Structures Overview

AE 440 Aircraft Fall 2008

Responsibilities
Determine V-n relationships and construct a V-n diagram. Establish and maintain load paths. Determine materials of construction. Determine landing gear configurationto configuration.

Presentation Outline
V-n diagram
Purpose and example

Load Paths Landing gear

Common types and loads encountered

Materials
Typical materials used and properties to consider
3

Primary Structural Loads

Aircraft Loads

Sample V-n Diagram

http://rgl.faa.gov/Regulatory_and_Guidance_Library/rgFAR.nsf/MainFrame?OpenFrameSet

Limit Load Factors

Load Paths
How loads are transferred from one structural member to another Wing skintorsion and shear stress Wing ribsmaintain shape and rigidity, transfer loads from skin to spars Wing sparsbending moments Fuselagebulkheads, framers, stringers
8

Sample Internal Structural Configuration

Fuselage Loads
Empennage loads due to trim, maneuvering, turbulence and gusts Pressure loads due to cabin pressurization Landing gear loads due to landing impact, taxiing and ground maneuvering Loads induced by the propulsion installation when the latter is attached to the fuselage
10

Common Landing Gear Arrangements

11

Landing Gear Loads

Vertical loads primarily caused by non-zero touchdown rates and taxiing over rough surfaces Longitudinal loads primarily caused by braking loads and rolling friction loads Lateral loads primarily caused by crabbed landings, cross-wind taxiing and ground turning

12

Materials
Typical Aircraft Materials
Aluminum, steel, titanium, composites

Material Properties to Consider

Strength, stiffness, density, weight, cost

13

Spanwise Load Distribution

14

Example Load Distribution

15

Example Moment Diagram

16

References
www.faa.gov-->regulations and policies tab>regulatory and guidance library Raymer, D.P., Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach, AIAA Education Series, J.A. Schetz, Ed., American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc., Reston, VA, 4th Ed. 2006. Basement of Grainger
17