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Outline

Lecture 1 IC History

History of VLSI Design Summary

Mohammad. Syafrudin

Op-Amp Vacuum Tube

KW-2 Tube General Purpose Op-Amp. First introduced in 1948

Vacuum Tubes: Large, expensive, power-hungry, unreliable power-

A Brief History
1958: First integrated circuit
Flip-flop using two transistors Built by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments

Annual Sales
1018 transistors manufactured in 2003
100 million for every human on the planet
Global Semiconductor Billings Global Semiconductor Billings (Billions of US$)
200

2003
Intel Pentium 4 processor (55 million transistors) 512 Mbit DRAM (> 0.5 billion transistors)
150

53% compound annual growth rate over 45 years

No other technology has grown so fast so long

100

50

Driven by miniaturization of transistors

Smaller is cheaper, faster, lower in power Revolutionary effects on society

0 1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

Year

Transistor Types
Bipolar Transistors
npn or pnp silicon structure Small current into very thin base layer controls large currents between emitter and collector Base currents limit integration density

Moores Law
1965: Gordon Moore plotted transistor on each chip
Fit straight line on semilog scale Transistor counts have doubled every 26 months

Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors

nMOS and pMOS MOSFETS Voltage applied to insulated gate controls current between source and drain Low power allows very high integration

Moores Law
1,000,000,000 100,000,000 Pentium 4 PentiumIII PentiumII PentiumPro Pentium

Moores Law
Integration Levels SSI MSI LSI : 10 gates : 1000 gates : 10,000 gates

10,000,000

10,000

Transistors
1,000

1,000,000 Intel386 100,000 8086 10,000 8008 4004 1,000 8080 80286

Intel486

VLSI : > 10k gates

Corollaries
Many other factors grow exponentially
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000

1970

1975

Ex: clock frequency, processor performance

Year

Birth of Modern Electronics -- 1947

4004 8008 8080

AT&T Bell Laboratories -- Invention of Point Contact Transistor William Shockley, Walter Brittain, and John Bardeen Winners of the 1956 Nobel Prize in Physics

Clock Speed (MHz)

100

8086 80286 Intel386

10

Intel486 Pentium Pentium Pro/II/III

Pentium 4

1970

1975

1980

1985

1990

1995

2000

2005

Year

Idea of FET
Original idea of FET/MOSFET
Julius Lilienfield, German Scientist, in 1925 [US patent 1.745.175] Oskar Heil, in 1935 [British patent 439,457]

Solid-State Electronics Goes Commercial -- 1950

AT&T Bell Laboratories -- Junction Transistor

Microelectronic Revolution -- 1958

The First Integrated Circuit Jack Kilby, Texas Instruments 1 Transistor and 4 Other Devices on 1 Chip Winner of the 2000 Nobel Prize

The Planar Process -- 1959

A More Efficient Way to Make Transistors Fairchild Electronics -- Jean Hoerni and Robert Noyce The Company still exists!

First Commercial Planar IC

Fairchild -- One Binary Digital (Bit) Memory Device on a Chip 4 Transistors and 5 Resistors START OF SMALL SCALE INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGY

A New Form of Transistor -- 1962

Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor Radio Corporation of America (RCA) Sarnoff Laboratories

First Linear IC -- 1964

The A 702 OPAMP Fairchild

A Semiconductor Best-Seller -- 1965

A709 Operational Amplifier, Fairchild

First IC Created with Computer-Aided Design -- 1967

MOSAIC Fairchild

First 1.024 Bit Memory Chip -- 1970

Intel Corporation DRAM 1970s processes
usually had only nMOS transistors Inexpensive, but consume power while idle 1980s-present: 1980sCMOS processes for low idle power

First 256-Bit Static RAM -- 1970

The Fairchild 4100

New Image Sensing Method -- 1970

First 8-bit Charge-Coupled Device, Bell Laboratories

First EPROM -- 1971

The INTEL 1702

Birth of the Microprocessor -- 1971

The Intel 4004 2,300 Transistors THE FIRST COMPUTER ON A SINGLE CHIP
BEGINNING OF LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGY

1st General-Purpose Microprocessor, 1974

8-Bit Intel 8080, Intel Corporation 4,500 Transistors

Most Widely Used Computer on a Chip

The TMS 1000 1974,Texas Instruments

Driver of the Late 1970s Minicomputer Revolution -- 1975

Advanced Micro Devices 2901 BIT-SLICE MICROPROCESSOR WELL INTO THE MEDIUM SCALE INTEGRATION ERA

Popular PC Processor -- 1975

Synertek 6502

1st 65,536 Bit Dynamic Memory Chip -- 1977

IBM Corporation

One of the Most Powerful 16-Bit Microprocessors Motorola 68000 -- 1979

WELL INTO THE LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION ERA

Synchronizing Data Transfer -- 1980

Advanced Micro Devices AM2964 Dynamic Memory Controller

1st 294.912 Bit Dynamic RAM Memory, 1981

IBM Corporation

A Very Early 32-Bit Microprocessor, 1981

The HP Focus Chip, Hewlett-Packard Co., 450,000 Transistors
THE VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATED CIRCUIT ERA BEGINS

Intel Pentium Processor -- 1993

4 million transistors

Intel Pentium 4 Processor -- 2003

55 million transistors

Gate Array, Semi-Custom, and Full-Custom ICs

VLSI Technology Gate Array

Chip Area Ratios: 3:2:1

Standard Cell

Full Custom

Summary
Moores Law continues to hold
Transistor count doubles every 26 months Microprocessor clock rates double every 34 months

Progressed through SSI, MSI, LSI, VLSI, ULSI, System-on-a-Chip (SoC) eras Now in System-on-a-Package (SIP) era Nanotechnology era has begun (features smaller than 100 nanometers)