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History of Buddhism - Htay Lwin Oo
History of Buddhism - Htay Lwin Oo
rmwdum
(1) Ak'.
< b0wm
Ak'<0ift& Ak'< od'w
< a *gwr (bDpD 546-324) tm; rlvtp rm*"rsdK;EG,f jzpfonfh ous (oufus) rsdK;
EG,frS arG;bGm;cJhayonf? ol@tm; ousrked [kvnf; odrw
S =f uI t"dy`g,rf mS ous (oufus) rsKd ;EG,.
f
ynm [k jzpfayonf?
aemufydik ;f wGif rm*"wdik ;f jynf tjzpf yl; aygi;f vdu
k o
f nfh uydvwdik ;f . jynf&h iS jf zpfaom zcifjzpfo l
oka'Ng"e &mZm. tkyx
f dr;f r_atmufwiG f pnf;Zdrfrsm;jzifh +cH&v
H #uf a&S;OD;b0udk jzwfo ef; cJ+h yD;aemuf
od'x
< onf avmu. yuwdjzpfpOfukd xd;k azguf qdu
k af &mufc+Jh yD;aemuf avmu[lonf vGwaf jrmuf
Edik fjcif; r&S/d 'kuQ aomursm; 0dik ;f &Hv#u&f aSd =umif;udk tajzxkwcf aJh yonf? olonf ol. t"dy`g,f rJh
aom pD;Zdrcf Hpm;r_rsm;udk ypfy,fv#uf &[ef;b0udk cH,cl aJh yonf? ol. tEWdr t"dXmefrmS &aoh&[ef;
b0jzifh 'kuQ taygi;f rS rvGwaf jrmufEikd [
f k jzpfI/ pdwt
f vdktm; tvGet
f rif; ESdyu
f Gyfjcif;/ tvGet
f rif;
tvdv
k u
dk f jcif;udk yg,o
f nfh tv,ftvwfvrf; pOf rZPsdrydymudk a&G;cs,cf Jhayonf?
aAg"danmifyif[k odrw
S o
f nfh oabFmozef;yif. atmufY opPmw&m;udk rawG@rcsi;f wpfz0g;rS rcGm[k
oH"Xd mefjyKv#uf usifhaqmifcaJh yonf? touf (40)wGif oAnKw (ukefpifo)d ^m%fawmfukd &&Scd I
Jh
a*gw r Ak'[
< k xif&mS ; vmcJah yonf? Ak'<. teufrmS oAnKw^m%fpOf &&So
d /l Ed;k =um;od&o
Sd l [k jzpfay
onf?
usefaom ol@oufwrf; 45 ESpu
f mvywfv;kH tEN,
d tv,fyikd ;f a'o jzpfonfh **Fg jrpf0Sr;f wav#muf
vSnv
fh nfv#uf vlrsdK; EG,f axGaxGxo
H dk@ =o 0g'rsm;udk ydk@cs jzef@csDcaJh yonf?
Ak'<. t&du
k t
f &m qufcHrnfo
h [
l I
l cef@tyfr_ r&Scd Jhjcif;/ =o0g'rsm;tm; w&m;0ifjzpfap&ef rSww
f rf;wif
r_ jywfvyfcjJh cif;a=umifh aemifESpfaygif; 400 twGi;f wGif t,lurJG sm;pGm ay:xGe;f vmcJhayonf? yxrqH;k
taejzifh ,ae@ ax&0g'wGio
f m use&f aSd eaom edum, Ak'<0g' t,lrsm;ESifh/ usrf;opfrsm; a&S;a[mif;
enf;rsm;udk vufcrH Y_ tajccHonfh *d%
k ;f uGJrsm;jzpfonfh r[m,eESihf [de,ersm; [lI jzpfayonf?
b&mrD rS tmaou&mZm.
d o
d # jywdu
k f
tmaou&mZm. trdef@jyef
jyefwrf; trSwf 6 oHausmufwidk rSfrS tydik ;f tp (bDpD 236)/
236)/ +Aw
tEd ,
Nd Edik if H qefcsD t&yfrS Xmyemwdu
k }f uD; (bDpD 3 &mpk)
arm&d, jynf&h iS f tmaomurif;}uD; (bDpD 273-232) onf tdEdNjynf ta&S@ydik ;f ,ckacwf atmf&pfo#
[kwiG o
f nfh uvd*Fe,f uvd*aF oG;acsmif; pD; ppfyJt
G m; atmifEidk +f yD;aemuf Ak'b
< momod@k ul;ajymif;cJh
ayonf? pufqw
k &f &GH mS zG,f ydyuQrsm;udk aemifw&v#uf rif;}uD;onf jyoem ta&;tcif;rsm;udk
pGef@vw
$ &f ef qH;k jzwfc+Jh yD;aemuf Xmyemwdu
k rf sm;wnfaqmufjcif; owW0gtm;vH;k . toufZD0tm;
av;pm;=u&ef rSww
f idk rf sm;pdu
k x
f jl cif; vlom;wdk@tm; "rRw&m;tm; vdu
k ef map&ef wdu
k w
f eG f; E_;d aqmfjcif;
rsm;tm;jzifh omoemjyKco
Jh nf? olonf Edkiif t
H 0Sr;f vrf; rsm;azguv
f yk fjcif; aq;&Hkrsm;/ &dyo
f mrsm;/
wuUov
dk af usmif; rsm;/ wl; ajrmif;rsm; wnfaqmufjcif;rsm;vnf; vkyaf qmifcJhayonf? olonf vlrsKd ;
bmom *dk%;f Zwfpepfrsm; rcGJjcm;bJ wef;wl qufqcH Jhayonf? Tumvonf Ak'<0g'rSm tdE,
dN rS
ausmv
f Gev
f #uf tjcm;wdik ;f jynfrsm;odk@ OD;pGm yxrjyef@ESH@omG ;aom umvyifjzpfI tmaomurif;}uD;
csex
f m;cJah om ausmufjym; ausmufpmrsm;t& awmifbuf oD&v
d uFm/ taemufbuf *&db&k if
Edik if rH sm;txdyif Ak'o
< moemjyK&ef omoemjyK tzGJ@rsm; apv$wcf aJh =umif;awG@&I ajrxJyifv,f
&yf0rS ;f xdyif ayguaf &mufc[
Jh ef&aSd yonf?
(3(3-2) *&dacgrodk@
tcsKd @aom tmaomu. trdef@jyefwrf; urn;f ausmufpmrsm;u tmaomurif;onf *&d (acgr) urBm
odk@vnf; Ak'o
< moemjzef@cs&D ef tm;pdu
k cf aJh =umif; az:jyayonf? xdt
k csdeu
f tdE,
Nd rS *&dtxd e,ferdw f
ydik ;f jcm; tqufjywfr_ r&Scd cJh s? trde@f jyefwrf;rsm;onf *&d (acgr) ydik fe,frsm;odk@ odomxif&mS ;onfh
Edik fiaH &; pnf;&H;k jcif;rsdK; jzpfa=umif; az:jyaeayonf? *&d{u&mZf v$r;f rd;k csed u
f mv Ak'o
< moemjyKjcif;udk
D l
vufc&H onfh bk&ifrsm;. trnfrsm;rSm Antiochus II Theos of the Seleucid Kingdom pDv,
ppf'f bk&ifEdkiif HrS tifw,
D cdk syf 2 oD;tdk@pf (bDpD 284-247)? Ptolemy II Philadelphos of Egypt
tD*spfrS ywdv
k rD D zDvm'Jzv
f ?dk Antigonus Gonatas of Macedonia rufq'D dke;D ,m;rS tifwD*;kd emhpf
*dw
k mem (bDpD 276-239)? Magas of Cyrene pD&;D ef (,ck vufAsm;) rS r*~g@pf (bDpD 288-258)?
Alexander II of Epirus tD;yf& yfpf (,ck *&D; pf taemufajrmufyikd ;f ) rS tvufZ ef;j'm; 2 (bDpD 272255) wdk@yif jzpfayonf?
tmaomuvufxuf Ak'o
< moemjyKjcif; (bDpD 260- 218) tmomu trdef@jyefwrf;t&Ta'o/ e,fpyfrsm;/ xdrk S ,lZem 600 (5400- 9600 uDvrdk w
D m) uGma0;onfh *&db&k if
tifw,
D u
dk sKd tkycf sKyfonfx/d xdx
k ufausmI
f bk&ifav;yg;jzpfonfh ywdv
k rD D. tifwD*akd emhpf/
r*~pf ESifh tvufZef;j'm; tkycf sKyfonfah 'orsm;/ tvm;wl awmifyikd ;f usdK@csf (usKd vD,m)
yefa';pf/ ESifh wrf&mygeD (oD&v
D uFm) xdwikd f "rR. atmifEkdirf Y_ &S.
d ? (tmaomu jyefwrf;
trSwf 13/ awmif 'rDum)? [lIvnf;aumif;
xdk@xufyI
dk ygVdaumufa=umif; rsm;t& tmaomu. tcsKd @aom taxmufawmfrsm;onf *&d Ak'<
&[ef;awmfrsm;yif jzpfcI
Jh ,Ofaus;r_ ESpcf =k um;Y bmoma&; ul;vl;r_ eD;uyfcJha=umif; awG@&onfrmS ax&f (t}u;D tuJ) arm*~vdyw
k EW iS fh omoem. a&mifjcnf {u&mZfrif; (tmaomu) wdk@
oHCm,emudk aqmif=u^f;+yD;aomtcg/ ax&fav;yg;tm; [dw
k pfyg; 'Dwpfyg;ESifh wyg&efwu
(*l*s&wfEiS fh qif;*sf rsm;udk &nfoefaom taemufjynfrsm;od@k ) apv$wv
f #u/f olonf *&d
(,Ge;f ) odk@ apv$wo
f rl sm;udk "rR&uQw
d [k uif;yGef;ay;cJh.? (r[m0Ho 12)? [lI jzpf.?
(3dvuFmESifh jrefrmod
(3-3) oD&vuF
modk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;
oD&v
d uFmonf tmaomu. om; r[dENEiS hf taz: 6 OD;a=umifh bDpD 2 &mpktwGi;f wGif bmomajymif;
cJ&h onf? olwdk@onf bk&if}uD; a'0eHy,
d wpPEiS hf rl;rwfrsm;pGmudk omoemajymif;apcJo
h nf? Ttcsdef
umvonf a&S;&d;k pGJ qif[mvdwdk@. A[djk zpfonfh r[m0d[m& bke;f }uD; ausmif;udk wnfaqmufaom
umvjzpfayonf? ygVd yduawmftm; rif;}uD; 0dw*W greD vufxuf bDpD 29- 17 ckEpS frsm;wGif oD& d
vuFmY rSww
f rf;wif a&;rSwcf jJh cif; jzpfI xdYk ax&0g' &d;k &m tm;aumif;cJhayonf? aemufyidk ;f wGif
Ak'a< Cmo (at'D 4- 5 &mpk) uJo
h dk@ tcsdK@aom tXuxm ynm&Sifrsm; xGe;f um;cJI
h olw@kd onf &d;k &m
yef;aom tXuxmrsm;udk pepfwus jyKpkcaJh yonf? xdu
k mvwGif r[m,e 0g'rSm oD&v
d uFmY
txdu
k t
f av#muf =oZmv$r;f rd;k aomfvnf; ax&0g'rS t+yD;wdik f csKyfuidk fEkdi+f yD; oD&v
D uFmonf ax&
0g' trmcHe,fajr jzpfvmcJu
h m xdkrw
S qifh 11 &mpkrS pwifI ta&S@awmiftm&So@kd jyef@ESH@cJah yonf?
tdE,
dN wdu
k if ,f. ta&S@bufe,f (,ckacwf jrefrmESihf xdik ;f ) a'orsm;wGif tdE,
dN Ofaus;r_rmS rGev
f lrsdK;
tay:odk@ t}u;D tus,f vGr;f rd;k cJah yonf? r[m,e/ [de,e *d%
k ;f rsm; ruGJrSD bDpD 3 &mpkrS pwifI
tdE,
dN {u&mZf tmaomu&mZm. omoemjyKjcif;udk rGefwdk@onf cH&onf[k qdak yonf? jrefrmS Edik if H
tv,fydki;f &Sd ydoEd;k uJo
h dk@ a&S@usaom rGefAk'<ausmif; aqmifrsm;onf at'D 1 &mpkEiS fh 5 &mpk =um;
umv uyif &Sad eayonf?
(Ado Ed;k onf rGew
f dk@v$r;f rd;k &m a'o jzpfco
Jh nf qdjk cif;rSm u|Efkyo
f abmjzifh ordik ;f a&;jcif; r[kwfyg/ u|Efkyf
taejzifh T ordik ;f udk 0ufbfqdk'af y:rS History of Buddhism qdo
k nfudk bmomjyefjcif;om
jzpfygonf?)
(4) qGeC
f tifyg,m (bDpD 2 -1 &mpk)
tmaomurif;uG,v
f eG +f yD; ESpaf ygi;f (50) cef@t =um bDpD 185-173 wGif qGeC
f rif; qufukd xlaxmif
cJo
h nf? arm&d,rif;quf. aemufq;kH jzpfaom bk&if b[mj'mw vky}f ucH &H +yD; ppfo}l uD;csKyf ykp,s
arwW qGeC
f onf xD;eef;udk &,lcaJh yonf? tmaomu ,we uJo
h dk@aom Ak'b
< moma&; pmayrsm;u
(jArRm a&S;&d;k 0g'D) ykp,sarwWonf Ak'b
< mom0ifwdk@tm; vdv
k m;jcif; r&SdbJ Ak'o
< moemtm; ESdyfpuf
uvljyKonf[k a&;om;r_rsm; &Sad yonf? Ak'b
< momrsm;u olonf bke;f }u;D ausmif;rsm;udk zsuq
f ;D
v#uf &[ef;omraersm;udk owfjzwfco
Jh nf[k a&;om;cJah yonf? tmaomurif; wnfaqmufcJhaom
Ak'< Xmyemwdu
k f (apwD) 84000 tm; zsufq;D cJI
h (t&f xufyg;)/ Ak'&< [ef;wpfyg;pD. acgi;f wpfv;Hk
twGuf a&$'*Fg; 100 qkaiGxw
k cf o
Jh nf [l.? xyfaygi;f I Ak'<rw
S w
f rf;rsm;t& emvef'g Ak'<*g,m/
qmewf/ rxk&m uJo
h dk@aom ajrmufrsm;pGmaom bkef}u;D ausmif;ajr (0d[m&) rsm;onf [dENLbk&m;
ausmif;rsm; tjzpf toGiaf jymif;cJ&h avonf [l.?
tcsKd @uvnf; Ak'<0g'tm; ausmaxmufaemufcHjyKcJo
h nfh tmaomurif;. aemufyidk ;f / qGeC
f vuf
atmufwiG f Ak'b
< mom. tajctaerSm usq;kH v#uf tusyw
f nf;qH;k tcsed jf zpfonfrmS jzpfEidk facs
&Sad y.? odk@aomf ESdyu
f Gyfr_rsm;udu
k m; rSwcf suf csefxm;onfudk rawG@&[k qd.
k ? tDwed ;f vrfrw
G .
f Avh
vm oH;k oyfcsuYf taxmuftxm;rsm;t& pD&ifcsucf sv#if oufaotaxmuftxm; tqufjywfr_
a=umifh ykp,sarwW
f if;&rnfyif [kjzpf.? tjcm;aom =oZmwuUdr }u;D aom
,sarwWonf tjypfrS vGwu
ordik ;f ynm&Sif &drk v
D mow
mowf
owyf gu wl;az:&&Sdr_ taxmuftxm;rsm;udk axmufjyv#uf Todk@tuGJtvGJ
(ykykp,sarwWtm; t,lo;D Ak'b
< mom qef@usifa&;orm;[k ajymqdkr_) udk xifjrifcsuf ay;&mY Ak'<
at'D 11-2 &mpk *E<&a'o&Sd a&S;OD; yxr Ak'&< yk yf mG ;rsm;rS wpfcjk zpfonfh *&d-Ak'< qif;wk
wDv,
d m; wdyf wGif awG@&aom Ak'b
< momwdk@. a&$'*Fg; (*ltrSwf 6)
ueufo#urif;. uk&eS t
f ifyg,m Ak'.
< yHjk zifh '*Fg; (ol@trnftm; *&d bmomjzifh bk''f )dk at'D 120
at'D 1 &mpkrS pI tdENdjynf taemufajrmufyikd ;f wGif Edik fiaH &; &_yaf xG;ajymif;vJr_rsm;jzifh r[m,e
Ak'<0g' xGef;um;vmcJah yonf? tif'kd-*&d bk&ifhEidk if o
H nf wpfpp v$r;f rd;k vm+yD; olw@kd . ,Ofaus;r_tm;
tif'dk-pufo,
D ef rsm;ESifh bDpD 12 cef@u pwifI uk&eS ftifyg,mtm; xlaxmifcJo
h nfh ,kcsDrsm;u
vufcH vmcJah yonf?
uk&eS w
f dk@onf Ak;'<bmomtm; axmufct
H m;ay;olrsm; jzpfI at'D 100 ywf0ef;usifcef@u *svef'g
odk@r[kwf u&Srf ;D ,m;e,fwiG f uk&Seb
f &k if ueufo#u u pwkwo
C
H m,em wpfcu
k kd wifcaJh yonf?
udk ax&0g'rS *d%
k ;f uGJjzpfaom r[m,ewd@k u wifjcif; jzpfI/ ax&0g'rsm;u xdk oHCm,emtm;
todtrSwf rjyKbJ &Hzef&cH gwiG f rdpm> &[ef;rsm;. oHCm,em[kyif qdak yonf?
onf Ak'b
< mom omefopfjzpfI Ak't
< m; xm0&bk&m;uJo
h dk@ qnf;uyfylaZmfaom t,ljzpfay
onf? t,ltqtm;jzifh jzpfwnfrw
_ idk ;f onf Ak'<. obm0Y&SI
d (bk&m;jzpfxu
kd af om) vlom;wdk@tm;
Ak't
< jzpf "gwaf wmfu;l ay;r_ (udef;0yfr)_ Ak'u
< ,
kd fymG ;tjzpf cH,al yonf? tdE,
Nd taemufajrmufyidk ;f ESifh
uk&eS t
f ifyg,mwGi;f rS t,lt qrsdK;pHk v$r;f aeaom t,ljzpfonf [l.?
jyef@xu
G v
f maom Ak'b
< momESifh ukeo
f ,
G v
f rf;a=umif; at'D 1 &mpk
u&Srf ;D ,m; pwkw oHCm,emwGif ueufo#onf oHCm 500 udk pkI &Si0f q
d ak rwW,s tm; }uD;r_;
apcJo
h nf [k qdak yonf? tpdwt
f ydik ;f tm;jzifh onf tbd"rRm. tXuxmwGif yg0ifonf jzpfEidk f
aomfvnf; ud,
k w
f idk f jyXmef;csujf zifh wnf&aSd eonfrSm jzpfEikd fp&m &Sad yonf? oHCm,emwGif okwf
awmfaygi;f oH;k odef;ESifh tqdak ygi;f ud;k oef;ausmfukd pkaqmif;v#uf +yD;ajrmufap&ef 12ESpf=um onf[k
qdak yonf? ToHCm,em. t"du jzpfxeG f;r_rmS r[my&dedAm eokw[
f k xifjcm;aom om0wo
d wD
(u&Srf ;D ,m;) tbd"rRm. wd;k csJ@aom tud;k tum; o+*Kvu
f sr;f jzpfonfh us,jf yef@aom tXuxm}uD;
tm; usrf;jyKjcif;yif jzpfayonf?
okawoDrsm;u xdak cwfxt
dk cgwiG f om0wd0wD usr;f awmfY a&S;usaom y&mc&pf bmomrS oif
ouU&u
dk f rSww
f rf;tjzpf bmompum;rSm odompGm ajymif;vJomG ;onf[k ,H=k unf=uayonf? T
ajymif;vJro
_ nf usrf;awmf. tESpo
f m&tm; xdcu
kd fepfemr_ r&Sad omfvnf; oifouU&u
dk f bmom
pum;onf tEd,
N wGif jArR0g'Drsm;. usrf;oH;k bmompum;jzpfonfh tjyif tjcm;aom tawG;tac:
orm;rsm; (bmom vlrsdKK;rcGJ) vnf; oH;k pGJ=uayonf? xdk@a=umifh Ak'.
< t,lrsm;onf ydkru
dk s,jf yef@aom
y&dwo
f wfrsm;xHodk@ a&muf&o
Sd mG ;ayonf? Tod@k aom ta=umif;jzifh tdE,
Nd &Sd Ak'<ynm&Sifrsm;=um;
tXuxmrsm;ESifh tjcm;usrf; rsm;udk oifouU&u
kd jf zifh a&;om;r_bufodk@ ,dr;f ,dik f tm;omvmcJo
h nf?
ax&0g'uJo
h dk@ a&S;usaom *d%
k ;f rsm;pGmurl oifouU&u
dk o
f nf ayg&m% bmomw&m;. bmom
pum; jzpfaoma=umifh Ak'u
< ol. =o 0g'rsm;udk oifouU&u
dk o
f @kd jyefqjkd cif;tm; jywfom;pGm wm;jrpfcJh
onf [lI olwdk@.usrf; pmtm; oifouU&u
kd o
f @kd ul;ajymif;apjcif; r&Scd Jhay? Ak'o
< nf ol. &[ef;rsm;tm;
trsm;oH;k em;vnfonfh bmompum;xuf t&yfo;kH omompum;rsm;udk omajymqd&k ef vdv
k m;cJh
ayonf? odk@aomfvnf; tcsdefrsm; ukev
f Gev
f maomtcg ax&0g'Drsm;. usr;f oH;k bmompum;onf
ayg&% tusqH;k aom bmompum;rsm;uJo
h dk@ *dk%;f omompum; jzpfvmayawmhonf?
r[m,eAk'b
< monf tdE,
Nd . ta&S@bufyikd ;f rSonf ta&S@awmiftm&S ajrmufykdi;f od@k tm&Stv,fyidk ;f
w&kyf ud;k &D; ESifh aemufq;Hk at'D 538 wGif *syeftxd jyef@ESH@xeG ;f um;cJhayonf?
(7Nd
(7-1) tdE,
uk&eS af cwfukef ukyw
f rif;qufvufxuf (at'D 4 &mpkrS 6 &mpk) wGif Ak'<bmomonf tEN,
d Y
tm;opfavmif;cJjh yefonf? aemuf&mpkaygif;rsm;pGm tdE,
Nd . ta&S@ ajrmufyikd ;f &Sd Ak',
< Ofaus;r_twGuf
ausm=f um;I =oZm&Sad om ynma&; yifrXmejzpfonfh emvef'g uJo
h dk@ r[m,e ynmoif=um;a&;
A[dkyifrrsm;udk xlaxmifcJhayonf? *kyw
f yHkpHAk'b
< momonf ta&S@awmiftm&Sro
S nf w&kwjf ynftxd
rsm;pGm =oZm&Sv
d #uf jyef@ESH@caJh yonf?
tdE,
Nd Ak'b
< momonf vljzL [Gefrsm;. 0ifa&mufodr;f ydkujf cif; ESifh rD[u
D v
k zdESdyfra_ =umifh at'D 6
&mpkwiG f tm;enf;oGm;cJo
h nf?
&Si[
f ,
d efqidk f. at'D 7 &mpk c&D;oGm;rSww
f rf;wGif tE<&/ 'ef,muwfw,ESifh '&0D' (,ckacwf
tE<& y&ma'h&SfEiS fh wrD;vfem;'l; jynfe,f)wGif Ak'<0g'ausmfaZm aecJo
h nf? ,ckacwf eDaygjzpfonfh
a'o 0ef;usiw
f iG f rsm;pGmaom apwDrsm; aysmufys,cf JhI Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;rSm (,ckacwf taemuf
befa*g jynfe,fjzpfonf)h *l; ' bk&ifEidk if H qefu rif;. ni;f yef;r_rsm;udk cHc&Jh ayonf? xdu
k mvtwGi;f
umuG,f apmifah &Smufay;cJah om [m&SmAm'etm; [d,efqikd u
f aus;Zl;wifxm;ayonf? [m&Sm
Am'erif;rsm;. bk&ifEdkiif +H yD;aemuf rsm;pGmaom bk&ifEikd fiHi,frsm; pkaygi;f ay:xGe;f vmum aemufyidk ;f
**Fgjrpf0Sr;f wav#mufrS &mh*sfyw
k frsm;tjzpf ay:xGe;f vmI befa*ga'oonf +ydKifbuf ygVrif;tifyg,m
atmufY &Sad epOf Ak'b
< mom tkypf ;dk onfh tkyfpkrsm;tm; umuG,af pmifha&Smufxm;r_rsm; aysmufu,
G f
oGm;onf[k qdkjcif;udk rodrom jiif;yg,x
f m; ayonf? Ta'o ode[dELN rif;qufrsm;. xd;k ESufr_rsm;
a=umifh ygV rif;quf r+ydKysufrw
SD iG f r[m,e Ak'<bmomonf tm;opfavmif;v#uf at'D 8 &mpkEiS fh
12 &mpkwiG f blwefEiS fh puUiaf 'orsm;od@k jyef@ES@H omG ;cJah yonf? ygVrif;rsm;onf rsm;pGmaom Ak'<yx
k ;dk
ausmif;uefrsm;ESifh ,mOfaus;r_ tarGt ESpfrsm;udk zefw;D cJhayonf? [d,efqidk u
f rSwcf sucf sonfrmS
trsKd ;rsdK;aom a'orsm;wGif Ak'<bmomonf *sdr;f 0g'ESifh [dELN 0g'rsm;tm; vrf;a=umif;ay;cJhayonf?
at'D 10 &mpk avmufwiG f ygVrif;rsm;vGeI
f [dELN rif; rsm; pd;k pHvmaomtcg Ak'b
< momonf Ad\Ed;k
(Ad&SfE;l ) 0g'[dELN rS Ak'o
< nf Ad\ Ed;k . 9 yg;ajrmuf (vlom;b0jzifv
h maom) bk&m;tjzpf 0ifpm;vm
onf[k qdjk cif;udk oabm wlnrD _ r&SdbJ rodrom jiif;qefxm;ayonf?
tEN,
d Ak'b
< momu at'D 1193 ck ajrmufyikd ;f wGif jzpfymG ;cJh onfh rk[ rR'f cgvufc.
f vufatmufY
wmuufcf tpPvmrfrpf 0iford ;f olrsm;u emvef'g tm; rD;&d_@crJh u
_ dk jiif;y,fxm;jcif;rSm xif&mS ;ayonf?
12 &mpk tukefyidk ;f wGif Ak'k b
< mom trmcHe,fjzpfonfh bD[m&fjynfe,ftm; tpPvmrf bmom0ifrsm;
atmifEidk f+yD;aemuf Ak'b
< momrsm;tm; Edik fiaH &;tm%mydik frsm;. yhHy;kd tm;ay;r_EiS hf vlra_ &;Zwfpepfrsm;
tm; axmufct
H m;ay;r_rSm qH;k &H;k oGm;cJhayonf/ odk@aomf vGwv
f yfpmG ud;k uG,,
f =kH unfru
_ kd ESdyu
f Gyjf cif;
r&Scd Jhacs? xdkrS Ak'b
< momonf ajrmufyikd ;f [dr0EWmawmifajcESifh awmifyidk ;f oD&v
d uFmwGif ae&m,lcJh
ayonf? xdk@jyif t'fAidk w
f m ([dENL a0'EW t,l) uJodk@ +ydKifbuf [dELN tkyfpk/ bmhuw
f D (bmhuw
f ;D tm;
AD;&SfE;l / oD0 wdk@uo
Jh dk@ bk&m;[k owfrw
S o
f nfh *dk%;f ) v_y&f mS ;rsm; xGe;f um; vmjcif;ESihf omoemjyK qlzD
(tpPvmrf 0dyoem 'oe tkyfpk) rsm;. xd;k azgufr_rsm;a=umifh Ak'b
< momrSm arS;rSdefqw
k ,
f w
k f vmcJh
ayonf?
trsKd ;rsdK;aom edum, (eDu,f) ausmif;rsm;onf tm&Stv,fykdi;f ESihf w&kwjf ynfwdk@wiG f at'D 7 &mpk
0ef;usicf ef@txd wnf&aSd eayonf? r[m,ersm;onf xdkumvwGif pwnfI v$r;f rd;k vmaomfvnf;
edu,frsm;udk pGJrw
S o
f nfh om0w0d wDEiS hf "rR*w
k w
f u rsm;od@k t,lvr$ ;f rd;k cJjh cif; r&Sdacs? usefaom tm&S
tv,fydki;f bkef;}uD;ausmif; rsm;onf a&G;cs,x
f m;aom 0denf;rsm;udk usio
fh ;Hk cJhayonf?
tm&Stv,fydki;f a'orsm;ESifh atmufbuf tdE,
dN wdu
k if ,fwdk@wiG f uk&eS t
f ifyg,m uJo
h @kd Ak'b
< mom
bk&ifEdkiif Hrsm;pGm xGe;f ay: zGH@+zdK;vmcJah yonf? at'D 5 &mpkwiG f uk&eS t
f ifyg,mtm; vljzL [efrsm;u
0ifa&muford ;f ydu
k +f yD; rif[cD v
l rif; vufxufwiG f Ak'b
< momrsm;rSm rsm;pGm ESdyu
f Gycf cH &Jh ayonf?
tm&Stv,fydki;f Ak'b
< momonf at'D 7 &mpkwiG f tpPvmrfbmom jyef@ES@H xGe;f um; vmaomtcg
pwifarS; rSdeo
f mG ;+yD; ppfyGJrsm;twGi;f omoedu taqmuftkHrsm;pGm zsuo
f rd ;f cHvu
dk &f ayonf? rlqvif
rsm;u olwdk@tm; c&pf,mefrsm;/ *sK;rsm;uJo
h @kd 'if;rpf usr;f &olrsm; tjzpfowfrw
S cf o
Jh nf? tvf
bD,eDleD u Ak'o
< nf wrefawmfwpfyg;jzpfI trnfrmS Al;Z jzpfonf[k a&;om;cJah yonf?
Ak'b
< momonf *sif*pfcef;. odr;f ydu
k rf _rsm;aemuf rGef*kdrif;qufrsm;atmufEiS fh/ tDvcf ef;edwf ESifh
cg*gwidk ;f cef;edwf wdk@ rif;qufrsm;udk wnfaxmifv#uf olwdk@. Ak'b
< momtm; =oZmanmif; ap&ef
aqmif=unf;cJah om at'D 13 &mpkwiG f jyefvnf jrifw
h ufcJh jyefonf? odk@aomf ESpf 100 twGi;f wGif
xdak 'orS rGef*dkrsm;rSm tpPvmrfbmomodk@ ul;ajymif;=uv#uf olwdk@ESit
hf wl tm&Stv,fyikd f; a'o
tm;vH;k odk@ tpPvmrf omoem jyef@ymG ;oGm;awmhonf? rGef*dk ta&S@ydik ;f ESifh ,Gefrif; quf r#om [de,e
Ak'<0g'tm; vufuidk f jyKv#uf usef&cSd Jhayonf?
Ak'b
< momonf wefrif;quf (at'D 618-907) tpydik ;f wGif tm;opfavmif;cJah yonf? Trif;quf
tm; Edik fi&H yfjcm;rS &d;k &m,Ofaus; r_rsm;u yGiv
hf if;pGm ul;pufcI
Jh / at'D 4 &mpkrS 11 &mpktwGi;f ajrmuf
rsm;pGmaom w&kwf Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;. c&D;oGm;r_rsm;a=umifh tdE,
dN &d;k &m,Ofaus;r_rsm;jzifh ul;vl;r_
rSm jyefvnf &Sio
f efco
Jh nf? wefaejynfawmf csef*if;ef (,ae@- Zdtif Xi'an)onf Ak'< tawG; tac:
rsm;. t"du yif&if;a'o jzpfvmcJo
h nf? xdrk w
S qifh Ak'b
< momonf ud;k &D;,m;ESifh uifw&dk SD oHwref
rsm;. tultnDjzifh *syefodk@ tacscsciG fh &&Scd aJh yonf? odk@aomfvnf; wefrif;quf. aemufq;kH ydik ;f
rsm;wGif Edik if &H yfjcm; ,Ofaus;r_ v$r;f rdk;jcif;rsm;tm; tm;ray;awmhbJ wef{u&mZf 0laZmifu at'D
845 wGif Edik if Hjcm; bmomw&m;tm;vH;k (c&pf,mef epfw&dk ,
D ef0g'/ Zd&k t
dk ufpwm 0g'/ ESihf Ak'<0g'rsm;
tygt 0if) udk w&m;r0if [k a=ujimum/ wdik ;f &if; bmom wmtdk0g'tm; axmufycHh aJh yonf? ol.
tkycf sKyfajrtESH@ Ak'b
< mom0ifwdk@. ydik fqikd fr_rsm;udk jynfolykdio
f rd ;f jcif;/ bke;f }uD;ausmif; rsm;/ omoedu
taqmuf ttHkrsm;udk zsuq
f ;D jcif;/ Ak'&< [ef;awmfrsm;udk uGyfrsujf cif;rsm;a=umifh Ak'b
< mom.
&d;k &m ,Ofaus; r_rsm;ESifh tawG;tac: v$r;f rd;k r_rsm;rSm tqH;k owfc&Jh ayonf?
odk@aomfvnf; Ak'b
< momtm; t}u;D tus,fEydS u
f Gycf +Jh yD; ESpw
f pf&m aemufyikd ;f qGef rif;quf (at'D
1127-1279) vufxufwiG f Ak'<bmomonf jyefvnf &Sio
f efciG hf &cJhjyefonf? oef@&iS ;f &majrESihf csef
Ak'<0g'onf &mpkwpfcsdK@ qufvuf&iS cf iG hf &cJ[
h ef&+dS yD; aemufykdi;f wGif xdrk S *syef Zif Ak'<0g'tjzpf xGe;f um;
cJah yonf? w&kwjf ynfwiG f csefAk'< 0g'onf qGefrif; quf (at'D 1127- 1279) wGif tm;opfavmif; cGifh
&cJ+h yD;/ . bke;f }u;D ausmif;rsm;onf ,Ofaus;r_EiS fh ynmoif=um;a&; A[dXk me}u;D rsm; jzpfcJhayonf?
,ae@acwfwiG f w&kwjf ynfu olwdk@onf urBmay:wGif Ak'<vuf&mrsm;ESihf tarGtESpfrsm;udk pkaqmif;
t&rdq;Hk wdik ;f jynfrsm;teufrS jzpfonf[ *k%af z:v#uf &Sdayonf? wefrif;quf vufxuf at'D 8
&mpkwiG ;f u wnfqmufcaJh om jrpfo;kH pif; qH&k mrS pdu
k =f u nfah e[ef vuf&eS f r[mAk'q
< if;wkawmfrmS
vuf&t
Sd xd urBmt
h }u;D qH;k Ak'q
< if;wkawmfyif jzpfI/ *efqk tydik f 'ef; [Get
f eD;&Sd rGw*f dk v_id f*l/ [efeef
tydik f vlt,
dk ef; teD;&Sd avmif;rif; *&Gww
f @kd pf ESifh *Geu
f iG ;f teD; 'gZl ausmufyef;cH;k rsm;rSm ta&;yg
qH;k aom Ak',
< Ofaus;r_ vuf&mrsm; jzpfonf[k ,lepfpudk urBmh tarGtESpf qdik &f m qdu
k frS qdak yonf?
7-2 (i)
(i) ud;k &D;,m;
Ak'b
< momonf ud;k &D;,m;odk@ at'D 327 0ef;usicf ef@wiG f w&kwf oHt rwfrsm;. ud;k &D;,m; bk&ifhEikd fiH
*d*k m,d
Gm,d,dk xHodk@ tvnfc&D;wGif usrf;*efrsm; qif;wkawmfrsm;udk aqmif=unf; oGm;jcif;jzifh pwif rdwf
qufcaJh yonf?? ud;k &D;,m;wGif txl;ojzifh at'D 7 &mpkrS pwifaom ZifAk'<0g' xGe;f um;cJh ayonf?
at'D 1392 ckESpf ,Drif;quf. uGejf zL&Sif tpydik ;f *sdKpDteG f umvwGif Ak'<bmomonf t}uD;tus,f
cGJjcm;jcif;udk cHc&Jh aomfvnf; Zif0g' aqmif&u
G rf r_ sm;rSm c|i;f csujf zpfayonf?
7-2 (p)
(p) *syef
tjyifock r qufpyfr_ tpESifh tOD;qH;k jzpfonfh v_y&f mS ;r_ qufpufjcif; edo, rsm;jzpfonf [l.?
(martial arts).
Ak'b
< momonf *syefEidk if w
H iG f ,ae@txd tvGef wufu v#uyf if &Sad eyonf? Ak'b
< mom omoedu
taqmufttHak ygi;f 80000 0ef;usicf ef@onf yHrk Sev
f nfywfv#uf zGH@+zdK;qJyif &Sad eayonf?
(7(7-3) ta&S@awmiftm&S
urfabm'D
abm'D;,m; Ak'< (14 &mpk)
at'D 1 &mpktwGi;f wGif ta&S@tv,fykdi;f &Sd ywfo;D ,ef; tifyg,m xGe;f um;vmjcif;ESifh bwpfjyef
usm;wpfjyef a&mrtifygwdk@a=umifh ukef;wGi;f yd;k vrf;a=umif;wGif xde;f csKyfuef@owfr_rsm; &Scd aJh yonf?
xdt
k awmtwGi;f wGif a&mrwdk@onf tvGew
f &m u,f0vmjcif;a=umifh olw@kd . tm&SZrd cf HypPn;f rsm;
0,fvt
dk m;rSm jrifhrm;vmjyefonf? T0,fvt
dk m;u ajrxJyifv,fa'oESihf w&kwf t=um; a&vrf;
a=umif;udk &Sio
f efapcJI
h tdE,
Nd onf tv,f=um;cHa'o jzpfvmcJhayonf? xdt
k csderf S pI ukeo
f ,
G f r_
qufo,
G af &; pD;yGm;a&; tacscsr_EiS fh Edik if aH &;0ifa&muf pGuzf ufr_ygrusef tdE,
dN onf ta&S@awmif
tm&Sodk@ jyif;jyif;xefx ef =oZmv$r;f rd;k vmcJah yonf? tdE,
Nd . ukeo
f ,
G f vrf;a=umif; rSm jrefrm
awmifyidk ;f / &Sr;f (xdik ;f ) awmifyidk f;ESihf tv,fyidk ;f / urfabm'D;,m; atmufyidk ;f / AD,uferfawmifyikd ;f ESifh
rsm;pGmaom urf;&d;k wef; +rdK@jyrsm;rSm csw
d q
f uftjzpf wnfaxmifvmcJah yonf?
ESpfaygi;f axmifausmf =oZmv$r;f rd;k cJah oma=umifh tdE,
dN ESihf a'owGi;f Edkiif t
H rsdK;rsKd ;rSm &d;k &mxH;k wrf; rsm;
tajccHtm;jzifh nD!w
G af eayonf? ygVd/ oifouU&u
dk Ef iS fh tdE,
dN usrf;pmoH;k bmompum;rsm;onf
ax&0g'ESifh r[m,e Ak'<bmomrsm;/ jArR0g' ESifh [dENLbmomrsm;. bHo
k ;Hk bmompum;rsm; jzpfI
&mr,eZwfvrf;/ r[mbm&w Zwfvrf;rsm; uJo
h @kd tdE,
dN pmayESifh usrf; pmrsm;onfrv
S nf; xdak 'o
rsm; twGi;f wdu
k &f u
dk f ul;pufr&_ aSd ecJah yonf?
at'D 5 &mpkrS 13 &mpktwGi;f / ta&S@awmiftm&Sonf tvGet
f iftm;aumif;aom tifyg,m jzpfcJhI
Ak'<Ao
d u
k mvuf&mrsm;ESifh tEkynmvuf&m zefw;D rsm;Y tvGew
f &m aqmif&u
G v
f mcJah yonf? Ak'<
bmomonf tdE,
Nd wku
d if ,frS yifv,fa&a=umif; tm;jzifh wku
d &f u
dk f 0ifa&muf =oZmoufvm+y;D / T
taemufbufodk@ jyef@ESH@jcif;
Ak'b
< momESifh ywfoufI *&d-Ak'< tEkynmvuf&mrS Ak'<bmomESihf taemufwikd ;f wd@k =um; rSww
f rf;
rsm;/ owif;tcsut
f vufrsm;/ ESifh a&S;pum;pOfrsm;udk aocsmpGm plprf; csut
f & Ak'b
< momonf
taemufwidk ;f odk@ jywfawmif;jywfawmif; a&muf&cdS [
Jh ef&adS yonf? *|ef 'rwfpuwf. *&dbmomjyef
Ak'<0ifEiS fh (tdE,
Nd c&pf,mef bke;f }uD; rsm;jzpfaom) bmvrfEiS hf *sdKZmzufwdk@. Zwfvrf;rsm;onfvnf;
c&pf,mefrsm;odk@ pD;0ifv#u&f cSd o
Jh nf? at'D 1300 wGif *sKd Zmzuf. c&pf,mef umodv
k pf &[EWm
jzpfonf [laom Zwfvrf;onf xif&mS ;vmcJah yonf?
Ak'b
< momESifh Oa&my=um; tjcm; wdu
k &f u
kd f jyefveS fqufqaH &; jzpf&yfrmS tv,facwfumv (at'D
1100 ESifh 1400 =um;) jyifopf b&if*sb
D ke;f }uD &wfb&mhurf S 0Dv#t
H m; jyopfb&k if pdef@v;l 0pfu at'D
1235 wGif rGef*dkeef;awmf armifh*w
G t
f m; oHw reftjzpf apv$wjf cif;yif jzpf.? xdq
k ufo,
G rf _rmS
cdik ;f vufcf (,ae@ uGm,vufcf umZpPwef)wGif jzpfcI
Jh 0dv#t
H m; xdr;f ausmif;&cufaom (t,l
aygah om) c&pf,mef[k xifrw
S &f ayonf? (Foltz, "Religions of the Silk Road").
[lvm*l acwfumvaemufyidk ;f wGif rGef*kd tDvcf ef;wd@k onf Ak'<bmomtm; wppjzifh odr;f oGi;f vmcJh
onf? rsm;pGmaom Ak'b
< mom omoedu taqmufttHkrsm;Y yg&mS ;ESifh tD&wf e,fav#mufY uGuf
=um; uGu=f um; &SdaecJah yonf? wd@k rS rnfonft
h &mrS at'D 14 &mpkwiG f rwnf&adS wmhay? tdvf
cef;edwf. Ak'<bmomwdk@. tajctjrpfrsm;onf tmh*[
f efEiS fhtwl edXw
d o
H mG ;cJo
h nf?
taemufwidk ;f om;rsm; tm%m&Sad epOf bmomw&m;ESihf . xif&mS ;&Si;f vif;aom tEkynm vuf
&mrsm;tm; rsuaf rSmufjzpfaom udv
k edk Dacwfumv twGi;f wGif Ak'b
< momtm; pdwf0ifpm;r_rSm wd;k yGm;
vmcJh ayonf? 1853 ck *syef zGifhyGJu *syef. pdwf0ifpm;bG,f aumif;aom tEkynmESihf &d;k &m tjzpf oH;k
oyfr&d ef zefw;D Edik cf o
Jh nf? onf urBmh t&Sio
f efq;kH Ak'<bmom&d;k &mtjzpf wifquf Edik fcJh ayonf?
20 &mpk.aemufwGJ qlnrH _rsm;aemuf taemufwikd ;f wGif omrmefjynforl sm;t=um; Ak'< bmomtm;
pdwf0ifwpm; &Sv
d mcJhayonf?
Ak'b
< momonf . onf;cHru
_ dk oGeo
f ifjcif;/ bk&m;ocifrS =oZmtcsKyfjcm ydik q
f dkifr_ r&Sjd cif;ESifh pdppf
awG;awmjcif; (0dyoem)/ rdru
d ,
dk rf drd jyefvnfo;kH oyfjcif;jzifh yuwdjzpfwnfru
_ kd em;vnfatmif
csn;f uyfjcif; rsm;a=umifh qGJaqmifr_yg0g cdkifrmv#ufyif &Sdaeayonf?
OD;aX;vGiOf ;D jyefqjyKpk
dkjyKpkonf
onf?