Training Module for 3 G (WCDMA)

Day :1
WCDMA principle and overview.

WCDMA Radio Interface Physical Layer WCDMA Handover Principle

WCDMA Power Control Principle

DAY - 1

WCDMA Principles

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

Mobile Network Evolution

1G Analogue 2G Digital 2.5G Packet Data 2.75G Enhanced Data

WCDMA

GSM NMT TACS AMPS CDMA

1982-1996+ 1992-2002+ CDMA 1X 144K 2001+

EDGE GPRS
384K

2M, 14M

TDMA

115K

TD-SCDMA
2M

PDC cdma2000 1X EV-DO

2.4M

2004+

2002-2004+

Target of IMT2000
Global uniform frequency band and standard, global seamless coverage High efficient spectrum utility High quality of service, high security Easy for evolution from 2G system Providing multimedia service Car speed environment: 144kbps Walk speed environment: 384kbps Indoor environment: 2048kbps

WCDMA FDD
WCDMA FDD Multiple access method Duplex Method Frequency Band Base Station Synchronization Chip Rate Frame Length Service multiplexing Multi-user detection, smart antennas Power Control Handover Transmit Diversity Voice Coding DS-CDMA Frequency Division Uplink : 1920-1980MHz, Downlink : 2110-2170MHz Asynchronous/Synchronous operation 3.84Mcps 10ms Multiple Services with different QoS are multiplexed on a single connection Supported by standard, optional in implementation Fast Power Control, 1.5KHz Softer, Soft & Hard Handover Open & Closed Loop AMR Voice Coding, rate 4.75kb 12.2kbps

WCDMA Voice Evolution

Adopt AMR voice coding, and support voice quality of 4.75Kbps ~ 12.2Kbps Adopt soft handover and transmit diversity to improve system capacity Provide high fidelity voice mode Fast power control

Data Service Evolution of WCDMA

Support maximum 2Mbps data service Support packet switch Adopt ATM platform currently Provide QoS Common Packet Channel(CPCH) and Downlink Share Channel(DSCH) can support Internet packet services better Provide high-quality support for uplink-downlink symmetric data service, such as voice, video phone, conference TV

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

WCDMA Network Structure

CS domain
GSM /GPRS BSS BSC BTS PCU A HLR/AUC MSC/VLR GMSC PSTN/other PLMN

Gb

SCE SS7 SMS SCP

PS backbone

RNC NodeB

Iu-CS Iu-PS SGSN

Internet, Intranet GGSN

UTRAN

CG

PS domain

BG Other PLMN

WCDMA Interfaces
MSC
A Interface

SGSN
Gb

MSC
Iu-CS

SGSN
Iu-PS Iur Iub

BSC BSS
A-bis

RNC UTRAN
Iub

RNC

BTS
Um Uu

NodeB
Uu

NodeB

UE

UE

UE

GSM

WCDMA

Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 WCDMA Network Structure Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies Chapter 4 WCDMA RNC Area

Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies

Section 1 - Correlation Function

-

OVSF and PN code Information Spreading & Recovery Rake Receiver

Section 2 - WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram Section 3 - Power Control - Handover - Diversity

Correlation Function
Correlation is a measure of similarity between any two arbitrary signals. EXAMPLE: +1 0 -1 +1 0 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 correlation Identical signals

+1 0 -1 +1 0 -1

-1 1 -1 1 11 11 -1 1 -1 1 Zero correlation Orthogonal signals

Orthogonal Function
Orthogonal functions have zero correlation. Two binary sequences are orthogonal if their XOR output contains equal number of 1s and 0s

EXAMPLE: 0000 0101 0101 1010 0101 1111

OVSF & Walsh Code

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1,-1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

SF and Service Rate

Symbol Rate*SF=Chip Rate In WCDMA system, if chip rate=3.84MHz, SF=4, then symbol rate=960Kbps; Symbol Rate=(Service Rate + Checking Code)*Channel Coding Rate* Repeat or Puncture Rate In WCDMA system, if service rate=384Kbps, channel coding=1/3 Turbo coding, then symbol rate=960Kbps;

Scrambling Code
Scrambling codes GOLD sequence. Uplink scrambling codes Uplink scrambling codes are used to distinguish different UEs Downlink scrambling codes For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used. 8192 codes are divided into 512 groups, each of which contains 16 scrambling codes. The first scrambling code of each group is called primary scrambling code (PSC), and the other 15 ones are secondary scrambling codes (SSC).

OVSF and PN Code Usage

OVSF Code Usage PN Code Uplink : Separate physical data Uplink : Separation of UEs (DPDCH) & control channels (DPCCH) from the same terminal Downlink : Separate downlink connections to different UEs within Downlink : Separation of cells the cell Uplink : 4 256 chips Downlink : 4 512 chips Number of codes under one scrambling factor = spreading factor Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) Spreading increase transmission bandwidth Uplink/Downlink : 10ms = 38400 chips Uplink : Several Million Downlink : 512 Gold code No change in transmission bandwidth

Length Number of codes

Code Family Bandwidth

Information spreading over orthogonal codes

+1 -1 User Input Orthogonal Sequence Tx Data +1 -1 1 0 0 1 1

0110 1001

0110 0110

0110 0110

0110 1001

0110 1001

Information recovery
1001 Correct Function 0110 1111
+1 -1 1 Rx Data

0110 0110 0000

0

0110 0110 0000

0

1001 0110 1111

1

1001 0110 1111

1

Rx Data Incorrect Function

1001 0101 1100

?

0110 0101 0011

?

0110 0101 0011

?

1001 0101 1100

?

1001 0101 1100

?

Spreading and De-spreading

The improvement of time-domain information rate means that the bandwidth of spectrum-domain information is spread. S f information f0 f The spectrum before spreading S f information f0 f The spectrum before despreading information f0 S f information

f0 f The spectrum after spreading

S f Interference/noise

information Interference/noise f

The spectrum after despreading White noise

pulse interference

Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Calculate the time delay and signal strength

Combiner

The combined signal

Searcher correlator

s(t)

s(t)

RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system

Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies

Section 1 - Correlation Function
-

OVSF and PN code Information Spreading & Recovery Rake Receiver

Section 2 - WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram Section 3 - Power Control - Handover - Diversity

Block Diagram of WCDMA System

Source coding Channel coding Spreading Modulation

Radio channel

Source decoding

Channel decoding

Despreading

Demodulation

Common Technical Terms

Bit, Symbol, Chip: A bit is the input data which contain information A symbol is the output of the convolution, encoder, and the block interleaving A chip is the output of spreading Processing Gain: Processing gain is the ratio of chip rate to the bit rate. Closely related to spreading factor, SF. Forward direction/ Downlink : Information path from base station to mobile station Reverse direction/ Uplink : Information path from mobile station to base station

WCDMA System
Source Coding Voice : Adaptive multirate technique with rate 4.75kbps 12.2kbps Channel Coding CRC Attachment. Check for error during transmission. Voice : CRC check returns error, discard information Data : CRC check returns error; ask for retransmission

Convolutional or Turbo Coding Convolution coding for voice and low speed signaling Turbo Coding for large data transmission. Better performance than convolutional coding Interleaving Distribute error over data transmitted Rate Matching Match symbol rate to that accepted by spreading Rate matching technique : Repeat or puncturing

WCDMA System
Spreading Spreading (OVSF code) SF 4 512, depends on data rate

Scrambling (Gold Code)

Modulation QPSK

Chapter 3 WCDMA Technologies

Section 1 - Correlation Function

-

OVSF and PN code Information Spreading & Recovery Rake Receiver

Section 2 - WCDMA Transmission Block Diagram Section 3 - Power Control - Handover - Diversity

Power Control
Open Loop Power Control Set initial power for transmission of PRACH Closed Loop Power Control

Inner Loop Power Control Uplink : Controls power of NodeB. Downlink : Ensures all power received at NodeB are just enough to maintain satisfactory connection Fast Power Control : 1.5khz Outer Loop Power Control Set SIR threshold based on BER/BLER

Open Loop Power Control

Controlled by UE. Determine UE initial transmission power for random access procedure. Not in use when inner loop power control running. UE obtain information from network on: CPICH power Uplink interference level Constant value (Default = 2dB)

UE Initial Power = CPICH power CPICH_RSCP + UL interference + Constant

PRACH Tx power

System information : CPICH power, UL interference & constant

Power Control Bit

Inner Closed Loop Power Control

Located in UE & NodeB Controls power of dedicated physical channels SIR threshold (SIR)measured Power controls occurs at 1500Hz, thus known as fast power control NodeB and UE continuously measure and compare SIRmeasured with SIRthreshold value, and inform each other to increase /reduce its power accordingly.

UE3 NodeB

UE1

UE2

Without Power Control

With Optimum Power Control

UE2 UE4 UE3 UE1 UE4 UE1 UE2 UE3 UE4

Outer Closed Loop Power Control

Adjust SIR for every user
Needed to keep track of changes in radio environment Aims to provide required quality If SIRthreshold reaches its maximum, system has to perform

- inter-frequency/inter-system handover - RRC connection release

SIR threshold

RNC BER/BLER Value

Change in (SIR)threshold

Handover
Softer handover - Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the same BTS - Radio link connection to new target cell is created before existing connection being deleted. Soft handover - Handover between intra-frequency cells under the control of the different BTSs Hard handover - Condition of hard handover: Intra-frequency handover, cells controlled by different RNCs and no Iur interface between them Inter-frequency handover Inter-system handover

Interruption in voice or data communication occurs but this interruption does not effect the user communication

Soft/Softer Handover

Selection combination in the RNC during soft handoff Maximum ratio combination in the NodeB during softer handoffs

Power received from a single sector

Combine all the power from each sector

Transmission Diversity : STTD

B0 B1 B2 B3

Pa th 1

B0 B1 B2 B3

Transmission diversity processing

Antenna 1

Restoring data stream

B0 B1 B2 B3

2 Path
B2 B3 B0 B1

Antenna 2

Space Time transmit Diversity (STTD)

Transmission Diversity : TSTD

Data stream 1 Data stream Transmission diversity processing
Pa th 1

Antenna 1

Restoring data stream

2 Path

Data stream 2
Antenna 2

Time Switch transmit Diversity (TSTD) Used in synchronization physical channel ( SCH)

UMTS Radio Interface Physical Layer

Chapter 1 : Physical Layer Overview

Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedures Chapter 4 : Transmit Diversity on Physical Channel

UTRAN Protocol Structure

Core Network Iu RNS RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B Iur RNS RNC Iub Node B Iub Node B Iu

Spreading Technology
Spreading consists of 2 steps Channelization operation: Transforms data symbols into chips. Thus increasing the bandwidth of the signal. The number of chips per data symbol is called the Spreading Factor SF .The operation is done through multiplication with OVSF code. Scrambling operation is applied to the spreading signal.

Data bit

Chips after spreading

OVSF code

Scrambling code

Channelization Code
OVSF code is used as channelization code The channelization codes are uniquely described as Cch,SF,k, where SF is the spreading factor of the code and k is the code number, 0 k SF-1.

Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1, -1, -1) Cch,1,0 = (1) Cch,4,2 = (1, -1,1, -1) Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,4,3 = (1, -1, -1,1) SF = 1 SF = 2 SF = 4

Scrambling Code
Scrambling code GOLD sequence. Scrambling code period : 10ms ,or 38400 chips. The code used for scrambling of uplink DPCCH/DPDCH may be of either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers. For downlink physical channels, a total of 218-1 = 262,143 scrambling codes can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used.

Primary Scrambling Code

Primary scrambling code 0 Secondary scrambling code 1

Set 0 Scrambling codes for downlink physical channels Set 1

Secondary scrambling code 15

Primary scrambling code 51116

Set 511

8192 scrambling codes

512 sets

Secondary scrambling code 51116 15

Primary Scrambling Code Group

Primary scrambling code 0 Primary scrambling code 1

Group 0 Primary scrambling codes for downlink physical channels

Primary scrambling code 7

Group1
Primary scrambling code 8*63

Group 63

Primary scrambling code 63*8 7

512 primary scrambling codes

64 primary scrambling code groups

Each group consists of 8 primary scrambling codes

Chapter 1 : Physical Layer Overview

Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology

Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedures Chapter 4 : Transmit Diversity on Physical Channel

Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology

Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Function Section 2 Channel Mapping

WCDMA Radio Interface

3GPP protocol defined WCDMA radio interface into three channels: Physical channel, transport channel and logical channel. Logical channel: Carrying user services. Divided into 2 types, based on services it carried: Control channel and service channel. Transport channel: Between radio interface layer 2 and physical layer. Services provided by physical layer for MAC layer. Based on information transported, can be divided into dedicated channel and common channel. Physical channel: It is the ultimate embodiment of all kinds of information when they are transmitted on radio interfaces. Each channel that uses dedicated carrier frequency, code (spreading code and scramble) and carrier phase can be regarded as a

Logical channel
Dedicated traffic channel Common traffic channel DTCH CTCH Traffic channel

Broadcast control channel BCCH Paging control channel PCCH Dedicate control channel DCCH Common control channel (CCCH Control channel

Transport channel
Dedicated Channel (DCH)
Dedicated Channel (DCH) exists on uplink or downlink channel.

Dedicated transport channel

Broadcast channel Forward access channel Paging channel Random access channel

(BCH) (FACH) (PCH) (RACH)

BCH, FACH & PCH are downlink channels. Only RACH is common uplink channel

Physical Channel
A physical channel is defined by a specific carrier frequency, code (scrambling code, spreading code) and relative phase. In UMTS system, the different code (scrambling code or spreading code) can distinguish the channels. Most channels consist of radio frames and time slots, and each radio frame consists of 15 time slots. Two types of physical channel: UL and DL

Physical Channel Frequency,code,phase

Downlink Physical Channel

Downlink Dedicated Physical Channel
Downlink DPCH

Downlink Common Physical Channel

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Synchronization Channel (SCH) Common Control Physical Channel (CCPCH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

Downlink Physical Channel

Functions of Downlink DPDCH/DPCCH

Data bearer at physical layer

DPDCH
DCH data DCH data

DPCCH
Provide control data for DPDCH ,such as demodulation, power control,etc.

Common Pilot Channel(CPICH)

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Carries pre-defined sequence. Fixed rate 30Kbps SF=256 Can use STTD on this channel

Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Primary CPICH Uses OVSF code -Cch, 256,0 Scrambled by the primary scrambling code Only one CPICH per cell Broadcast over the entire cell The P-CPICH is a phase reference for SCH, Primary CCPCH, AICH, PICH. By default, it is also a phase reference for downlink DPCH. Secondary CPICH An arbitrary channel code of SF=256 is used for S-CPICH S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling code There may be zero, one , or several secondary CPICH. S-CPICH may be transmitted over part of the cell S-CPICH may be a phase reference for S-CCPCH and downlink DPCH.

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Used for cell search Two sub channels: P-SCH and SSCH. SCH is transmitted at the first 256 chips of every time slot. PSC is transmitted repeatedly in each time slot.
Slot #0 Primary SCH Secondary SCH ac p ac si,0 256 chips 2560 chips One 10 ms SCH radio frame ac p ac si,1 Slot #1 ac p ac si,14

SSC specifies the scrambling code groups of the cell. SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of length 256, there are altogether 64 primary scrambling code groups.

Slot #14

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (PCCPCH)

Fixed rate 30kbps SF=256, 1 Carry BCH transport channel Not transmitted during the first 256 chips of each time slot. Only data part STTD transmit diversity may be used

25 chips 6 (T O F x F) D ata 18 bits Tslot = 2 0 ch , 20 b 56 ips its

S #0 lot

S #1 lot

S t #i lo 1 radio fram T e:
f

S #1 lot 4 =1 m 0 s

Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (SCCPCH)

Carry FACH and PCH. Two types of SCCPCH: with or without TFCI. UTRAN decides if a TFCI should be transmitted, UE must support TFCI. Possible rates are the same as that of downlink DPCH
TFCI N TFCI bits

SF =256 - 4. FACH and PCH can be mapped to the same or separate SCCPCHs. If mapped to the same S-CCPCH, they can be mapped to the same frame.

Data Ndata bits Tslot = 2560 chips, 20*2

k

Pilot N pilot bits bits (k=0..6)

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i 1 radio frame: T

f

Slot #14 = 10 m s

Paging Indicator Channel (PICH)

Fixed-rate (SF=256, 3), used to carry the Paging Indicators (PI). PICH is always associated with an S-CCPCH to which a PCH transport channel is mapped to. N paging indicators {PI0, , PIN-1} in each PICH frame, N=18, 36, 72, or 144. If a paging indicator in a certain frame is set to 1, it indicates that UEs associated with this paging indicator should read the corresponding frame of the associated S-CCPCH.

288 bits for paging indication b0 b1

12 bits (undefined) b287 b288 b299

One radio frame (10 ms)

Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH)

Frame structure of AICH two frames, 20 ms consists of a repeated sequence of 15 consecutive AS, each of length 20 symbols(5120 chips). Each time slot consists of two parts an AcquisitionIndicator(AI) and a part of duration 1024chips with no transmission. Acquisition-Indicator AI have 16 kinds of Signature. CPICH is the phase reference of AICH.
AI part
a 0 a 1 a2 a30 a31 a32 a33

Unused part
a38 a39

AS #14

AS #0

AS #1

AS # i 20 ms

AS #14

AS #0

Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Dedicated Physical Channel Uplink Dedicated Physical Data Channel (Uplink DPDCH) Uplink Dedicated Physical Control Channel (Uplink DPCCH)

Uplink Physical Channel

Uplink Common Physical Channel Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

The PRACH consist of 2 parts: Preamble one or several preamble. Each preamble is of length 4096chips and consists of 256 repetitions of a signature whose length is 16 chips. Total of 16 signatures SF : 256 Message part : Two type, 10 or 20ms message part SF : 256 - 32 Which signature is available and the length of message part are determined by higher layer

PRACH Transmission Structure

Preamble 4096 chips

Preamble

Preamble

Message part 10 ms (one radio frame)

Preamble 4096 chips

Preamble

Preamble

Message part 20 ms (two radio frames)

Function of physical channel

Cell broadcast channels P-CPICH-Primary common pilot channel S-CPICH-secondary common pilot channel P-CCPCH-Primary common control physical channel SCH- Synchronisation Channel Paging channels S-CCPCH-Secondary common control physical channel PICH-paging Indicator Channel Random access channels PRACH-Physical random access channel AICH-Acquisition Indicator Channel Dedicated channels DPDCH-dedicated physical data channel DPCCH-dedicated physical control channel

Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology

Section 1 Physical Channel Structure and Function Section 2 Channel Mapping

Channel Mapping
Higher Layer data Logical Channels Paging Paging System System Info Info Signaling Signaling Cell Cell Broadcast Broadcast Service Service Signaling Signaling and and User data User data DCCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH Decicated Logical Channel
CipherOn

(Data Dependent)

DTCH DTCH DTCH

{XOR}

Transport Channels
(L1 Characteristics Dependent)

PCH

BCH P-CCPCH

FACH

RACH

DCH

Physical Channels

S-CCPCH

PRACH

DPDCH

Chapter 1 : Physical Layer Overview Chapter 2 : Physical Layer Key Technology

Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedures

Chapter 4 : Transmit Diversity on Physical Channel

Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedure

Section 1 Synchronisation Procedure ( Cell Search) Section 2 Random Access Procedure

1. Synchronization Procedure Cell Search

Slot synchronization UE uses PSC to acquire slot synchronization to a cell

Frame synchronization and code-group identification

UE uses SSC to find frame synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first step

Scrambling-code identification

UE determines the primary scrambling code through correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the identified group, and then detects the PCCPCH and reads BCH information

Chapter 3 : Physical Layer Procedure

Section 1 Synchronisation Procedure ( Cell Search) Section 2 Random Access Procedure

2. Random Access ProcedureRACH

Physical random access procedure 1. UE decoded BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channel, its scrambling code and available signature. 2. Randomly select one of the RACH sub-channels from the group its access class allows to use. Signature also selected randomly from among the available signatures. 3. Set Preamble Retransmission Counter to Preamble_ Retrans_ Max 4. Set Preamble Initial Power 5. Transmit a preamble using the selected uplink access slot, signature, and preamble transmission power

2. Random Access Procedure RACH

6. If no Acquisition Indicator received for the corresponding signature in the downlink access slot :

Select the next available access slot in the set of available RACH subchannels within the given access service class (ASC) Select a signature Increase the Commanded Preamble Power Decrease the Preamble Retransmission Counter by one. If the Preamble Retransmission Counter > 0 then repeat from step 6. Otherwise exit the physical random access procedure.

2. Random Access Procedure RACH

7. If Negative Acquisition Indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected in the downlink access slot corresponding to the selected uplink access slot, exit the physical random access procedure 8. If a Positive Acquisition Indicator corresponding to the selected signature is detected, Transmit the random access message three or four uplink access slots after the uplink access slot of the last transmitted preamble 9. Exit physical random access procedure

Thank You