M

Lesson 4.1

G B

BM
KM

K
CL

Introduction to Stability
G B

DISPLACEMENT

CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions

2. Stability Reference Points 3. Stability Triangle 4. Conditions of Stability 5. Stability Curve 6. Ships Hull Markings 7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves 8. Model

STABILITY - THE TENDENCY OF A SHIP TO ROTATE ONE WAY OR THE OTHER (TO RIGHT ITSELF OR OVERTURN) INITIAL STABILITY - THE STABILITY OF A SHIP IN THE RANGE FROM 0 TO 7/10 OVERALL STABILITY - A GENERAL MEASURE OF A SHIP'S ABILITY TO RESIST CAPSIZING IN A GIVEN CONDITION OF LOADING DYNAMIC STABILITY - THE WORK DONE IN HEELING A SHIP TO A GIVEN ANGLE OF HEEL

LAWS OF BUOYANCY
A FLOATING OBJECT HAS THE PROPERTY OF BUOYANCY A FLOATING BODY DISPLACES A VOLUME OF WATER EQUAL IN WEIGHT TO THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY.

00
DISPLACEMENT

G B

04
DISPLACEMENT

G B

09
DISPLACEMENT

G B

16
DISPLACEMENT

G B

20
DISPLACEMENT

LAWS OF BUOYANCY
A FLOATING OBJECT HAS THE PROPERTY OF BUOYANCY

A FLOATING BODY DISPLACES A VOLUME OF WATER EQUAL IN WEIGHT TO THE WEIGHT OF THE BODY.
A BODY IMMERSED (OR FLOATING) IN WATER WILL BE BUOYED UP BY A FORCE EQUAL TO THE WEIGHT OF THE WATER DISPLACED.

DISPLACEMENT
THE WEIGHT OF THE VOLUME OF WATER THAT THE SHIP'S HULL IS DISPLACING UNITS OF WEIGHT LONG TON = 2240 LBS SHORT TON = 2000 LBS METRIC TON = 2204.72 LBS

FORCE: A PUSH OR A PULL. IT TENDS TO PRODUCE MOTION OR A CHANGE IN MOTION.

UNITS: TONS, POUNDS, ETC.

PARALLEL FORCES MAY BE COMBINED INTO ONE FORCE EQUAL TO THE SUM OF ALL FORCES ACTING IN THE SAME DIRECTION AND SO LOCATED TO PRODUCE THE SAME EFFECT.
5T
5T 5T 15T

WEIGHT: GRAVITATIONAL FORCE. DIRECTION TOWARD CENTER OF EARTH

UNITS: TONS, POUNDS, etc

MOMENT: THE TENDENCY OF A FORCE TO PRODUCE ROTATION ABOUT AN AXIS

MOMENT = F x d

VOLUME - NUMBER OF CUBIC UNITS IN AN OBJECT

UNITS: CUBIC FEET CUBIC INCHES V=LxBxD
V = 30 FT x 20 FT x 6 FT V = 3600 FT3

6 FT

SPECIFIC VOLUME - VOLUME PER UNIT WEIGHT

UNITS: CUBIC FEET PER TON

SW = 35 FT3/TON FW = 36 FT3/TON DFM = 43 FT3/TON
WT = VOLUME SP. VOL
WT = 3600 35 FT3/TON FT3
V = 3600 FT3
6 FT

WT = 102.86 TONS

CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions

2. Stability Reference Points 3. Stability Triangle 4. Conditions of Stability 5. Stability Curve 6. Ships Hull Markings 7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves 8. Model

STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS

Metacenter Gravity Buoyancy

K eel
CL

STABILITY REFERENCE POINTS

Mother Goose Beats

K ids
CL

RESERVE BUOYANCY WATERLINE

THE CENTER OF BUOYANCY

B1 B

RESERVE BUOYANCY, FREEBOARD, DRAFT AND DEPTH OF HULL

RESERVE BUOYANCY

WATERLINE

CENTER OF BUOYANCY

WL

B B B BB

CENTER OF BUOYANCY

B B B B B B B

G1

THE CENTER OF GRAVITY

G1

G
KG1

KGo

KGo KG1

CENTER OF GRAVITY
POINT AT WHICH ALL WEIGHTS COULD BE CONCENTRATED. CENTER OF GRAVITY OF A SYSTEM OF WEIGHTS IS FOUND BY TAKING MOMENTS ABOUT AN ASSUMED CENTER OF GRAVITY, MOMENTS ARE SUMMED AND DIVIDED BY THE TOTAL WEIGHT OF THE SYSTEM.

MOVEMENTS IN THE CENTER OF GRAVITY

G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT ADDITION

G1 G
KG1
KGo

MOVEMENTS IN THE CENTER OF GRAVITY

G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT ADDITION G MOVES AWAY FROM A WEIGHT REMOVAL

G1

G G G G G G G
KG1

KGo

MOVEMENTS IN THE CENTER OF GRAVITY

G MOVES TOWARDS A WEIGHT ADDITION G MOVES AWAY FROM A WEIGHT REMOVAL G MOVES IN THE DIRECTION OF A WEIGHT SHIFT

G2

METACENTER

THE METACENTER

B1 B2

M20 M45 M70 B B20 B45 B70 M

METACENTER

BBBB BBB

METACENTER
M

B SHIFTS

0 -7/10
M

CL

M20 M

B20

M20
M45 M

B B20 B45

M20 M45
M70 B B20 B45 B70 M

M45 B B20 B45 M70 M90 B90 B70 M CL

M20

MOVEMENTS OF THE METACENTER

THE METACENTER WILL CHANGE POSITIONS IN THE VERTICAL PLANE WHEN THE SHIP'S DISPLACEMENT CHANGES

THE METACENTER MOVES IAW THESE TWO RULES:

1. WHEN B MOVES UP M MOVES DOWN. 2. WHEN B MOVES DOWN M MOVES UP.

M1 M1 M1 M1

M M M M M

G G G G G
B B B B B

B1

LINEAR MEASUREMENTS IN STABILITY

M
GM G BM KM

KG

K
CL

CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions

2. Stability Reference Points 3. Stability Triangle 4. Conditions of Stability 5. Stability Curve 6. Ships Hull Markings 7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves 8. Model

CL

THE STABILITY TRIANGLE G

MM MM M

G G GG

BB B B K KK K K

B 1 B B11B1

CL

Sin q = opp / hyp

Where: opposite = GZ hypotenuse = GM Sin q = GZ / GM GZ = GM x Sin q

Growth of GZ a GM

M G1 G

CL

AS GM DECREASES RIGHTING ARM ALSO DECREASES

G1 G

Z1 Z

M INITIAL STABILITY

0 - 7 CL

OVERALL STABILITY

B1

RM = GZ x Wf

CL

CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions

2. Stability Reference Points 3. Stability Triangle 4. Conditions of Stability 5. Stability Curve 6. Ships Hull Markings 7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves 8. Model

Z B1

THE THREE CONDITIONS OF STABILITY

POSITIVE
G M

B1 G M

NEUTRAL
B

B1

NEGATIVE

POSITIVE STABILITY
M

CL

POSITIVE STABILITY
M

B1

NEUTRAL STABILITY
M

CL

NEUTRAL STABILITY
M G

B1

NEGATIVE STABILITY
G M

CL

NEGATIVE STABILITY
G M

B1

CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions

2. Stability Reference Points 3. Stability Triangle 4. Conditions of Stability 5. Stability Curve 6. Ships Hull Markings 7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves 8. Model

RIGHTING ARM CURVE

RIGHTING ARMS (FT) 0

10

20 30 40 50 60 70 ANGLE OF HEEL (DEGREES)

80

90

60 20 G Z B 40 G

Z
B

Z B

GZ = 1.4 FT

GZ = 2.0 FT

GZ = 1 FT

RIGHTING ARMS (FT)

MAXIMUM RIGHTING ARM

ANGLE OF MAXIMUM RIGHTING ARM

MAXIMUM RANGE OF STABILITY

DANGER ANGLE

10

20 30 40 50 60 70 ANGLE OF HEEL (DEGREES)

80

90

20

40

60

Z
B

Z B

Z B

GZ = 1.4 FT

GZ = 2.0 FT

GZ = 1 FT

CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions

2. Stability Reference Points 3. Stability Triangle 4. Conditions of Stability 5. Stability Curve 6. Ships Hull Markings 7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves 8. Model

LONGITUDINAL CROSS SECTION

CALCULATIVELIMITINGNAVIGATIONAL

AP
30 9 8 7

MP

FP
PROJ

20 9 8

26 5 4

30 9 8 7

20 9 8

DWL BL

LBP

CLASS TOPICS
1. Definitions

2. Stability Reference Points 3. Stability Triangle 4. Conditions of Stability 5. Stability Curve 6. Ships Hull Markings 7. Draft Diagram and Cross Curves 8. Model

DRAFT DIAGRAM AND FUNCTIONS OF FORM

AFTER DRAFT MARKS (FT) MOMENT TO ALTER TRIM ONE INCH (FOOT-TONS) DISPLACEMENT (TONS)
TRANSERSE TONS METACENTER PER ABOVE BOTTOM OF KEEL INCH (FT) (TONS/IN)

LONGITUDINAL CENTER OF BUOYANCY (FEET)

FORWARD DRAFT MARKS (FT)

17 16 15 14 13 12 11 800 750 700 650 600 550 4000 22.2 33

5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5

17
16 15 14 13 12

22.3 22.4 3500 22.5 22.6 3000 22.7 22.8 2550

32
31 30 29 28

11

CURVE OF CENTER OF FLOTATION 30 20 10

Length Between Draft Marks 397' 0"

DRAFT FWD = 14 FT 6 IN DRAFT AFT = 16 FT 3 IN Wo = 3850 TONS MT1" = 778 FT-TONS/IN

KM = 22.28 FT TPI = 32.7 TONS/IN LCB = 3.5 FT AFT LCF = 24 FT AFT

FFG 7
CROSS CURVES OF STABILITY
CENTER OF GRAVITY ASSUMED 19.0 FT ABOVE THE BASELINE
3.0 2.5
RIGHTING ARMS (FT)

50 45 40

55 60

2.0 1.5

30 20 15

1.0
0.5

10o = .55 FT 15o = .85 FT 20o = 1.1 FT 30o = 1.73 FT 40o = 2.35 FT 45o = 2.55 FT 50o = 2.6 FT 55o = 2.5 FT 60o = 2.3 FT

10

3000

3500

4000

4500

DISPLACEMENT (TONS)

RIGHTING ARMS (FT)

10o = .55 FT 15o = .85 FT 5 20o = 1.1 FT 30o = 1.73 FT 40o = 2.35 FT 45o = 2.55 FT 4 50o = 2.6 FT 55o = 2.5 FT 60o = 2.3 FT 3

STATICAL STABILITY CURVE PLOTTING SHEET

X X X X X
2 1

X
X X X

0X

10

20

30

40

50

57.3

60

70

80

90

ANGLE OF INCLINATION - DEGREES