Microprocessor Laboratory

(8086)

K.V.G. College of Engineering

Department
of
Electronics and Communications
Subject code:

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History of Computers

The first
computers were
people!

Picture shows
what is known
as “Counting
Tables”

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 History of Computers
(300 B. C, Babylonia)

A very old Abacus A Modern Abacus

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 History of Computers
Napier’s Bones-1617

The original Napier's bones

Modern set of Napier’s Bones
John Napier invented logarithm
Successive addition=multiplication.
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 History of Computers
Slide Rule -1632

It was still in use in the 1960’s by the NASA

engineers and by the men who landed on
the moon.
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 History of Computers
Pascaline -1642

Blaise Pascal
Gear driven calculator

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 History of Computers
Punched Cards-1801
Joseph Marie Jacquard
Frenchman

Design of fabric was

read from punched
cards

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 History of Computers
Difference Engine-1822
Charles Babbage

Difference Engine never

finished

Analytical Engine

Store=Memory
Mill=CPU

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 History of Computers
Analytical Engine
Ada Byron, Countess
Lady Lovelace by
marriage, prepared a
detailed sequence of
instructions for the
Analytic Engine. She
earned her spot in
history as the first
computer programmer

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 History of Computers
Hollerith desk-1890
In 1890 the prize was won by
Herman Hollerith who helped
with his invention by saving the
government 5 million dollars.

Punch (write) new cards based

upon an analysis (reading) of
some other set of cards. today
called a read/write technology.

Hollerith built a company, the

Tabulating Machine Company
which, after a few buyouts,
eventually became International
Business Machines, known
today as IBM.
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 History of Computers
Two types of punched cards

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 History of Computers
1944
World War II
25 miles target.

Solving equations was

laborious

Harvard and IBM

Mark I computer.

Switches, relays, rotating

shafts, and clutches.

Ran non-stop for 15 years

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 History of Computers
”Bug”
First computer "bug": a
dead moth that had
gotten into the Mark I
and whose wings were
blocking the reading of
the holes in the paper
tape. The word "bug"
had been used to
describe a defect since
at least 1889 but Hopper
is credited with coining
the word "debugging" to
describe the work to
eliminate program
faults.
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 History of Computers
1953 Grace Hopper invented the first high-
level language, "Flow-matic". This
language eventually became COBOL

A high-level language is worthless without a

program -- known as a compiler -- to
translate it into the binary language of the
computer

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 History of Computers- 1959

IBM Stretch

Computer of 1959

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 History of Computers
Apple Computer of 1976

Apple was sold as a

do-it-yourself kit
for $600

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 History of Computers
Mainframe CDC 7600

Computers were
expensive because
of their extensive
wiring

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 History of Computers
Between Mainframe and Desk Top

Minicomputers.

DEC PDP-12 1969

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 History of Computers

Between 1943 and

1945 by two
professors, John
Mauchly and the 24
year old J. Presper
Eckert built the
ENIAC

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 History of Computers

Cables were “tested” by rats!!!!!

ENIAC did humanity no favor when it declared
the hydrogen bomb feasible. This first ENIAC
program remains classified
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even today. 20
 History of Computers

Eckert and Mauchly's

next teamed up
with the
mathematician
John von Neumann
to design EDVAC,
which pioneered
the stored
program.

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 History of Computers
After ENIAC and EDVAC came
other computers with
humorous names such as
ILLIAC,

JOHNNIAC,

and, of course,

MANIAC.
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 History of Computers
Arthur C. Clarke
chose to have the
HAL computer of
his famous book
"2001: A Space
Odyssey" born at
Champaign-
Urbana. Have you
ever noticed that
you can shift each
of the letters of
IBM backward by
one alphabet
position and get
HAL?
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 History of Computers

The original IBM Personal Computer (PC)

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 The Microprocessor Age
 1971
 World’s first microprocessor is Intel 4004.
 4096 4-bit wide memory locations.
 45 instructions.
 p-channel MOSFET technology, 50
KIPS( kilo instructions per second)

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Intel 4004

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 Technical details of the Intel 4004
 Maximum clock speed was 740 kHz
 Instruction cycle time: 10.8 µs[12] (8 clock cycles /
instruction cycle)
 Instruction execution time 1 or 2 instruction cycles (10.8 or
21.6 µs), 46300 to 92600 instructions per second
 Separate program and data storage. Contrary to
Harvard architecture designs, however, which use separate
buses, the 4004, with its need to keep pin count down, used
a single multiplexed 4-bit bus for transferring:
 12-bit addresses
 8-bit instructions
 4-bit data words
 Instruction set contained 46 instructions (of which 41 were
8 bits wide and 5 were 16 bits wide)
 Register set contained 16 registers of 4 bits each
 Internal subroutine stack 3 levels deep.

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 Intel 8008
 3500 transistors
 .5 MHz
 48 instructions
 16 Kbytes
memory
 The 8008 was
the CPU for the
very first
commercial
personal
computers.
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 Bit-Byte-Nibble
Bit= 0 or 1
Eight bits = byte (Bite) 

Four bits = Nibble (Small bite) 

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 Intel 8080
 1974
 8 bit microprocessor
 Motorola released MC6800
 8080 was TTL compatible
 Interfacing was much
easier and less expensive.
 64 Kbyte memory.
 First PC Altair 8800
released. BASIC language
interpreter developed by
Bill Gates.
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 Intel 8085
 1977
 769,230 instructions per
second
 Internal clock generator,
internal system
controller and higher
clock frequency
 About 200 million in
existance.

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 The Modern Microprocessor
 In 1976 the Intel 8086
was released
 16 bit microprocessor
 2.5 MIPS (million
instructions per second)
 1 Mbytes of memory
 4 or 6 byte instruction
cache or queue to
prefetch instructions
before they were
executed.

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 The 80286 Microprocessor
 16 bit architecture
microprocessor
 16 Mbyte memory
 4 MIPS

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 Intel 80386
 1986

 32 bit microprocessor,
(32 bit data bus, 32 bit
memory address)

 4 G bytes of memory

 275,000 transistors

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Pentium Pro Processor

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 Pentium pro
 21 million transistors
 3 integer units and a floating point unit
 Clock frequency 166 MHz
 16 K level 1 cache, 256 K level 2 cache.
 3 execution engines, 3 instructions at a time.

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