Microprocessor

Introduction
 What is microprocessor
• A microprocessor is the most important unit within a computer system and
is responsible for processing a unique set of instructions and processes.
• A microprocessor is designed to execute logical and computational tasks
with typical operations such as addition/subtraction, interprocess and
device communication, input/output management, etc.
• A microprocessor is composed of integrated circuits that hold thousands of
transistors; exactly how many depends on its relative computing power.
Microprocessors are generally classified according to the number of
instructions they can process within a given time, their clock speed
measured in megahertz and the number of bits used per instruction. A
microprocessor may also be called a processor or central processing unit,
but it is actually more advanced in terms of architectural design and is
built over a silicon microchip.
• Silicon can be doped, mass produced, and semiconductor with less heat.
History of microprocessors
 CONTENTS

 Introduction
 4-Bit Microprocessors
 8-Bit Microprocessors
 16-Bit Microprocessors
 32-Bit Microprocessors
 64-Bit Microprocessors
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Where it started
• The idea of integrating electronic circuits into a single device was born
when the German physicist and engineer Werner Jacobi developed and
patented the first known integrated transistor amplifier in 1949
• The British radio engineer Geoffrey Dummer proposed to integrate a
variety of standard electronic components in a monolithic
semiconductor crystal in 1952.
• A year later, Harwick Johnson filed a patent for a prototype IC.
• Between 1953 and 1957, Sidney Darlington and Yasuo Tarui
(Electrotechnical Laboratory) proposed similar chip designs where
several transistors could share a common active area, but there was no
electrical isolation to separate them from each other.
WHERE IT STARTED
• The first planar monolithic integrated circuit (IC) chip was
demonstrated in 1960.
• The first monolithic IC chip was invented by Robert Noyce of Fairchild
Semiconductor.
• He invented a way to connect the IC components (aluminium
metallization) and proposed an improved version of insulation based
on the planar process technology developed by Jean Hoerni.
• On September 27, 1960, using the ideas of Noyce and Hoerni, a
group of Jay Last's at Fairchild Semiconductor created the first
operational semiconductor IC. Texas Instruments, which held the
patent for Kilby's invention, started a patent war, which was settled
in 1966 by the agreement on cross-licensing.
Other side of the story
• Texas Instruments is celebrating the North Texas man who made the
integrated circuit – the microchip — possible. On Sept. 12, 1958, Jack
Kilby, a TI engineer, invented the integrated circuit. It would revolutionize
the electronics industry, helping make cell phones and computers
widespread today.
• To honor him, Texas Instruments held its first Jack Kilby Day on Friday,
Sept. 12, 2014. It didn’t take long for Kilby to make his mark at TI. Just
months after joining the Dallas-based company in 1958, he performed a
successful laboratory demonstration on his first microchip on Sept. 12.
Kilby later helped invent the hand-held calculator and the thermal printer
used in portable data terminals.
• In 2000, Kilby won the Nobel Prize in Physics. Kilby died in 2005 after a
brief battle with cancer. He was 81.
• These ideas could not be implemented by the industry, until a
breakthrough came in late 1958. Three people from three U.S.
companies solved three fundamental problems that hindered the
production of integrated circuits.
• Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments patented the principle of integration,
created the first prototype ICs and commercialized them. Kilby's
invention was a hybrid integrated circuit (hybrid IC), rather than a
monolithic integrated circuit (monolithic IC) chip. Between late 1958
and early 1959, Kurt Lehovec of Sprague Electric Company
developed a way to electrically isolate components on a
semiconductor crystal, using p–n junction isolation.
• Cheaper
• Smaller size
 Who was the inventor?
• There is no consensus on who invented the IC. The
American press of the 1960s named four people: Kilby,
Lehovec, Noyce and Hoerni; in the 1970s the

• list was shortened to Kilby and Noyce. Kilby was

awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in Physics "for his part in
the invention of the integrated circuit".
 INTRODUCTION

 Fairchild
Semiconductors (founded in 1957)
invented the first IC in 1959.
 In
1968, Robert Noyce, Gordon Moore, Andrew
Grove resigned from Fairchild Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company Intel (Integrated
Electronics).
 Intel grown from 3 man start-up in 1968 3
4-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

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Early Microprocessor History (4 bit)

• The first microprocessor developed by Intel is Intel 4004. After some years,
an Electronics Magazine has published an article in the year 1975 on the
Altair (a microcomputer) which was used the new processor namely Intel
8080. This is a second-generation processor. In the year 1980, IBM decided
to utilize an Intel microprocessor known as 8088.

• This processor was the first mass-generated PC, which was aptly known as
the PC.
• When people started to utilize personal computers for different purposes
like creating graphics, processing words, the number of processors within
the box grew bigger, however, the processor remains the center of attention
even nowadays.
INTEL 4004
 Introduced in 1971.
 It was the first microprocessor by Intel.
 It was a 4-bit microprocessor.
 Its clock speed was 740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around 60,000
instructions per second.

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  a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU) released by
INTEL 4004 Intel Corporation in 1971. Sold for US$60, it was
the first commercially produced microprocessor,
and the first in a long line of Intel CPUs.

 The 4004 was the first significant example of large

scale integration, showcasing the superiority of
the MOS silicon gate technology (SGT).

 Compared to the incumbent technology, the SGT

integrated on the same chip area twice the
number of transistors with five times the operating
speed. 5
INTEL 4040
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 4-bit µP.
 General performance, bus layout and
instruction set was identical to the 4004, with
the main improvements being in the addition of
extra lines and instructions to recognize and
service interrupts and hardware Halt/Stop
commands 
 They run hot
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8-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL 8008
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
 Could execute 50,000 instructions per
second.

It is an 8-bit CPU with an external 14-bit address bus that could address
16 KB of memory. Originally known as the 1201, the chip was
commissioned by Computer Terminal Corporation (CTC) and later
implemented and produced by INTEL corporation.
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INTEL 8080  Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 Was 10 times faster than
8008.
 Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per
second.
It first appeared in April 1974 and is an extended and enhanced variant of
the earlier 8008 design, although without binary compatibility. The initial
specified clock rate or frequency limit was 2 MHz, with common instructions
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using 4, 5, 7, 10, or 11 cycles.

INTEL 8085
 Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and
address bus is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230
instructions per second.
 It could access 64 KB of
memory.
 It had 246 instructions.
8085 is pronounced as "eighty-eighty-five"
microprocessor. It is an 8-bit
microprocessor designed by Intel in 1977
using NMOS technology. It has the
following configuration − 8-bit data bus. 16-
bit address bus, which can address upto
64KB.
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NMOS - N –type Metal Oxide Semicon
16-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL 8086
 It was first 16-bit µP.

 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz,

depending on the version.

 Its data bus is 16-bit and address bus is 20-bit.

 It had 29,000 transistors.

 Introduced in
1978.  Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.
 It had Multiply  It could access 1 MB of memory.
and Divide
instructions.  It had 22,000 instructions.
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INTEL 8088

 Introduced in 1979.

 It was also 16-bit µP.

 It was created as a Being an 8-bit microprocessor, the Intel 8088
cheaper requires two cycles to process 16-bit data. The
version of Intel’s Intel 8088 has a clock speed from 5-10 MHz,
8086. with 16-bit registers, a 20-bit address bus, a 16-
bit external data bus, and supports 1 mb of
 It was a 16-bit memory. The Intel 8088 also supports the Intel
processor with an 8087 numeric co-processor that enables it to
8-bit external bus. recognize and process floating point13data and
instructions.
INTEL 80186 & 80188 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.
The Intel 80186, also known as the iAPX 186, or just
186, is a microprocessor and microcontroller
introduced in 1982. It was based on the Intel 8086
and, like it, had a 16-bit external data bus multiplexed
with a 20-bit address bus.

The 80188 had an 8-bit external data bus instead of

the 16-bit bus of the 80186; this made it less
expensive to connect to peripherals. The 16-bit
registers and the one megabyte address range were
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unchanged, however. It had a throughput of 1 million
instructions per second.
INTEL 80286  Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 8 MHz.

It was the first 8086-based CPU with separate, non-multiplexed

address and data buses and also the first with memory
management and wide protection abilities. The 80286 used
approximately 134,000 transistors in its original nMOS (HMOS)
incarnation and, just like the contemporary 80186, it could correctly
execute most software written for the earlier Intel 8086 and 8088
processors.
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Protected from static charges

32-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL 80386
 Introduced in 1986.
 It was first 32-bit µP.
 Its data bus is 32-
bit and address
bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4
GB of memory.

The first versions had 275,000 transistors and were the CPU of

many workstations and high-end personal computers of the time. As
the original implementation of the 32-bit extension of
the 80286 architecture 17
INTEL 80486  Introduced in 1989.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It had 1.2 million transistors.
 Its clock speed varied from
16 MHz to 100 MHz
depending upon the various
versions.

The Intel 486, officially named i486 and also known as 80486, is a microprocessor.
It is a higher-performance follow-up to the Intel 386.The 80486 was introduced in
1989 and was the first tightly pipelined x86 design as well as the first x86 chip to
use more than a million transistors, due to a large on-chip cache and an integrated
floating-point unit. It represents a fourth generation of binary compatible CPUs
since the original 8086 of 1978.
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PENTIUM SERIES

• Pentium is a series of x86 architecture-compatible microprocessors

produced by Intel. The original Pentium was first released on March
22, 1993.

• Pentium-branded processors released from 2009 to 2022 are

considered entry-level products that Intel rates as "two stars",
meaning that they are above the low-end Atom and Celeron series,
but below the faster Intel Core lineup and workstation/server Xeon
series.
INTEL PENTIUM
 Introduced in
1993.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

 It was originally
named 80586.
 Its clock speed was 66
MHz.

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INTEL PENTIUM PRO

 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation x86 microprocessor

developed and manufactured by Intel and introduced on
November 1, 1995. It introduced the P6 microarchitecture and
was originally intended to replace the original Pentium in a full
range of applications
INTEL PENTIUM II

 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM II XEON

 Introduced in 1998.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM III

 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL PENTIUM IV

 Introduced in 2000.
 It was also 32-bit µP.

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INTEL DUAL CORE
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have there
own internal bus and L1
cache, but share the
external bus and L2 cache

Dual core is a CPU that has two distinct processors that work simultaneously in the same
integrated circuit. This type of processor can function as efficiently as a single processor
but can perform operations up to twice as quickly. Because each core has its own cache,
the operating system is able to handle most tasks in parallel.
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26
64-BIT MICROPROCESSORS

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INTEL CORE 2  Introduced in 2006.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

The Core 2 brand refers to Intel's x86 and x86-64 processors

with the Core microarchitecture made for the consumer and
business markets (except servers) above Pentium. The Core 2
Solo branch covered single-core CPUs for notebook
computers,

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INTEL CORE I7
 Introduced in 2008.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

Core i7 is a family of high-end performance 64-bit x86-64 processors

designed by Intel for high-end desktops and laptops. Core i7 was
introduced in 2008 following the retirement of the Core 2 Quad
family. Core i7 microprocessors are the high-end brand from the Core
family, positioned above both the Core i5 and the Core i3.

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INTEL CORE I5
 Introduced in 2009.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

Core i5 is family of mid-range performance 64-bit x86 processors

designed by Intel for desktops and laptops. The Core i5 family was
introduced by Intel in 2009, following the retirement of the Core 2
family. Core i5 microprocessors are positioned between the high-end
performance Core i7 and the low-end performance Core i3.
INTEL CORE I3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit µP.

Intel first announced the retirement of the Core 2 in mid-2009, but the Core
i3 was not officially launched until January 04, 2010. Core i3 microprocessors
are considered performance processors, but generally sit on the low side of
the scale. They sit below the Core i5 and well below the Core i7 families,
making it fairly decent for multitasking and somewhat OK budget gaming.

All Core i3 processors up to Coffee Lake are dual-core.

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Summary
Generation and Microprocessor History
• 1st Generation: This was the period from 1971 to 1973 of
microprocessor history. In 1971, INTEL created the first
microprocessor 4004 that would run at a clock speed of 740 kHz.
During this period, the other microprocessors in the market including
Rockwell international PPS-4, INTEL-8008, and National
semiconductors IMP-16 were in use. But, all these were not TTL
compatible processors.
Generation and Microprocessor History
• 2nd Generation: This was the period from 1973 to 1978 in which very
efficient 8-bit microprocessors were implemented like Motorola 6800
and 6801, INTEL-8085, and Zilog’s-Z80, which were among the most
popular ones. Owing to their super fast speed, they were costly as
they were based on NMOS technology fabrication.
Generation and Microprocessor History
• 3rd Generation: During this period 16-bit processors were created and
designed using HMOS technology. From 1979 to 1980, INTEL
8086/80186/80286 and Motorola 68000 and 68010 were developed.
The speeds of those processors were four times better than the 2nd
generation processors.

• High speed or performance MOS

Generation and Microprocessor History
• 4th Generation: From 1981 to 1995 this generation developed 32-bit
microprocessors by using HCMOS fabrication. INTEL-80386 and
Motorola’s 68020/68030 were the popular processors.

• HCMOS high density complementary MOS

Generation and Microprocessor History
• 5th Generation: From 1995 until now this generation has been
bringing out high-performance and high-speed processors that make
use of 64-bit processors. Such processors include Pentium, Celeron,
Dual and Quad-core processors. Thus, the microprocessor has evolved
through all these generations, and the fifth-generation
microprocessors represent an advancement in specifications.
Therefore, some of the processors from the fifth generation of
processors with their specifications are briefly explained below.