MICROPROCESSOR - INTRODUCTION
What is microprocessor?
 A microprocessor is the most
important unit within a computer
system and is responsible for
processing a unique set of
instructions and processes.
 A microprocessor is designed to
execute logical and computational
tasks with typical operations such as
addition/subtraction, interprocess
and device communication,
input/output management, etc.
 A microprocessor is composed of
integrated circuits that hold
thousands of transistors; exactly how
many depends on its relative
computing power.
Microprocessors are generally
classified according to the number
of instructions they can process
within a given time, their clock
speed measured in megahertz and
the number of bits used per
instruction. A microprocessor may
also be called a processor or
central processing unit, but it is
actually more advanced in terms of
architectural design and is built over
a silicon microchip.
History of microprocessors
Where it started?
 The idea of integrating electronic
circuits into a single device was
born when the German physicist
and engineer Werner Jacobi
developed and patented the first
known integrated transistor amplifier
in 1949
 The British radio engineer Geoffrey
Dummer proposed to integrate a
variety of standard electronic
components in a monolithic
semiconductor crystal in 1952.
 A year later, Harwick Johnson filed
a patent for a prototype IC.
 Between 1953 and 1957, Sidney
Darlington and Yasuo Tarui
(Electrotechnical Laboratory)
proposed similar chip designs where
several transistors could share a
common active area, but there was
no electrical isolation to separate
them from each other.
 The first planar monolithic
integrated circuit (IC) chip was
demonstrated in 1960.
 The first monolithic IC chip was
invented by Robert Noyce of
Fairchild Semiconductor. He
invented a way to connect the IC
components (aluminium
metallization) and proposed an
improved version of insulation
based on the planar process
technology developed by Jean
Hoerni.
 On September 27, 1960, using the
ideas of Noyce and Hoerni, a group
of Jay Last's at Fairchild -
Semiconductor created the first
operational semiconductor IC.
Texas Instruments, which held the
patent for Kilby's invention, started a
patent war, which was settled in
1966 by the agreement on cross-
licensing.
Other side of the story
 Texas Instruments is celebrating the
North Texas man who made the
integrated circuit – the microchip —
possible. On Sept. 12, 1958, Jack
Kilby, a TI engineer, invented the
integrated circuit. It would
revolutionize the electronics industry,
helping make cell phones and
computers widespread today.
 To honor him, Texas Instruments held
its first Jack Kilby Day on Friday, Sept.
12, 2014. It didn’t take long for Kilby
to make his mark at TI. Just months
after joining the Dallas-based
company in 1958, he performed a
successful laboratory demonstration
on his first microchip on Sept. 12.
Kilby later helped invent the hand-
held calculator and the thermal
printer used in portable data
terminals.
 In 2000, Kilby won the Nobel Prize in
Physics. Kilby died in 2005 after a
brief battle with cancer. He was 81.
 These ideas could not be
implemented by the industry, until a
breakthrough came in late 1958.
Three people from three U.S.
companies solved three
fundamental problems that
hindered the production of
integrated circuits.
 Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments
patented the principle
integration, created the first
prototype ICs and commercialized
them. Kilby's invention was a hybrid
integrated circuit (hybrid IC), rather
than a monolithic integrated circuit
(monolithic IC) chip. Between late
1958 and early 1959, Kurt Lehovec
of Sprague Electric Company
developed a way to electrically
isolate components on
semiconductor crystal, using p–n
junction isolation.
Who was the inventor?
 There is no consensus on who
invented the IC. The American press
of the 1960s named four people:
Kilby, Lehovec, Noyce and Hoerni;
in the 1970s the list was shortened to
Kilby and Noyce. Kilby was
awarded the 2000 Nobel Prize in
Physics "for his part in the invention
of the integrated circuit".
Introduction
 Fairchild Semiconductors (founded
in 1957) invented the first IC in 1959.
 In 1968, Robert Noyce, Gordan
Moore, Andrew
 Grove resigned from Fairchild
Semiconductors.
 They founded their own company
Intel (Integrated Electronics).
 Intel grown from 3 man start-up in
1968
4-BIT MICROPROCESSOR
 The first microprocessor developed
by Intel is Intel 4004. After some
years, an Electronics Magazine has
published an article in the year 1975
on the Altair (a microcomputer)
which was used the new processor
namely Intel 8080. This is a second-
generation processor. In the year
1980, IBM decided to utilize an Intel
microprocessor known as 8088.
 This processor was the first mass-
generated PC, which was aptly
known as the PC.
 When people started to utilize
personal computers for different
purposes like creating graphics,
processing words, the number of
processors within the box grew
bigger, however, the processor
remains the center of attention
of even nowadays.
INTEL 4004
 Introduced in 1971.
 It was the first microprocessor by
Intel.
 It was a 4-bit microprocessor.
 Its clock speed was 740KHz.
 It had 2,300 transistors.
 It could execute around 60,000
a instructions per second.
 a 4-bit central processing unit (CPU)
released by Intel Corporation in
1971. Sold for US$60, it was the first
commercially produced
microprocessor, and the first in a
long line of Intel CPUs.
 The 4004 was the first significant
example of large scale integration,
showcasing the superiority of the
MOS silicon gate technology (SGT).
 Compared to the incumbent
technology, the SGT integrated on
the same chip area twice the
number of transistors with five times
the operating speed.
INTEL 4040
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 4-bit µP.
 General performance, bus layout
and instruction set was identical to
the 4004, with the main
improvements being in the addition
of extra lines and instructions to
recognize and
service interrupts and hardware
Halt/Stop commands
Launched in 1974
Discontinued in 1981
Common manufacturer(s) Intel
Performance
Ma. CPU clock rate 500kHz to 740 kHz
Data width 4 bits
Address width 12 bits (multiplexed)
8-BIT MICROPROCESSOR
INTEL 8008
 Introduced in 1972.
 It was first 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 500 KHz.
 Could execute 50,000 instructions
per second.
 It is an 8-bit CPU with an external 14-
bit address bus that could address
 16 KB of memory. Originally known
as the 1201, the chip was
commissioned by Computer
Terminal Corporation (CTC) and
later implemented and produced
by INTEL corporation.
INTEL 8080
 Introduced in 1974.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 2 MHz.
 It had 6,000 transistors.
 Was 10 times faster than 8008.
 Could execute 5,00,000 instructions
per second.
 It first appeared in April 1974 and is
an extended and enhanced
variant of the earlier 8008 design,
although without binary
compatibility. The initial specified
clock rate or frequency limit was 2
MHz, with common instructions using
4, 5, 7, 10, or 11 cycles.
INTEL 8085
 Introduced in 1976.
 It was also 8-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 3 MHz.
 Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus
is 16-bit.
 It had 6,500 transistors.
 Could execute 7,69,230 instructions
per second.
 It could access 64 KB of memory.
 It had 246 instructions.
 8085 is pronounced as "eighty-
eighty-five" microprocessor. It is an
8-bit microprocessor designed by
Intel in 1977 using NMOS technology.
It has the following configuration −
8-bit data bus. 16-bit address bus,
which can address upto 64KB.
16-BIT MICROPROCESSOR
 INTEL 8086
 Introduced in 1978.
 It was first 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed is 4.77 MHz, 8 MHz
and 10 MHz, depending on the
version.
 Its data bus is 16-bit and address
bus is 20-bit.
 It had 29,000 transistors.
 Could execute 2.5 million
instructions per second.
 It could access 1 MB of memory.
 It had 22,000 instructions.
INTEL 8088
 Introduced in 1979.
 It was also 16-bit µP.
 It was created as a cheaper version
of Intel’s 8086.
 It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-
bit external bus.
 Being an 8-bit microprocessor, the
Intel 8088 requires two cycles to
process 16-bit data. The Intel 8088
has a clock speed from 5-10 MHz,
with 16-bit registers, a 20-bit address
bus, a 16-bit external data bus, and
supports 1 mb of memory. The Intel
8088 also supports the Intel 8087
numeric co-processor that enables
it to recognize and process floating
point data and instructions.
INTEL 80186 & 80188
 Introduced in 1982.
 They were 16-bit µPs.
 Clock speed was 6 MHz.
 The Intel 80186, also known as the
iAPX 186, or just 186, is a
microprocessor and microcontroller
introduced in 1982. It was based on
the Intel 8086 and, like it, had a 16-
bit external data bus multiplexed
with a 20-bit address bus.
 The 80188 had an 8-bit external
data bus instead of the 16-bit bus of
the 80186; this made it less
expensive to connect to peripherals.
The 16-bit registers and the one
megabyte address range were
unchanged, however. It had a
throughput of 1 million instructions
per second.
INTEL 80286
 Introduced in 1982.
 It was 16-bit µP.
 Its clock speed was 8 MHz.
 It was the first 8086-based CPU with
separate, non-multiplexed address
and data buses and also the first
with memory management and
wide protection abilities. The 80286
used approximately 134,000
transistors in its original nMOS (HMOS)
incarnation and, just like the
contemporary 80186, it could
 correctly execute most software
written for the earlier Intel 8086 and
8088 processors.
32-BIT MICROPROCESSOR
INTEL 80386
 It was first 32-bit µP.
 Its data bus is 32-bit and address
bus is 32-bit.
 It could address 4 GB of memory.
 The first versions had 275,000
transistors and were the CPU of
many workstations and high-
end personal computers of the time.
As the original implementation of
the 32-bit extension of
the 80286 architecture
PENTIUM SERIES
 Pentium is a series of x86
architecture-compatible
microprocessors produced by Intel.
The original Pentium was first
released on March 22, 1993.
 Pentium-branded processors
released from 2009 to 2022 are
considered entry-level products that
Intel rates as "two stars", meaning
that they are above the low-end
Atom and Celeron series, but below
the faster Intel Core lineup and
workstation/server Xeon series.
INTEL PENTIUM
 Introduced in 1993.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 It was originally named 80586.
 Its clock speed was 66 MHz.
INTEL PENTIUM PRO
 Introduced in 1995.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
 The Pentium Pro is a sixth-generation
x86 microprocessor developed and
manufactured by Intel and
introduced on November 1, 1995. It
introduced the P6
microarchitecture and was
originally intended to replace the
original Pentium in a full range of
applications
INTEL PENTIUM II
 Introduced in 1997.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM II XEON
 Introduced in 1998.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM III
 Introduced in 1999.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL PENTIUM IV
 Introduced in 2000.
 It was also 32-bit µP.
INTEL DUAL CORE
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is 32-bit or 64-bit µP.
 It has two cores.
 Both the cores have there own
internal bus and L1 cache, but
share the external bus and L2
cache
 Dual core is a CPU that has two
distinct processors that work
simultaneously in the same
integrated circuit. This type of
processor can function as efficiently
as a single processor but can
perform operations up to twice as
quickly. Because each core has its
own cache, the operating system is
able to handle most tasks in parallel.
64 - BIT MICROPROCESSOR
INTEL CORE II
 Introduced in 2006.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 The Core 2 brand refers to Intel's x86
and x86-64 processors with the Core
microarchitecture made for the
consumer and business markets
(except servers) above Pentium.
The Core 2 Solo branch covered
single-core CPUs for notebook
computers,
INTEL CORE i7
 Introduced in 2008.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 Core i7 is a family of high-end
performance 64-bit x86-64
processors designed by Intel for
high-end desktops and laptops.
Core i7 was introduced in 2008
following the retirement of the Core
2 Quad family. Core i7
microprocessors are the high-end
brand from the Core family,
positioned above both the Core i5
and the Core i3.

INTEL CORE i5
 Introduced in 2009.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 Core i5 is family of mid-range
performance 64-bit x86 processors
designed by Intel for desktops and
laptops. The Core i5 family was
introduced by Intel in 2009,
following the retirement of the Core
2 family. Core i5 microprocessors
are positioned between the high-
end performance Core i7 and the
low-end performance Core i3.

INTEL CORE i3
 Introduced in 2010.
 It is a 64-bit µP.
 Intel first announced the retirement
of the Core 2 in mid-2009, but the
Core i3 was not officially launched
until January 04, 2010. Core i3
microprocessors are considered
performance processors, but
generally sit on the low side of the
scale. They sit below the Core i5
and well below the Core i7 families,
making it fairly decent for
multitasking and somewhat OK
budget gaming.
 All Core i3 processors up to Coffee
Lake are dual-core.