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Life-Cycle of an Electronic System

Specification
Validation

Design Implementation Production Production Test

Verification Review Inspection Simulation

Test Preparation and DFT

Integration Test
System Test

Testing

Operation and Maintenance

Design

Hardware Mapping: Synthesis

Place and Route

Causes of Incorrect Functions


Design errors - usually consistent Fabrication (manufacturing) errors
often consistent, e.g., wrong components usually operator errors

Fabrication (manufacturing) defects


inconsistent, e.g., impurity of materials

Physical failures
wear-out environmental factors

Defect Example

Cost of Finding Defects

Defect detected during IC testing

Defect detected during system testing

Defect detected during field testing

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