Chuyen de KTCM - định tuyến trong mạng cảm biến vô tuyến

Chuyn d k thut chuyn mch TS : L Nht Thng
D ti : Djnh tuyn trong mng cam bin v tuyn

1
Li ni du
Su pht trin cua Internet, truyn thng v cng ngh thng tin kt hop voi nhung tin
b k thut gn dy d tao diu kin cho cc h cam bin moi voi gi thnh thp, kha nng
trin khai qui m lon voi d chnh xc cao. Cng ngh diu khin v cam bin gm cc bin
dy cam bin truong din tu, cam bin tn s v tuyn, cam bin quang din v hng ngoai,
laser radar v cam bin dinh vi dn duong.
Cc tin b trong linh vuc thit k cam bin, vt liu cho php giam kch thuoc, trong
luong v chi ph san xut cam bin dng thoi tng kha nng hoat dng v d chnh xc. Trong
tuong lai gn, mang cam bin khng dy s c th tch hop hng triu cam bin vo h thng
d cai thin cht luong v thoi gian sng.
Cng ngh diu khin v cam bin c tim nng lon, khng chi trong khoa hoc v
nghin cuu m quan trong hon chng duoc su dung rng ri trong cc ung dung lin quan
dn vao v cc cng trnh trong yu, chm sc suc khoe, bao v mi truong nng luong, an
ton thuc phm, san xut, nng cao cht luong cuc sng v kinh tVoi muc tiu giam gi
thnh v tng hiu qua trong cng nghip v thuong mai, mang cam bin khng dy s mang
dn su tin nghi v cc ung dung thit thuc nng cao cht luong cuc sng cho con nguoi.
Trong ni dung ti liu ny, trnh by v cc k thut xy dung mang cam bin khng
dy, cc giao thuc d thit k tu don gian dn phuc tap. Bn canh d l cc ung dun ph bin
c nhiu tim nng ung dung trong thuc t. Mt ci nhn tng quan v cng ngh mang cam
bin khng dy.
Em xin chn thnh cam on su huong dn nhit tnh cua thy L Nhat Thng, su goi
mo v gp cua thy d h tro rt nhiu d em c th hon thnh d ti ny.
2
Cc thut ng vit tt
T vit
tt
Nghia ting Anh Nghia ting Vit
BTS Base Transeeiver Station Tram thu pht co so
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access Da truy cp phn chia theo m
CID Cluster Identity M xc nhn Cluster
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access Da truy cp phn chia theo tn s
GBR Gradient based Routing Dinh tuyn dua trn Gradient
GAF Geographic adaptive fidelity Truyn thng tin trung thuc dua vo vi
tr
GEAR Geographic and Energy Aware Routing Dinh tuyn v vi tr v nng luong
HbH Hop-by- Hop Truyn tung buoc
HPAR Hierarchical Power-aware Routing Dinh tuyn phn cp voi nhn thuc v
nng luong
IEEE nstitute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Vin k thut din v din tu
IrisNet Internet-Scale Resource-Intensive Sensor Networks
Services
Dich vu mang cam bin ti nguyn lon
muc lin mang
ITU International Telecommunication Union Lin minh vin thng quc t
LAN Local Area Network Mang ni b
LEAC
H
Low- Energy Adaptive Clustering Hiearchy Cu trc phn bc tuong thch
MCFA Minium Cost Forwarding Algorithm Thut ton chuyn tip chi ph ti
thiu
MNETs Mobile ad hoc Network Mang ad hoc di dng
MIB Managenment Information Base Co so thng tin quan l
MiLAN Middle ware Linking Application and Network Phn mm lin kt ung dung v mang
NAV Network Allocation Vector Vector phn phi mang
NMS Network Management System H thng quan l mang
OS Operating System H diu hnh
PAN Personal Area Network Mang c nhn
PEGAS
IS
Power-efficient Gathering in Sensor Information
System
Tp trung hiu sut trong mang cam
bin
QoS Quality of Service Cht luong dich vu
SPIN Sensor Protocols for Information via Negotiation Giao thuc thng tin cam bin dn xp
SOP Self-organizing Protocol Giao thuc tu tao
SAR Sensor Aggregrates Routing Dinh tuyn tng hop b cam bin
TEEN Threshold-sensitive Energy Efficient Protocols Giao thuc tit kim nng luong qua
cc ngung
VGA Virtual Grid Architecture Routing Dinh tuyn voi cu trc mang luoi ao
WSNs Wireless Sensor Networks Mang cam bin khng dy
ZDO ZigBee Device Object Di tuong thit bi ZigBee
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Danh mc cc bang
Bang 1.1: Phn loai cc Node theo dc dim
Bang 2.1 : So snh giua SPIN, LEACH v Truyn tin truc tip
Bang 2.2: Cu trc voi cu trc lin kt dinh tuyn
Bang 2.3: Tm tt cc giao thuc
Danh mc cc hnh v
Hnh 1.1: M hnh mang cam bin thng thuong
Hnh 1.2: Cc thnh phn trong mt Node
Hnh 1.3: Su pht trin cng ngh ch tao cam bin
Hnh 1.4: Dang 1 WSNs, lin kt multipoint- to- point, multihop dng dinh tuyn dng
Hnh 1.5: Dang 2 WSNs lin kt point-to-point, Star dinh tuyn tinh
Hnh 1.6: Cc node theo m hnh hop tc v bt hop tc
Hnh 1.7: Ung dung WSNs trong an ninh quc gia v lut php
Hnh 1.8: Ung dung cam bin trong qun su
Hnh 1.9: H thng cam bin trn cc duong cao tc
Hnh 1.10: Thoi gian hoat dng Pin trong Bluetooth(BT) v ZigBee
Hnh 1.11: Cc ung dung diu khin
Hnh 1.12: Diu khin nh sng trong phng
Hnh 1.13: Cc ung dung trong cng nghip
Hnh 1.14: Cc ung dung trong y khoa
Hnh 2.1: Phn loai dinh tuyn trong mang cam bin v tuyn
Hnh 2.2: Mt s v du v su khuch tn cua mang cam bin
Hnh 2.3: Hai m hnh su dung trong kim dinh tuyn trung tm
Hnh 2.4: Dng thoi gian cho cc hoat dng cua a) ATEEN, b) APEEN
Hnh 2.5: Vng mang ung dung
Hnh 2.6: V du cua vng trong mang cam bin

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Chuong 1 : TONG QUAN MNG CAM BIEN V TUYEN
1.1 Gii thiu
Mang cam bin (sensor network) l mt cu trc ,l su kt hop cc kha nng cam bin ,xu
l thng tin v cc thnh phn lin lac d tao kha nng quan st ,phn tch v phan ung lai voi
cc su kin v hin tuong xay ra trong mi truong cu th no d .Mi truong c th l th gioi
vt l ,h thng sinh hoc .
Cc ung dung co ban cua mang cam bin chu yu gm thu thp du liu ,gim st ,theo di ,v
cc ung dung trong y hoc .Tuy nhin ung dung cua mang cam bin ty theo yu cu su dung
cn rt da dang v khng bi gioi han .
C 4 thnh phn co ban cu tao nn mt mang cam bin :
Cc cam bin duoc phn b theo m hnh tp trung hay phn b rai rc
Mang luoi lin kt giua cc cam bin (c dy hay v tuyn)
Dim trung tm tp hop du liu (Clustering)
B phn xu l du liu trung tm
Mt node cam bin duoc dinh nghia l su kt hop cam bin v b phn xu l ,hay cn goi l
cc mote .Mang cam bin khng dy (WSN) l mang cam bin trong d cc kt ni giua cc
node cam bin bng sng v tuyn .
1.1.1 Cng ngh Sensor Network
Trong mang cam bin ,cam bin duoc xem l phn quan trong nht phuc vu cho cc ung
dung .Cng ngh cam bin v diu khin bao gm cc cam bin truong din tu ;cam bin tn
s v tuyn ;quang ;hng ngoai ;radars ;lasers ;cc cam bin dinh vi ,dn duong ;do dac cc
thng s mi truong ;v cc cam bin phuc vu trong ung dung an ninh ,sinh ha Ngy nay
,cam bin duoc su dung voi s luong lon .
Mang cam bin khng dy c dc dim ring ,cng sut bi gioi han ,thoi gian cung cp
nng luong cua ngun (chu yu l pin) c thoi gian ngn ,chu ky nhim vu ngn ,quan h da
dim dim ,s luong lon cc node cam bin
Cam bin c th chi gm 1 hay dy cam bin .Kch thuoc rt da dang ,tu nano (1 100nm)
,meso (100 10000nm) ,micro (10 1000um) ,macro (vi mm m)
Do dc tnh cua mang cam bin khng dy l di dng v truoc dy chu yu phuc vu cho cc
ung dung qun su nn di hoi bao mt cao .Ngy nay ,cc ung dung cua mang cam bin mo
rng cho cc ung dung thuong mai ,vic tiu chun ha s tao nn tnh thuong mai cao cho
mang cam bin khng dy .
Cc nghin cuu gn dy pht trin thng tin cng sut thp voi cc node xu l gi thnh
thp v c kha nng tu phn b sp xp ,lua chon giao thuc cho mang ,giai quyt bi ton
quan trong nht cua mang cam bin khng dy l kha nng cung cp nng luong cho cc node
bi gioi han .Cc m hnh khng dy ,c mach tiu thu nng luong thp duoc uu tin pht trin
.Hiu qua su dung cng sut cua mang cam bin khng dy v tng qut dua trn 3 tiu ch :
Chu k hoat dng ngn
Xu l du liu ni b tai cc node d giam chiu di du liu ,thoi gian truyn
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M hnh mang multihop lm giam chiu di duong truyn ,qua d giam suy hao
tng cng ,giam tng cng sut cho duong truyn .
Mang cam bin khng dy duoc phn ra lm 2 loai ,theo m hnh kt ni v dinh tuyn m
cc nodes su dung :
> Loi 1 (C1WSNs) :
Su dung giao thuc dinh tuyn dng
Cc node tm duong di tt nht dn dch
Vai tr cua cc node cam bin voi cc node k tip nhu l cc tram lp (repeater)
Khoang cch rt lon (hng ngn mt)
Kha nng xu l du liu o cc node chuyn tip
Mang phuc tap
> Loi 2(C2WSNs) :
M hnh da dim dim hay dim dim ,1 kt ni radio dn node trung tm
Su dung giao thuc dinh tuyn tinh
1 node khng cung cp thng tin cho cc node khc
Khoang cch vi trm mt
Node chuyn tip khng c kha nng xu l du liu cho cc node khc
H thng tuong di don gian
Tiu chun tn s dang duoc p dung cho mang cam bin khng dy l IEEE 802.15.4
.Hoat dng tai tn s 2,4GHz trong cng nghip ,khoa hoc v y hoc (ISM) ,cung cp duong
truyn du liu voi tc d ln dn 250kbps o khoang cch 30 dn 200 feet .Zigbee/IEEE
802.15.4 duoc thit k d b sung cho cc cng ngh khng dy nhu l Bluetooth ,Wifi
,Ultrawideband (UWB) ,muc dch phuc vu cho cc ung dung thuong mai
Voi su ra doi cua tiu chun Zigbee/IEEE 802.15.4 ,cc h thng dn pht trin theo
huong tiu chun ,cho php cc cam bin truyn thng tin qua knh truyn duoc tiu chun
ha .Nhiu nghin cuu trong linh vuc mang di dng ad hoc (MANETs) .Mang cam bin
khng dy tuong tu nhu MANETs theo mt vi dc dim .Ca hai du l chun mang khng
dy ,multihop .Tuy nhin ,cc ung dung v k thut giua hai h thng c khc nhau .
Dang thng thuong cua mang cam bin khng dy l da ngun du liu truyn dn noi
nhn ,khc hn dim dim trong MANETs .
Cc node trong mang cam bin khng dy t di dng ,trong khi ad hoc cc node l di
dng
Trong mang cam bin khng dy ,du liu tu cc cam bin chu yu tu cc hin tuong ,su
kin o th gioi thuc .O MANETs chu yu l du liu .
Ngun gioi han ,nng luong trong mang cam bin khng dy duoc quan l su dung rt
cht ch .Trong MANETs khng th p dung hon ton cho WSNs .Tuy nhin WSNs c th
coi nhu mt phn trong MANETs (ad hoc) .
1.1.2 Cc thnh phn co ban cu trc mng cam bin khng dy :
Cc thnh phn co ban v thit k trong tm cua mang cam bin khng dy cn duoc dt
trong ngu canh cua m hnh mang cam bin khng dy dang 1 (C1WSNs) d duoc gioi thiu
o phn truoc .Boi v dy l m hnh voi s luong lon cam bin trong mang ,chui du liu
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nhiu ,du liu khng tht hon hao ,kha nng hu hong cc node cao ,cung nhu kha nng bi
nhiu lon ,gioi han cng sut cung cp ,xu l ,thiu thng tin cc node trong mang .Do vy
,C1WSNs tng qut hon so voi m hnh C2WSNs .Su pht trin mang cam bin dua trn cai
tin v cam bin ,thng tin ,v tnh ton (giai thut trao di du liu ,phn cung v phn mm) .

Hnh 1.1 : M hnh mang cam bin thng thuong

Hnh 1.1 cho thy m hnh cu trc cua mang cam bin thuong dng .Cc cam bin lin kt
theo giao thuc Multihop ,phn chia Cluster (cum)chon ra node c kha nng tt nht lm node
trung tm ,tt ca cc node loai ny s truyn v node xu l chnh .Nho vy ,nng luong cung
nhu bng thng knh truyn s su dung hiu qua hon .Tuy nhin ,c th thy cu trc mang
phuc tap v giao thuc phn chia cum v dinh tuyn cung tro nn kh khn hon .
Mt vi dc dim cua mang cam bin :
Cc node phn b dy dc .
Cc node d bi hu hong .
Giao thuc mang thay di thuong xuyn .
Node bi gioi han v cng sut ,kha nng tnh ton v b nho .
Cc node c th khng duoc dng nht ton h thng v s luong lon cc node

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Hnh 1.2 Cc thnh phan trong mot Node
Cc thnh phn cu tao nn mt node trong mang cam bin nhu trn hnh 1.2 :
Mt cam bin (c th l mt hay dy cam bin) v don vi thuc thi (nu c)
Don vi xu l
Don vi lin lac bng v tuyn
Ngun cung cp
Cc phn ung dung khc
1.2 Khi qut v phn loi NODE cam bin :
Mang cam bin khng dy gm nhiu cam bin phn b phn tn bao phu mt vng dia l
.Cc node cam bin hay cn goi l WNs c kha nng lin lac v tuyn voi cc node ln cn v
cc chuc nng co ban nhu xu l tn hiu ,quan l giao thuc mang v bt tay voi cc node ln
cn d truyn du liu tu ngun dn trung tm .Chuc nng co ban cua cc node trong mang
WSns phu thuc vo ung dung cua n ,mt s chuc nng chnh :
Xc dinh duoc gi tri cc thng s tai noi lp dt .Nhu c th tra v nhit d ,p sut
,cuong d nh sng tai noi khao st .
Pht hin su tn tai cua cc su kin cn quan tm v uoc luong cc thng s cua su kin
d .Nhu mang cam bin khng dy dng trong gim st giao thng ,cam bin phai nhn bit
duoc su di chuyn cua xe c ,do duoc tc d v huong di chuyn cua cc phuong tin dang
luu thng
Phn bit cc di tuong .V du phuong tin luu thng m cam bin nhn bit duoc l xe
con ,xe tai ,hay xe but .
Theo du cc di tuong .V du trong mang cam bin khng dy qun su ,mang cam bin
phai cp nht duoc vi tr cc phuong tin cua di phuong khi chng di chuyn trung vng bao
phu cua mang
Cc h thng c th dp ung thoi gian thuc hay gn nhu th ,ty theo yu cu v muc dch
cua thng tin cn thu thp .
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Cam bin gm nhiu nhm chuc nng co ,ha ,nhit ,din ,tu ,sinh hoc ,quang ,cht long
,sng siu m ,cam bin khi Cam bin c th duoc dua ra bn ngoi mi truong nguy hai
;mi truong c nhit d cao ,muc dao dng ,nhiu lon ,mi truong ha cht dc hai ;c th lp
dt trong h thng robo tu dng hay trong h thng nh xuong san xut .Cng ngh cam bin
v diu khin bao gm truong din v tu ;cam bin sng radio ;cam bin quang ,hng ngoai
;radars ,lasers ;cam bin vi tr hay dinh vi ;cam bin huong muc dch phuc vu cho an ninh sinh
ha
Cc thng s vt l
Cc thng s ha hoc ,sinh hoc
Cc su kin
Cc cam bin kch thuoc nho ,gi thnh thp ,n dinh ,d nhay cao v dng tin cy l yu t
quan trong nn cc mang cam bin khng dy hoat dng hiu qua v kinh t .

Hnh 1.3 : Su pht trin cng ngh ch tao cam bin
Cng ngh cam bin pht trin gn dy nhu hnh 2.1 .Node kt hop cam bin v xu l giai
doan 1999 c kch thuoc lon hon mt dng xu ,cc IC tch hop cam bin .Cc nm tip theo
,kch thuoc node giam di rt nhiu .Voi su pht trin cua cc cng ngh nano ,MEMS kch
thuoc giam di dng k km theo giam nng luong tiu thu ,tng thoi gian su dung ,kha nng
xu l ,d n dinh cao hon Nhung nm du 2000 ,th tch trung bnh cc node c 16,387
mm ,dn 2007 l 1-mm .
1.2.1 Phn loi cam bin :
Boi v su da dang cua cam bin ,cn thit phai c su phn loai .Dnh gi theo kch thuoc
,cng sut ,kha nng xu l ,ch d hoat dng ,giao thuc dinh tuyn

Kch
thuc

Kha nng
di dng
Cng sut
ngun
Kha nng
luu tr ,
tnh ton

Ch d
Giao thc
o cc lp
thp
Giao thc
o cc lp
cao
Rt lon
(10 mm)
Di dng Tu nap lai B xu l
,luu tru
muc cao
Da chuc
nng ,cam
bin thng
s vt l
Da duong
luoi : 10
100m
;IEEE
MAC
Dinh
tuyn
dng
Lon
(100mm)
Di dng Tu nap lai B xu l
,luu tru
Da chuc
nng ,cam
Da duong
luoi : 10 -
Dinh
tuyn
9
trung bnh bin thng
s ha -
sinh
m
;IEEE
MAC
dng
Trung bnh
(10mm)
Di dng Pin ,10h B xu l
muc thp
,luu tru
muc cao
Da chuc
nng ,cam
bin thng
s vt l
ha sinh
Da duong
luoi > m
;IEEE
MAC
Dinh
tuyn
dng
Nho (10
mm)
t di dng Pin ,10
gio
B xu l
muc cao
,luu tru
trung bnh
Da chuc
nng ,cam
bin thng
s vt l
Da duong
luoi ;10 -
10
m;IEEE
MAC
Dinh
tuyn
dng
Rt nho
( mm)
t di dng Pin ,10
gio
B xu l
,luu tru
trung bnh
Da chuc
nng ,cam
bin thng
s ha
sinh
Da duong
luoi ; 10 -
m
;IEEE
MAC
Dinh
tuyn tinh
Cuc nho
( mm)
t di dng
Pin, gio
B xu l
muc thp
,luu tru
muc trung
bnh
Da chuc
nng ,cam
bin thng
s vt l
ha sinh
Da duong
luoi ;
> m
;IEEE
MAC

C micro
( mm)
Khng di
dng
Pin
gio
B xu l
muc cao
,luu tru
muc thp
Mt chuc
nng ,cam
bin thng
s vt l
Mt
duong
;10 -
10m
;IEEE
MAC

C nano
(< mm)
Khng di
dng
B xu l
trung bnh
.luu tru
muc thp
Mt chuc
nng ,cam
bin thng
s ha
sinh
Mt
duong ;>
m
;IEEE
MAC

Bang 1.1 : Phn loai cc node theo dc dim
1.2.2 Mi trung hot dng cua sensor node (WNs) :
Node cam bin bi rng buc boi mt s yu t :
Ngun cung cp : cc node bi gioi han boi nng luong cung cp ,vic su dung hiu
qua ngun nng luong l cha kha cho thit k cc h thng WSNs
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Lin lac : Mang v tuyn thuong bi gioi han v bng thng ,nhiu knh truyn .Cc
yu t ny anh huong dn d tin cy ,cht luong dich vu v bao mt cua h thng
Tnh ton : Cc node c cng sut tnh ton v b nho gioi han .Diu ny anh huong
dn vic lua chon giai thut xu l du liu hoat dng tai node .
Su khng chc chn cc thng s : Du liu cn thu thp c th km theo nhiu tu mi
truong .Su hu hong cc node c th lm sai du liu .Su sp dt cc node gy sai lch hoat
dng node .
1.2.3 Xu hung pht trin cua Node cam bin :
D mang WSNs c th duoc trin khai rng ri voi quy m lon ,kch thuoc ,gi thnh v
cng sut tiu thu cua node phai giam dng k v su thng minh cua node phai tng ln .Cn
c h thng cam bin kt hop cc k thut tin tin nhu cng ngh nano ,mang phn b ,thng
tin v tuyn bng rng
Su thu nho kch thuoc ,gi thnh l vn d quan trong hng du .Su tch hop cam bin ,vi
xu l ,ngun nng luong v giao tip mang thng tin trn mt chip s lm vic trao di du liu
giua cam bin v mi truong bn ngoi tro nn d dng hon .
Vic tiu chun ha cung rt quan trong .Tao ra cc tiu chun chung s gip mang cam
bin v tuyn khng dy ung dung rng ri hon trong thuc t ,c kha nng giao tip voi cc
mang khc ,giao din Internet ,cung cp cc dich vu da dang hon .Cc nghin cuu dang huong
dn cc k thut ch tao cam bin moi ,h thng mang cam bin phn b ,tch hop cam bin
trong cc h thng thuong mai ,h tro hiu qua cho cc qu trnh ra quyt dinh .
1.3 UNG DJNG CUA MANG CAM BIEN V TUYEN
WSNs l su tp hop cc kch thuoc nho gon( compact-size), cu th l cac node cam
bin voi gi thnh thp, c kha nng lm vic trong diu kin mi truong tu nhin hoc do dac
cc thng s khc v dua nhung thng tin dn trung tm cho cc xu l ph ho. Cc node trong
mang WSNs c th lin lac voi cc node xung quanh n, v cn c th c cc xu l du liu
thu duoc truoc khi goi dn cc node khc. WSNs cung cp rt nhiu cc ung dung huu ch.
1.3.1 Cc m hnh phn b:
Nhu d duoc d cp trong phn du, m hnh WSNs duoc xy dung chu yu theo 2 loai:
Category 1 WSNs (C1WSNs): H thng luoi kt ni da duong giua cc node qua knh
truyn v tuyn, su dung giao thuc dinh tuyn dng.
Category 2 WSNs (C2WSNs): M hnh dim- dim hay dia dim- dim, chu yu l
cc lin kt don (single- hop) giua cc node, dng giao thuc dinh tuyn tnh.
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Hnh 1.4: Dang 1 WSNs ,lin kt multipointto-point ,multihop dng dinh tuyn dong

Hnh 1.5: Dang 2 WSNs lin kt point-to-point ,Star dinh tuyn tinh
Theo cch khc c th chia m hnh theo 2 dang hop tc ( cooperative) v bt hop tc
(noncooperative). Trong dang hop tc cc node chuyn tip thng tin cho cc node ln cn.
Cn trong dang bt hop tc, cc node truyn thng tin truc tip ln trung tm m khng qua
cc node ln cn.
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Hnh 1.6 :Cc node theo m hnh hop tc v bat hop tc
Mc d cn c cc cch phn loai m hnh khc, tuy nhin theo 2 dang C1WSNs v C2WSNs
l tng qut nht cho c cch cu hnh mang WSNs. Cc ung dung duoc xy dung trn cc
m hnh ny.
1.3.2 Cc ng dng cua mng WSNs:
Chia ra 2 loai ung dung theo m hnh: H thng dim- dim dng dinh tuyn tinh v
h thng phuc tap dng giao thuc dinh tuyn dng.
Su hi tu cua Internet, thng tin v tuyn, v k thut thng tin tao cho cng ngh cam
bin su pht trin dy tim nng . Phn cung WSNs, dc bit l cc vi xu l gi thnh thp,
cam bin nho gon, phn thu pht v tuyn tiu thu cng sut thp tro thnh cc tiu chun
chung. Mang cam bin thng thuong hoat dng o tn s 900MHz (868-v 915- MHz), h
thng thuong mai (IEEE 802.11 b hay IEEE 802.5.4) trong dy tn 2.4- GHz.
Trong nhung nm gn dy, cc nghin cuu v WSN d dat duoc buoc pht trin manh
m,cc buoc tin tu cc nghin cuu hua hen tc dng lon dn cc ung dung rng ri trong cc
linh vuc an ninh quc gia, chm sc suc khoe, mi truong, nng luong, an ton thuc phm v
san xut
1.3.3 Cc v d v ng dng dng 1 WSN ( C1WSN):
u Ung dng qun s, an ninh v thin nhin:
Trong phan ung voi dich bnh, tham hoa thin nhin, luong lon cc cam bin
duoc tha tu trn khng, mang luoi cc cam bin s cho bit vi tr nguoi sng st, vng
nguy him, gip con nguoi gim st cc thng tin chnh xc dam bao hiu qua v an
ton cho cc hoat dng tm kim.
Su dung mang WSNs han ch su c mt truc tip cua con nguoi trong mi truong
nguy him. Ung dung an ninh bao gm pht hin xm nhp v truy bt ti pham.
Mang cam bin qun su pht hin v c duoc thng tin v su di chuyn cua di
phuong, cht n v cc thng tin khc
Pht hin v phn loai cc cht ha cht, sinh ha, sng v tuyn, phng xa hat
nhn, cht n
Gim st su thay di kh hy rung, bin
Gim st xe c trn duong
Gim st an ninh trong khu vuc dn cu, thuong mai
Theo di bin gioi kt hop voi v tinh
13

Hnh 1.7 : Ung dung WSNs trong an ninh quoc gia v luat php

Hnh 1.8 : Ung dung cam bin trong qun su
Hnh 1.8 dua ra cc v du v ung dung cam bin trong qun su. Cc cam bin trang bi
trn cc phuong tin k thut phuc vu cho vic gim st cc hoat dng cua chin truong.
u Ung dng trong gim st xe c v thng tin lin quan:
Muc tiu cua cc h thng ny l thu thp thng tin qua cc mang cam bin, xu l v
luu tru du liu tai trung tm, su dung du liu d cho cc ung dung cn thit.
H thng duoc lp dt doc theo cc duong chnh, mang cam bin s tp hop du liu v tc d
luu thng, mt d xe, s luong xe trn duong. Du liu sau d duoc truyn dn trung tm du
liu d xu l. Mang theo di lin tuc, cung cp thng tin cp nht thuong xuyn theo thoi gian
thuc. Cc thng tin thu duoc dng d gim st luu luong, diu phi giao thng hoc cho cc
muc dch khc.
14

Hnh 1.9 : H thong cam bin trn cc duong cao toc
1.3.4 Cc v d v ng dng dng 2 WSN ( C2WSN):
Cc ung dung dang ny dng mo hnh dim- dim ( hay m hnh sao), voi cc lin kt
don v tuyn dinh tuyn tinh. C2WSN ung dung trong diu khin tu dng cc ta nh, cng
nghip, y t, diu khin o noi cu tr Cc ung dung gm diu khin nh sng, nhit d, an
ninh, mi truong, cam bin trong y khoa, diu khin tu xa trong gia dnh hay cng nghip,
Nhiu ung dung duoc xy dung theo chun IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee). ZingBee cung cp tu
tuong tc v dp ung duoc cc dc dim cua lin lac v tuyn (RF).
RigBee c th duoc xy dung trong nhiu mang khng dy voi gia thp, tiu thu t cng sut
ngun voi s luong lon cc node. Vn d quan tm l chun ny chua nhiu giao thuc, tc d
du liu v cc tn s thch hop p dung rng ri. Giua RigBee duoc thit k cho mi truong
chu ky nhim vu thp, dinh tuyn tinh hoc dng, nhiu node cng hoat dng. Trong khi
Bluetooth duoc thit k cho ung dung di hoi cht luong cao ( QoS), chu ky nhim vu thay
di, tc d du liu vua phai, s node gioi han.
Mi cam bin c mt b dao dng dng thuc b xu l chnh sau mt khoang thoi gian
nht dinh d sng ch d lm vic.
15

Hnh 1.10 : Thoi gian hoat dong Pin trong Bluetooth(BT)v ZigBee

So snh thoi gian hoat dng pin trong 2 chun Bluetooth v ZigBee. Hnh 1.10 cho thy thoi
gian hoat dngh pin cua chun ZigBee cao hon so voi Bluetooth.
u Diu khin cc thit b| trong nh:
Ung dung WSN cung cp diu khin, bao quan, tin nghi v an ninh.

Hnh 1.11 : Cc ung dung diu khin

16
Cc node cam bin duoc lp trn cc thit bi, vi tr cn thit, sau d kt ni mang truyn du
liu v node trung tm. Mt kha nng c th pht trin l cc cam bin theo di y t duoc gn
truc tip ln co th nguoi bnh d do dac thuong xuyn cc thng s v huyt p, nhip tim,
u Cc ta thp t dng:
Ung dung cung cp kha nng diu khin, quan l, tao su tin loi trong kim sot, an
ninh Quan l nhiu h thng cng lc, h thng chiu sng, nhit d, an ninh, gim st
nhn vin, quan l hiu qua tiu thu nng luong trong nh, gn cc chip ln hng ha, giam
duoc thoi gian kim trac th d dng duoc thuc hin bng C2WSNs v cng ngh ZigBee.
Dc dim ni bt l dng cc cng ngh microsensor tiu thu rt t cng sut, thu pht v
tuyn, k thut lin lac v cam bin khng dy da chuc nng.
Cc cam bin kt hop nhit d, nh sng, m thanh, vi tr
Giao din mang v tuyn
Nng luong hoat dng lu di
Phn mm diu khin cho cc ung dung

Hnh 1.12 : iu khin nh sng trong phng
u Quan l qu trnh t dng trong cng nghip :

Hnh 1.13 : Cc ung dung trong cng nghip

17
Cc ung dung trong san xut cng nghip gm diu khin, quan l, hiu sut, v an ton. Cc
cam bin dt trong mi truong lm vic gim st qu trnh san xut, cht luong san phm,
kim sot mi truong lm vic, quan l nhn vin, du liu duoc dua v trung tm d nguoi
quan l c th dua ra cc quyt dinh kip thoi. Trn hnh 1.13, cc node cam bin kt ni thnh
mang luoi gui du liu dn node trung tm, su dung giao thuc dinh tuyn tinh.
u Cc ng dng trong y hc:
Mt s bnh vin v trung tm y t dang ung dung cng ngh WSNs vo tin chn don,
chm sc suc khoe, di ph voi cc dich bnh v phuc hi chuc nng cho nguoi bnh. WSNs
cho php theo di tnh trang cua cc bnh nhn kinh nin ngay tai nh, lm cho vic phn tch
v diu tri thun tin hon, rt ngn thoi gian diu tri tai bnh vin. WSNs cn cho php thu
thp thng tin y t qua thoi gian di thnh cc co so du liu quan trong, cc bin php can
thip hiu qua.

Hnh 1.14 : Cc ung dung trong y khoa
1.4 Kt lun chuong 1
Chnh v nhung uu dim, loi th to lon m cng ngh cam bin mang lai m vic san xut,
ung dung cam bin cng tro nn rng ri v dang l mt xu th pht trin trong tuong lai.Tu
cc kha nng ung dung rng lon cua WSNs c th rt ra kt lun:
Bt cu o du, con nguoi mun theo di, quan st, phan ung voi nhung su kin hay hin
tuong trong mi truong dc bit no d ho c th dng mang WSNs.

18
Chuong 2 : D]NH TUYEN TRONG MNG CAM BIEN V
TUYEN (WSN)
2.1 Gii thiu
Xt theo cu trc mang, dinh tuyn trong WSNs c th duoc chia thnh : dinh tuyn ngang
hng (dinh tuyn phng) flat based routing, dinh tuyn phn cp hierarechical based
routing v dinh tuyn dua vo vi tr location based routing
Voi dinh tuyn ngang hng, tt ca cc nt mang (Nodes) c chuc nng v vai tr ging nhau.
Trong dinh tuyn phn cp, cc nt mang c vai tr khc nhau. Dinh tuyn dua vo vic khai
thc vi tr cua cc Nodes d dinh tuyn duong truyn du liu. Mt giao thuc dinh tuyn
(routing protocol) duoc coi l c kha nng thch ung nu cc thng s h thng nht dinh c
th kim sot d thch ung voi cc diu kin mang hin hnh v muc d nng luong c sn.
Ngoi ra, giao thuc dinh tuyn c th duoc phn loai thnh giao thuc chon duong da duong
(multipath based), giao thuc dua vo truy vn (query based), dinh tuyn theo thoa thun
(negotiation based), dinh tuyn kt hop (coherent based) hoc dinh tuyn theo cht luong
dich vu (QoS based) ty theo co ch hoat dng cua giao thuc. Ngoi ra, giao thuc dinh
tuyn cung c th duoc phn loai thnh 3 loai, chu dng (proactive), tuong tc (reactive) v
giao thuc dinh tuyn hn hop (hybrid protocol) ty thuc vo cch ngun dinh tuyn duong
toi dch. Trong cc giao thuc chu dng, tt ca cc tuyn duoc tnh ton truoc khi c lnh yu
cu, trong khi voi giao thuc phan ung, cc tuyn duong duoc tnh ton theo yu cu. Cc giao
thuc dinh tuyn ghp tn dung uu dim cua ca hai giao thuc trn, khi cc nt cam ung
(sensory nodes) o trong trang thi tinh, bang dinh tuyn thch hop hon dng cc giao thuc
tuong tc. Mt luong nng luong ln cn d tm tuyn v thit lp cc giao thuc tuong tc.
Mt loai khc cua dinh tuyn l giao thuc dinh tuyn kt hop, trong giao thuc ny, cc node
gui du liu dn mt trung tm noi du liu duoc tng hop v c th tip tuc duoc xu l, v vy
giam chi ph tuyn v mt nng luong tiu hao.

Hnh 2.1 : Phn loai dinh tuyn trong mang cam bin v tuyn
19
2.2 Cc giao thc cu trc mng co ban
2.2.1 Giao thc ngang hng (phng)
Loai giao thuc dinh tuyn du tin l giao thuc dinh tuyn da buoc nhay (multihop) ngang
hng. Trong mang ngang hng, mi nt mang c mt chuc nng ging nhau v cc nt mang
cam ung kt hop voi nhau. Do c qu nhiu nodes dng nht (cc node c cng chuc nng),
vic xc dinh nhn dang ton cu cho tung nodes l khng kha thi. V vy, trung tm du liu
dinh tuyn (data centric routing) duoc pht trin. Trung tm du liu dinh tuyn yu cu tram
co so (based stations) vn tin dn cc vng xc dinh v doi du liu tu Nodes cam bin cua cc
vng ln cn. V du liu duoc yu cu bng cch vn tin, cn phai nhm cc Nodes cng tnh
cht voi nhau v xc dinh r tnh cht cua du liu. SPIN v truyn tin truc tip (directed
diffusipon) l 2 giao thuc du tin thuc loai ny m d d cp dn vic dn xp du liu giua
cc nt d giam bot su du thua du liu v tit kim nng luong. Hai giao thuc ny d dn dn
su pht trin cua nhiu giao thuc khc voi cng tuong chung.
a) Giao thc djnh uyn thng tin da trn s dn xp d liu (Sensor protocols for
Information via Negotiation --- gi tt l SPIN):
SPIN l mt giao thuc c kha nng thch ung, trong SPIN, tt ca thng tin o mi node s duoc
phn tn dn tt ca cc node trong cng mang luoi, gia dinh rng tt ca cc node trong mang
du c th l co so nhn du liu. Nguoi dng c th vn tin toi bt k nt no v nhn duoc
thng tin yu cu ngay lp tuc. Cc giao thuc ny khai thc tnh cht cua cc nt mang gn
nhau th chua thng tin ging nhau, nn chi cn phai truyn nhung du liu m cc node khc
khng c. Cc giao thuc thuc SPIN dng su dn xp du liu v thut ton khc nhau d ph
hop voi ngun ti nguyn c sn (resource-adaptive algorithms). Cc node trong SPIN su
dung mt b miu ta du liu d miu ta chnh xc nhung du liu duoc chua (meta-data) v
dn xp dua trn cc b miu ta du liu ny truoc khi truyn du liu. Vic ny gip loai bo
nhung du liu du thua duoc truyn. Cu trc cua cc b du liu miu ta ny l ring bit voi
tung ung dung v khng duoc dinh sn trong SPIN. V du, b cam bin c th nhn dang
ring d bo meta-data nu sensors cam bin duoc mt vng xc dinh. SPIN cung c th truy
cp v theo di muc tiu thu nng luong cua cc node v thay di giao thuc dua trn ngun
nng luong cn lai. Cc giao thuc chay trong thoi gian thuc v truyn thng tin dn mang luoi
k ca khi nguoi dng khng vn tin yu cu du liu.
Loai giao thuc SPIN duoc pht trin d khc phuc li cua flodding bng cch dn xp thng
tin v thch ung voi ngun nng luong c sn. Loai giao thuc ny duoc pht trin dua trn hai
tuong cn ban :
Cc node cam bin hoat dng hiu qua hon v tit kim nng luong hon khi truyn du
liu miu ta cam bin thay v tt ca cc du liu.
Nhung giao thuc moi nhu cc giao thuc dinh tuyn dua trn flodding hay gossiping
lm hao nng luong v bng thng rng v cc b cam bin cua cc vng trng lp s
gui nhiu du liu du thua v chng cho. Flodding s dn dn qu tai v cc yu cu
ging nhau duoc gui dn cng mt node, su trng lp khi hai node nhn du liu cam
20
bin tu cng mt vng v gui gi du liu ging nhau dn cng mt dia chi, cung v han ch v
nng luong khi cc node khng bit luong ti nguyn c sn nhung vn dng nhiu nng
luong d truyn nhung gi thng tin du thua. Gossiping khng bi vn d v qu tai bng cch
gui gi thng tin dn mt node bt ky thay v gui dn tt ca cc node. Tuy nhin, vic ny lm
chm duong truyn cua du liu qua cc node.
Vic dn xp cc b m ta du liu trong SPIN loai tru cc vn d cua flodding, v vy
c th ti uu ha ngun nng luong. SPIN gm ba buoc v node cam bin su dung ba gi
thng tin ADV, REQ v DATA d lin lac voi nhau. ADV duoc dng d quang co v nhung
du liu moi, REQ dng d yu cu thng tin v DATA l gi thng duoc yu cu. Giao thuc
duoc bt du khi mt node cua SPIN nhn duoc mt thng tin moi m n c kha nng truyn
cho cc node khc. Node ny s pht mt tin ADV bao gm b miu ta thng tin n vua nhn
duoc. Nu mt node ln cn mun nhn duoc thng tin ny, node d s gui mt tin REQ d
yu cu tin DATA v tin DATA s duoc gui di. Quy trnh ny s duoc lp di lp lai, truyn
du liu d ton b cam bin.
Cc giao thuc thuc SPIN bao gm nhiu giao thuc, 2 giao thuc chnh l SPIN-1 v SPIN-2,
ca 2 du bao gm dn xp thng tin truoc khi truyn du liu d dam bao chi nhung thng tin
cn thit duoc truyn di. Mi node cung c b truy vn ngun nng luong ring, kim tra
luong nng luong m node d d tiu thu v truy vn su tiu thu nng luong cua cc node
khc truoc khi truyn tin. SPIN-1 bao gm ba buoc nhu d ni o trn. SPIN-2 l mo rng cua
SPIN-1, bao gm kha nng nhn dang ngun nng luong dua vo cc ngung dinh sn. Khi
cc nodes du thua nng luong, SPIN-2 s su dung giao thuc ging nhu SPIN-1. Trong truong
hop thiu nng luong, cc node s cam ung duoc ngun nng luong d dat ngung nng
luong thp. SPIN-1 v SPIN-2 l hai giao thuc don gian c th pht nng luong mt cch hiu
qua m khng phai xc dinh mt luong thng tin cho mi node xung quanh. Cc giao thuc
khc cung thuc SPIN :
- SPIN-BC : pht trin cho cc knh truyn tin
- SPIN-PP : dnh cho truyn tin dim dn dim (point-to-point)
- SPIN-EC : ging SPIN-PP nhung c thm b chun don ngun nng luong
- SPIN-RL : thm vo SPIN-PP d khc phuc su c khi mt knh lm mt du liu trn
duong truyn

Mt uu dim cua SPIN l thay di cua cu trc hnh hoc mang (topology) duoc gioi han trong
pham vi nho v cc node chi cn quan tm dn nhung node lin k voi n. SPIN tit kim
nhiu nng luong hon flodding, dn xp cc b miu ta thng tin lm giam gn mt nua luong
thng tin du thua. Xem xt nhung ung dung cua vic pht trin xm nhp mang khi thng tin
chnh xc cn duoc bo co theo chu ky v gia su cc node o rt xa ngun v nu cc node
truyn thng tin khng cn xu l thng tin d, thng tin s khng duoc truyn dn dim dn.
b) Truyn tin trc tip (Directed diffusion) :
Truyn tin truc tip l mt m hnh kt hop du liu ph bin cho mang khng dy. Dy l
mt m hnh trung tm thng tin (data-centric--- DC) v cu th voi tung ung dung
21
(application awareness) khi tt ca du liu pht ra tu node cam ung duoc dt tn theo phuong
php cp thuc tnh- gi tri. tuong chnh cho mt m hnh DC l tng hop thng tin tu cc
ngun khc nhau (kt hop thng tin trong mang) bng cch loai bo thng tin du thua, giam
thiu s luong duong truyn v th tit kim nng luong v ko di tui tho cua giao tip.
Thay v dinh tuyn ca doan duong, dinh tuyn DC dinh tuyn duong truyn tu nhiu ngun
dn mt dch dn chung, cho php thng tin trong mt mang duoc tng hop lai v loai tru
nhung thng tin thua thi. Bn thnh phn chnh cua truyn tin truc tip l gradient (c th
xem nhu huong v tc d truyn), interest (thng tin yu cu), data message (cc ban tin du
liu) v reinforcement.
Trong truyn tin truc tip, b cam ung xem xt cc truong hop d tao ra cc gradient cua
thng tin trong cc vng mang ln cn. Tram thng in s vn tin yu cu thng tin bng cch
pht thng tin yu cu (interest). Thng tin interest s miu ta nhim vu m mang luoi yu
cu. Tin interest duoc truyn trong mang theo m hnh dinh tuyn hop-by-hop, tin ny cung
s duoc cc node pht cho nhung node ln cn. Khi tin interest duoc truyn trong mang,
gradient duoc xc lp d tm kim cc thng tin duoc yu cu v dua cc thng tin ny quay
v node d vn tin. C nghia l, mt tram c th vn tin yu cu thng tin bng cch pht cc
tin interest v nhung node o giua s truyn cc tin interest. Mi b cam ung nhn duoc tin
interest s tao ra mt gradient ni ngun tin v lai tram. Mt gradient xc dinh r thuc tnh,
gi tri v huong cua thng tin. D manh cua mt gradient dn cc vng ln cn khc nhau c
th khc nhau, lm cho luong thng tin duoc truyn dn khc nhau. Vng lp chi duoc loai bo
sau khi thng tin d duoc truyn. Khi gradient thoa mn yu cu tu tin interest, tuyn thng
tin s duoc dinh bng cch tng hop nhiu tuyn khc nhau d chon v cung c mt tuyn
hop l nht d ngn ngua flooding tip tuc gy qu tai. D giam luong thng tin bi hao hut
trn duong truyn, thng tin lin tuc duoc tng hop lai. Vic ny gip tm ra mt mang luoi
tng hop thng tin tu node ngun dn tram yu cu. Tram s duoc lm moi lin tuc v gui lai
tin interest khi n bt du nhn thng tin tu ngun, v cc tin interest c th khng duoc
truyn mt cch chnh xc trong mang luoi.

Hnh 2.2 : Mot v du v su khuch tn cua mang cam bin
22

Tt ca cc node cam ung trong mang luoi su dung truyn tin truc tip c th nhn dang
duoc ung dung (application-aware), cho php vic truyn tin tit kim nng luong bng cch
chon nhung duong truyn thuc nghim tt nht v bng cch su dung b nho dm (caching)
d luu v xu l thng tin trong h thng. Caching tng hiu qua, d manh (robustness) v tnh
mo rng (scalability) cua su phi hop giua cc node cam ung diu thit yu cua m hnh
khuch tn tin (diffusion). Cc ung dung khc cua truyn tin truc tip l d chuyn mt su
kin (Event) quan trong dn mt s vng trong mang cam ung mt cch tu nhin. Cch thu
hi thng tin ny chi ph hop voi nhung yu cu lin tuc khi node vn tin khng c sn thng
tin theo yu cu trong mt khoang thoi gian. Directed diffusion cho php duong truyn su
dung mt ln duoc lp ra cho cc yu cu bt thuong ny d trnh vic xc lp nhung
gradients cho cc yu cu.
Hoat dng cua phuong php tng hop thng tin dng trong m hnh truyn tin truc tip chiu
anh huong tu mt s tc nhn bao gm vi tr cua cc node ngun trong mang luoi, s ngun
v cu trc mang. Nhm nghin cuu cc tc nhn ni trn, hai m hnh vi tr ngun duoc pht
trin. M hnh thu nht l m hnh dua vo bn knh xung quanh node vn tin (event radius
ER), m hnh thu hai dua vo cc ngun ngu nhin (Random sources RS). Trong m hnh
ER, mt dim trong mang luoi duoc dinh l dia dim cua event, dim ny s tuong ung voi
mt su kin duoc cp nht boi cc node cam bin. tt ca cc node trong pham vi S (pham vi
cam ung) tu event ny m khng phai l node nhn tin (BS) s duoc coi l ngun du liu. S
ngun du liu trung bnh l khoang aS
2
n trn mt don vi din tch mang voi n node cam ung.
Trong m hnh RS, mt s k nodes m khng phai l BS duoc lua chon ngu nhin thnh
ngun du liu. Khc voi m hnh ER, cc ngun khng nht thit phai o gn nhau. Trong ca
hai m hnh, voi mt luong nng luong nhu nhau, nhiu ngun du liu hon c th duoc ni
voi mt BS. Tuy nhin, mi m hnh s hoat dng tt hon v mt ti uu ha nng luong ty
vo ung dung. Vic tit kim nng luong bng cch tng hop thng tin trong truyn tin truc
tip c th duoc thay di d tng d manh tuong quan voi cc hoat dng trong nhung su kin
d duoc cm ung.

Hnh 2.3 : Hai m hnh su dung trong kiu dinh tuyn trung tm

23
Truyn tin truc tip khc SPIN o hai mt. Thu nht, truyn tin truc tip gp vn d trong
vic yu cu thng tin v BS gui tin yu cu dn cc node cam bin bng flooding. Tuy nhin,
trong SPIN, b cm ung quang b v su tn tai cua thng tin truoc, cho php cc node cn
thng tin d gui yu cu. Thu hai, tt ca lin lac trong truyn tin truc tip l tu mt node dn
node ln cn, mi node du c th tng hop xu l v cache du liu. Trong khi d, SPIN khng
cn phai duy tr mt cu trc mang ton cu. Tuy nhin, truyn tin truc tip c th khng su
dung duoc cho mt s ung dung nhu kim tra mi truong, nhung ung dung yu cu thng tin
lin tuc duoc truyn v BS. D l do truyn tin truc tip vn hnh theo yu cu. Hon nua,
kim tra xem du liu thoa mn yu cu s cn thm cc tiu d (overhead) cho cc node cam
ung.
c) Djnh tuyn theo tin dn (rumour routing):
Dinh tuyn theo tin dn l mt bin th cua truyn tin truc tip, duoc su dung khi dinh
tuyn dua trn vi tr dia l khng kha thi. Ni mt cch tng qut, truyn tin truc tip dng
flooding d pht yu cu dn ton b mang luoi khi khng c nhung tiu ch dia l d khuch
tn yu cu. Tuy nhin, trong mt s truong hop, chi mt luong nho du liu duoc yu cu, v
vy khng cn thit phai dng dn flooding. Mt cch khc l chi su dung flooding nu s
event nho nhung s yu cu lon. tuong chnh l d dinh tuyn cc yu cu dn cc node d
nhn mt event no d thay v dng flooding cho ton h thng d ly thng tin v cc even
d xay ra. D pht event ra ton mang, thut ton dinh tuyn theo tin dn dng nhung gi tin
di han goi l agent. Khi mt node pht hin ra mt event, n s thm event d vo bang goi
l bang event (event table) v thit lp mt agent. Agent s di ton mang d truyn thng tinh
v cc event trong bang d cho cc node o xa hon. Khi mt node c yu cu cho mt event,
cc nodes d bit tuyn duong c th tra loi yu cu bng cch xem lai event table cua chnh
n. V vy khng cn phai dng flooding cho ton mang, giam thiu su hao hut thng tin khi
truyn tin. Mt khc, rumor routing chi duy tr mt tuyn tu ngun dn dch dn, trong khi
truyn tin truc tip cho php du liu duoc dinh tuyn qua nhiu ngun nhung voi tc d
chm. Kt qua tu cc chuong trnh m phong cho thy rumor routing tit kim duoc nhiu
nng luong hon flooding v cung c th khc phuc cc li cua node. Tuy nhin, rumour
routing chi hoat dng tt voi s event nho. Voi s event lon, chi ph duy tr agent v event
table o cc node tro nn bt kha thi khi khng c du yu cu tu cc BS. Hon nua, cc tiu d
lin quan dn rumour routing bi chi phi boi cc thng s khc nhau dng trong thut ton
nhu l time-to-live (TTL), lin quan dn yu cu v agent. V cc node nhn thng tin v cc
event tu agent, phong don v tuyn duong truyn cua mt agent s c anh huong lon dn
hoat dng cua vic chon buoc hop tip theo trong rumour routing.
d) Thut ton chuyn tip chi ph ti thiu (minimum cost forwarding algorithm
MCFA):
Thut ton MCFA tn dung thuc t rng huong dinh tuyn lun duoc xc dinh l dn mt
tram (base station) c dinh o ngoi mang. v vy, cc node cam ung khng cn phai c mt ID
ring bit hay duy tri bang dinh tuyn. Thay vo d, mi node duy tr uoc luong v chi ph ti
thiu d truyn tin tu node d dn base-station. Mi tin chuyn tip voi node cam ung s duoc
pht dn cc node ln cn. Khi mt node nhn duoc tin, n s kim tra xem n c thuc
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duong truyn voi chi ph ti thiu tu node cam ung dn base station hay khng. Nu c, n s
pht lai tin dn cc node ln cn. Qu trnh ny duoc lp lai voi khi dn duoc base-station.
Trong MCFA, mi node cn bit tuyn duong voi chi ph uoc luong ti thiu tu chnh n
dn base-station. Tuyn ny duoc xc dinh nhu sau: base station s pht mt tin voi chi phi
dt toi 0 trong khi tt c cc node khoi dim s dt chi ph ti thiu dn base station toi v cuc
(). Mi node, sau khi nhn duoc tin pht tu base-station s kim tra xem uoc luong trong tin
v duong link gui tin m n nhn duoc xem c nho hon uoc luong dang c. Nu c, gi tri
uoc luong dang c va uoc luong trong tin duoc pht ra s duoc cp nht. Nu tin pht ra d
duoc cp nht khi duoc nhn, tin d s duoc gui lai, nu khng, tin d s bi loai. Tuy nhin,
vic ny c th gy ra vic mt s node cp nht nhiu ln v nhung node o xa base station s
nhn duoc nhiu cp nht hon. D trnh diu ny MCFA duoc chinh d chay mt thut ton
backoff trong qu trnh ci dt. thut ton ny quy dinh rng mt node s khng gui tin cp
nht cho dn khi a*l
c
don vi thoi gian d tri qua tu lc tin duoc cp nht, trong d a l mt
hng s v l
c
l chi ph tu tin d nhn.
e) Djnh tuyn da trn gradient (hung v tc d truyn) (Gradient-based routing
GBR):
tuong chnh trong GBR l ghi nho s buoc nhay (hop) khi tin interest duoc khuch tn
ra ton b mang luoi. V th, mi node c th tnh thng goi l d cao cua node s buoc
nhay ti thiu dn BS. Su khc nhau giua d cao cua node v cua node ln cn duoc coi l
gradient cua duong ni. mt gi tin s duoc chuyn tip trn mt duong voi gradient lon nht.
GBR su dung mt s cng ngh phu tro nhu tng hop thng tin v dn luu thng du liu d
chia luu thng dng du ra ton mang. Khi nhiu tuyn chay qua cng mt node dn (relay
node), relaynode d c th ghp du liu ty theo chuc nng. Trong GBR, 3 cch pht tn
thng tin khc nhau duoc su dung: Stochastic Scheme mt node ngu nhin chon mt
gradient khi 2 hop k tip (hoc hon) c cng gradient, k hoach dua trn ngun nng luong,
khi mt d cao cua mt node tng khi ngun nng luong giam duoi mt ngung nht dinh, v
vy cc b cam ung khc s khng gui du liu dn node d nua; v phuong php dua trn
duong truyn (stream-based), trong d cc duong truyn moi khng duoc dinh tuyn qua
nhung node dang l mt phn cua tuyn cua cc duong truyn khc. Muc tiu chnh cua cc
phuong php ny l d dat duoc su phn chia cn bng cua luu thng du liu trong mang luoi,
v vy ko di tui tho cua mang luoi. Kt qua m phng cua GBR cho thy rng GBR hoat
dng tt hon truyn tin truc tip v mt tit kim tng nng luong lin lac.
f) Vn tin dng b cam ng da vo thng tin ( Informaition-driven sensor querying
IDSQ) v djnh tuyn hn ch khuch tn dj hung ( constrained anisotropic diffusion
routing CADR) :
CADR duoc dng nhu m dang tng qut cua truyn tin truc tip. tuong chnh l d
vn tin b cam ung v dinh tuyn du liu trong mang d ti da ha luong thng tin v giam
thiu su chm tr v bang thng. CADR khuch tn tin yu cu dng mt tp hop cc thng
tin tiu chun d chon ra b cam ung no c th nhn duoc du liu. Diu ny dat duoc bng
cch chi kch hoat nhung b cam ung gn mt event nht dinh v thay di tuyn du liu bng
co hoc. Su khc bit chnh giua truyn tin truc tip v CADR l v luong thng tin nhn duoc
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voi mi don vi tng chi ph. Trong CADR, mi node dnh gi mt thng tin/ muc dch cua chi
ph v cc tuyn thng tin dua trn thng tin cuc b/ chi ph gradient v yu cu cua nguoi su
dung chnh. Gia thuyt du don duoc dng d lm mu cch su dung thng tin. Trong IDSQ,
node gui tin yu cu c th quyt dinh node no c th cung cp thng tin huu ch nht voi
uu dim vuot tri hon l c th cn bng chi ph v nng luong. Tuy nhin, IDSQ khng xc
dinh chi tit cch tin yu cu v thng tin duoc dinh tuyn giua b cam ung v BS. V vy,
IDSQ c th duoc coi l mt buoc b sung nhm ti uu ha qu trnh. Kt qua m phong cho
thy cc phuong php ny ti uu ha ngun nng luong so voi truyn tin truc tip khi cc tin
yu cu duoc khuch tn theo phuong php dng huong v s toi node gn nht truoc.
g) COUGAR :
Mt phuong thuc dinh tuyn trung tm thng tin khc l COUGAR, coi mang luoi l mt
h thng co so du liu khng l. tuong chnh l dng cc tin yu cu mang tnh cht khai
bo d ly vic xu l tin yu cu tu cc chuc nng cua lop mang luoi nhu chon b cam bin
thch hop. COUGAR tn dung vic tng hop thng tin trong h thng d tit kim nhiu nng
luong hon. Vic ny duoc h tro boi mt lop tin yu cu nua nm giua mang vo lop ung
dung. COUGAR cung p dung mt m hnh cho h thng co so du liu cam bin trong d cc
node cam ung chon mt node chu dao d thuc hin tng hop v truyn du liu dn BS. BS c
nhim vu xc lp v gui dn nhung node cam ung thch hop k hoach yu cu (query plan)
xc dinh chi tit nhung thng tin cn thit v dng du liu, cc tnh ton trong mang luoi cho
cc tin yu cu moi toi. K hoach ny cung phai miu ta cch chon mt yu cu chu dao. Cu
trc ny cung cp kha nng tnh ton ni mang m c th gip ti uu ha ngun nn luong
trong truong hop du liu pht ra qu lon. COUGAR cung cp mt lop khng thuc mang cho
vic yu cu thng tin. Tuy nhin, COUGAR cung c khuyt dim. thu nht, vic b sung lop
yu cu thng tin o mi node cam ung lm tng tiu d v mt su dung nng luong v b nho.
Thu hai, d dat duoc vic tnh ton ni mang thnh cng, cn phai dng ha cc node truoc
khi gui du liu dn node chu. Hu ba, node chu phai duoc diu khin bng co d ngn ngua
vic chng thnh hot-spots v d bi li.
h) ACQUIRE:
Mt cng ngh cho mang cam bin tin yu cu l chuyn tip truy vn chu dng trong
mang cam bin (active query forwarding in sensor networks ACQUIRE). Ging nhu
COUGAR, ACQUIRE coi mang l mt co so du liu trong d cc yu cu phuc tap c th
duoc chia nho thnh cc yu cu nho hon. Hoat dng cua ACQUIRE c th duoc miu ta nhu
sau. Tin yu cu gui tu BS node s duoc chuyn tip boi mi node nhn duoc tin yu cu d.
Trong qu trnh ny, mi node s c thoa mn mt phn cua yu cu dng thng tin trong b
nho dm ri chuyn tip thng tin d dn mt node cam ung khc. Nu thng in trong b nho
dm d li thoi, cc node s thu thp thng tin tu vng ln cn voi d-hops. Mt khi yu cu
duoc tra loi dy du, n s duoc gui tra lai BS nguoc lai duong cu hoc theo mt duong ngn
nht.V vy, ACQURE c th xu l cc yu cu phuc tap bng cch cho php nhiu node gui
phan ung. Ch rng truyn tin truc tip c th khng duoc dng cho cc yu cu phuc tap v
han ch v nng luong v truyn tin truc tip cung su dung co ch yu cu dua trn flooding
cho cc yu cu tng hop v lin tuc. Mt khc, ACQUIRE c th cung cp yu cu hiu qua
26
bng cch chinh gi tri cua thng s d trong d-hop. Khi d bng duong knh cua mang,
ACQUIRE s vn hnh ging flooding. Tuy nhin, yu cu s phai nhay nhiu ln hon voi
gi tri cua d qu nho. Mt m hnh ton hoc duoc dng d tnh gi tri d ti uu cho mt luoi
trong d mi node cam ung c 4 node lin k. Tuy nhin, kt qua khng duoc kim chung
bng m phong. D xc dinh node tip theo d chuyn tip tin yu cu, ACQUIRE s chon
ngu nhin hoc chon dua trn kha nng thoa mn yu cu ti da. n lai rng lua chon node
tip theo phu thuc vo hoc luong thng tin nhn duoc (CADR v IDSQ) hoc yu cu duoc
chuyn tip dn mt node bit tuyn dn event dang duoc tm (trong rumor routing).
i) Djnh tuyn da trn nng lung (Energy aware routing) :
Muc tiu cua giao thuc dinh tuyn dua trn nng luong (mt giao thuc dinh tuyn tuong
tc voi dch dn) l d ko di tui tho cua mt mang luoi. D giao thuc ny ging voi truyn
tin truc tip, n khc o ch n duy tr mt tp hop cc duong thay v duy tr v cung c mt
tuyn ti uu hon cc tuyn con lai. Bng vic chon tuyn o cc thoi dim khc nhau, nng
luong cua bt k tuyn no s khng bi hao hut nhanh chng. Diu ny tng tui tho cua mang
v nng luong hao hut dng du giua cc node. Su tn tai cua mang luoi l muc tiu chnh
cua phuong thuc ny. Phuong thuc gia dinh rng mi node c th duoc tip cn bng mt dia
chi dua trn loai cua node bao gm dia dim v loai cua node d.Giao thuc bt du mt
duong ni bng flooding cuc b, tm ra ton b cc tuyn giua ngun v dich dn v chi ph,
xy dung bang tuyn. Nhung tuyn c chi ph cao s bi loai bo v mt bang chuyn tip duoc
xy dung bng cch chon cc node ln cn dua trn chi ph cua chng. Sau d, bng chuyn
tip s duoc dung d gui du liu dn d9ch1 voi xc sut ti l nghich voi chi ph cua node.
Flooding cuc b s duoc tin hnh bng node o dim dich d giu duong truyn hoat dng. khi
so snh voi truyn tin truc tip, giao thuc ny cung cp nhiu hon 21,5% trong vic tit kim
nng luong v 44% trong vic ko di tui tho cua mang. Tuy nhin, phuong php ny cn
thu duoc thng tin v dia dim v xc lp phuong thuc xc dinh dia chi cua cc node, lm
phuc tap ha vic ci dt duong tuyn so voi truyn tin truc tip
j) Giao thc djnh tuyn vi cc buc ngu nhin (routing protocols with random
walks ):
Muc tiu cua giao thuc ny d dat duoc cn bng tai trn thng k bng cch dng dinh
tuyn da duong trong WSNs. Phuong php ny chi xt nhung mang lon trong d cc nodes di
chuyn rt t. Trong giao thuc ny, gia dinh rng cc node cam ung c th duoc bt tt ngu
nhin. Hon nua, mi node c mt dc tnh ring bit nhung khng cn dn thng tin v vi tr.
Node duoc xp sao cho mi node nm dng o mt ch giao nhau cua mt luoi thuong trn
mt phng d cu trc mang c th khng du. d dinh tuyn tu ngun dn dch, thng tin v
vi tr hqy toa d duoc tnh bng cch tnh khoang cch dua cc node dng phin ban khng
duoc phn phi dng b cua thut ton Bellman-Ford. Mt node trung gian s lua chon buoc
nhay tip theo dn mt node ln cn bng cch tnh xc sut. bng cch thay di xc sut ny,
mt loai cn bng tai duoc xc lp. Thut ton dinh tuyn ny don gian v cc node duoc yu
cu duy tr rt t thng tin v ban thn. Hon nua, cc tuyn khc nhau duoc chon o cc thoi
dim khc nhau d l cho cung mt cp ngun-dch dn. Tuy nhin, mi quan tm chnh l
cu trc mang c th khng thit thuc.
27
2.2.2. Djnh tuyn phn cp:
Dinh tuyn phn cp ban du duoc pht trin cho mang dy v l phuong thuc ni ting
voi cc uu dim dc bit lin quan dn tnh mo rng v tnh lin lac hiu qua. V vy, khi
nim dinh tuyn phn cp cung duoc dng d dinh tuyn mt cch hiu qua trong WSNs.
Trong cu trc phn cp, cc node voi nng luong cao hon c th duoc dng d xu l v gui
thng tin trong khi cc node voi nng luong thp hon c th dng d cam ung trong pham vi
gn dch dn. C nghia l su pht trin cua cc nhm v vic chia cc chuc nng dc bit cho
chu cc nhm c th dng gp cho tnh mo rng tng th cua h thng, tui tho cua mang v
su ti uu ha nng luong. Dinh tuyn phn cp l mt cch hiu qua d giam nng luong
dng trong mt nhm node v bng cch thuc hin tng kt du liu v ghp d giam s tin
truyn di to BS. Dinh tuyn phn cp phn lon l dinh tuyn 2 lop trong d mt lop duoc
dng d chon ra nhm nodes v lop cn lai duoc dng d dinh tuyn. Tuy nhin, phn lon cc
giao thuc trong phn ny khng phai l v dinh tuyn m v ai v lc no nn gui hoc xu
l/tng hop thng tin, chia knhnghia l truc giao (vung gc) voi chuc nng cua dinh
tuyn da buoc nhay.
a) Giao thc phn nhm phn bc tuong thch, nng lung thp (LEACH).
LEACH l mt giao thuc phn cp bao gm vic hnh thnh cc nhm ring bit. LEACh
lua chon ngu nhin mt s node cam bin d tro thnh node chnh v quay vng vai tr ny
d phn b du tai nng luong giua cc node cam bin trong mang. Trong LEACH, cc node
chnh nn cc du liu dn tu cc nt khc trong nhm cua chng v gui cc gi du liu thu
thp ny toi tram gc nhm giam s luong thng tin truyn tai v tram gc. LEACH dng
TDMA/CDMA MAC d giam va cham trong v ngoi nhm. Tuy nhin, vic thu thp du liu
duoc tin hnh tp trung v theo chu k. Do vy giao thuc ny thuc su thch ung khi c nhu
cu giao di theo di thuong xuyn cua mang cam bin. nguoi dng c th khng cn ton b
du liu ngay lp tuc. v vy, vic truyn pht s liu theo chu k l khng cn thit v c th
lm suy giam ngun nng luong c han cua cc node cam bin. sau mt khoang thoi gian nht
dinh, vic quay vng ngu nhin thay di vai tr cua node chnh duoc tin hnh sao cho c su
tiu tn nng luong dng du giua cc node cam bin trong mang. dua vo m hnh m
phong, chi c 5% cua cc nodes cn phai hoat dng nhu nodes chnh.
Hoat dng cua LEACH c th duoc chia thnh 2 pha, pha thit lp v pha n dinh trang
thi. o trong pha thit lp cc nhm duoc t chuc v node chnh duoc lua chon. o pha n dinh
trang thi, vic truyn s liu thuc su v cc tram gc duoc tin hnh. Khoang thoi gian tn
tai cua pha n dinh trang thi thuong di hon thoi gian thit lp ban du d giam ti thiu tng
chi ph.
Trong pha thit lp, bt du qu trnh chon lua cc node chnh (clusterheads). Mt s nho
p node duoc xc dinh truoc tu tro thnh node chnh theo cch sau. Mt node cam bin chon
mt s ngu nhin r trong pham vi 0 dn 1. Nu s ny nho hon gi tri ngung T(n) th node
d s tro thnh node chnh o vng hin tai. gi tri ngung duoc trn mt biu thuc ton hoc c
su kt hop xc sut tro thnh node chnh P, vng hin tai v mt tp hop cc node chua duoc
chon lm node chnh o 1/P vng truoc d tp hop G. T(n) dc xc dinh theo cng thuc
28

Mi node chnh pht quang b mt ban tin thng bo voi tt ca cc node cn lai trong
mang rng chng l node chnh moi. cc node khc khng phai l node chnh sau khi nhn
duoc tin ny s quyt dinh thuc v mt nhm no d m chng mun. Quyt dinh ny duoc
dua trn cuong d tn hiu cua tin thng bo. Cc node khng phai node chnh s thng bo
cho casc1 node chnh tuong ung rng chng s l thnh vin cua nhm. Sau khi thu nhn
duoc tt ca cc ban tin tu node mun ra nhp nhm v dua trn s luong cc node thnh vin,
node chnh s tao re mt dinh thoi TDMA v cp cho mi node mt khe thoi gian khi n c
th truyn phat. Dinh thoi (schedule) s duoc quang b toi tt ca cc node cua mt nhm.
Trong giai doan n dinh trang thai1m cc nt cam bin bt du cam bin v truyn
pht du liu v cc node chnh. Cc node chnh, sau khi thu tt ca cc s liu, tp hop chng
lai truoc khi gui dn tram gc. sau mt khoang thoi gian nht dinh, mang s quay tro lai trang
thi thit lp v bt du mt vng lua chon node hcinh1 moi. mi nhm giao dich bng mt
m CDMA khc nhau d giam can nhiu giua cc nhm.
Mc d LEACH c th tng tui tho mang, LEACH vn c mt s nhuoc dim trong
nhung gi dinh duoc dng trong giao thuc ny. LEACH gia dinh rng tt ca cc node c th
truyn voi du nng luong toi tram gc nu cn v mi node c kha nng tnh ton d chay
giao thuc MAC khc nhau. V vy mang khng duoc ung dung o nhung noi lon. LEACH
cung gia dinh rng node lun c du liu d truyn, v cc node o gn nhau c thng tin lin
quan dn nhau. LEACH chua xc dinh cu th duoc cch m cc node chnh duoc dinh sn s
duoc chia du trn mang luoi. V vy, c kha nng cc node chnh s tp trung o mt vng
cua mang, mt s node v th s khng c node chnh o vng ln cn. HOn nua, cc nhm
thay di lin tuc s lm tng overhead. Cui cng, giao thuc gia dinh rng tt ca cc node
khoi dim voi cng mt luong ti nguyn. Giao thuc nn duoc mo rng d xt nhung node
voi nng luong khc nhau nghia l dng ngung dua trn ngun nng luong c sn. Mt mo
rng cua LEACH l LEACH voi su dn xp thng tin. tuong bao trm phn mo rng l su
dung dn xp b m ta du liu (meta-data negotiation) ging trong SPIN truoc thi truyn du
liu. Vic ny bao dam chi c nhung du liu cung cp thng tin moi duoc truyn dn node
chnh truoc khi duoc truyn dn tram gc. bang 3.1.2 so snh SPIN, LEACH v truyn tin
truc tip. Ch rng truyn tin truc tip c huong di dy hua hen cho dinh tuyn hiu qua v
nng luong trong WSNs do ung dung cua xu l ni mang.

Bang 2.1 : So snh gia SPIN, LEACH v Truyn tin truc tip
29

b) Thu thp hiu qua trong h thng thng tin cam bin (PEGASIS):
PEGASIS, mt cai tin cua LEACH, l mt giao thuc dua theo chui gn ti uu. tuong
co ban cua PEGASIS l d ko di tui tho mang, node chi cn lin lac voi node lin k v c
th lun phin lin lac voi tram gc. khi mt vng cc node d lin lac voi tram gc, mt vng
moi s bt du. vic ny giam nng luong dng d truyn du liu mi vng v nng luong hao
hut dng du khp cc node. V vy PEGASIS c hai muc tiu chnh: ko di tui tho cua cc
node bng cch dung phuong php kt hop v v vy ko di tui tho cua mang; chi cho php
lin kt ni b giua cc node gn nhau d giam bang thng su dung cho vic lin lac. Khng
nhu LEACH, PEGASIS ngua su phn nhm v chi dng mt node trong mt chui d truyn
dn BS thay v nhiu node. D xc dinh node lin k trong PEGASIS, mi node chinh d
manh cua tn hiu sao cho chi mt node c th nghe duoc. chui trong PEGASIS bao gm
nhung node gn nht voi nhau tao thnh mt duong dn tram gc. dang tng kt cua du liu
s duoc gui dn tram gc bng bt k node no trong chui v cc node s lun phin truyn
du liu dn tram gc. Kt qua m phong cho thy PEGASIS c th tng tui tho cua mang ln
gp di so voi mang dng LEACH. Kt qua nhu vy dat duoc nho loai bo cc du liu thua do
vic hnh thnh v duy tr nhm trong LEACH vo qua vic giam s duong truyn v nhn
bng cch tng hop thng tin. D thng tin thua o cc nhm giam, PEGASIS vn cn diu
chinh cu trc mang v mode cam bin cn phai bit v trang thi nng luong cua nhung node
ln cn d dinh tuyn. nhung diu chinh ny c th cn mt luong lon nng luong dc bit
trong truong hop mang duoc su dung nhiu. Hon nua, PEGASIS gia dinh rng mi mode cam
bin c th lin lac voi tram gc. Trong thuc t, mode cam bin dng bin php lin lac da
buoc nhay d lin lac voi BS. PEGASIS cung gia dinh tt ca cc node giu mt h thng du
liu dy du v vi tr cua tt ca cc node cn lai trong mang. phuong php xc dinh vi tr node
khng duoc d cp dn. Hon nua, PEGASIS gia dinh tt ca node cam bin c cng mt luong
ti nguyn v c kha nng cht cng mt lc. Luu rng PEGASIS gioi thiu thoi gian cho
cho cc node o xa hon trong chui. Vic c mt node chnh c th gy tc nghn duong
truyn.Cui cung, mc d trong phn lon cc truong hop, b cam bin o trong trang thi tinh
nhu gia dinh cua PEGASIS, mt s b cam bin vn c th di chuyn v c anh huong dn
chuc nng cua giao thuc.
Mt mo rng cua PEGASIS (PEGASIS phn cp) duoc gioi thiu voi muc tiu giam thoi
gian lag cua cc gi tin truyn dn BS. V muc tiu ny, truyn du liu cng lc dang duoc
nghin cuu d ngua xung dt qua cc phuong php kt hop m ha tn hiu v truyn trong
khng gian. Trong sau, chi c nhung node cch xa nhau trong khng gian duoc php truyn
cng lc. Giao thuc dua vo chui voi nodes c kha nng dng CDMA, lp mt chui cc
node voi cc cp bc, mi cp lua chon mt node trong mt cp d truyn du liu cho mt
node o cp trn. Phuong php ny dam bao du liu duoc truyn mt cch song song v giam
thoi gian cho mt cc dng k. nhung mo rng d cho kt qua hoat dng tt hon PEGASIS
thuong gp khoang 60 ln.
c) Cc giao thc tit kim nng lung da trn cc ngung:
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Hai giao thuc dinh tuyn phn cp gm TEEN (giao thuc tit kim nng luong bng cc
ngung threshold-sentsitive energy efficient sensor network protocol) v APTEEN (ging
nhu TEEN nhung c kha nng thch ung v hoat dng c chu k Adaptive Periodic
threshold-sensitive energy efficient sensor Network protocol). Cc giao thuc ny duoc pht
trin cho cc ung dung m thoi gian dng mt vai tr quang trong. Trong TEEN, node cam
bin s lin tuc cam bin trang thi xung quanh nhung vic truyn du liu th duoc tin hnh t
thuong xuyn hon. Node truong cua mt nhm gui dn cc node trong nhm mt ngung c
dinh (hard threshole) l ngung cua cc gi tri cua thuc tnh, v mt ngung khng c dinh
(soft threshold) l cc thay di trong cc thuc tnh c th kch hoat duoc cc b truyn tin o
cc node d bt du truyn tin. V vy ngung c dinh c giam s ln truyn tin bng cch chi
cho php cc node truyn nhung thuc tnh thoa mn cc gi tri duoc dinh sn trong ngung
d. Thng s khng c dinh s giam s ln truyn tin hon nua bng cch loai cc ln truyn
tin c th xay ra khi thuc tnh nhn duoc thay di t hoc gn nhu khng thay di. Gi tri dt
ra trong soft threshold cng nho th mang luoi cng duoc xu l mt cch chnh xc nhung m
luong nng luong su dung cung lon hon. V vy, nguoi dng c th diu chinh d cn bng d
chnh xc cua du liu v luong nng luong su dung. khi cc node chnh duoc thay di, cc gi
tri cho 2 ngung trn cung thay di v duoc pht dn cc node trong nhm. Khuyt dim
chnh cua phuong php ny l nu cc ngung khng dn duoc node trong nhm, cc node
ny khng th lin lac duoc voi nhau v thng tin s khng duoc truyn dn nguoi dng.,
Cc node lin tuc cam bin mi truong xung quanh. Trong ln du tin mt thng s trong
thuc tnh dinh ra gi tri cua hard threshold, node s kch hoat b truyn tin v gui nhung du
liu cam nhn duoc. gi tri cam bin s duoc luu trong mt bin goi l Sensed Value (SV).
Node s chi truyn du liu khi cc diu kin sau duoc thoa mn : (1) Gi tri hin thoi cua
thuc tnh lon hon gi tri cua hard threshold v (2) gi tri hin thoi cua thuc tnh khc voi SV
mt luong bng voi hoc lon hon gi tri cua soft threshold.
Mt tnh nng quan trong cua TEEN bao gm kha nng ung dung cua n cho cc ung
dung cam bin phu thuc vo thoi gian. V vic truyn tin tn nhiu nng luong hon cam
bin, nng luong tiu hao cung s t hon cc mang luoi chu dng khc. Gi tri cua soft
threshold c th thay di. Sau mt khoang thoi gian, mt nhm cc thng s moi s duoc pht
v nguoi dng c th thay di cc thng s ny theo yu cu.
Mt khc, APTEEN l mt giao thuc lai thay di tnh tun hon hoc gi tri cua ngung
dng trong TEEN dua vo yu cu cua nguoi dng v loai ung dung. Trong APTEEN, cc
node chnh pht dn cc node nhung thng s sau:
1. Thuc tnh (A attributes): dy l mt tp hop cua cc thng s vt cht m m
nguoi dng vn tin d yu cu thng tin lin quan
2. Ngung (thresholds) : thng s ny bao gm Hard threshold (HT) v Soft
threshold ( ST)
3. Lich (schedule) : dy l mt lich TDMA, phn chia thoi gian cho mi node.
4. Count time ( CT) : chu k choi gian di nht giua hai bo co duoc truyn thnh
cng lin tuc giua hai node.
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Hnh 2.4 : Dng thoi gian cho cc hoat dong cua a) ATEEN b) APTEEN
Cc node cam nhn mi truong xung quanh lin tuc v chi nhung node cam ung duoc
du liu voi gi tri lon hon hoc bng gi tri cua HT s tip tuc truyn tin. Mt khi node cam
ung duoc gi tri lon hon HT, n s chi truyn du liu khi gi tri cua dao dng cua thuc tnh
lon hon hoc bng gi tri cua ST. Nu mt node khng gui du liu trong mt khoang thoi gian
bng voi count time, n s bi buc phai cam bin v truyn tin lai. mt lich TDMA duoc su
dung v mi node trong nhm s duoc phn chia mt thoi dim truyn tin, v vy APTEEN su
dung mt lich TDMA d duoc chinh sua d tin hnh giao thuc lai. Cc dc tnh chnh cua
phuong php APTEEN bao gm nhung diu sau:
APTEEN kt hop ca giao thuc chu dng v tuong tc.
APTEEN rt linh hoat v cho php nguoi dng dt gi tri cua CT v cc
gi tri cua threshold d ph thuc nang luong tiu hao
Khuyt dim chnh cua phuong php ny l n phuc tap hon v n bao gm nhiu chuc
nng hon. M phong cua APTEEN v TEEN cho thy hai giao thuc ny hoat dng tt hon
LEACH. Cc th nghim cho thy hoat dng cua APTEEN nm giua LEACH v TEEN v
mt tiu hao nng luong v tui tho cua mang luoi. TEEN c kt qua tt nht v n giam s
luong duong truyn. Khuyt dim chnh cau hai phuong php ny l luong thng tin thua v
phuc tap di cung voi vic xc lp cc nhm v cc tng khc nhau, phuong thuc p dung ung
dung dua vo cc ngung v cch xu l vic dt tn cho cc yu cu dua trn thuc tnh.
d) Mng truyn thng dng nho vi ngun nng lung ti thiu (MECN):
Giao thuc ny pht trin mt mang phu tit kim nng luong goi l mang truyn thng
voi ngun nng luong ti thiu (MECN) dnh cho mt s mang cam bin bng cch su dung
GPS nng luong thp. MECN dinh dang mt vng chuyn tin cho mi node. Vng ny bao
gm cc node trong mt vng trong d truyn tin giua cc node ny cn t nng luong hon
truyn tin truc tip. vng chuyn tin cua cp node (I,r) l nhung node trong Hnh 10. Vng
xung quanh node I duoc xc lp bng cc vng chuyn tin m node I c th toi. tuong
chnh cua MECN l tm mt mang phu voi t node v su dung t nng luong d truyn tin giua
hai node hon. Theo cch ny, cc duong truyn tin ton cu duoc xc lp m khng cn phai
xt dn tt ca cc node trong mang luoi. Vic ny duoc tin hnh bng cch dng mt lnh
tm cuc b cho mi node xt vng chuyn tin cua node d. MECN c kha nng tu dinh dang
lai nn c th thch ung voi cc node li hoc c thm b cam ung . trong MECN, gia dinh dt
ra l tt ca cc node c th truyn tn dn ln nhau, tuy nhin vic ny khng thuc t.
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SMECN- mang truyn thng dang nho voi ngung nng luong ti thiu l mt mo rng cua
MECN. Mang phu xc lp boi SMECN cho vic chuyn tin voi ngun nng luong ti thiu
duoc chung minh l nho hon v mt s canh hon mang phu duoc xc lp boi MECN. V vy
mang phu (d thi phu G) xc lp boi SMECN nho hon cua MECN nu vng pht tin l vng
dang trn xung quanh node pht tin trong mi ln ci dt ngun nng luong bt k. D thi phu
G cua G, tuong trung cho mang cam bin giam thiu luong nng luong tiu hao bng cch
thoa mn hai diu kin sau:
S canh cua G t hon G trong khi G c tt ca cc node cua G
Nng luong cn d truyn tin tu mt node dn tt ca cc node ln cn t
hon o d thi G..
Gia dinh rng r = (u; u1;; uk-1; v) l2 duong truyn tu u v v bao gm k-1 node
trung gian. Tng luong nng luong trong mt duon truyn duoc tnh bng:

Trong d v , nng luong cn d truyn tin theo giao thuc ny l:

Voi mt s hng s t, n l s mu cua m hnh truyn song pht thanh n>=2, v d(u,v) l d
di tu u dn v. gia dinh rng vic tip nhn thng tin o b thu l theo tc d du (goi l c).
mang phu cua SMECN gip gui thng tin trn cc duong truyn voi nng luong nho nht v
n chi xc lp mt mang phu nu mang phu d chc chn s tn tai. Hon nua, mang phu xc
lp voi SMECN lm cc duong truyn duoc dng c nhiu kha nng tro thnh duong voi t
nng luong hon. Tm mt mang phu voi s canh nho hon cung gioi thiu thm nhiu thng tin
thua trong mt thut ton.
e) Giao thc t to (SOP self-organizing protocol):
Giao thuc ny duoc dng d pht trin cu trc dng d h tro cc b cam ung khng
dng nht. Cc b cam ung ny c th l dng hoc tinh. Mt s b cam ung thm d mi
truoc v chuyn tip du liu dn mt tp hop node c vai tr dinh tuyn. node dinh tuyn l
node tinh v thit lp duong truyn chnh. Thng tin thu duoc duoc chuyn tip qua cc
router dn node tram khoe hon. Mi node cam bin cn c kha nng dn mt mt router d c
th l mt phn cua mang d. Mt cu trc dinh tuyn yu cu thng tin v mi node d duoc
pht trin. cc node cam bin c th duoc nhn dang bng dia chi cua node dinh tuyn ni
voi n. Cu truc n phn cp khi nhm cc node duoc xc lp v ghp lai khi cn thit. Thut
ton Vng lp ni b Markov (LML) tao ra cc buoc ngu nhin trong cc nhnh cua mt d
thi duoc dng d h tro giao thuc voi cc li v vic pht tin. Phuong php ny ging cch
dng mang luoi ao. Trong phuong php ny node cam bin c th duoc xc nhn mt cch
bit lp trong dinh tuyn duoc yu cu. Hon nua, thut ton ny lm pht sinh mt chi ph nho
d duy tr bang dinh tuyn v duy tr cc cp bc dinh tuyn. nng luong cn thit cho vic
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pht tin cho phuong php ny cung duoc thy l t hon cua SPIN. Tuy nhin, giao thuc ny
khng phai l giao thuc theo yu cu dc bit l trong pha xc lp thut ton, mt pha lm
tng thng tin thua (overhead). Mt vn d khc d cp dn vic xc lp cc cp bc. C th
c qu nhiu duong chia mang luoi v vy xc sut cua vic ung dung mt pha ti t chuc l
rt cao, pha ny cung l pha tn nhiu chi ph.
f) Djnh tuyn tng hp b cam bin (Sensor Aggregates Routing):
Muc tiu l d diu khin cc hoat dng o dch dn mt cch c chon loc trong mi truong
nht dinh (dng cc ung dung theo di dch dn). mt b cam bin tng hop bao gm cc
node trong mang luoi thoa mn diu kin cua nhm d kt hop v thuc hin mt nhim vu.
Cc thng s cua diu kin ty thuc vo nhim vu v yu cu cua ngun nng luong. b cam
bin trong vng cam bin duoc chia thnh cc nhm nho ty vo d manh cua tn hiu chng
c th cam nhn duoc, dam bao chi c mt muc nng luong ti da cho mi nhm. Sau d,
node chnh ni b s duoc chi dinh, mt dinh tuong trung mt dch dn, nhiu dch dn hoc
khng dch no trong truong hop dinh duoc tng hop bng thng tin nhiu bn ngi. D chi
dinh node chnh cc b cam ung ln cn cn thay di thng tin. Nu mt node sau khi truyn
tin dn tt ca cc node cch n mt buoc nhay, thy rng d cao cua node d (height - anh
huong dn gradient) lon hon cua cc node cch n 1 buoc nhay trn b mt truyn du liu, s
tu tro thnh node chnh. Thut ton theo di dua vo cc node chnh gia su rng chi c duy
nht mt node chnh c thng tin v vi tr dia l cua vng phi hop cua cc node.
Ba thut ton d duoc pht d xut. Thut ton thu nht l mt giao thuc gon nhe - DAM
(Distributed Aggregate Management Quan l dua trn phuong thuc phn phi vic tng hop
tin), dnh cho vic hnh hnh tp hop cua cc b cam bin d theo di dch. Giao thuc bao
gm mt b quyt dinh P d mi node c th quyt dinh xem n c nn tham gia vo mt b
tng hop v mt k hoach trao di thng tin M v cch thuc cc quyt dinh cua nhm duoc
ung dung cho cc node. Mt node quyt dinh n thuc mt nhm dua vo kt qua ung dung
cc quyt dinh vo thng tin cua node d v thng tin tu cc node khc. Mt t hop duoc hnh
thnh khi cc qu trnh tp trung. Thu hai, thut ton Quan l hoat dng dua trn ngun nng
luong (Energy-based activity monitoring , EBAM) uoc luong muc nng luong o mi node
bng cch tnh ton din tch tc dng cua tn hiu, cng voi mt dang trong s cua nng
luong o dch dn do dc o mi b cam bin nhn duoc tn hiu, cho rng mi b cam bin dn
c muc nng luong bng nhau v khng di. Thut ton thu ba, Expectation-maximization
like activity monitoring (EMLAM), loai bo cc hng s v cc muc nng luong o dch bng
nhau. EMLAM uoc luong d phong don cch tn hiu tu dch c th duoc tng hop o b cam
bin. Qu trnh ny chi duoc thuc hin khi uoc luong l gn dng.
g) Djnh tuyn vi cu trc mng lui ao (Virtual Grid Architecture routing (VGA):
y l mt m hnh tit kim nng luong khai thc vic tng hop v xu li thng tin ni b
d ko di tui tho cua mang. V cc node tinh hoc di chuyn rt t trong nhiu ung dung cua
WSNs, mt phuong php thch hop l sp xp cc node ny theo mt cu trc lin kt c
dinh. Mt phuong php khng cn dng dn GPS duoc dng d lp cc nhm c dinh bng
nhau, canh nhau v khng trng nhau c hnh di xung. cc nhm c hnh vung duoc dng
d pht trin mt cu trc lin kt ao c cc hnh vung canh nhau. Trong mi min, mt node
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dc lua chon thnh node chnh. Vic tng hop thng tin duoc tin hnh theo hai giai doan: ni
b v ton cu. tp hop cua cc node chnh, cn goi l B tng hop ni b (Local Aggregators
Las) tin hnh tng hop ni b trong khi cc phn nho cua Las duoc dng d tin hnh tng
hop ton cu. Tuy nhin, vic quyt dinh cc dim tp hop ton cu ti uu Master
Aggregators (MAs) l mt vn d. Hnh 2.5 minh hoa v du v min c dinh. Ch rng vi tr
cua tram gc khng nht thit phai o gc luoi mang.

Hnh 2.5 : Vng mang ung dung
Hai phuong n giai quyt vn d cua dinh tuyn tng hop du liu duoc trnh by: mt
thut ton chnh xc dng Chuong trnh s nguyn Integer Linear Program (ILP) d xc dinh
cng thuc v cc dim gn ti uu nhung don gian v hiu qua, cc thut ton tuong di, v du,
phong don dua trn thut ton di truyn (a genetics algorithms based heuristic), phong don
dng k-means v phong don dng Greedy Algorithm. Mt phuong php phong don hiu
qua khc l Phong don dua vo vic tng hop cc nhm (Clustering-based aggregation
heurisitcs CBAH) cung d duoc d xut d giam thiu nng luong v tng tui tho mang.
Trong thuc t, gia su cc node LA tao nn cc nhm c th trng nhau. Thnh phn cua mi
nhm cam nhn cng mt event.Tuy nhin mi LA node tn tai trong khu vung trng nhau s
gui du liu dn MA ring cua nhm d. Ch y rng vn d nay sinh trong vic chi dinh Mas
dn Las trong CBAH ging voi nhung vn d truyn thng, nhung dim khc bit chnh
chng ta khng bit ca hai chuc nng ni trn cung nhu luong nng luong mi MA dng cho
LAs. Trong CBAH, tp hop cc Mas duoc chon dua trn vic lp dy mt s ch trng voi
dung luong. Bn canh tc d v d lon, cc thut ton tuong di cung cp kt qua gn voi kt
qua ti uu
35
h) Djnh tuyn phn cp vi nhn thc v nng lung (hierarchical power-aware
routing HPAR).
Giao thuc chia mang thnh hai nhm cam bin, mi nhm xt v vi tr dia l l tp trung
vo thnh mt min, v mi min duoc xt l mt c th. D dinh tuyn mi min duoc cho
php quyt dinh cch n s dinh tuyn mt tin theo phuong php phn cp qua min cn lai
sao cho tui tho cua pin o cac node duoc ti uu ha. Tin duoc dinh tuyn qua c duong truyn
voi ngun nng luong du thua cao nht trn ton b ngun nng luong du thua nho nht goi
l max-min path. Vic ny d nghin cuu xem dng node voi luong nng luong du thua c
chi ph cao hon cc node khc hay khng. Mt thut ton tuong di goi l max-min xPmin
duoc d xut. Thut ton duoc xy dung dua trn su cn bng giua ti thiu ha tng nng
luong tiu thu v ti uu ha ngun nng luong du tu. v vy, thut ton c gng cung c max-
min path bng cch han ch vic ban thn tiu hao nng luong nhu sau. Du tin, thut ton
tm duong voi luong nng luong tiu hao ti thiu (Pmin) dng thut ton Dijkstra.Tip theo,
thut ton tm duong ti uu ha luong nng luong du thua ti thiu trong mangg. Thut ton
duoc d xut s c gng kt hop v ti uu ha ca hai uu dim bng cch noi long muc tiu
hao nng luong ti thiu cho mt tin bng zmin voi z>=1 d han ch tiu hao nng luong.
thut ton s su dung nhiu nht l zPmin trong khi ti da ha luong nng luong du thua. Mt
thut ton khc goi l dinh tuyn dua theo min cung phu thuc vo max-min zPmin. Dinh
tuyn dua theo min l mt phuong php phn cp trong d cc vng c mang cam bin duoc
chia thnh cc min nho hon. D gui mt tin qua ca vng mt duong ton cu ni cc min
duoc thnh lp. Cc b cam bbbin trong mt zone s dng loan chi huong dinh tuyn ni b
v tham gia uoc luong muc nng luong cua min. mi tin duoc dinh tuyn qua cc min dng
thng tin tu uoc luong muc nng luong cua min. Mt b diu khun ton cu cho vic dinh
tuyn tin duoc chi dinh d quan l cc min. dy l node c quyn luc cao nht. Nu mang c
th duoc chia thnh mt s min tuong di nho, quy m cua thut ton dinh tuyn ton cm
giam. thng tin ton cu yu cu gui mi tin duoc tm tt bng uoc luong muc nng luong
cua mi min. Biu d cho mi min duoc dng d dai din cc dinh cua cc min kt ni ln
cn nu min hin thoi c th dn min ln cn tip theo trong mt huong nht dinh. Mi dinh
min c muc nng luong bng 1. Mi dinh huong min duoc dnh du bng muc nng luong
uoc tnh cua n, tinh bng mt bin th cua thut ton Bellman-Ford. Hon nua, hai thut ton
duoc phc cho ni b v ton cu tu d thi min.
i) Pht tn thng tin theo 2 lp (2- tier data dissemination TTDD):
Trong TTDD, mi ngun du liu chu dng xy dung mt cu trc mang luoi gip pht tn
du liu dn cc sink di dng bng cch gia su cc node cam bin l tinh v co nhn thuc v vi
tr. Khi c mt event,cc b cam bin xu l tn hiu v mt b tro thnh ngun tao ra bo co
du liu.Cc node cam bin nhn thuc duoc chuc nng cua chng. D xy dung cu trc mang
luoi, mt ngun du liu chon ban thn lm dim bt du cua luoi v gui tin thng bo du liu
dn 4 dim ct lin k n dng chuyn tip dia l dua trn greedy algorithm co ban. khi tin
tip cn node o gn dim giao nhau, vic truyn tin s dung. trong qu trnh ny, mi node
trung gian tru thng tin v ngun v tip tuc chuyn tip tin dn cc dim giao nhau canh n
tru noi du liu duoc chuyn dn cho n. Qu trnh ny s dung lai o bo cua mang.cc node tru
36
thng tin v ngun duoc chon l node pht thng tin. Sau qu trnh ny, cu trc luoi hnh
thnh. Dng cu trc ny, tram gc c th pht thng tin dng flood. Yu cu s chuyn tip
dn ngun. Thng tin duoc yu cu s duoc chuyn theo huong nguoc lai dn sing. Chuyn
tip theo qu dao duoc ung dung khi BA di chuyn trn min cam bin.mc d TTDD l mt
phuong php hiu qua, c mt s dim chua r v cch thut ton thu duoc thng tin v vi tri
cn thit d xy cu trc luoi. d di duong chuyn trong TTDD di hon. Cc tc gia ca
TTDD cho rng d di km ti uu cua TTDD duoc b lai bng su tng quy m. Cui cng,
cch TTDD vn hnh nu node cam bin dng v duoc php di chuyn vn chua duoc gii
dp. Kt qua so snh giua TTDD v truyn tin truc tip cho thy TTDD ko di tui tho cua
mang v d chm cua truyn du liu. tuy nhin duy tr luoi v cu trc lin kt mang cung
lm tng thng tin thua.

Bang 2.2 : Cau trc voi cau trc lin kt dinh tuyn
2.2.3. Cc giao thc d|nh tuyn da vo v| tr :
Trong loai giao thuc ny, node cam bin duoc dinh dang dua trn vi tr cu chng. Khoang
cch giua cc node ln cn c th duoc uoc luong bng cch do d manh cua tn hiu toi. Toa
d tuong di cua cc node gn nhau c th thu duoc bng cch trao di thng tin giua cc
node. Theo mt cch khc, vi tr cua cc node c th c sn bng vic trao di thng tin voi
v tinh thng qua GPS (h thng dinh vi ton cu) nu cc node duoc trang bi mt b nhn
sng GPS dang nho v tiu thu t nng luong. D tit kim nng luong, mt s phuong php
dua trn vi tr yu cu cc node chuyn sang trang thi nghi khi node d khng duoc dng
dn. Cng nhiu node trong trang thi nghi th s tit kim duoc cng nhiu nng luong. Vic
tao ra lich nghi cua mi node trong mt vng nho cung c nhung khuyt dim m chng ta s
xem xt trong phn sau. Mt s giao thuc dinh tin dua vo vi tr bao gm:
a) Giao thc truyn thng tin trung thc da trn vj tr dja l (Geographic adaptive
fidelity (GAF):
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GAF l mt thut ton dinh tuyn dua trn vi tr v c kha nng theo di ngun nng
luong duoc pht trin dnh ring cho mang khng dy di dng nhung cung c th duoc ung
dung cho cc mang cam bin. Vng mang s duoc chia thnh cc min c dinh tao thnh mt
luoi ao. Trong mi min, cc node s phi hop d thuc hin cc chuc nng khc nhau. V du,
cc node s cu mt node cam bin khng o trong trang thi nghi trong mt khoang thoi gian
nht dinh trong khi nhung node cn lai s vo trang thi nghi. Node duoc chi dinh s c
nhim vu diu hnh v bo co du liu dn tram gc thay cho tt ca cc node trong min d.
V vy, GAF bao tn nng luong bng cch tt cc node khng cn thit trong mang m vn
khng anh huong dn d chnh xc cua tuyn thng tin. Mi node su dung vi tr dt ra boi
GPS d tm ra ch cua mnh trong mang luoi ao (virtual grid). Cc node duoc link voi nhung
dim ging nhau trn luoi bng GPS duoc coi la ngang hang v mt chi ph truyn gi thng
tin. Su ngang hng ny duoc tn dung d giu mt s node o mt nht dinh lun o trong
trang thi nghi nhm tit kim nng luong. V vy GAF c th ko di tui tho cua mang v
lu di khi s node trong mang tng. GAF duoc dinh nghia o 3 trang thi. Trang thi thu nht
l trang thi khm ph, trong d cc vng duoc dinh nghia thnh vi tr trn luoi ao, cc node
chu dng tm hiu hoat dng cua ban thn xem node d s tham gia vo qu trnh dinh tuyn
v nghi dua trn sng thu pht. D c th xu l mt cch linh dng, mi node trong luoi mang
s uoc tnh thoi dim n roi khoi luoi mang v gui thng tin ny dn cc node xung quanh.
Cc node xung quanh s diu chinh thoi gian nghi tuong ung d dam bao d trung thuc cua
vic dinh tuyn. Truoc khi node di vo trang thi nghi, cc node dang trong trang thi nghi s
duoc kch hoat v mt node tro thnh node thuc hay node hoat dng trong luoi. GAF
duoc dng cho ca tnh dng v tinh cua cc node. Hnh 2.7 minh hoa vic chia min trong
mang cam bin. Cc nhm c dinh duoc chon nhu nhau v c hnh vung. Vic lua chon kch
c cua cc hnh thung ny phu thuc vo d manh cua duong truyn duoc yu cu v huong
truyn. Vic truyn tin ngang hoc doc s duoc dam bao nu tn hiu duoc truyn qua mt
khoang cch sao cho 2 node cam bin trong nhm lin k theo chiu ngang hoc doc
c th lin lac truc tim. Cho vic truyn tin theo duong cho, khoang cch m tn hiu phai
duoc truyn qua l . Vn d dt ra l lm sao d ln lich sp xp vai tr cho cc
node d chon ra cc node chnh. Mt node chnh c th yu cc node cam bin trong nhm
duoc kch hoat v bt du thu thp thng tin khi node chnh d cam nhn duoc yu cu. Sau
d, node chnh c vai tr nhn thng tin th tu cc node khc v chuyn tip dn tram gc.
Gia dinh cua truong hop ny l cc node cam bin c th bit vi tr cua ban thn qua cc the
GPS, mt vic kha thi trong diu kin hin tai GAF c gng giu cho mang kt ni bng cch
duy tr mt node dai din cho mi min lun o trong trang thi thuc. Kt qua tu vic chay
m phong cho thy cht luong hoat dng cua GAF ti thiu cung bng voi mt giao thuc
dinh tuyn khng dy bnh thuong v mt thoi gian tr, hao hut thng tin v ko da tui tho
mang bng cch tit kim nng luong. D GAF l mt giao thuc dua trn vi tr, n cung c
th duoc ci l mt giao thuc phn cp trong d cc nhm duoc chia dua trn vi tr dia l. Cho
mi vng mang luoi c mt node dai din c vai tr nhu mt node chnh truyn tin dn cc
38
node khc. Tuy nhin, node chnh khng tng hop hay ghp thng tin trong GAF, khc voi
cc giao thuc phn cp d dc d cp o trn.

Hnh 2.6 : V du cua vng trong mang cam bin

b) Djnh tuyn vi nhn thc v vj tr dja l v nng lung ( Geographic and Energy
Aware Routing GEAR):
GEAR su dung phuong thuc phong don lua chon node voi nhn thuc v vi tr v nng
luong d dinh tuyn mt gi thng tin theo huong dn vng dch. Muc tiu chnh l d han
ch s tin interest trong truyn tin truc tip (directed diffusion) bng cch chi xt mt vng
nht dinh thay v gui tin interests cho ton mang luoi, v vy tit kim nhiu nng luong hon
directed diffusion.
Mi node trong GEAR duy tr mt chi ph uoc tnh (estimated cost) v mt chi ph cai tin
(learned cost) d truyn tin dn dch qua cc node ln cn. Chi ph uoc tnh l mt tp hop cua
ngun nng luong cn lai v khoang cch dn dch. Ch phi cai tin l chi ph uoc tnh duoc
chinh v cai tin sau khi d tnh v vic c cc l hng trn duong truyn dn dch. Mt l
hng (hole) l khi mt node khng c node ln cn no gn dch dn hon chnh ban thn n.
Nu khng c hole, chi ph uoc tnh s bng voi ch ph cai tin. Chi ph cai tin dc tuyn
truyn sau gi tin khoang cch bng mt buoc nhay (hop) cho dn khi gi tin dn dch d kip
thoi chinh sua tuyn duong thit lp d chuyn gi tin sau. Thut ton ny bao gm 2 pha: (1)
Chuyn cc gi tin dn min dch. Khi nhn mt gi tin, mt node kim tra cc node xung
quanh xem c node no gn min dch hon ban thn n. Nu c hon kt qua, node gn nht
tnh tu min dch s duoc chon lm buoc nhay tip theo. Nu tt ca cc node du xa dch hon
node dang duoc khao st, chng ta ni duong truyn c mt l hng (hole). Trong truong hop
ny, mt trong cc node ln cn duoc choc d chuyn gi tin dua trn mt hm dnh gi
learning cost. Vic thay di tuyn duong s duoc cp nht dua theo dim giao nhau cua d thi
gi tri cua learning cost khi cc gi tin duoc chuyn pht. (2) Chuyn pht gi thng tin trong
cng mt min: Nu gi thng tin d dn vng dch, n c th dc truyn truc tip trong vng
d bng chuyn dua vo d quy dia l (recursive geographic forwarding) hoc dng mt phin
ban han ch cua flooding (restricted flooding). Restricted flooding thch hop hon khi cc b
39
cam bin khng tp trung qu dy. Trong truong hop ny, vng dch s duoc chia thnh 4
vng phu v 4 phin ban cua gi tin duoc tao. Qu trinh chia v chuyn tip cc phn c gi
tin s ko di dn khi no cc vng chi cn lai 1 node.
GEAR thuong duoc so snh voi GPSR- mt giao thuc tuong tu nhung khng c nhn
thuc v ngun nng luong, thay vo d dng cc d thi phng d giai quyt l hng mang.
Trong GPSR, cc gi tin tun theo cc thng s cua mt d thi phng d dinh tuyn. D
phuong php cua GPSR giam s trang thi m mt node cn c, n duoc pht trin cho mang
di dng khng dy ni chung v cn mt chuong trnh dinh vi d xc dinh dia dim v nhn
dang node. GEAR khng chi tit kim nng luong trong vic thit lp duong truyn nhung
cung hoat dng tt hon GPSR v mt truyn gi thng tin. Kt qua m phong cho thy trong
truong hop phn chia duong truyn khng dng du, GEAR truyn duoc nhiu gi tin hon
GPSR 70%- 80%. Trong truong hop duong truyn dng du GEAR truyn duoc nhiu gi tin
hon GPSR 25-35%.
c) MFR, DIR, GEDIR:
Dy l mt s thut ton don gian dng d dinh tuyn trong pham vi nho. Cc giao thuc
ny xu l nhung vn d don gian nhu khoang cch, tin d v nhung phuong php dua vo
huong duong truyn. Cc vn d nay sinh lin quan dn duong truyn theo huong tin ln
truoc hoc v pha sau. Mt node ngun hoc bt node trung gian no c th chon mt trong
cc node ln cn dua vo mt tiu ch nht dinh. Cc phuong php dinh tuyn thuc loai ny
l MFR (tin toi truoc trong vng bn knh most forward within radius), GEDIR (dinh tuyn
dua trn khoang cch dia l Geographic Distance Routing)- mt bin th cua dang giai thut
tham lam (greedy algorithm) bao gm phuong php nhay 2 buoc (2-hop greedy algorithm),
phuong php lun phin (alternate algorithm) v DIR ( phuong php dinh tuyn vng khung
compass routing method). Thut ton GEDIR l mt giai thut tham lam (greedy algorithm)
lun chuyn gi thng tin dn node ln cn thuc dinh voi khoang cch gn nht dn dch.
Thut ton ny s bi li khi gi thng tin di qua mt canh hai ln lin tip. Trong phn lon cc
truong hop MFR v cc phuong php thuc Greedy Algorithm c tuyn dn dch ging nhau.
Trong DIR, node lin k thch hop nht s c khoang cch ngn nht dn dch (nghia l gc
tao thnh s nho nht). Nghia l, node duoc chon s c cu l gc nho nht tnh tu mt duong
tuong tuong ni node hin tai dn dch. Trong MFR, node k tip A thch hop nht s dn dn
tch v huong l nho nht, trong d S,D l node ngun v dch, l d di O-
co-lt giua hai node S v D. Node thch hop nht cung l node dn dn tch v
huong nho nht. Mi phuong php dung chuyn tin o node c phuong php thch
hop nht sau khi tnh ton l quay tro lai node truoc d. GEDIR v MFR khng bi lp, cn
DIR c th gy ra vng lp tru phi cc duong truyn truoc d d duoc ghi vo b nho hoc
duoc dnh du thoi gian
Mt nghin cuu so snh cc thut ton ny cho thy ba thut ton don gian c hiu sut c
th so snh duoc voi nhau v mt tc dc duong truyn v d dn. Hon nua, cc bi m
phng cho thy cc node trong MFR v cc phuong php thuc greedy algorithm s lua
40
node k tip ging nhau trong hon 99% s truong hop v lua chon ton b tuyn duong
truyn ging nhau trong phn lon cc truong hop.
d) Djnh tuyn khc thuc Greedy Algorithm c kha nng thch ng (Greedy Other
Adaptive Face Routing (GOAFR):
Thut ton GOAFR lun chon node k tip c khoang cch toi node tip theo n l nho
nht d dinh tuyn, Tuy nhin, phuong php ny s bi ket o mt s dim khi khng c mt
node k tip no gn node hin tai hon ban thn n. Dinh tuyn mt phng khc -Other Dinh
tuyn mt phng -Face Routing ( OFR) l mt bin th cua Face Routing ( FR). FR l giao
thuc du tin dam bao thnh cng nu ngun v dch ni voi nhau Tuy nhin chi ph trong
truong hop xu nht cua FR ti l thun voi d lon cua mang dua vo s node. Thut ton du
tin c th canh tranh voi dinh tuyn tt nht trong truong hop xu nht l Dinh tuyn mt
phng thch ung -Adaptive Face Routing ( AFR). Hon nua, bng mt di s chn du, AFR
duoc cho l tim cn ti uu trong truong hop xu nht. Tuy nhin AFR khng hiu qua trong
cc truong hop thuong. OFR khai that cu trc mt phng cua d thi phng sao cho thng tin
duoc truyn tu node s dn bng cch chay ngang mt chui cc bo mt phng. Muc dinh l d
tm mt node thch hop nht (gn dch t nht theo hnh hoc phng) trn bo mt phng. Khi kt
thc, giao thuc tra lai s thng tin v node thch hop nht tm duoc. Thut ton greedy don
gian hoat dng tt trong cc mang dy nhung bi li khi xu l nhung cu hnh don gian.
GOAFR l thut ton ti uu trong truong hop xu nht v cung hiu qua trong truong hop
thuong. GOAFR c hiu sut cao hon cc giao thuc dng ch khc nhu GPSR hay AFR.
e) SPAN:
Dy l mt mt giao thuc dua vo vi tr lua mt s node lm toa d dua trn vi tr . cc toa
d ny tao nn duong truc chnh cho mang luoi cho vic chuyn tin. Mt node c th thnh
mt toa d nu 2 node ln cn cua mt node khng phai l toa d khng th tip cn node kia
truc tip hoc qua 2 toa d (kha nng tip cn sau 3 buoc nhay). Cc toa d moi v dang c
khng cn thit phai o gn nhau, thm ch diu ny cn lm cho cu trc ny km hiu qua
trong vic su dung nng luong v thut ton SPAN tro nn qu phuc tap.
2.3. Giao thc d|nh tuyn da trn hot dng cua giao thc:
2.3.1. Giao thc djnh tuyn da dung:
Mt thut ton d duoc d xut s dinh tuyn du liu qua mt duong truyn trong d
cc node c luong nng luong thua lon nht. duong truyn ny chi thay di khi c mt duong
truyn tt hon duoc tm ra. Duong truyn cu s tip tuc duoc duy tr cho dn khi luong nng
luong giam xung duoi luong nng luong cua duong truyn moi. Bng phuong php ny,
cc node trong duong truyn cu s khng bi hao ngun nng luong nho duoc dng lin tuc v
s khng bin mt. Tuy nhin chi ph chuyn duong truyn chua duoc tnh dn,
Vic su dung mt tp hop cc duong truyn khng phai l duong truyn ti uu cung
duoc d xut d lm tng tui tho cua mang, Cc duong truyn ny duoc chon dng xc sut
phu thuc vo luong nng luong tiu hao boi mi duong truyn.
Duong truyn voi luong nng luong du thua lon nht cung vn c th c chi ph cao nht.
Chnh v vy c su cn bng giua vic giam thiu tng luong nng luong tiu hao v luong
41
nng luong du thua cua mang. Mt giao thuc thuc tp trung vo vic noi long luong nng
luong du thua cua tuyn duong d c th chon mt duong truyn hiu qua hon cung d duoc
d xut.,
Dinh tuyn da duong duoc dng d tng d xc thuc cua mang khng dy WSN.
Phuong php d xut l huu hiu trong vic chuyn du liu trong mi truong khng dng tin
cy. D xc thuc cua mt mang tng bng cch pht trin mt s duong truyn tu ngun dn
dch v bng cch gui gi tin nhu nhau trn mi duong truyn. Tuy nhin su dung nhiu
duong truyn d gy tc nghn mang. Su cn bng duoc nghin cuu dng mt hm s phu
thuc vo d da duong v xc sut li cua cc duong truyn c sn. tuong l chia gi thng
tin ban du ra thnh cc gi nho va gui mi gi qua mt duong, kt qua cho thy cho d mt
s gi thng tin nho d bi mt, tin ban du vn c th duoc hi phuc. Giao thuc ny cung cho
thy voi mt xc sut li ti da nht dinh cua node, dng dinh tuyn voi d da duong cao hon
gi tri ti uu s tng xc sut li.
2.3.2. D|nh tuyn da trn yu cu hoi dp:
Trong loai dinh tuyn ny, cc node dch s chuyn mt yu cu thng tin (sensing
task) tu mt node qua mang v mt node c thng tin ny s gui thng tin duoc yu cu v
cho node d gui thng tin. Thng thuong nhung yu cu duoc miu ta bng ngn ngu thuong
hoc ngn ngu yu cu nng cao. V du, khch hang C1 c th gui yu cu dn node N1 vva2
hoi Are there moving vehicles in battle space region 1?. Tt ca cc node c bng chua
thng tin duoc yu cu v nhn duoc yu cu s gui thng tin lai. Truyn tin truc tip l mt
v du cua loai dinh tuyn ny. Trong truyn tin truc tip, tram gc gui mt tin interest dn b
cam bin. Khi tin interest dc chuyn qua mang cam bin, ngun gui thng tin theo gradient
tao boi tin interest. D giam luong nng luong su dung vic tng hop thng tin duoc thuc
hin khi thng tin dang duoc chuyn.
Giao thuc dinh tuyn Rumour dng mt tp hop agent voi tui tho cao d lp duong
truyn ni truc tip cc events m agent gp phai. Khi duong truyn cua mt agent ct duong
truyn dn dn mt event chua c trong agent, agent s khai thc duong truyn d v luu vo
bng dinh tuyn. Mi node duy tr mt danh sch cc node ln cn v mt bang event duoc
cp nht mi khi agent gp mt event moi. Mi node c th tu tao agent theo xc sut. Mi
agen bao gm mt bang event dng ha voi mi node m n di dn. Agemt c tui tho bng
mt s buoc nhay nht dinh. Mt node s khng gui yu cu tru khi n hoc duoc duong
truyn cua event duoc yu cu. nu khng c duong truyn thoa mn yu cu, node s gui
mt yu cu theo mt huong ngu nhin. Sau d, node doi xem yu cu c th dn duoc dch
trong mt khoang thoi gian nht dinh, ri su dung flooding dn ton network nu khng c tra
loi tu dch.
2.3.3: Giao thc da trn dn xp:
Cc giao thuc ny su dung b miu ta thng tin cao cp d loai bo truyn thng tin du thua
bng cch dn xp. Cc quyt dinh lin lc cung dc dua ra dua vo ngun nng luong c sn.
cc giao thuc thuc SPIN l v du cua loai giao thuc ny. Muc dinh l bng cch dng
flooding d pht tn thng tin s dn dn qu ti v chng cho thng tin, v vy node s nhn
duoc mt thng tin nhiu ln. Phuong php ny tn nhiu nng luong v qu trnh v thng tin
42
ging nhau duoc gui bng cc b cam bin khc nhau. Cc giao thuc SPIN duoc thit k d
pht tn thng tin cua mt b cam bin dn tt ca cc b cam bin khc cho rng nhung b
cam bin ny du c th l tram gc. v vy, theo mt cch tng qut, dinh tuyn dua trn dn
xp tp trung lm giam thng tin trng lp v thua bng cch su dung cc tin dn xp truoc
khi thng tin duoc truyn di.
2.3.4: Gia thc da trn cht lung d|ch v: (Qos)
Dinh tuyn Chi dinh buoc (Sequential Assignment Routing SAR) l mt trong nhung
giao thuc dinh tuyn cho WSNs du tinh gioi thiu v QoS trong quyt dinh. Cc quyt dinh
cua SAR phu thuc vo 3 yu t: ngun nng luong, cht luong dich vu o mi duong truyn
v cc gi tin uu tin. D tranh li duong truyn, phuong php da duong duoc p dung vo
cc giai khp khi phuc duong truyn ni b duoc p dung. D tao ra nhiu duong tu mt
node ngun, mt tuyn chia nhnh duoc pht trin cng lc trnh cc node voi muc nng
luong thp hoc thiu dam bao v QoS. Cui qu trnh mi node s l mt phn cua tuyn
giao thuc da duong. v vy SAR l mt giao thuc da duong dua vo bang nhm dat duoc hiu
qua v nng luong l resilience. V nguyn l, SAR tnh mt gi tri trong s QoS tng hop
bng tng v tch cua cc tiu ch QoS v mt h s lin quan dn muc uu tin cua mt gi
tin. Muc tiu cua thut ton SAR l d giam thiu gi tri QoS trong doi cua mt mang. Nu
cu trc mang thay di v node bi li, cn phai tnh ton lai tuyn duong. D ngn ngua li
duong truyn, cc duong truyn duoc tnh lai theo chu k kch hoat boi tram gc d c th di
ph duoc voi thay di cua cu trc mang. Mt thu tuc bt tay (handshake procedure) dua trn
k hoach phuc hi tuyn ni b giua cc node ln cn duoc dng d phuc hi sau li. Phuc hi
li duoc tin hnh bng cch duy tr tnh nht qun cua bang dinh tuyn giua cc node gn
ngun v cc node gn dch dn. Kt qua m phong cho thy SAR tit kim nhiu nng luong
hon thut ton nng luong ti thiu (minimum-energy metric algorithm) chi tp trung vo
luong nng luong tiu hao cua mi gi tin nhung khng xt dn tnh uu tin. SAR duy tr h
thng da duong, tuy nhin, giao thuc ny chiu nhiu thng tin thua d duy tr cc bang v
trang thi o mi node dc bit l khi c nhiu node.
Mt giao thuc dinh tuyn dua trn QoS cho WSNs c th cung cp dam bao tu du
dn cui, su dung thoi gian thuc l SPEED. Giao thuc ny yu cu mi node duy tr thng tin
v cc node ln cn v dng chuyn tin dua vo vi tr dia l d dinh tuyn. Hon nua, SPEED
c gng dam bao mt tc d nht dinh cho mi gi tn d mi ung dung c th uoc luong thoi
gian choi tu du dn cui bng cch chia qung duong tu n dn BS cho tc dc cua gi tin
truoc khi quyt dinh nht goi tin. SPEED cung c th ngn ngua nghn mang. Tiu chun
dinh tuyn trong SPEED duoc goi l Chuyn tip dua vo dia l v huong (Stateless
Geographic Non-deterministic Forwarding- SFNG) v phi hop voi 4 tiu chun khc trong
lop mang. Uoc tnh thoi gian cho o mi node duoc tnh khi mt ACK duoc nhn tu mt node
ln cn ging nhu phan hi cua mt gi du liu duoc chuyn dn. Khi nhn vo gi tri cua
thoi gian cho, SNGF lua chon node d thoa mn diu kin v tc d. Nu node bi li, ty l
chuyn (relay ratio) cua node d s duoc kim tra bng cch nhn vo ty l l (miss ratios) cua
cc node ln cn node d (cc node khng chuyn duoc tin o tc d mong mun ) v duoc
chuyn dn SNGF. Khi so snh voi Dinh tuyn Ngun dng (Dynamic Source Routing- DSR)
43
v dinh tuyn khng dy dng vector theo yu cu (ad-hoc on-demang vector routing)
SPEED dat hiu sut cao hon v mt ti l thoi gian cho v l (delay and miss ratio). tng nng
luong tiu hao it hon v thut ton dinh tuyn don gian.
2.3.5. Xu l lin kt v khng lin kt ( Coherent and non-coherent processing)
Xu l du liu l mt phn quan trong trong qu trinh vn hnh cua mang khng dy. V
vy, cc cng ngh dinh tuyn cung su dung nhiu cng ngh xu l thng tin. Ni tng qut,
cc node cam bin s phi hop d xu l cc loai du liu khc nhau trong mang. 2 v du cua
vic xu l du liu l xu l lin kt v khng lin kt. trong dinh tuyn xu l khng lin kt, cc
nodes chi xu l du liu th ni b truoc khi gui sang node khc d tip tuc xu l. Cc nodes xu
l du liu cp cao goi l b tng hop (aggregators). Trong dinh tuyn lin kt, du liu duoc
chuyn dn mt b tng hop sau khi duoc xu l ti thiu bao gm dnh du thoi gian, loai bo
thng tin chng tho. Dinh tuyn lin kt thch hop d tit kim nng luong.
Cc hm s khng lin kt c tai du liu kh nho trong khi xu l lin kt lm vic voi
nhiu du liu nn cn tuyn duong ti uu d c th dat hiu qua v nng luong. Trong xu l
khng lin kt, xu l thng tin bao gm 3 pha: (1) nhn dang dch dn, thu hi du liu v tin
xu l (preprocessing); (2)quyt dinh v thng bo tham gia xu l thng tin v (3) chi dinh node
chnh. Trong giai doan 1 mt dch dn duoc nhn din cc du liu duoc thu hi v chun bi
xu l. Khi mt node quyt dinh tham gia phi hop xu l thng tin n s vo giai doan 2 l
thng bo tham gia xu l thng tin. Vic ny cn phai duoc lm cng som cng tt d tt ca
cc node c th bit duoc cu trc mang. giai doan 3 l giai doan chon node hcinh1. V node
chnh duoc chon d thuc hin cc cng vic xu l du liu tinh vi hon, node chnh cn c du
ngun nng luong du tru v kha nng tnh ton.
Single winner algorithm (SWE) duoc d xut cho dinh tuyn khng lin kt. mt node tng
hop duoc chon cho cc cng doan xu li phuc tap. vic chon mt node dua vo luong nng
luong v kha nng tnh ton cua node d. Kt thc SWE, mt tuyn da duong (minimum-hop
spanning tree) s phu ton b mang luoi..
Multiple winner algorithm (MWE) duoc d xut cho dinh tuyn lin kt. MWE l mo rng
don gian cua SWE. Khi tt ca cc node l ngun v gui du liu dn node tng hop trung tm,
mt luong lon nng luong s bi tiu hao v chi ph cho qu trnh ny rt cao. Mt cch d lm
giam chi ph v nng luong l gioi han s ngun c th gui du liu. Thay v chi ghi lai tt ca
nhung node tt nht (master aggregator node), mi node s nho lai nhiu nht l n nodes cua
nhung node trn. Kt thc qu trnh MWE, mi b cam bin c mt tp hop cc duong tit
kim nng luong nht dn mi node ngun. Sau d SWE duoc dng d tm node dng tn t
nng luong nht. node ny s duoc chon l node chnh
44

45
Bang 2.3 : Tm tt cc giao thuc
2.4. Kt lun chuong 2
Cc giao thuc dinh tuyn ngy cng duoc ung dung v pht trin rng ri nhm phuc
vu cho nhu cu,muc dch cua con nguoi. N lm tng d tin cy v huu ch cho vic lua chon
vic su dung cung nhu dnh gi duoc chnh xc hon.

46
Kt lun
Cc dc tnh nhu d linh dng, chi ph thp, trin khai nhanh chng... cua cc mang
cam bin d tao ra rt nhiu ung dung moi. Trong tuong lai, pham vi ung dung rng lon ny
s lm cho cc mang cam bin tro thnh mt phn quan trong trong cuc sng cua chng ta.
Tuy nhin, vic thuc hin cc mang cam bin cn phai giai quyt duoc cc vn d v kha
nng chng li, dinh c, chi ph, phn cung, thay di cu hnh , mi truong v cng sut. Do
nhung gioi han cht ch v mang tnh dc th cua cc mang cam bin nn cn thit phai c
cc k thut mang v tuyn dc bit (ad-hoc) moi.
Chon duong trong cc mang cam bin l mt linh vuc moi, cc kt qua nghin cuu
cn chua nhiu nhung dang rt duoc quan tm pht trin. Nhung k thut ny c muc tiu
chung l ko di thoi gian sng cua mang. Cc giao thuc chon duong duoc phn loai dua vo
cu trc mang gm c cc giao thuc chon duong ngang hng, phn cp v theo vi tr. Ngoi
ra, cc giao thuc chon duong cn duoc phn loai theo da duong, theo yu cu, theo hoi/dp v
theo QoS phu thuc vo co ch hoat dng cua n.

47
Ti liu tham khao
[1] W. R. Heinzelman, A. Chandrakasan, and H. Balakrishnan, Energy-Efficient
Communication Protocol for Wireless Microsensor Networks, IEEE Proc. Hawaii Intl.
Conf. Sys. Sci., Jan. 2000, pp. 110.
[2] F. Ye et al., A Two-Tier Data Dissemination Model for Large-Scale Wireless Sensor
Networks, Proc. ACM/IEEE MOBICOM, 2002.
[3] http://www.ieee802.org/15/.
[4] Jamal N. Al-Karaki and Ahmed E. Kamal, Routing Techniques in wireless sensor
network: A survey, IEEE Wireless Communications, December 2004.
[5] Cc kv thuat phn nhm trong cc mang cam bin v tuyn TS.L Nhat Thng, TS.
Nguyn Qu Sv

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Chuyn d k thut chuyn mch TS : L Nht Thng

D ti : Djnh tuyn trong mng cam bin v tuyn

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