Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ISSUE 1.0
object
history
of
3G
mobile
Understand the UMTS network architecture and 3GPP different releases Understand the UMTS network services Understand the basic principles of UTRAN
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References
TS 21.102 3rd Generation Mobile System Release 4 Specifications TS 21.103 3rd Generation Mobile System Release 5 Specifications Huaweis UMTS RAN protocols and signaling analysis document
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Part 1 Introduction to UMTS Part 2 UTRAN basic principles Part 3 ATM basic principles
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WCDMA FDD
Analog to Digital
Voice to Broadband
AMPS = Advanced Mobile phone service TACS=Total Access Communications Systems NMT=Nordic Mobile Telephone
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History of 3G
At 1985 : ITU started the process of defining the standard for third generation systems, referred to as International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 (IMT2000) Some of the features that IMT-2000 3G network must include 1-Circuit and packet oriented services 2-Simultaneous multiple services 3-Symmetrical and Asymmetrical services 4-Migration path from 2G systems 5-Supporting Multimedia services
Car speed environment: 144kbps Walk speed environment: 384kbps Indoor environment: 2048kbps
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History of 3G
Based on the IMT-200 performance objectives and frequency allocation the ITU-R formally requested a submission of RTT proposals with a closing date at the end of July 1998 . By the closing date , there were a total of 10 RTT proposals were submitted from Europe , United states , Japan , Korea and, China. All these proposal where accepted . Five RTT for IMT2000 WCDMA FDD CDMA2000 (1X-EV-DO and 3X modes) WCDMA-TDD UWC-136 (based on D-AMPS) DECT Only three 3G network implemented and currently deployed 1-CDMA 2000 (1X-EV-DO) 2-WCDMA FDD (UMTS FDD) 3-WCDMA TDD (UMTS TDD)
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3G standardization organizations
WCDMA 3GPP
FDD/TDD mode
CDMA2000
3G system
3GPP2
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IMT-2000
2000
2010 2025 MSS MSS (Reg.2) 2010 2025
2100
2110
2200MHz
2155 2170
ITU
Japan Europe/ Australia USA
185 0
IMT-2000
1895 1918
1980
IMT-2000 MSS
2110 2170
DECT
UMTS
MSS UMTS
2025
UMTS
2110
MSS
1910 193
2150 2165
PCS
Unlicensed
1990
MSS
Reserve
MSS
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WRC2000 Conference has decided to allocate additional bands for IMT-2000, 800MHz, 1.8GHz, and 2.5GHz Band.
2010
800
1000
960
1500
1710
2000 2025
1885 1980
2500
2690
MHz
806
2170
810
958
1429
1513
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nk o wn Li p&D
TS TS Up Down
Mobile Terminal
TS: Time slot
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Base station
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Summary
IMT-2000 is the ITU standard for 3G mobile communications three 3G networks are implemented and currently deployed 1-CDMA 2000 (1X-EV-DO) 2-WCDMA FDD (UMTS FDD) 3-WCDMA TDD (UMTS TDD) 3GPP is responsible for producing UMTS network standard specifications 3GPP2 is responsible for producing CDMA2000 network standard specifications
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Interoperability with GSM CS domain elements are able to handle 2G and 3G subscribers. Changes (upgrades) in MSC/VLR and HLR/AC/EIR. For example SGSN 2G responsible for mobility management (MM) for packet connections 3G MM divided between RNC and SGSN
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The 3GPP R4 introduces separation of the connection, its control, and services for CS domain of CN. Media Gateway (MGW): an element for maintaining the connection and performing switching function when required. MSC server: an element controlling MGW and responsible for signaling Packet switched voice The CS call is changed to the packet switched call in MGW.
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SCP
HLR
MAP Over TDM/IP ATM/IP/TDM
MSC
MSC
ATM/IP ATM/IP
RAN
RAN
RAN
RAN
RAN
RAN
R99
Notes: PS domain structure remain unchanged
R4
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3GPP R5 introduces the High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) The HSDPA scheme proposes to add an additional wideband downlink shared channel that is optimized for very high-speed data transfer In HSDPA the coding and modulation scheme used are changed according to air interface conditions Release 5 employs two modulation schemes, QPSK and 16QAM. Later releases may introduce other schemes, such as 64QAM 3GPP R5 introduces a IP Multimedia subsystem (IMS)
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Summary
3GPP R99 is the first 3GPP specification for UMTS based on GSM NSS as a CN R4 softswitch based CS Core network was introduced in 3GPP R4 HSDPA and IMS are introduced in 3GPP R5
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conversational
streaming
interactive
background
Time delay
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UMTS services
12.2, 10.2, 7.95, 7.40, 6.70, 5.90, 5.15 and 4.75kbps. The bit rate of AMR voice can be controlled by the RAN according to the payload of air interface and the quality of voice service .
Video phone (WCDMA) The requirement of time delay is similar to the voice service The CS connection :adopt ITU-T Rec.H.324M (AMR-H.263) The PS connection :adopt IETF SIP or H.323
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UMTS services
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Summary
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Part 1 Introduction to UMTS Part 2 UTRAN basic principles Part 3 ATM basic principles
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e Fr
Traffic channels: different users are assigned unique code and transmitted over the same frequency band, for example, WCDMA and CDMA2000
TDMA
Power
Tim e
Fre y nc ue q
Traffic channels: different time slots are allocated to different users, for example, DAMPS and GSM
FDMA
Power
Us Us e r U e Us ser r er Us er
en qu e Fr cy
Us er
Tim e
Traffic channels: different frequency bands are allocated to different users,for example, AMPS and TACS
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Advantage
AMPS, TACS
Defect Defect
1. Frequency Reuse 2. privacy
FDMA
1. Simple Implementation
TDMA
GSM, PDC
1.Privacy
CDMA
IS95, W-CDMA
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FDMA/TDMA
6 7 3 4 5 6 2 7 3 4 5 6 2
CDMA
1 2 7 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 5 6 1 1 1 1 1
5 7 6 2
7 3 4
1 1
1 1
Frequency is different in each sector. Need for frequency plan (Frequency Reuse) Reuse
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Frequency is same.
DS-CDMA
Wide Band Signal
(Multiple Signal)
Despreading Code 1
(Receiver A) C B A
User-A Code 2
B
User-A
(Receiver B)
Code 2
B
User-B Code 3
C
De-spreading Code
User-B
(Receiver C)
Code 3
C
User-C
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User-C
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Rake Receiver
C B
Rake
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Rake receiver
RAKE Receiver Finger Circuit RX Finger Circuit Finger Circuit Searcher
Electric Power Electric Power Calculation Calculation
Combiner
Combined Signal
Output Power
Delay Profile
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Soft Handover
UE is connected simultaneously to more than one base station (up to 3 sectors) using the same frequency The UE receives the downlink transmissions of two or more base stations. For this purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each received signal. in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received from both base stations, but the received data is then routed to the RNC for combining The RNC selects the better frame between the two possible candidates based on frame reliability indicator
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Softer Handover
UE is connected simultaneously to two sectors of one base station using the same frequency The UE receives the downlink transmissions the two sectors. For this purpose it has to employ one of its RAKE receiver fingers for each received signal. in the uplink direction , the code channel of the mobile station is received in each sector, then routed to the same baseband Rake receiver and the maximal ratio combined there in the usual way.
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Hard Handover
The UE stops transmission on one frequency before it moves to another frequency and starts transmitting again During Hard Handover the used radio frequency (RF) of the UE changes
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Inter-system Handover Handover between two different radio access technologies Handover between UMTS FDD and GSM Handover between UMTS FDD and UMTS TDD
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1st Step: Channelization Variable Rate Spreading ( According to user data rate) 2nd Step: Scrambling Code Fixed Rate Spreading (3,840 Kchips)
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Downlink (NodeB to UE ) Scrambling Code: Identifies cell (sector). Channelization Code: Identifies user channels in cell (Sector).
Channelization Code 2
Scrambling Code C
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Up Link (UE to NodeB ) Scrambling Code: Identifies user terminal. Channelization Code: Identifies channels in user terminal.
Scrambling Code A
Channelization Code 1
Scrambling Code B
Channelization Code 1
Scrambling Code C
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Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor [OVSF] codes are the channelization codes used for signal spreading in the uplink and downlink
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The code used for scrambling of the uplink Channels may be of either long or short type, There are 224 long and 224 short uplink scrambling codes. Uplink scrambling codes are assigned by higher layers. For downlink physical channels, a total of 218 -1 = 262,143 scrambling codes can be generated. Only scrambling codes k = 0, 1, , 8191 are used. In the downlink direction 512 of scrambling codes are used to identify the cells in the downlink so downlink planning is required
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Asynchronous 5 MHZ 3.84 Mcps Flexible with 100/200kHz carrier raster 10 ms Downlink: QPSK, Uplink: BPSK Variable spreading factor and/or multi-code 2 Mbps (indoor)/384 kbps (mobile) Convolutional coding (R=1/3 or 1/2, K=9) Turbo code for High data rate
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I II III IV V VI
TX-RX frequency separation 190 MHz 80 MHz. 95 MHz. 400 MHz 45 MHz 45 MHz
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Summary
UMTS is based on DS-CDMA as a multiple access technique Rack receiver is used to combine signals and get benefits from Multipath fading . Also it is used to combine signals in soft and softer handover cases Two types of Power control are used in UMTS , open and closed loop power control Types of handover in UMTS Soft handover Softer handover Hard handover Inter-system handover Spreading process in WCDMA consists of two stages Channelization Scrambling
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Part 1 Introduction to UMTS Part 2 UTRAN basic principles Part 3 ATM basic principles
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delay type of
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Circuit Switching Data is sent from the same route, so time delay is fixed
High-speed switching Fixed rate Packet Switching Support multi-rate switching Take full advantage of bandwidth/waste of bandwidth Time delay is not fixed
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What is ATM?
ATM
for Telecommunications is Asynchronous Transfer Mode, (not Automatic Teller Machine!). In general, ATM means that traffic is carried in small, fixed-length packets called cells. A technology that integrates advantages of circuit switch and packet switch. ATM can support any type of user services, such as voice, data, or video service.
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ATM Overview
5-Bytes Header
48-Bytes Payload
53byte fixed length cell= 5Bytes cell header+48Bytes payload. ATM must set up virtual connection before communication.
Contract
ATM network will confer with terminal on parameter of QoS before the connection is set up.
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NNI
NNI UNI
ATM Switch UNI = User to Network Interface NNI = Network to Network Interface
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ATM Cell
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ATM Cell
GFC ( Generic Flow Control): It is intended for control of a possible bus system at the user interface and is not used at the moment. VPI ( Virtual Path Identifier): The VPI contains the second part of the addressing instructions and is of higher priority than the VCI. VCI ( Virtual Channel Identifier): VCI in each case indicates a path section between switching centers or between the switching center and the subscriber. PTI ( Payload Type Identifier): Indicates the type of data in the information field. CLP ( Cell Loss Priority): Determines whether a cell can be preferentially deleted or not in the case of a transmission bottleneck. HEC ( Header Error Control): Provided in order to control and, to some extent, correct errors in the header data that may occur. The HEC is used to synchronize the receiver to the start of the cell.
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VP and VC
think VPI as a bundle of virtual channels. (256 VPI on one link) the individual virtual channels have unique VCIs. The VCI values may be reused in each virtual path.
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ATM Connections
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VPI 1 26
VCI 1 44
1
VPI 6 20
VCI 44 30
Port 1 2
VPI 26 2
VCI 44 44
VCI 44 44
In order to exchange cells between A and B, several tables must be set up in network node where the cells passed. After these tables have been set up, all the cells will be transferred along this route. This route is called Virtual Connection.
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UTRAN
Uu
NodeB
Iub
Iu
RNC
Iu-CS
MSC
UE
NodeB
Iur
NodeB
RNC
UE
SGSN
NodeB
Iu-PS
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