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pH 1`15, 2012

d fy T

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pH 1`15, 2012
d fyT
9

~| bsT |s \ yTT< + ~. |s \ zs bT
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pH 1`15, 2012

10

q sjT+ d+....

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pH 1`15, 2012

b+<>H ~# |+#TH esZ\T yT

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pH 1`15, 2012

12

wyTTqT \+|T+#+. us<X sD

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pH 1`15, 2012
d fyT
13

b\qqT \+, eT+, b++, uw e+{ n+X\T

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pH 1`15, 2012

14

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keTs+ { X~ +<\T, |+|VC\T, 117
$T*jTH s keTs + eds Y u+> ]CsjTsY
sD+.
u dsD : T>& e< $TqV deT>+> >+ H
u dsD
|Pss TT+~.
|< + ee~ : 18 H\\T

pH 1`15, 2012

15

d fyT

q sjT+ d+....

V<su< ><e] e<T ` c +&

C| < s+ eTTKeT+ *d $| #dq d +<+

>
<e] >T{ bC q T s<T # d V <su<
q>s+ >T{ neds\ c\ eT&<X |<
#|{ \ eTTKeT+ . sXjT d b $|
#d+ ~.
<+bT, c q ~ n sY , 2009
nqVksTT es<\ T eq H|< + q~ |]yV
b++ bDqc, dqc y]+#+<T
jTT< b|~q bC q T #|{ \ L& eTTKeT+
b ]+~.
b n< &T & jT|wt HsjTDY < s+
d +<+ dy\jT+ eTTKeT+ *d...
m\+|* qT+ ><e] \qT V <su< >T{
ned s \ eT[ + # + ]d T . u ej T +
L&Tq<, $\Tyq \+ e< neT+<
$e]++~. n+<T _q+> H>sTq k>sY {\
MT< <s|&q c eT&<X |<+ ]>q
|Pse T+<, ><e] deTTjT KsT # e
eyT KseT+< *|+~.
>sY V <su<, |]ds b+ >T{ ds| s
n |]d d+<s + > d +<+ dm+
<w rdT[+~. JV#Ym+d b++ |dT+
>T{ &e+& 300 m+J& +&>, { ds| s
keTs + 330 m+J& +<, nsTT +<T cq~

pH 1`15, 2012

16

qT+ e# 180 m+J& eyT s+ > e# \

*|+~. c yTT<{, s +&T <X\ e\ yTs >T{
>s+{ @s&+< *|+~.
c eT&< X | < # | { \ +< +
eTTKeT+ ]+~. dTesT s.600T KsjT
|< + e\ 90 m+J& (5.5 {m+d\T) { ds| s
|sT>TT+< |s=+~. |<+ 12-15 H\
|Pse T+< *|+~. 135 m+J& { H L&
KsT s.900 f neT+<, ><e] deTTjT
ejT+ n~ e\+ 25X+ eyT q $e]++~.
2007-08 #|{q ><e] >T{ ds|s
bC . .. 8 {m+d\ (135 m+J&) { m\+|*
usJ s +&T MTs yTs m>Te |yV+ qT+
# +<T |b~++< |s=+~. s.3375 T
KsjT bC 196 .MT yTs || q T, H\T>T
<X |+|+>, <X >${, 506 MTs mb\
HjTHsT. ><e] bC d+ 5 qT+ 8
@ |&T T+<, m\+|* usJ sD+ \k\
e\ eT]+ deTjT+ L& |e # #bsT. usJ,
|| H |{esL u dsD L& s> < H sT.
c d++~+, 400 {m+d\ u ]sjTsY
H>sTq k>sY e< +&+bT s +&T <X || q q T
L& |{ @sT #XsHsT.

d fy T

>T{ m\+|* | <s|& + d]< d

+<+ |s=+~. m\+|*. .. ls+k>sY bC ~>Te
|yV+, ><e]-bDV d+>e m>Te
|yV+ +~. ls+k>sY ~>Teq, m\+|* es
75X+ >s+{ {\u e\+ 23 {m+d\ yTs
eyT . 95X+ >s+{ m\+|* e< |w\+>
q|&T \u 8.75 {m+d\T eyT . 100X+
>s+{ m\+|* e< \u s+> XSq+.
H>sTq k>sY $wjT + ]sjTsY &&k s J L&
90 {m+d\T +T+<, \u e> q
d+es L& @&<+ {ds | s & +&<T
n +<+ dm+ $e]++~.
m\+|* usJ { q mb\\ #TT| \
b+ k>T $j+#Ty\ d H\ T
d+#sT.
cq~ s \ |{w kjT+ n+~+#+<T
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eTTKeT+ <w rdT=#sT. +< kjT+ d+
d $ es y T q bC y ~ q T s b+~+
|+|+#e\d+~> dm+qT ssT. |< qeT+ C|
q $C|q| d++~+ +<|uT+

q sjT+ d+....

|b<q #d+ ~.
2009, nsY cq~ 25 Ld\ es<
e+<, nsTT s \ T e+ 10-11 \\ Ld\
es<q T eyT T H keTs + ]eTjjT
C| #bsT. n|&T H>sTq k>sY n<q| \ keTs +
>DjT+> +&+ #es es< |yV
]sjTsY \#d neX+ \_++<, nsTTH L&
c &\Te s |- u{ b\T b++ nsY,
2009 bsTT+< |s=HsT.
s \T, eTVuq>s,Y >T+sT, c
<<| {eT+~ |\ sD d+ cq~, <
|q<T es< sVD keTs |+ #jT +,
25\\ Ld\ >]w es< { T H $<+ >
s
* |{w |s#
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d +<+ b sw ssV n< &T
&.$.$.mdt esbT b H\ T {] lydse,
y. & sese, ;X{ u;, $. \ DY uJ, . sCs&,
$. $jT+<sY s &, |. s$esTY, mH. dsC<$, &.\
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rsq+ |&
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sDeT <| bs+ #d+ ~ yTqHsT. n>
610 Jy neT\T $wjT +q eTT |uT +| &
rdT=qT *bsT. @d; +{ d+d\ djT+

pH 1`15, 2012

|| +&\ eTT V sT dT yjT qTqT

C| $e]+#sT. jTq d nu ] eTVXs|
>j
T *d |s \, LsY, ^dT=+&, d+> +
eT+& m\ |#s+ sV+#sT.
17

d fyT

q sjT+ d+....

bsT\ |sT rs+ uqT |+&

yH| , s | y T bsT\ y\ ms\ rsb + m <|&sT? |+<* s<T #
j
*+<
k<s\ nd+; H& sw dssTqT \Bdq jT| wt HsjTDY

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rsb++ y\ ms* #$ sT<+ > \N|&
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T>|tq {sTTd #dT q yH| ~s
|y T bsT\ |+<* s<T # j
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t sTq T @sT #j \ d
b 2010 qT+ &e+& #k+~. yH| , s bsT\
d + 348 . MT k r s
|y Td+d @ q {sTT+#
s, n <s<+ #d n~s+
me]#s d b eHq
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b n<&T & jT|wt
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dMT ]| >T#s\T rdT+{eT VMT #
#XsT.
e] 8, 2011q nd+; |Xs \ deTjT+
yH| , s |b~ bsT\ rsb+ e+<\
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nd+; |uT ~*+# jT|wt HsjTDY
d+~+q |X \T, eHq VT< y<q\T d\ +>...
k rsb++ 348 .MTqT >|tq
>T~| +> <s<+ m #XsT n HqT eHq
| X d + +~ eT+>] d e < q+ #
nejT+>, @ sy T H +B <q T, n~ #
k<sD n+XeTqT +~. n+X+ n+
>+;sy T q $wjT +.
K+> sw+ |T&T\T |fy ] eT< T ,
bV+ y*. n+<TH eTqsw+ y] |

pH 1`15, 2012

eT]+ d<eq, &T y*. |T&T\T |&

u+ edT+ <H $Xd+ *+#*. n<de TjT+
dV eqsT\ {sTT+| = eT*yT q |eD\T
+&*. >*, y\TTsTqT, {, 2-J d,
>qT\qT n~s+ qysT eT wyTTqT
n|q+> <s<+ #jT + dV +#s~. n~s+
b\\ mes e<T . 5,000 d+es\ #]

>\ <X+ mTbsTTH |s <T , sujT s\T @yTH

eqeds+ nqT #d n~ |uT + eeV]+#*q
rsT m+e+ <T. | eqsT\T @ ] k
< ~ H|t |t |_ dt &H <s dT|+sT
q rsT dw+ > |s=+~. deTT<rs+ | eqsT
< |uT #| eTq+&. 974 .MT q k
rs 9,000 .MT #jT >\eT #| eTq+&. ydy *
C>> $Xw + #&*.
H e< ||+#+ n|< z&se\ $es\T
HsTT. 515 yT{qT\ sZ (ds syD)
d+>|P sY ||+ #+ n|< z&s e> +~. <<|
d+>|P sY b{|& T #H c+|T 508 $T*jTH
qT\ sZ, sb ssY &+ 421, #H
{j +CH 365, +>Cc H 361, V+^ 347, +>&
278, V++> 259, qTy+> 252 $T*jTH qT\
d fy T
18

sZ keTs + *q |< z&s e\T. us< X +

bsT\ *| 560 yT{ qT\ sZ * +f
keTs <<| d + > | P s * +<
nse TeT+~. #H H sZ eTq+f sTs T
n+f, 2,800 yT{ qT\yTs +~. eTq+ #H
b{|& 3,000-4,000 yT{ qT\ sZqT n_e~
#dT H |jT + #j *+~bsTT = bC \ d\ +
# |]d +& sw+ e+<\ MTsT
<s<+ #Xs. u| e< msTTsYb sY # =~b++,
q<T\T, &sTTqT deTT<+ *d d b++
$TqVsTT+, <D + H\sT & qT+ |eT
><e] qs|PsY esL 348 .MT yTs NeT\T
<s +&, \T |y +# +& |+#X+. eT&T
bsT\ |sT, eT& +| |+#XsT. <X
#] mL y CH nH H| +esL <T .
@ #++< <T. ~ +<, sw |uT\
eT&C_ (+s +{) du . <X+ @ bsT
# j T < T . +< | u T + + < q |< bs T
$XK|+keTs+ 65 $T*jTH qT\T +f,
ysY|+{ e\+ 13-15 .MT eyT #sT.
yTsYbsT qeT+>S sT bsT 1.7 .MT, =H B|+
{ 36 .MT, u+usTT 13 .MT, qM eTT+sTT 14
.MT, +& 36 qT+ w+ > 1.7 .MT eyT
{sTT+#sT. sTrs+ +<+ nBq+ q$
u+> V*j , \ L& *| yTT+ 79
.MT eyT ysY|+{qT * HsTT. nsTT
+< |<X |uT + <D rsb++ @ ksTT,
m+ esL ekj L& *jT eT&T bsT\
ysY|+ {, mL y CH |sT 348 .MT #d+~.
es +< |uT + bsT- w|j
t sTq T |&eT+f
d\ + +& bsTT+~. << +<+ |eT eTq
dTq ~ L& <T. eTq dT* &|H neT+ e\
eq s.1000 & bsT- w|j
t sTq T keT
+<+ #| +~. yTs eTTKeT+ K L&
sXsT. nsTT s#]| <sD |+|D #jT + e\
rs+ m& U +& bsTT+~.
H|< + 1. + \ sj
T + $wjT +
+<|uT nqTeT rdTHs? 2. ysY|+{
{sTT+| sw|uTyTH +<+ qT+

pH 1`15, 2012

q sjT+ d+....

+<q \T Hj? +f y{ b{+#s? 3. nd\T

m&H <X+ bsT d+ ysY|+ {+&
mL y CH> C+>] |s H sd# jT+
+<? 4. e +|{{ y _&+ > <s eq |y T
bC \ T. M{ He\dq y , eTT&T, ueT]
eL&<T. +|{{y _&+> #dTq|&T _&
&yT+ sy T q mL y CH +T+<
]w+ > | q #Xs? #jT b me]#sT MT
V? m+.y.jT\ <s MT wyTTqT m
esTksT ?
1996-97 ss ,Y 2004, 2007, 2009
ss T #sT. 2011 eTs ss Y ks y. eTTKeT+
#TTHsT @MT me] {sTT+#{ $T>\< .
b \ T y s n s < T . MTs T $w j T +
m+.y.j T \qT d e ]+ @ | + >, | \
nqTeT+&, +< |uT nqTeT+&,
|Cd+ e T+ b{+# +& |+<+ <TsTHsT.
>+ MTs <TsTq |+<+ 6.2 |s
|Cd+ e T+ +< B ]w esT\T |{ H
#ks? y sw |jH\ |]sD d+,
| ] X e T\d + , n+< T d + b{ y es D
|+b+~+#+ d+, +<|uT + qT+ e# bC
d+ @{ MT< bs&* +~.
b{ _&+ > # eT s+ > essT? me]#sT
MT n~s+?
eT+>sT duq T | <e |{d T H sT
|\T, m+.y.jT\T du eTT+<T |+&: C|
19

d fyT

|yT d+d\ |jH\qT VT<+>

b&\q+ me] nu +s+ +&*q |H< T . @
|uT y Hqeds+ > |+<+ #dT q|&T s +&T
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|d t s { |t s |P +&*+<. |C|j H\ d+,
n+f, us |uT+ e#T, HM e#T, eTs
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n~s+ |uT +~. @ s+ > B essT?
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<s # m+<T essT? e+<\ MTs rs
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| q T, |uT $<H\qT bsT\ y> du eTT+<T
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sT+THsT.
1. us |uT+ qT+ MTyTH ]w+>
>T~| + e+&, d C{ e+& n d#q\T
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n+{ d#q\T n+<< eT+ #TTHsT.
H d#Y H= H de#s+ e+~. +<+
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e{&T THsT. ~ duq T | <e |{+ #yT.
2. dV b<$ T V <T. <X+ MT k+
d, s s \T> edTq d L& d]+# V
|uT +~. eTq$Tq V ~. >qT\T
e#T, 2-J d+ e#T, rsb++ e#T,
eTq$Tq VqT eTqyT rdTe#T. n+<Td+
>+ MTsT #dq m+.y.jT |syT {sTT+|*
s<T #jT e#T.
3. eT+>sT q|* |keq #sT. <X+
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12 |< q bsT\ T +f $XK|+ H 2
bsT\ T |eTq+ m+ nH+? sejT+|
mL y V* {sTT+#XsT +&qT+ ksT ?
+<|uT + n& keT+THsT... us |uT

pH 1`15, 2012

20

q sjT+ d+....

_#>q T #dT H s? n~ eT& C_ n+XyT

+&, |< + esL e bsT |+& n&TH
d +&, y us |uT+ n& bsT
|&eTq+ $+> +~. & |+& n ]
eTq+ #T y*+~ bsTT ys& yT$TkeTq+
m+ s + sw, <X |j H\ >T]+? CrjT
|j H\ >T]+?
u $T eTq+ b #d~ <T. n|f* ,
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j sT#jT +. u $T XX eqsT. rsb++
e+<~ MTsT ] # |fd eT bC
y\+f y] <>Zs yH+. |uT+ e<
+&u+> u $T +&*. |uT + e< u $T
+#T @ bC nedsy T |CV+ <c <
#| > * > |]d +&*.
515 $T*jTH qT\ sZ keTs + ||+ #+
n|< z&s e d+>|P sY {sTT++~ e\+ 480
VsT , n+f 1200 ms\T. +< |<X +f 51sT
me keTs + q d+>|P sY n+ {sTT+| #d
eTq sw+ e+ 25,000, 30,000 ms\T
{sTT+#XsT. | q $<TY bC |{\+f |#
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|X+ q|] | H yH| u $T +f e~d
s +& T | + \ k> T u $T + s T *
s& dTH sT.
K+> eTq+ |y T bC * bV+#*.
y] VT<y T q bV* n+~+#*. u\T
ekjTq qeT+ *+#*. |sT C
dV eqsT* <s<+ #d n~s+ @ |uT
<T . n~ |P]> sC+> $sT<+ . ~ eT+>] |]~
$T+q $wjT + { eTTKeT+ d+~+#*. J 2 J
s k e | < + < X $< X +> e T+
#dT Hs, sjTu] #dT Hs? me] d++
+~ n+< T ? @e + b{ _& + > +&
yy>H> #dTq |+<eT~. B L&
eTTKeT+ dMT+ #*.
eTT+<T duqT |<e |{+# M\T+&
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jT|wt HsjTDY &e+& #XsT.
d fy T

q sjT+ d+....

s>T\TTq n|s+ eekjTs+>+...

@sTy sTD k+
es\ d+, = |+\ k>T |T&T\ d+

eekjT ~>T&T\T e+ 18X+ |sT>T<\qT

eyT qy<T#XsTT. sTD\ |sT>T<\, ~>T&T\
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|sT>T<\ sTD |sT>T<\ 1.3-1.5 yTs +T+<H~
k<sD d+. d+ |s+, eekjTsTD\
eT&Ts |sT>T<\ e\ ~>T&T\T s {+ | y*.
nTe+{<M T |+#+ < ]sTu+ esZ\
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>DjT+> +Z q u+\T ] |<m Tq sTD*
d T H n$ eekj T s + > + y + < T .
eekjTs+>+ ]+ > <sTD+> <+T+&+,
nT u+ \T, T s T \T s T D\ & TqT
eekjTs+>+ u{ eT[dT q T nse Te+~.

s T \T, \T<s T \T m< T s T # d \$T~.

deTjT+ u+ sTD\T |<m Tq +&*.
>D+\T #dT+ f n+<T $sT<+ > |dT H sTT.
k<sD |+\ dH, sTD\ eT< mTe+{
b+ q +&bsTT+< HusY (eekj T ,
>MTD_e~ CrjTu+) \T #TTHsTT. d
T> #d, eekjTs+> sTD*e+
n+{ nd + < \ T + H | d T H sTT.
<VsD, 2000-2010 d+es\ eT< \+
eekjT sTD+ 755X+ yTs |] s.3,90,000
#sT+~. 2012-13 &{ eekjT
sTD\ s.5,75,000 |+#sT. n+ eTT+<T
d+es+ n~ s.4,75,000 T eyT +~.
nsTT |< ee~, n+f 2000-2010 eT< ...

pH 1`15, 2012

21

d fyT

eekjTeT+f z | d] +~> u+\T

y u$dTH sTT. sTD\ m>y , e e&\ e+{
sD\ e\ u+\T sTD* me ]dT>
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T +>
eH Bs \+ s T \ b* X|+> esTTHsTT.
e|* u+* re+> qw| s T dT+ &+ e\ n$
] s T \ sTD\T #+<T dTeTTK #|+
<T .
nsTT ]s T u+ +< q \ | s +
eT* s + > y T q eekj 18X + s T D*
eb eT = deTd\T eksTT {
u+\T *$> eekjT+ |sT eT&T D\
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eekjT+ d++<eTTq<q k +|\
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neds* j sT#d +|\, s T \, &+ >T\
s T D*# HH u + + > | H H + |\
(mH;m|dt \ ) u+\T n|\T dTH sTT. <+>
|s eekjT sTDyT neT+~.
12e |D[ s|\ $TwH dV# d] +>
+<+ y~ |s+... eekjT sTD\ |s
sTD\ y{ 2000 d+es+ 16XeTT+f, 2010
H{ n~ 24X |]+~.
s +&~, u+\T n+\>s& #dT H sTT. ]
d + e s + eTTd| & T d \\ ee~
sTD\dTH sTT. e] n| @| ed\T
#ddT+THsTT. n+<T @| 2009-qe] 2010
eT< \+ eekjTs+> sTD+ s.3,00,000T
e+f , 2010 e] H Ks T H{ s T D+
s.8,00,000 #sT, 2010 @| H{
eT s.3,00,000 #sT+< |]X<q
*+~.
eT&~, e ]dt e+& sT\ eyT
u+\T sTD*dT+ {sTT. e ]dt n+f, |<m Tq

pH 1`15, 2012

22

q sjT+ d+....

u $T *qysT, n_e~ #+~q sc\ s T \q

e. q, dqsT s T \T (2.5 Vs | u $T
*q s T \T) yTT+ eekjT<sT\ 83X+ yTs
eH, y] #T \ 43.5X+ eekjT u $T eH,
y] \_dT q u+ sTD+ e+ 24XyT .
n<$<+ > eTT #dT q |+k>T $ds + +f
d+|q b+\T me sTD n+<T+THjT
L& * { \T+< HusY ndd+ { qs
yTHsY sT|yT eT {e\ n\s &{: <
Y _V +& ~ n>{ q+sY |sT mH$T
n+& b*{ M sdq yd+ |s=HsT.
B+bT> |D
, yT{q>s XK\ qT+ u+\T
me sTD* dTqT \T+~. |s sTDyT
nsTTH, | sTD+ L& eH... yTT+ MT<
&+ mTb+< dwe Te+ <T . <<| 8
eT+~ s T \T + eed sTD\ |]~ s+&H
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q sjT+ d+....

@sT b eyT. s T \ ysT |+&+q |+

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pH 1`15, 2012
d fyT
23

q sjT+ d+....

\s es+ $<o|T&T\T nedsyT

|T&T\ sT\ yT\T

us< X + \s es+ $<o|T&T\T nqTeT+#\ us | uT+ {e\ sjT + rdT+~. <X+
eq $eTs\ y\Te T eT yq rdT+~. |T&T\T s T \ yT\T #kjT $wjT +
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sD ybsT\ m<TsT s>{ |uT + #T \T
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pH 1`15, 2012

m|&t es+>, $<X\qT <VsD> |s=+,

m|{|  &T e{&T THsT. nTe+{ <VsD\T
duq $ <T. m+<T+f, us< X + ydy \
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24

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pH 1`15, 2012

q sjT+ d+....

|~s& #+> s&

s#s TT H]jT yT |t +&jT H bssY
nkdjT wH (dm|mt ) q s<]

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s ~>T& ]f\ s | + > ds| s #jT +
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25

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L& n< > |&T T+~.
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pH 1`15, 2012

26

q sjT+ d+....

us< X + | eT HsT. bsT>Tq +&&+

e\q, H\d] n|\T e+ e\q *> ks
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e\dq >&qqT @sT #jT <T. 5. msTe\T, Vs
<H\ syD e\dq s\T syD s\T
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s q \ q& $sTdT+ ~. 9. s T \ u+\ <s
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pH 1`15, 2012
27

& |. udsse
s<], d+ sT d+|\ deK

+< eekjT eT+ eekjT T\ T nsTTq

H, |+#<s, _jT+, b\ T\ T s <X\
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dsDqT qq&> kdT+~. m|td _jT+
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=qT>qT *|yd d eT<T <s s+&
#dTH sT. eTse+ > d+es+ b*d sT e
eT+& esu e+# | ~>T&T\T qZ |{ >
d+es+ +f me <s se\dq~ sb> d>
d>+ s T s T \T neTT+Tq $yT q |]d .
s T \ e< qT+& | =qe\dq dd sD+ +&
#T \T md + ~. n< eTVsh Xs |Y y sY e&
4y\ qT+& 5 y\ es <s #*+ | =+TqT
de#s+. |dT | s T \T eT |+qT > d+es+
12 qT+ 16 y\ es neTT+f d+es+ 3
y\ qT+& 4 y\ =H H<T &T &T . s T d+| \
e& es{ s+>|yX + #dq esY|& = e+<\

pH 1`15, 2012

q sjT+ d+....

+{\T L& =q <K\T e. $T], b>

eT]jTT s |+\ L& <sT\T s T \ TuT
<s s+& #dT H sT.
| +<|uT + s yK ] e+f eTsy|
eTq sheTTKeT+, eT+T\T s +> sj \
eTT\T ndeTsb \q sc n_e~ 20
d+es\T yq q&|+ #sT. sh n~sT\T eT
u< q T $d ]+ | ] b\q d + _ + | C X s T .
keq s T \T e TqT < T H H< T & T &
ybTHsT.
+<|uT s T es eekjT $<q+ e\H
eekjT KsT\T |sT>T e+f nXdj
T $<q+
<s |+\ <s \ T sj
T + sT>TT+~. +< |<X
qT+& 33 eT+~ m+|\T +>dt b <s m
y] dTesT 25 eT+~ m+|\T eTT s T \eT s T
T+u\ qT+ e#eT s T \ XjT d eT \ eT
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$<H\| s HsT yT<|s T . ysT eT ybs
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|+&+q |+ d#> sh+ >, <X+ > s
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d+es\T> sT eekjT es $<H\qT
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$<q+ neT\T#dT + <+f bsbf. n+<Td+
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+ e\dq neds+ +~. n+<T >e\,
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d fy T
28

q sjT+ d+....

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|
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dbsT ~. k>T{ bC\T, VQ|j>
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dT|T\ | $T> y{ |uT \T u dsD

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ksT d+|T + +< |uT dbsT#d+ ~. |y T
#jT L&<T . k+> #| u jT u dsD | <
+|\T, |]XeT\T, s yD|sy T q u< jT
qT+ @_bjT+ , yTC]{ duT \ n_bjT+
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| u T \T eqTy\ d ++~.
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dsD
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| d] nsTTq|&T n& y] n~ |]Vs+
d++~. |]XeT\ u$T bT ]\T,
#*+#*. |dT+ +Tq b++ m+{
eT\<q + L& eTTKyTq, eT\<q +, ]*
yes D + +< n+{ yes D + q
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b++H y] |qsyd+ *+#*.
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esZ\T (jTsY Hbd sY) k>TsT. VQ|j >  k>T{ ks+ +&, @{ VQ |+\qT
|+&+# u eTT\qT dsD
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b]X< bC \ qT eyT |C|j > bC \ T>  nM V\ |{<sT\L |]Vs+ #*+ #*.
>T]+#\ dw+ #d+ ~. |C|j >+ nH |<  |C |jq due+, |uy qjT
s+# $# D ~s ssV es+Z #T
T+u\ d+K, u dsD
]| #TT| \
|L &< dw+ #d+ ~.
b+ ed + # T+u\| # |
ueTT\T sTTq ys+<] q |]Vs+,
ke`] |u y\ >T]+ n< jTq+ #j *.
|qsyd+ *+#*, ueTT\T sTTq y]
bC w+ > m+ u $T y*? u dsD
>e es{ <s H\T>T s T, eTTb*{
+ |ejT dyTH Hj? nq~
s+&TsT n~+> |]Vs+ *+#\q _\T
L& k] #dTy*.
n+X\ ksTd+|T + $u~ ++~. yde <s + f  nsTT< w& b++ u dsD #|{ |]XeT\T,
es{ <s # e> +& neX+ q+<Tq
>qT\T, s&T @sT#dq |&T n& Jeq $<q+,
pH 1`15, 2012
d fyT
29

ke TuT, |sesD |]d T @yTH

esTkj? nq~ |d]> n<jTq+
#j *.
ke |ue eT~+| $T{ |+#jTr
|d&+{, s duT\qT #s*. >eTdu\T
e+ #dq n_bjT+ |s+ MsT eeV]+#*.
#|
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qeTqsTT d<sT >e k+>
nseTjT ds uw b<$T H{|wH
C#j*. >eTdu\T sV+#|&T
H{| wq n+X\qT n+<] nse TjT uw
#~$ $|+#*.
s w& b+ u dsD
k d+d\ T
nqTeT eT+psT#d+esL m+{ H{| wH
C#jT L&<T .
ueTT\T sTT u~\T |]Vs+ b+<
deTjT+ n~sT\ n\d *+&
#&{ |uT + VQ duT \ u <s sjT

q sjT+ d+....

d+| @sT#j *. d]+#ujT u $T <s q T

d+|T + ss TT+#*.
u~ T+u\ yTT+ |]Vs+ #*+ #+ esL
<+ f 90 sE\T @~ eTT+<sTT n+es k
d+d\ T u~T \ d+ +|\T @sT#d *
ed *+#*.
d++~ sh |uT nqTeT+& u
jeq V\T <sTT+#L&<T. u$T
nB q + rd T q nsTT< <
|j +#qsTT ] jTeqT\T n|+#
_\T desD\T rdTsy*. y &T #*+
u $T ] rdTe& jTeqT\T eTT+<T
sb < +& u+ +< #s*. |]XeT,
eT* edT \ bC \ T #| & q bs+u,
+sT u eTT\qT sh |uT \T >T]+ +&
u+> @sT#j *.
|uT + #*+ # |]Vs $j><s \ d
eTT&|{*. Be\ |]Vs+ {yT{> |s>&
|j >|& T T+~.

ybs+-CjTr-<ss+ \>*dq
#T|* jTTe <s+: C|
ybs + C
j T r
w | &
d+b~+q &T
L& qT <s sq
u$+ deV+
d + =+ d + b
<qqT y+q #T
|* |#jT J$+
jTTe ybsy \ <s eT d b n< &T
& jT|wt HsjTDY nHsT. >+B #| q <s s
d #T|* qsTX+ #]+ #bs, q
dTU- deV yT$+ J$+# nTe+{
y eTq y |<d + K nedse T |s=HsT.
|eTTK ybsy , <, <s eqey~, e T

pH 1`15, 2012

30

bsT&T #T|* |# jT eT (yT 24q) | C| |>&

d+|+ *bsT.
yeT| ueC\+ *q #T|*. .. VQ C
d+d\ BT> sw+ \T|]XeTqT n_e~ #d
eTq b<s \ sTHe> q b|\sY wOesY
d+dqT r]~<s C| nHsT. de+ eT+
#q\qT jTq |+#{ s+s+ w #Xs,
|[ e+{ keTV d+<s\ \s\q e+{
n+X\| qq |d \qT |+#ys, d |
#T|* | n_eq+ #|ys C| >TsT# d T HsT.
#T|* |# jT T+duT \, jTq d+d\
d+~, jTq sd, eTT~+, |+q nd+U |d \
#<T esT\ jT|wt HsjTDY kqTu *bsT.
d fy T

q sjT+ d+....

d, d|` dm|m++ shnuss<T]\ s|Te\TzT yjT+&

CsTTr> +& |Cde #d b{ #dTq b\T d|m+, d eyTq s|Te\T nHsT.
n$ es+> bs&TTq b\T> <X+ , CjTr >T]+ e{& V yeT|\T, d
eyT HjTHsT. n+<T d b eTT m\ dsTuT #dTHeTHsT. d b{
#dT q +>\T, |b&T, sjT<Ts+Z , m$T>q sT, |s \ jesZ d b zT yj *+~>
jTq |\ $| #XsT. H\sT du kH d|m+ nu]> b{ #dTq #+& s>b H$THwH
d+<s+> H\sT {HV ]q Vs+> du s|Te\T |d++#sT.
u+>TSsT dMT|+ ws E|s+ e< 4.86 ms\
<[T\ ueTT\qT eTTKeT+ sDYesYs&
$T+ nqTu$dTHsHsT. <[T\ ueTT\qT
jTq m =qT>\T #Xs, ndjTq H $\Te
+< n |+#sT. >H b |{+ ~. |Cde
d+ <, eTTKeT+ |<$ deT $eT]+#sT.
2004, 2009 m z$Tbq {&| |{
|\T eTsbjsHsT. \+>D kq+
{sYmdt > *q kj>+B | \+>D ks
b #| &+ $&s + > +<HsT.
\j T + s 10.000 y \ | q T\T
]q|&T sysTT T Hs qT #_
y. mdt.sXKss & q H{dT \T #sHsT. sE
|dT | m +>dt kqTL\ |* \T ]q s58 y\ |qT <<| s38 y\
sb eT |<M >+&+ +< eTTKeT+, |dd n$ ]+< +>dt b HjT $eT]dTq
n< & uj
T + |T +~. n> m\T = $wj >TsT# X sT.
CsTTr> +& |Cde #d b{ #dT q
sjT b\ JeqsD deTd> essTT.
m d | m +, d nu s T \ zf d b\T d|m +, d eyT q s|T e\T *bsT.
|CdeTd\| bs& X edT+ ~. n d|m + sh <X+ , CjTr >T]+ e{& V yeT| \T,
s<] _.$. s|T e\T nHsT. n$ eT+T\qT d eyT HjTHsT. n+<T d
| q uT q dm+ >T]+ e{& ns < m dsT u T #dT HeTHsT.
$eT]+#sT. eTT+<T n$ eT+T\qT &d dt #dq
du d|m + sh $T{ duT \T y+jT
s >T]+ e{& u>T+T+<HsT. y. mdt. H\sT bsy T +{ d|m + nu ] #+& s>b, d|m +
sXKss & Vj+ 26 z * |< +|\ |X+ s<] C n+jT d b
ueTT\T u{q+<T m$T~ qT+& eT+T\T, n< \T qs l<s ,Y d|m + s<] esZ
mmdt n~sT\ sT H{dT *+< >TsT #XsT. duT \T e<\ y+fX sT ~sT \T bZHsT.
pH 1`15, 2012
d fyT
31

q sjT+ d+....

d; $#sD ]|+#*



<s $#sD ]|dT H eT |uT + |{ + #T \T

+& |P*+> u eTT\ kBq+ #dT y*
e& u +uD+|... n\| HjT\ &e+& <T*|dTe&+ <sTDeTHsT. eeVs+ =+<sT

$XK q>s_e~ d+d (e&) jT|&q s.540

u +u D+| +< Hs |]X<q d+d (d;)
$#sD ]|+#*+<q n\| HjT\+
eTT + s+ &e+& #XsT. d b n< &T
jT|wt HsjTDY, d| sh s<] .HsjTD,
<b b*{s duT&T .msHjTT&T, ub
Xdqdu | HjT&T \ HsjTD, <b
n< & T nj T qb T & T , my T y \ > | P &
seTwu T, ub H\ T . V]uT m+. H>+<,
|.$.mH. e<y , d| s<] C.$. d HsjTD
eT] ~sT \ L&q n\| +<+ sTw=+&
b++ e& +& |P*+> |< + +< d]+q
u eTT\qT |]o*++~. nq+s+ ysT $s T \
e{&T +u D+| e& b< &T (Md) q
X<s Y y~ deT]+H #s \T rdTe&+ |uT +
MTqyTc\T k+< < yTsT . mesY ksTT
e& +u D+ y\T>T#dH | , neT\T $u>+

eT+T\T, n~s b XdqduT \ Vd+ q+<TH

dm+ d; $#sD ]|+# +& nesT\ =eTT
dTH s s|+#sT.

n$|sT uj
T + |{+ #*
<=+> |\ |uT + u eTT\qT =\>={q n~sT\T,
u e|j| re #s\T rdTy*, ne\
b\&q n~sT\T d+~ D+ $<T\ qT+
=\+ C\ T |+b\ jT|wt HsjTDY &e+&
#XsT. ne\ b\&q y] dT\qT kBq+
#dT = y] uj
T + |{+ #\ |s=HsT. |uT +
Hs> =eTTk+< msHjTT&T s|+#sT.
e& u +u D+ $\Te s .540 T >
#TTq|{ ydy s.3,500 qT+
s.4,0000 es +T+< d| sh s<]
. HsjTD |s=HsT. ne\ b\&q n~sT\T,
|C|<T \| $Tq dT\T qy<T #d d{+ >
HjTeT]# $#sD ]|+#\ &e+& #XsT.

u~T\ eT+psT #j*

$jTq>s+

n|e<+ *bsTTq u~T \ =

eT+psT #j \ d sh b< &T ;X{ u;
&e+& #ksT. s { e< u~T \ *d <s
sV+#sT. d+<s + > jTq e{&T | e]

pH 1`15, 2012

32

23q \eT+& >eT+ 34

<>eTjjT, ys+<] eT+psT
#j \ &e+& #XsT. u~T \ |]Vs+
#*k eT #| eT&T H\\T >& H +es
mTe+{ kj TeT # j T < nHs T.
nq+s+ s Y MsVjT $q |+
n+<CX sT. D yT u~T \ d \qT
y\ n~sT\ d+#sT. eT&T H\
sD+ #dT y\ #bsT. <s eT+&\ b
HjT\T H>sE, ||tes, s+u] d+,
.nq+\, . <jq+<, y+seTD u~T\T
~sT \T bZHsT.
d fy T

q sjT+ d+....

eTdu]q sJy jTTesD\T

jTTed
$|\ eTjs nHsT. sJy jTTesD \ |] D ,
|d yt T +T |] {~ sbjT\T |uT <q + KsT
]H |* + e+ XSqeT s|+#sT. sJy
jTTesD \ ]q n$ jTTed y\T>T
rdT=+<, | \ & \ T> |uT + |{ + q
$es\qT d b n~H & jT|wt HsjTDY
> @&~ nsY ]q Xdqdu deyX
$es\ dV du eTT+<T |{sHsT. <jT#d
|{H |uT+ jTTeqT | <e |{+#
|jT\T #jTe< jTq ssT. deyX+
jTTed n<, s<sT\T, |.$.seTD,
. <j q+<, jTTed HjT\T nY, |eH, ,
|.m. HjTT&T\T e{&sT. jTTed ss\ T n~
d+K bZHsT.

sJy jTTesD\ |<+ sh+ eTdu]+<,

eTTKeT+ jTTe b~| s d b
jTTed sh n< \T b] yJsE $eT]+#sT.
b s\jT+ ]q jTTed b ss\
deyX jTq eTTK n~> Vsj sT. jTq
e{&T eTTKeT+ q] sD Y esY s & 2012
@| H{ sJy jTTesD \ <s 3 \\ juy \
eT+~ <>\qT *keT dwy T q VMT #s,
q eqT \u T e& + eTTKeT+

n$ n+ jTTe w #j*
|<>+{& : jTTe yT+f
sj \qT ese# jTTed
sh n< &T yJsE |s=HsT.
|<>+ {& jTTed ss\
deyX+ ]+~. d+<s + >
jTq e{&T sh Hu
n~ X+ eq jTTe z sh
sj\qT e] n$
de+> ese# |s=HsT.
jTTe yT+f n$ n++
#jT e#, B jTTe XjTX \ w #j \ |\T|#sT. sh+ >\ |\T |]XeT k\ +&
sw s T \ <>eX\T *+#&+ nHjTeT, B| | sT <$T+#\ |\T|#sT.
d+<s + > 50 eT+~ jTTeqT b +&Ty | V+#sT. seT+ HjT\T <d] lydt,
CjYT, sXKsYes, |k<, nY ~sT \T bZHsT.

pH 1`15, 2012

33

d fyT

q sjT+ d+....

eT sj\ y~ d b
\yTq mC+&, < >\ HjT |+ e\
|uT\T $|\eTTHjT d b myT
nu ] _.uT nHsT. eT+&\+ jT|* , 74
& > + >e\ j T q m \ | # s
sV+#sT. d+<s+> jTq >eTdT\
e{&T \yTq mC+&, < > \ HjT +
e\ d b $$< esZ\ | >T]+|qT, >sy
k~+|{ e T sj y~qT n+~++<HsT.
d b n\T|s> +& #dT q |jT \ e\
\yTq , d+ ||> \ b eed @sT
@_bjT+ w sT>TT+&&yT +<T C
<VsDHsT. sT\ sT|q db #dq
bs+ e\ _jT+ m>TeTT\| +<|uT + w<+
d&* ++<HsT. m>TeTT\ +<+ nqTeT+#&+
e\ $T\sT d yTsT> q <s q T s T \e&+
+< |<X H d+es+ dTesT s3y\ T
yTsu+ s T \ #L ]+<HsT. +{ |C<sD

b+~q b nu] _.uTqT |\T os~+

m\ n~ yTC > *|+#\ jTq |\
|\T|#sT. |#s seT+ lseTT\T,
y+dTjT, mdt. .nT ]jC, sE, wt,t
>eTdT\ T bZHsT.

sjT<TsZ+
\j|q #d |\qT +<T\ b\T #d+ <HsT.
+{ |uT |\T zT V T~ #b\HsT.
seT+ d|m+ HjT\T |\jT, lseTT\T,
d b HjT\T mdt nT, jT+. ]jC,
lseTT\T, X w j T , esY , ]j C eqs |
bZHsT.

ks|sT\ e | m\T
sjT<Ts+Z {H : =+<sT sjT ks| s T \ sD+>
|dT + | m\T sT>uTHjT d b
sjT<TsZ+ m\ H#] < #qjT nHsT.
|D
+ b s\jT+ @sT #dq $KsT\
deyX+ jTq e{&sT. < bT b*+#eT
| \T | seT# + < s & my T | < $
Lsu&... jTq |CrsTqT neeq|]#s
nHsT. n$ sV de k|q d+ d
b nu ] uTqT > *|+#\ b n< &T
lH< s<] eqs|, X~] ksTT
HjT&T =+&jT , nT eTVd n< s\T
dsd eT, b nu ] uT ~sT \T bZHsT.

VMT\T q$T ydbe<T

<|& b\ T~ #|+&

|dT m sjT HjT\ # VMT\

ydb+& |Cke |]s+# HjT
mqTy\ d nu ] y+seTD (uT) zs
*bsT. |D+ >T, CsYmdt \,
ubdts&T m\ |#s+ sV+#sT.
d+<s + > jTq e{&T sh+ d#y T q n$
sV b\q d+ d b \|s# \HsT.
sjT b\T d|jH\ d+ sC+>H
uw | { d T H jT, ~ sC+>d ] m+ e+
y<j>+ <HsT. eTTd|, |+#sTTr
m\qT n~s b m<Tsq | b\q

sjT<TsZ+: <#TH+<T eq eT&T b\

nu sT\ qT z&+ T~ #b\ d b sh
qs s<] lydse, s<] |.udsse,
jTTed b< &T y\sT nX\T ssT. ysT
b s\jT+ $KsT\ deyX+ sV+#sT.
d+<s+> ysT e{&T >\T| zeTT\
d++<+ +& s+s+ |C de n+<TuT
e+f d b nu ] uTqT > *|+#\ ssT.
sT\ uk{ <s ssTT+# +<|uT+
#>< $eT]+#sT. seT+ b
HjT\T nT ~sT \T bZHsT.

pH 1`15, 2012

34

d fy T