CHNG 1: TNG QUAN V MNG MY TNH Internet c bt u vo nm 1973 c xem nh l mt phng n nghin cu ca M vi tn gi l DARPA ( Defense Advanged Research Project

Agency ). D n ny c pht trin trn cc giao thc cho php nhiu my tnh c th truyn thng qua nhiu mng c kt ni vi nhau. H thng ca cc giao thc c bit nh l TCP/IP. N c t tn t ch vit tt ca hai giao thc c pht trin Transmission Control Protocol v Internet Protocol. B giao thc ny l nn tng cn bn cho rt nhiu ng dng v dch v nh l truyn thoi, truyn data gia cc my tnh vi nhau qua internet. Da vo phm vi phn b ca mng ngi ta c th phn ra cc loi mng nh sau: GAN (Global Area Network) kt ni my tnh t cc chu lc khc nhau. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh. WAN (Wide Area Network) - Mng din rng, kt ni my tnh trong ni b cc quc gia hay gia cc quc gia trong cng mt chu lc. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng. Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh GAN hay t n l GAN. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) kt ni cc my tnh trong phm vi mt thnh ph. Kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao (50-100 Mbit/s). LAN (Local Area Network) - Mng cc b, kt ni cc my tnh trong mt khu vc bn knh hp thng thng khong vi trm mt. Kt ni c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao v d cp ng trc hay cp quang. LAN thng c s dng trong ni b mt c quan/t chc...Cc LAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh WAN.

1. Cu Trc V Mng Mng my tnh c xy dng rt phc tp. Cc mng my tnh kt ni vi nhau i hi rt nhiu phn mm phc tp. cc chng trnh ng dng c th d c thc thi th mt khi nim tru tng lp s c gii thiu.Chng trnh mun truy cp cc chc nng mng th phi thc hin theo giao din. Kin trc mng c phn chia thnh cc lp, mi lp th hin mt kha cnh ca h thng. Lp mng Knh x l n x l Kt ni host n host Phn cng Hnh 2. cu trc v mng S trn miu t cu trc ca lp. Lp thp nht l lp phn cng. y l lp cn bn ca mng my tnh. Tt c cc thit b kt ni n phn cng u ph thuc vo lp ny. Lp tip theo cung cp vic kt ni cc host. N thi hnh chc nng gi d liu gia hai my tnh. N cung cp

mt giao din truy cp cc dch v ca n v s dng lp phn cng cho cc hot ng ca n. Vic truyn thng ca hai ng dng trn hai host khc nhau i hi mt s loi knh truyn gia qu trnh x l ca cc ng dng. C hai m hnh cho kin trc mng c thit lp. M hnh chun cho giao thc mng v phn b cc ng dng l m hnh ( Open System Interconnection ) tuy nhin m hnh c s dng trong internet l giao thc TCP/IP. 2. M hnh OSI M hnh OSI ( Open System Interconnection ) l mt m hnh ca ISO. N c ch nh r trong chun ISO/IEC 7498-1. Cc chc nng mng c chia lm 7 lp. Cc chc nng ca lp c th c thc hin mt hoc nhiu giao thc. M hnh OSI c xem l m hnh tham kho cho vic thc hin ca cc giao thc. Cc nguyn tc xy dng m hnh tham chiu: n gin cn hn ch s lng cc tng To ranh gii cc tng sao cho cc tng tc v dch v l ti thiu Cc chc nng khc nhau c tch bit Cc chc nng ging nhau c t cng mt tng Chn ranh gii cc tng theo kinh nghim thnh cng ca cc h thng trong thc t Cc chc nng c nh v sao cho c th thit k li tng m khng nh hng ti cc tng khc To ranh gii gia cc tng sao cho c th chun ha giao din tng ng To mt tng khi d liu c x l mt cch tch bit Mi tng s dng dch v ca tng di n, cung cp dch v cho cc tng trn. Lp ng dng Lp trnh by Lp phin truyn thng Lp vn chuyn Lp mng

Lp lin kt d liu Lp vt l Hnh 3. M hnh 7 lp OSI

2.1 Lp vt l (layer 1): m t chi tit data c truyn t my ny n

my khc nh th no bng phng tin vt l. Ti OSI physical layer nh ngha mt chun c s dng gi v thu bit thng qua lp vt l. Ngoi ra ti lp ny cn nh ngha kch thc ti a m data c th truyn gia cc thit b, kch thc ny ph thuc vo tng loi cable. S si dy trong cable cc chi tit v cu trc mng (bus, cy, hnh sao) Chun truyn dn (RS-485, truyn cpquang) Ch truyn ti 2.2 Lp lin kt d liu ( layer 2 ) : nh ngha ra mt chun v giao thc c s dng truyn data qua lp vt l. Nu lp vt l l truyn v nhn bit th lp 2 s c tnh nng bit c khi no bit gi, thng bo khi bit c gi v nhn bit c my tnh no s nhn data. C th ti lp 2 s c nhng tnh nng nh sau: Address: ti lp hai s dng mt giao thc c gi l data-link protocol, giao thc ny n nh ngha ra mt a ch m m bo chnh xc nhng my no s lng nghe v thu data ang c gi bng cch t a ch ny vo data-link header to thnh mt frame gi i. Dng a ch m data-link protocol nh ngha l duy nht nh trong Ethernet s dng Media Access Control ( MAC ) vi chiu di 6 bytes v c chia thnh 12 s thp lc phn. Frame-relay s dng a ch c chiu di 10 bits c gi l DataLink connection identifier ( DLCI ). D li: giao thc data-link c kh nng d ra li ca nhng frame trong sut qu trnh truyn thng qua trng CRC. 2.3 Lp mng ( layer 3 ) : n v s dng ti lp ny l packet. Lp mng m bo phn phi end-to-end ca packet. Qu trnh phn phi cc gi qua mng c xem nh qu trnh nh tuyn qua cc ng logical link, cung cp cc dch v v chn ng i v kt ni gia hai h thng, iu khin v phn phi dng d liu truyn trn mng trnh tc nghn. Lp mng c trch nhim a ch ho, dch t a ch logic sang a ch vt l, nh tuyn d liu t ni gi ti ni nhn. N xc nh ng truyn no tt trn c s cc iu kin ca mng, quyn u tin dch v. N cng qun l cc vn giao thng trn mng nh chuyn mch, nh tuyn v iu khin s tc nghn ca d liu. Lp mng lin quan n vic truyn thng gia cc thit b trn cc mng tch bit v logic, c lin kt tr thnh lin mng.Do cc lin mng c th rt ln v c th c kin to t cc kiu mng

khc nhau, nn lp mng vn dng cc thut ton nh tuyn hng cc gi tin t cc mng ngun n cc mng ch. Thnh phn chnh ca lp mng l mi mng trong lin mng c gn mt a ch, c th dng n nh tuyn mt gi tin. N m nhim cc nhim v sau: nh a ch Xy dng cc thut ton nh tuyn Cung cp cc dch v lin kt
2.4 Lp vn chuyn ( layer 4) : Ranh gii gia lp biu din d liu v

lp vn chuyn cng c th c xem l ranh gii gia cc giao thc thuc lp ng dng v cc giao thc pha di. Trong khi cc lp ng dng, lp biu din d liu v lp phin u c lin quan n ng dng th 4 lp pha di gn vi vic truyn d liu. dng iu khin lp mng, cng ging nh lp lin kt d liu lp vn chuyn nh ngha ra mt c ch iu khin lung v li. Khng ging nh data-link protocol iu khin traffic kt ni gia hai my thng qua mi trng vt l cn i vi lp vn chuyn iu khin traffic trn ng lun l ca kt ni end-to-end. Ngoi ra ti lp ny cn trin khai QoS cho lp mng, phn mnh d liu t lp ng dng thnh nhng segment c kch thc nh hn. Cc nhim v c th ca lp vn chuyn l :
Nhn cc thng tin t tng trn v chia nh thnh cc on d liu nu cn. Cung cp s vn chuyn tin cy (End to End) vi cc thng bo (Acknowledment). Ch dn cho my tnh khng truyn d liu khi buffer l khng c sn.
2.5 Lp phin truyn thng ( lp 5 ): lp ny cho php hai thc th giao

thc lp ng dng t chc v ng b vic trao i d liu gia chng. Do trch nhim ca lp ny l thit lp ( hay xa ) mt knh truyn gia hai thc th giao thc lp ng dng trong mt qu trnh giao tc mng hon chnh. Qun l giao tc: hot ng trao i d liu l song cng hay bn song cng. Trong trng hp bn song cng, giao thc lp trnh by cung cp cc phng tin iu khin cng vic trao i d liu theo phng thc ng b. ng b: trong cc thao tc mng di, user ( thng qua cc dch v c cung cp bi lp phin ) c th chn thit lp ng b ti cc thi im lin quan hot ng truyn mt cch nh k. Nu xut hin li trong thi gian ca mt giao tc, vic i thoi c th c khi ng li ti mt thi im ng b thng nht trc.

2.6 Lp trnh by ( layer 6 ): mc ch chnh ca lp ny l nh ngha

ra mt dng d liu chng hn nh ASCII text, binary, vn m ha cng c nh ngha bi dich v lp trnh by. V d nh khi FTP hot ng th bn c th chn truyn binary hoc ASCII. Nu nh binary c chn, th u gi v nhn s khng kim tra ni dung ca file. Nu nh ASCII c chn th u gi s chuyn i thnh dng text v sau gi data. Tip tc ti u nhn s thc hin qu trnh chuyn i ngc li tc t text sang ASCII. Lp th hin thc hin cc chc nng sau: Dch cc m k t t ASCII sang EBCDIC. Chuyn i d liu, v d t s interger sang s du phy ng. Nn d liu gim lng d liu truyn trn mng. M ho v gii m d liu m bo s bo mt trn mng.
2.7 Lp ng dng ( layer 7 ): Ti lp ny nh ngha ra mt giao din

gia vic truyn thng software v bt k ng dng no cn truyn thng ra my tnh, c chc nng cung cp cc dch v cao cp (trn c s cc giao thc cao cp) cho ngi s dng v cc chng trnh ng dng. Lp ny nh l giao din ca ngi s dng v cc ng dng truy cp cc dch v mng. Lp ng dng cung cp cc chc nng sau: Chia s ti nguyn v cc thit b. Truy cp file t xa. Truy cp my in t xa. H tr RPC. Qun l mng. Dch v th mc.

Hnh 4.Data ca 7 lp m hnh OSI 3. M hnh mng TCP/IP: M hnh TCP/IP l mt kin trc mng ca internet. Nn tng ca n l da trn mng ra i sm trc , mng ARPANET. ARPANET cng nh mng internet c ti tr bi DARPA. S hiu bit thu c ARPANET v internet c tc dng rt ln trong vic pht trin cu trc OSI. Hnh 5 minh ha m hnh TCP/IP, cc lp ca n khng chnh xc tng ng nh m hnh OSI. N c th cho php cc ng dng c th truy cp dch v ca mi lp. Lp thp nht ca m hnh l lp lin kt. N bao gm rt nhiu giao thc mng khc nhau. So snh vi m hnh OSI ch ra rng lp lin kt trong m hnh TCP/IP tng ng lp vt l v lp lin kt d liu. N miu t s trin khai phn cng ca mng nh l thit b mng v thit b iu khin. Lp th hai l lp mng nh m hnh OSI

Hnh 5.M hnh TCP/IP v OSI Lp 3 l lp vn chuyn tng ng vi lp 4 ca m hnh OSI c hai giao thc khc nhau trong lp ny UDP v TCP, chng cung cp cc knh logic khc nhau n ng dng, TCP mang li kt ni tin cy m c xem nh knh lung byte trong khi UDP cung cp mt dch v khng tin cy datagram, cc byte gi t lung TCP n mt im cui ca knh ng th t nh khi chng c gi. ng dng khng cn quan tm n vic mt d liu s dng UDP, lp cui cng l lp ng dng. Tng ng dng cung cp cc dch v di dng cc giao thc cho ng dng ca ngi dng. Mt s giao thc tiu biu ti tng ny gm: FTP (File Transfer Protocol): y l mt dch v hng kt ni v tin cy, s dng TCP cung cp truyn tp gia cc h thng h tr FTP. Telnet (TErminaL NETwork): Cho php cc phin ng nhp t xa gia cc my tnh. Do Telnet h tr ch vn bn nn giao din ngi dng thng dng du nhc lnh tng tc. Chng ta c th nh lnh v cc thng bo tr li s c hin th. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Trao i cc ti liu siu vn bn h tr WEB. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Truyn th in t gia cc my tnh. y l dng c bit ca truyn tp c s dng gi cc thng bo ti mt my ch th hoc gia cc my ch th vi nhau.

 POP3 (Post Office Protocol): Cho php ly th in t t hp th trn my ch. DNS (Domain Name System): Chuyn i tn min thnh a ch IP. Giao thc ny thng c cc ng dng s dng khi ngi dng ng dng ny dng tn ch khng dng a ch IP. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Cung cp cc thng tin cu hnh ng cho cc trm, chng hn nh gn a ch IP. SNMP (Simple Network Managament Protocol): c s dng qun tr t xa cc thit b mng chy TCP/IP. SNMP thng c thc thi trn cc trm ca ngi qun l, cho php ngi qun l tp trung nhiu chc nng gim st v iu khin trong mng. 4. ng gi d liu ng gi miu t qu trnh xy dng mt khung o c gi qua mng ca d liu ng dng mun pht. gi d liu ng dng n mt host khc th vic thm vo cc thng tin l cn thit . Hnh 6 gii thch vic ng khung. D liu gi bi ng dng phi qua cc vng giao thc, lp bi lp. Lp ng dng chuyn giao d liu n lp vn chuyn. y c s kt ni TCP, d liu i qua lp ny c gi l payload ca giao thc, lp vn chuyn thm vo TCP header v chuyn gi ny n lp tip theo l lp mng ti y lp mng s thm vo d liu ca n to thnh IP datagram v a chng n lp lin kt d liu, ti lp lin kt d liu tip tc thm vo d liu ca chng sau gi n lp vt l. Trong nhiu trng hp header v trailer c thm vo trong qu trnh ca d liu v chng s t kch thc cc i ti lp lin kt d liu. Nu di ca gi vt qu khi truyn dn MTU ca lp lin kt th gi s c tch thnh nhiu on.

Hnh 6. ng gi d liu 5. Giao thc Internet-IP:

Giao thc chnh ca ca b TCP/IP l IP. N l s thc thi ca lp mng v c ch nh chnh thc trong RFC 791. IP c thit k cho ngi s dng trong cc mng my tnh lin kt vi nhau. N cung cp dch v giao nhn khng tin cy host n host dng gi. Gi d liu cn c gi l IP datagram. Dng khng tin cy c ngha l khng c mt s m bo rng IP datagram n a ch ch ng th t. Cng khng chc chn rng datagram trn thc t n ng a ch ch. IP da vo giao thc tng cao hn x l nhng vn ny. Hai tnh cht chnh ca IP l a ch IP v phn mnh. Thng tin yu cu cung cp cc dch v ny cha trong tiu (header) ca IP datagram. Phn tiu c chiu di t 20 n 60 byte.Hnh 7 ch cu trc ca IP header. Bit 0-3 Phin bn Bit 4-7 Bit 810 Chiu u di tiu tin Bit 1115 Loi dch v Bit 1619 Bit 20- Bit 2423 27 di tng Bit 2831

S liu gi d liu Thi gian sng Giao thc

Phn mnh Tng kim tra a ch ngun a ch ch Ty chn

Hnh 7. tiu gi d liu IP - Phin bn (Version): Trng 4 bit ny cho bit phin bn IP to ra phn tiu ny. Phin bn hin ti l 4. Tuy nhin phin bn IPv6 s thay th IPv4 trong tng lai. - Chiu di tiu (HL Header Length): Trng 4 bit ny cho bit chiu di ca phn tiu ca gi d liu IP, tnh theo n v t (32 bit). Trng ny cn thit v chiu di ca phn tiu thay i (t 20 n 60 byte). Khi khng c phn tu chn (option), chiu di phn tiu l 20 byte v gi tr ca trng ny l 5 (5x4=20). Khi phn tu chn c kch thc ti a th gi tr ca trng l 15 (15x4=60). - u tin ( Precedence): Trng ny c chiu di 3 bit, gi tr nm rong khong t 0 (000) n 7 (111). N ch r u tin ca gi trong rng hp mng b tt nghn. Nu b nh tuyn b tt nghn v cn b mt gi d liu, n s b cc gi d liu c u tin cao nht. - Loi dch v (TOS): Trng 5 bit ny c t cc tham s v dch v, dng c th nh sau:

Loi dch v D T R C X

Trong 5 bit ny c mt bit d phng (x). Cho d cc bit u c th ly gi tr 0 hoc 1, nhng trong mt gi d liu ch c mt bit c t 1. + 00000: Bnh thng + 00010: Gi nh nht + 00100: tin cy cao nht + 10000: tr nh nht - di tng (Total Length IP): Trng 16 bit ny cho bit chiu di tnh theo byte ca c gi d liu. - S hiu gi d liu (Datagram Identification): Trng 16 bit ny cng vi cc trng khc (nh a ch ngun v a ch ch) dng nh danh duy nht cho mt gi d liu trong khong thi gian n vn tn ti trn lin mng. Gi tr ny c tng ln mt n v mi khi c gi d liu c trm gi i. Do vy gi tr ny s quay li khng mi khi trm gi i 65535 gi d liu. - Phn mnh (Fragmentation): Trng d liu ny c s dng khi gi phn mnh. - Thi gian sng (Time to live): Trng 8 bit ny quy nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) ca gi d liu trong lin mng trnh tnh trng gi d liu b chuyn vng quanh trn lin mng. Thi gian ny c trm gi t v c gim i 1 khi gi d liu qua b nh tuyn trn mng. - Giao thc (Protocol): Trng 8 bit ny cho bit giao thc tng trn s dng dch v ca IP. Gi d liu ca IP c th c ng gi d liu t nhiu giao thc tng trn, chng hn TCP, UDP v ICMP. Trng ny ch r giao thc ch cui cng m gi d liu IP phi chuyn. - Tng kim tra (checksum): Trng 16 bit ny cha m kim tra li CRC (ch kim ta phn tiu ). - a ch ngun (Source Address): Trng 32 bit ny cha a ch IP ca trm ngun. a ch ch (Destination Address): Trng 32 bit ny cha a ch IP ca ch
-

5.1 a ch IP: a ch c s dng giao nhn IP datagram t ngun n ch. Mi datagram u cn phi c a ch ngun v a ch ch. Cc trng tng ng trong IP header phi mang tn tng t. Cc a ch Ip c di 32 bit. N c th nh a ch cho 4 triu host vi khong cch di ny. Mt a ch IP c vit nh l gi tr 4 byte v c ngn bi du chm, v d nh l 10.1.13.5. L do ca vic trnh by ny l do s phn cp t chc trong Internet. Mi a ch IP bao gm phn mng v phn host. Mt mng c th kt ni vi mt hoc nhiu mng con. Tt c cc host thuc quyn s hu ca mng (v c mng con) phi c cng mt phn mng ca a ch. S phn lp ca cc mng khc nhau c miu t hnh 2.6. C tt c 5 lp khc nhau. Chng c nhn dng bi 4 bit quan trng u tin. Cc lp khc nhau nh di ca phn mng v phn host khc nhau. N cn ch r s lng ca mng con v host ca mi mng. V d trong lp A phn mng c di l 7 bit v phn host c di l 24 bit.

Hnh 8.Cc lp ca a ch IP
5.2 IP packet header

Kch thc ca mt IP packet c gi tr t 20 60 bytes. Hnh 9 s th hin nh dng ca mt IP header.

Hnh 9. IP header Version: Trng ny cho bit loi IP m gi tin ang s dng, nu trng ny c gi tr 0100 ch nh y l IPv4, nu trng ny c gi tr l 0110 ch nh y l IPv6.

Header Length: Trng ny bao gm 4 bit, cho bit kch thc ca IP header. Trng ny s cho ta bit trng option c trong IP header hay khng.

ToS: Trng ny bao gm 8 bit m c s dng iu khin packet. Trng ny lun c gn trn IP header mc d bnh thng trng ny khng s dng ( tt c cc bit ca trng ny s c thit lp bng 0 ).

Identifier, flags, fragment: ba trng ny dng thc hin chc nng phn mnh packet. Time to Live ( TTL ): Trng ny bao gm 8 bit, n c to ra mt gi tr khi mt packet mi c to ra. Khi packet i qua router th n s gim gi tr ca trng ny xung mt nu gi tr ny t n gi tr 0 th packet s b drop. Header checksum: trng kim tra li cho packet. Protocol: cho bit giao thc ang c trin khai traffic cho packet ny.