0

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5.0

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3.0

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10

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20

50

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 16/33

Generalized Reection Coefcient

In sinusoidal steady-state, the voltage on the line is a T-line
v(z) = v + (z) + v (z) = V + (ez + L ez )

Recall that we can dene the reection coefcient anywhere by taking the ratio of the reected wave to the forward wave
L ez v (z) = z = L e2z (z) = + e v (z)

Therefore the impedance on the line ...

v + ez (1 + L e2z ) Z(z) = v+ ez (1 L e2z ) Z0
University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 17/3

Normalized Impedance
...can be expressed in terms of (z)
1 + (z) Z(z) = Z0 1 (z)

It is extremely fruitful to work with normalized impedance values z = Z/Z0

1 + (z) Z(z) = z(z) = 1 (z) Z0

Let the normalized impedance be written as z = r + jx (note small case) The reection coefcient is normalized by default since for passive loads || 1. Let = u + jv
University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 18/3

Dissection of the Transformation

Now simply equate the above equaiton and components in the

((1 + u + jv)(1 u + jv) (1 + u) + jv = r + jx = (1 u)2 + v 2 (1 u) jv

To obtain the relationship between the (r,x) plane and the (u,v) plane 1 u2 v 2 r= (1 u)2 + v 2
v(1 u) + v(1 + u) x= (1 u)2 + v 2

The above equations can be simplied and put into a nice form
University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 19/3

Completing Your Squares...

If you remember your high school algebra, you can derive the following equivalent equations
r u 1+r
2

1 +v = (1 + r)2
2
2

1 2 (u 1) + v x

1 = 2 x

These are circles in the (u,v) plane! Circles are good! We see that vertical and horizontal lines in the (r,x) plane (complex impedance plane) are transformed to circles in the (u,v) plane (complex reection coefcient)

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 20/3

Resistance Transformations
v

r=

r=0 .5

r=1

r=2

r=0 r=.5 r=1

r=2

r = 0 maps to u2 + v 2 = 1 (unit circle) r = 1 maps to (u 1/2)2 + v 2 = (1/2)2 (matched real part) r = .5 maps to (u 1/3)2 + v 2 = (2/3)2 (load R less than Z0 ) r = 2 maps to (u 2/3)2 + v 2 = (1/3)2 (load R greater than Z0 )
University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 21/3

Reactance Transformations
x v

x=1

x=2

x=2 x=1

x=0

.5
u

r
x = -1

=.5

x = -2

x = 1 maps to (u 1)2 + (v x = 2 maps to (u 1)2 + (v x = 1/2 maps to (u 1)2 + (v

x = -1

1)2 = 1 1/2)2 = (1/2)2 2)2 = 22

Inductive reactance maps to upper half of unit circle Capacitive reactance maps to lower half of unit circle
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-2 x=

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 22/3

Complete Smith Chart

r>1 v
match

x=1

x=2

x =

r=

short

.5

open

r=0 .5

inductive

r=1

r=2

capacitive

=.5

University of California, Berkeley

x = -1

-2 x=

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 23/3

Load on Smith Chart

load

First map zL on the Smith Chart as L To read off the impedance on the T-line at any point on a lossless line, simply move on a circle of constant radius since (z) = L e2j
University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 24/3

Motion Towards Generator

Moving towards generator means ( ) = L e2j , or clockwise motion For a lossy line, this corresponds to a spiral motion Were back to where we started when 2 = 2 , or = /2 Thus the impedance is periodic (as we know)
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towards generator ent em v mo

load

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 25/3

SWR Circle
Since SWR is a function of ||, a circle at origin in (u,v) plane is called an SWR circle Recall the voltage max occurs when the reected wave is in phase with the forward wave, so (zmin ) = |L |
S
W

CIRC

LE

L = |L |ej

voltage min

voltage max

= |L |ej(2

This corresponds to the intersection of the SWR circle with the positive real axis Likewise, the intersection with the negative real axis is the location of the voltge min

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 26/3

Example of Smith Chart Visualization

Prove that if ZL has an inductance reactance, then the position of the rst voltage maximum occurs before the voltage minimum as we move towards the generator A visual proof is easy using Smith Chart On the Smith Chart start at any point in the upper half of the unit circle. Moving towards the generator corresponds to clockwise motion on a circle. Therefore we will always cross the positive real axis rst and then the negative real axis.

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 27/3

Impedance Matching Example

Single stub impedance matching is easy to do with the Smith Chart Simply nd the intersection of the SWR circle with the r = 1 circle The match is at the center of the circle. Grab a reactance in series or shunt to move you there!

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 28/3

Series Stub Match

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EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 29/3

Admittance Chart
1 Since y = 1/z = 1+ , you can imagine that an Admittance Smith Chart looks very similar

In fact everything is switched around a bit and you can buy or construct a combined admittance/impedance smith chart. You can also use an impedance chart for admittance if you simply map x b and r g Be careful ... the caps are now on the top of the chart and the inductors on the bottom The short and open likewise swap positions

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 30/3

Admittance on Smith Chart

Sometimes you may need to work with both impedances and admittances. This is easy on the Smith Chart due to the impedance inversion property of a /4 line
2 Z0 Z = Z

If we normalize Z we get y
1 Z0 Z = =y = z Z Z0

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 31/3

Admittance Conversion
Thus if we simply rotate degrees on the Smith Chart and read off the impedance, were actually reading off the admittance! Rotating degrees is easy. Simply draw a line through origin and zL and read off the second point of intersection on the SWR circle

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 32/3

Shunt Stub Match

Lets now solve the same matching problem with a shunt stub. To nd the shunt stub value, simply convert the value of z = 1 + jx to y = 1 + jb and place a reactance of jb in shunt

University of California, Berkeley

EECS 117 Lecture 6 p. 33/3