TT Va BT Trac Nghiem Hoa 10

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vn
CHNG 1. NGUYN T
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. CU TO NGUYN T
1. Thnh phn, cu to nguyn t
Nguyn t gm ht nhn v v electron. Ht nhn gm cc ht proton v ntron, phn v gm cc
electron. Cc c trng ca cc ht c bn trong nguyn t c tm tt trong bng sau:
Proton Ntron Electron
K hiu p n e
Khi lng u (vC) 1 1 0,00055
Khi lng (kg) 1,6726.10
-27
1,6748.10
-27
9,1095.10
-31
in tch nguyn t 1+ 0 1-
in tch C (Culng) 1,602.10
-19
0 -1,602.10
-19

2. Ht nhn nguyn t:
Nm 1911, khi bn ph mt l vng mng bng tia phng x ca rai v dng mn hunh quang
t pha sau l vng theo di ng i ca ht o, Ro-d-pho v cc cng s pht hin hu ht cc
ht o u xuyn thng qua l vng. Ch c mt s rt t b lch hng ban u hay bt tr li khi gp l
vng. iu ny ch c th c gii thch l nguyn t c cu to rng. Phn mang in tch dng nm
tm gi l ht nhn nguyn t. Ht nhn nguyn t c kch thc rt nh so vi kch thc ca ton b
nguyn t.
in tch ht nhn c gi tr bng s proton trong ht nhn, gi l Z+. Do nguyn t trung ho v
in cho nn s electron bng s Z.
Th d: nguyn t oxi c 8 proton trong ht nhn v 8 electron lp v.
S khi, k hiu A, c tnh theo cng thc A = Z + N, trong Z l tng s ht proton, N l
tng s ht ntron.
Nguyn t ho hc bao gm cc nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn.
ng v l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s ntron, do , s khi A
ca chng khc nhau.
II. CU TO V ELECTRON CA NGUYN T
1. Lp electron
- Trong nguyn t, mi electron c mt mc nng lng nht nh. Cc electron c mc nng lng
gn bng nhau c xp thnh mt lp electron.
- Th t ca lp tng dn 1, 2, 3, n th mc nng lng ca electron cng tng dn. Electron lp c tr
s n nh b ht nhn ht mnh, kh bt ra khi nguyn t. Electron lp c tr s n ln th c nng lng
cng cao, b ht nhn ht yu hn v d tch ra khi nguyn t hn.
- Lp electron c s electron ti a gi l lp electron bo ho.
- Tng s electron trong mt lp l 2n
2
.
S th t ca lp electron (n) 1 2 3 4
K hiu tng ng ca lp electron K L M N
S electron ti a lp 2 8 18 32
2. Phn lp electron
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- Mi lp electron li c chia thnh cc phn lp. Cc electron thuc cng mt phn lp c mc nng
lng bng nhau.
- K hiu cc phn lp l cc ch ci thng: s, p, d, f.
- S phn lp ca mt lp electron bng s th t ca lp.
- Th d: lp K (n =1) ch c mt phn lp s.
Lp L (n = 2) c 2 phn lp l s v p.
Lp M (n = 3) c 3 phn lp l s, p, d
- S electron ti a trong mt phn lp: Phn lp s cha ti a 2 electron; Phn lp p cha ti a 6
electron; Phn lp d cha ti a 10 electron; Phn lp f cha ti a 14 electron.
Lp electron S electron ti a ca lp Phn b electron trn cc phn lp
K (n =1) 2 1s
2
L (n = 2) 8 2s
2
2p
6
M (n = 3) 18 3s
2
3p
6
3d
10

3. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t
L cch biu din s phn b electron trn cc lp v phn lp ca nguyn t. S phn b ca cc electron
trong nguyn t tun theo cc nguyn l v quy tc sau:
a. Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt cc obitan
c mc nng lng t thp ln cao.
b. Nguyn l Pauli: Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l hai electron v hai electron ny
chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.
c. Quy tc Hun: Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s
electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay ging nhau.
d. Quy tc v trt t cc mc nng lng obitan nguyn t:
1s< 2s< 2p< 3s< 3p< 4s< 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s < 4f < 5d <6p< 7s< 5f <6d.
Th d: Cu hnh electron ca Fe, Fe
2+
, Fe
3+

Fe: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
Fe
2+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6

Fe
3+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4. c im ca lp electron ngoi cng
- i vi nguyn t ca tt c cc nguyn t, s electron lp ngoi cng c nhiu nht l 8 electron.
- Cc nguyn t c 8 electron lp ngoi cng (ns
2
np
6
) u rt bn vng, chng hu nh khng tham
gia vo cc phn ng ho hc. l cc kh him, v vy trong t nhin, phn t kh him ch gm mt
nguyn t.
- Cc nguyn t c 1-3 electron lp ngoi cng u l cc kim loi (tr B). Trong cc phn ng ho
hc cc kim loi c xu hng ch yu l nhng electron tr thnh ion dng.
- Cc nguyn t c 5 -7 electron lp ngoi cng u l cc phi kim. Trong cc phn ng ho hc
cc phi kim c xu hng ch yu l nhn thm electron tr thnh ion m.
- Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng l cc phi kim, khi chng c s hiu nguyn t nh
nh C, Si hay cc kim loi nh Sn, Pb khi chng c s hiu nguyn t ln.
B. BI
1.1. Electron c pht minh nm 1897 bi nh bc hc ngi Anh Tom-xn ( J.J. Thomson). T khi
c pht hin n nay electron ng vai tr to ln trong nhiu lnh vc ca cuc sng nh: nng
lng, truyn thng v thng tin Hy cho bit cc tnh cht no sau y khng phi l ca electron ?
Electron
A. l ht mang in tch m.
B. c khi lng 9,1095. 10
-28
gam.
C. ch thot ra khi nguyn t trong nhng iu kin c bit.
D. c khi lng ng k so vi khi lng nguyn t .
1.2. Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc c phn bit bi i lng no sau y?
A. S ntron. B. S electron ho tr.
C. S proton D. S lp electron.
1.3. Hiro c ba ng v l
1
1
H,
2
1
H v
3
1
H. Oxi c ba ng v l
16
8
o ,
17
8
o v
18
8
o. Hi trong nc t
nhin, loi phn t nc c khi lng phn t nh nht l bao nhiu u?
A.20 B. 18
C. 17 D. 19
1.4. Trong ht nhn ca cc nguyn t (tr hiro), cc ht cu to nn ht nhn nguyn t gm nhng loi
no sau y?
A. Proton v ntron. B. Proton, ntron v electron.
C. Proton. D. Ntron.
1.5. So snh khi lng ca electron vi khi lng ht nhn nguyn t, nhn nh no sau y l ng?
A. Khi lng electron bng khong
1
1840
khi lng ca ht nhn nguyn t .
B. Khi lng ca electron nh hn rt nhiu so vi khi lng ca ht nhn nguyn t.
C. Mt cch gn ng, trong cc tnh ton v khi lng nguyn t, ngi ta b qua khi lng
ca cc electron.
D. B, C ng.
1.6. nh ngha no sau y v nguyn t ha hc l ng? Nguyn t ha hc l tp hp cc nguyn t:
A. c cng in tch ht nhn.
B. c cng nguyn t khi.
C. c cng s khi.
D. c cng s ntron trong ht nhn.
1.7. K hiu nguyn t
A
Z
X cho ta bit nhng g v nguyn t ha hc X?
A. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t.
B. S hiu nguyn t.
C. S khi ca nguyn t.
D. S hiu nguyn t v s khi.
1.8. Khoanh trn vo ch nu ng v ch S nu sai trong cc cu sau: trong nguyn t:
a. S electron phn v bng s proton ca ht nhn. S
b. Ht nhn c kch thc rt nh b so vi nguyn t S
c. S khi A = Z + N S
d. Nguyn t khi bng s ntron trong ht nhn. S
1.9. Electron thuc lp no sau y lin kt cht ch nht vi ht nhn?
A. Lp K B. Lp L
C. Lp M D. Lp N.
1.10. Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t c bn lp electron, theo th t t pha gn ht nhn l: K, L, M, N.
Trong nguyn t cho, electron thuc lp no c mc nng lng trung bnh cao nht?
A. Lp K B. Lp L
C. Lp M D. Lp N.
1.11. Nc nng l g? Hy chn khi nim ng v nc nng trong s cc cu sau:
A. Nc nng l nc c khi lng ring ln nht 4
0
C.
B. Nc nng l nc c phn t khi ln hn 18u.
C. Nc nng l nc trng thi rn.
D. Nc nng l cht c dng trong cc l phn ng ht nhn.
1.12. Khi ni v s khi, iu khng nh no sau y lun ng? Trong nguyn t, s khi
A. bng tng khi lng cc ht proton v ntron.
B. bng tng s ht cc ht proton v ntron.
C. bng nguyn t khi.
D. bng tng cc ht proton, ntron v electron.
.13. V mc nng lng ca cc electron trong nguyn t, iu khng nh no sau y l sai?
A. Cc electron lp K c mc nng lng thp nht.
B. Cc electron lp ngoi cng c mc nng lng trung bnh cao nht.
C. Cc electron lp K c mc nng lng cao nht.
D. Cc electron lp K c mc nng lng bng nhau.
1.14. Khi nim no v obitan nguyn t sau y l ng? Obitan l
A. ng chuyn ng ca cc electron trong nguyn t.
B. mt hnh cu c bn knh xc nh, ti xc sut tm thy electron l ln nht.
C. khu vc khng gian xung quanh ht nhn, ti xc sut tm thy electron l ln nht.
D. mt phng n khc.
1.15. S n v in tch ht nhn ca lu hunh (S) l 16. Bit rng cc electron ca nguyn t S c
phn b trn 3 lp electron (K, L, M), lp ngoi cng c 6 electron. S electron lp L trong nguyn t
lu hunh l:
A. 12 B. 10 C. 8 D. 6
1.16. Nguyn t no trong s cc nguyn t sau y cha 8 proton, 8 ntron v 8 electron?
A.
16
8
O B.
17
8
O C.
18
8
O D.
17
9
F
1.17. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t lu hunh (S) trng thi c bn v ca nguyn t oxi (O) c c
im no chung? C hai nguyn t O v S u
A. c 6 electron lp ngoi cng.
B. c 2 electron lp trong cng (lp K).
C. c 2 electron c thn lp ngoi cng.
D. A v C ng.
1.18. Tng s cc ht c bn (p, n, e) ca mt nguyn t X l 28. S ht mang in nhiu h n s
ht khng mang in l 8. Nguyn t X l:
A.
17
9
F B.
18
9
F C.
16
8
O D.
17
8
O
1.19. K hiu no trong s cc k hiu ca cc obitan sau l khng ng?
A. 4f B. 2d
C. 3d D. 2p
1.20. phn lp 3d s electron ti a l
A. 6. B. 18.
C. 10. D. 14.
1.21. Ion, c 18 electron v 16 proton, mang s n v in tch nguyn t l
A. +18 B. -2
C. -18 D. +2
1.22. Cc ion v nguyn t : Ne, Na
+
, F
_
c c im no sau y l chung?
A. S khi B. S electron
C. S proton D. S notron
1.23. Cu hnh electron ca cc ion no sau y ging nh ca kh him ?
A. Te
2-
B. Fe
2+
C. Cu
+
D. Cr
3+

1.24. C bao nhiu electron trong mt ion
52
24
Cr
3+
?
A. 21 B. 28
C. 24 D. 52
1.25. Vi ht no sau y c s proton nhiu hn s electron?
A. Nguyn t natri (Na) B. Ion clorua (Cl
-
)
C. Nguyn t lu hunh (S) D. Ion kali (K
+
)
1.26. Nguyn t ca nguyn t c in tch ht nhn, Z =13, s khi, A = 27, c s electron ho tr l
A. 13. B. 3.
C. 5. D. 14.
1.27. Ghp i cu hnh electron nguyn t ct A vi tn nguyn t ho hc ct B sao cho thch hp.
A B
Cu hnh electron Tn nguyn t
1. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
a. Nhm (Z = 13)
2. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
b. Natri (Z = 11)
3. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
c. Oxi (Z = 8)
4. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
d. Clo (Z = 17)
5. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
e. Flo (Z = 9)
Th t ghp ni l: 1 ; 2.; 3.; 4.; 5..
1.28. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion sau:
Ion cu hnh electron Ion cu hnh electron
(1) Na
+
(Z=11) .. (4) Ni
2+
(Z = 28) .
(2) Cl
-
(Z = 17 ... (5) Fe
2+
(Z = 26) .
(3) Ca
2+
(Z = 20) (6) Cu
+
(Z = 29) .
1.29. Nguyn t ca nguyn t ho hc no c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
?
A. Ca (Z = 20) B. K (Z = 19)
C. Mg (Z =12) D. Na (Z = 11)
1.33. Trong cc cu hnh electron sau, cu hnh no sai?
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
x
2p
1
y
2p
1
z
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
x
2p
2
y
2p
2
z
3s
1
C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
x
2p
1
y
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
x
2p
1
y
2p
1
z

1.34. Cc electron thuc cc lp K, L, M, N, trong nguyn t khc nhau v
A. ng chuyn ng ca cc electron.
B. bn lin kt vi ht nhn.
C. Nng lng trung bnh ca cc electron.
D. B, C ng.
1.35. Mt nguyn t X c tng s electron cc phn lp s l 6 v tng s electron lp ngoi cng l 6,
cho bit X thuc v nguyn t ho hc no sau y?
A. Oxi (Z = 8) B. Lu hunh (Z = 16)
C. Flo (Z = 9) D. Clo (Z = 17)
1.36. Trong nguyn t Y c tng s proton, ntron v electron l 26. Hy cho bit Y thuc v loi nguyn
t no sau y? Bit rng Y l nguyn t ho hc ph bin nht trong v Tri t.
A.
16
8
O B.
17
8
O
C.
18
8
O D.
19
9
F
1.37. Mt nguyn t X c tng s electron cc phn lp p l 11. Hy cho bit X thuc v nguyn t ho
hc no sau y? Nguyn t X l
A. nguyn t s. B. nguyn t p.
C. nguyn t d. D. nguyn t f.
1.38. Mt nguyn t ca nguyn t M c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s
2
3p
6
. dng n cht M
c nhng c im no sau y?
A. Phn t ch gm mt nguyn t.
B. Phn t gm hai nguyn t.
C. n cht rt bn, hu nh khng tham gia cc phn ng ho hc.
D. A v C ng.
1.39. Trong nguyn t, cc electron quyt nh tnh cht kim loi, phi kim hay kh him l:
A. Cc electron lp K.
B. Cc electron lp ngoi cng.
C. Cc electron lp L.
D. Cc electron lp M.
1.40. Khoanh trn vo ch nu pht biu ng, ch S nu pht biu sai trong nhng cu di y:
a. Cc electron thuc cc obitan 2p
x
, 2p
y
, 2p
z
c nng lng nh nhau - S
b. Cc electron thuc cc obitan 2p
x
, 2p
y
, 2p
z
ch khc nhau v nh hng trong khng gian.
- S
c. Nng lng ca cc electron thuc cc phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d l khc nhau - S
d. Nng lng ca cc electron thuc cc obitan 2s v 2p
x
l nh nhau - S
e. Phn lp 3d bo ho khi xp y 10 electron

- S
1.41. Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c s hiu Z = 3, Z = 11 v Z = 19 c c im no sau l
chung?
A. C mt electron lp ngoi cng.
B. C hai electron lp ngoi cng.
C. C ba electron lp trong cng.
D. Phng n khc.
1.42. Cu hnh electron no sau y biu din theo lng t l sai?

A. |+ |+ |+ B. |+ |+ | |

C. |+ | | |+ D. A v C.
1.43. Ghp i tn nguyn t ct A vi cu hnh electron tng ng ct B.
A B
1. Oxi (Z = 8) A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1

2. Cacbon (Z = 6) B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2

3. Kali (Z = 19) C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5

4. Clo (Z = 17) D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

5. Canxi (Z = 20) E. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2

6. Silic (Z = 14) F. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4

7. Photpho (Z = 15) G. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
4p
1

8. Gali (Z = 21) H. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
2

I. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
Th t ghp i : 1..... ; 2....... ; 3..... ; 4....... ; 5....... ; 6........ ; 7......... ; 8......
1.44. Mt nguyn t ho hc c nhiu loi nguyn t c khi lng khc nhau v nguyn nhn no sau
y ?
A. Ht nhn c cng s ntron nhng khc nhau v s proton.
B. Ht nhn c cng s proton. nhng khc nhau v s ntron.
C. Ht nhn c cng s ntron nhng khc nhau v s electron.
D. Phng n khc.
1.45. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng kim loi l 63,546. ng tn ti trong t nhin vi hai loi ng
v l
65
29
Cu v
63
29
Cu . Thnh phn % ca
65
29
Cu theo s nguyn t l:
A. 27,30% B. 26,30% C. 26,70% D. 23,70%
1.46. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s electron trong cc phn lp p l 7. Nguyn t ca nguyn t
Y c tng s ht mang in nhiu hn tng s ht mang in ca X l 8. X v Y l cc nguyn t:
A. Al v Br B. Al v Cl
C. Mg v Cl D. Si v Br.
1.47. Cho hai nguyn t M v N c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 11 v 13. Cu hnh electron ca M v N
ln lt l:
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
v 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
.
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
v 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
3
.
C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
v 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
.
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
7
v 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
.
1.48. Mt nguyn t R c tng s ht mang in v khng mang in l 34, trong s ht mang in gp
1,833 ln s ht khng mang in. Nguyn t R v cu hnh electron l:
A. Na, 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
.
B. Mg, 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
.
C. F, 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
.
D. Ne, 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
.
1.49. Nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X c tng s ht c bn l 82, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s
ht khng mang in l 22. K hiu ho hc ca X l:
A.
57
28
Ni B.
55
27
Co
C.
56
26
Fe D.
57
26
Fe
1.50. Cation X
3+
v anionY
2-
u c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 2p
6
. K hiu ca cc
nguyn t X, Y l:
A. Al v O.
B. Mg v O.
C. Al v F.
D. Mg v F.
1.51. Cho bit st c s hiu nguyn t l 26. Cu hnh electron ca ion Fe
2+
l
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2

B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
4
1.52. Cho bit cu hnh electron ca X: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
ca Y l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
. Nhn xt no sau y
l ng?
A. X v Y u l cc kim loi.
B. X v Y u l cc phi kim.
C. X v Y u l cc kh him.
D. X l mt phi kim cn Y l mt kim loi.
1.53. Trong nguyn t mt nguyn t c ba lp eletron (K, L, M). Lp no trong s c th c cc
electron c thn?
A. Lp K.
B. Lp M.
C. Lp L.
D. Lp L v M.

1.54. Trong nguyn t mt nguyn t X c 29 electron v 36 ntron. S khi v s lp electron ca
nguyn t X ln lt l
A. 65 v 4. B. 64 v 4.
C. 65 v 3. D. 64 v 3.
1.55. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t biu din:
A. th t cc mc v phn mc nng lng.
B. s phn b electron trn cc phn lp thuc cc lp khc nhau.
C. th t cc lp v phn lp electron.
D. s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t.
1.56. Mt nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 4s
1
, nguyn t thuc v cc nguyn t ho
hc no sau y?
A. Cu, Cr, K B. K, Ca, Cu
C. Cr, K, Ca D. Cu, Mg, K.
1.57. Tng s cc ht proton, ntron v electron trong nguyn t ca mt nguyn t l 40. Bit s ht
ntron ln hn s ht proton l 1. Cho bit nguyn t trn thuc loi nguyn t no?
A. Nguyn t s. B. Nguyn t p.
C. Nguyn t d. D. Nguyn t f.
1.58. Ion no sau y khng c cu hnh electron ca kh him?
A. Fe
2+
B. Na
+
C. Cl
-
D. Mg
2+
1.59. Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu hnh electron hai lp bn ngoi l 3d
2
4s
2
. Tng s electron trong
mt nguyn t ca X l
A. 18 B. 20 C. 22 D. 24
1.60*. Hp cht M c to nn t cation X
+
v anion Y
2-
. Mi ion u do 5 nguyn t ca hai nguyn t
to nn. Tng s proton trong X
+
bng 11, cn tng s electron trong Y
2-
l 50. Bit rng hai nguyn t
trong Y
2-
cng phn nhm chnh v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon. Cng thc phn t
ca M l:
A. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
B. NH
4
HCO
3
C. (NH
4
)
3
PO
4
D. NH
4
HSO
3
1.61. Ion M
3+
c cu to lp v electron ngoi cng l 2s
2
2p
6
. Hy cho bit tn nguyn t v cu hnh
electron ca M trong s cc phng n sau:
A. Nhm, Al: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
.
B. Magie, Mg: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
.
C. Silic, Si: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
2
.
D. Photpho: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
.
1.62. Mt ion N
2-
c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s
2
3p
6
. Hy cho bit trng thi c bn, nguyn
t N c bao nhiu electron c thn?
A. 6 B. 4
C. 3 D. 2

1.64. in t, hay cm t thch hp, cho trc, vo nhng trng trong on vn sau:
Khi bit .........(1)............. ca nguyn t c th d on c nhng tnh cht ho hc c bn ca
nguyn t. i vi tt c cc nguyn t, lp ....(2)... c nhiu nht l 8 electron. Cc nguyn t c 8
electron ngoi cng (ring heli c 2 electron) u rt(3).., chng hu nh tr v mt ho hc. l
cc ...(4)..., v th trong t nhin phn t kh him ch c mt nguyn t. Cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 electron
lp ngoi cng l cc .....(5).(tr H, He v B). Cc nguyn t c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng l cc
.....(6).. Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng c th l..(7). .. nh C, Si hay l ..(8)nh
Sn, Pb.
a. ngoi cng b. kh him c. phi kim
d. kim loi e. cu hnh electron g. bn vng
h. electron i. trong cng
Th t in t:
1;2..; 3; 4..;5..;6;7;8..
1.65. Mt nguyn t X, nguyn t c ba lp electron (K, L, M) c cc gi tr nng
lng ion ho I (tnh theo kJ/mol) nh sau:
I
1
I
2
I
3
I
4
I
5
I
6

1.012 1.903 2.910 4.956 6.278 22.230
a. Tn ca nguyn t X l
b. Cu hnh electron ca X l
c. Cng thc oxit cao nht ca X
d. S electron lp ngoi cng ca X
e. in tch ht nhn ca X l
1.66. Khoanh trn vo ch nu pht biu ng, ch S nu pht biu sai trong nhng cu v s phn b
electron trong nguyn t. Cc electron c sp xp tun theo nhng nguyn l v quy tc sau y:
A. Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt cc
obitan c mc nng lng t thp ln cao. - S
B. Nguyn l Pauli: Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l hai electron v hai electron ny
- S
C. Quy tc Hun: Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s
- S
D. Quy tc v trt t cc mc nng lng obitan nguyn t:
1s <2s< 2p<3s< 3p< 4s <3d< 4p< 5s<4d< 5p< 6s <4f< 5d< 6p<7s <5f< 6d
- S
1.67. Chn cc t v cm t thch hp, cho sn in vo nhng ch trng trong cc cu sau:
Obitan nguyn t l khong...........(1)...........xung quanh ht nhn m ti ............(2)...... ....hu
ht xc sut c mt electron. Obitan s c dng hnh.....(3)......., tm l ...............(4)................Obitan p gm
ba obitan p
x
, p
y
, p
z
c hnh..........(5)............
a. s 8 ni b. cu c. tp trung
d. khng gian e. ht nhn nguyn t f. nguyn t
Th t in t:
1;2..; 3; 4..;5..
1.68. Khi xt s phn lp electron trong mt lp v k hiu ca nhng phn lp , hy in t hay cm t
thch hp, cho trc hon thnh cc cu sau:
a. Lp electron th nht (n = 1) gi l lp K, l lp gn ht nhn nht, c ..(1)..phn lp(2)
b. Lp electron th hai (n = 2) gi l lp L, l lp c ...(3)...phn lp .. (4).
c. Lp electron th ba (n = 3) gi l lp M, l lp c ....(5).....phn lp :...(6).........
d. Lp electron th t (n = 4) gi l lp N, l lp c .....(7).....phn lp :.....(8).......
a. 2s v 2p b. 3s, 3p v 3d c. 1s d. 4s, 4p, 4d v 4f
e. 1 f. 2 g. 3 h. 4
Th t in t:
1.; 2.; 3; 4; 5; 6.;7..; 8.
1.69. Khoanh trn vo ch nu pht biu ng, ch S nu pht biu sai trong nhng cu v c im
ca lp electron ngoi cng sau y:
a. Cc nguyn t kh him c lp electron ngoi cng bo ho, bn vng, do chng hu nh
khng tham gia cc phn ng ho hc. - S
b. Cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng l cc nguyn t kim loi (Tr B).
- S
c. Cc nguyn t c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng l cc phi kim - S
d. Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng ch c th l cc phi kim nh C, Si
- S
e. Ho tr ca nguyn t vi oxi lun lun bng s electron lp ngoi cng.
- S
1.70. Hy ghp cc na cu hai ct A v B sao cho ph hp.
A B
1. S electron ti a trong lp L l a. 6 electron.
2. S electron ti a trong phn lp s l b. 10 electron
3. S electron ti a trong phn lp p l c. 2 electron.
4. S electron ti a trong phn lp d l d. 8 electron.
5. S electron ti a trong phn lp f l e. 12 electron.
f. 14 electron.
Th t ghp ni l:
1; 2..; 3; 4.; 5
C. P S V HNG DN
1.1. p n D.
1.2. p n A.
1.3. p n B.
1.4. p n A.
1.5. p n D.
1.6. p n A.
1.7. p n D.
1.8. a. S electron phn v bng s proton ca ht nhn.
b. Ht nhn c kch thc rt nh b so vi nguyn t
c. S khi A = Z + N
d. Nguyn t khi bng s ntron trong ht nhn. S
1.9. p n A.
1.10. p n D.
1.11. p n B.
1.12. p n B.
1.13. p n C.
1.14. p n C.
Gii thch: - Phng n A sai v theo bn cht sng v ht ca electron th cc quan nim ca vt l c in
v ng chuyn ng ca cc electron trong nguyn t l khng ng.
- Phng n B sai v hnh cu ch ph hp vi obitan s cn nhng obitan khc nh p, d, f c nhng hnh
dng khc.
- Phng n C l ng.
1.15. p n C.
1.16. p n A.
1.17. p n D.
Gii thch: Phng n B sai v tr hiro tt c cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t cn li u c 2 electron
lp trong cng (lp K).
1.18. p n B.
Hng dn: theo bi ra ta c h phng trnh 2Z + N = 28 (I)
2Z - N = 8 (II) N = 10 v Z = 9
Vy phng n B l ng.
1.19. p n B.
1.20. p n C.
1.21. p n B.
1.22. p n B.
1.23. p n D.
1.24. p n A.
Gii thch: theo k hiu, nguyn t crom c 24 proton, 24 electron. Do , trong ion Cr
3+
s electron cn
li l 24 - 3 = 21(electron).
1.25. p n D.
1.26. p n B.
1.27. Th t ghp ni l: 1 - c; 2 - e; 3 - b.; 4 - a; 5 - d.
1.28. Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc ion sau:
Ion cu hnh electron Ion cu hnh electron
(1) Na
+
(Z=11) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
(4) Ni
2+
(Z = 28) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
8

(2) Cl
-
(Z = 17 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
(5) Fe
2+
(Z = 26) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
(3) Ca
2+
(Z = 20) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
(6) Cu
+
(Z = 29) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10

1.29. p n B.
1.30
*
. p n A.
p dng phng trnh: k =
1
t
ln
0
N
N
=
1/ 2
0,693
t

trong :
- k l hng s tc phn ng (ti nhit xc nh),
- N
0
l s ht nhn phng x thi im u (t = 0),
- N l s ht nhn phng x thi im t ang xt.
- t
1/2
l chu k bn r ca nguyn t phng x.
t = ln
0
N
N
.t
1/2
= 2,303 lg
1,0
0,2
.
14,3
0,693
= 33,2 ngy
p s: A.

1.31
*
. p n B.
Hng dn
T U
238
92
bin i thnh Pb
206
82
v s khi gim 238 - 206 = 32(u), do s ln phn r o l
32 : 4 = 8 (ln). Khi s n v in tch dng b mt i l 8 x 2 = 16, nhng thc t ch mt 92 - 82 =
10. Nh vy c 6 phn r |.
p n ng l B.
1.32. p n D.
1.33. p n C.
Gii thch: Phng n C sai v vi phm quy tc Hun.
1.34. p n B.
1.35. p n B.
Hng dn: phn lp s cha ti a 2 electron, do nguyn t cho c cc phn lp 1s
2
2s
2
v 3s
2
. Mt
khc, s electron lp ngoi cng c 6 cho nn nguyn t c 4 electron 3p. l lu hunh, Z = 16.
1.36. p n C.
Hng dn :
18
8
Oc tng s cc ht proton, ntron v electron l 18 + 8 = 26. p n C.
1.37. p n B.
Hng dn: phn lp s cha ti a 6 electron, do nguyn t cho c cc phn lp 2p
6
v 3p
5
. Vy
electron cui cng phn lp p, hay nguyn t cho l nguyn t p.
1.38. p n D.
1.39. p n B.
1.40.
a. Cc electron thuc cc obitan 2p
x
, 2p
y
, 2p
z
c nng lng nh nhau
b. Cc electron thuc cc obitan 2p
x
, 2p
y
, 2p
z
ch khc nhau v nh hng trong khng gian.

c. Nng lng ca cc electron thuc cc phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d l khc nhau
d. Nng lng ca cc electron thuc cc obitan 2s v 2p
x
l nh nhau S
e. Phn lp 3d bo ho khi xp y 10 electron

1.41. p n A.
1.42. p n D.
1.43. Th t ghp i : 1- D ; 2 - E. ; 3 - A ; 4 - C ; 5 - B ; 6 - H ; 7 - I ; 8 - G.
1.44. p n B.
1.45. p n A.
Hng dn:
Cch 1: t x l % s nguyn t Cu
65
, 100 - x l thnh phn % ca Cu
63

A =
65 63(100 )
100
x x +
= 63,546 x = 27,3%
Cch 2: p dng phng php ng cho, ta thu c kt qu tng t.
1.46. p n B.
Hng dn: tng cc electron p l 7 suy ra c cc phn lp 2p
6
v 3p
1
. Do nguyn t cho c cu
hnh electron y l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
. Vy nguyn t l nhm, Z = 13. Nguyn t ca nguyn t th
hai c s ht proton l
(13 2) 8
2
+
= 17, nguyn t th hai l clo.
1.47. p n C.
1.48. p n A.
1.49. p n C.
1.50. p n A.
1.51. p n B.
1.52. p n D.
1.53. p n B.
1.54. p n A.
1.55. p n B.
1.56. p n A.
1.57. p n B.
1.58. p n A.
1.59. p n C.
1.60*. p n A.
1.61. p n A.
1.62. p n D.
1.63. Quan st hnh v m t th nghim tm ra electron v in nhng thng tin thch hp (a, b, c, d, vv)
vo nhng ch trng trong on vn sau:

Th t in t:
1 - h; 2 - d; 3 - b; 4 - c; 5 - a; 6 - e; 7 - a.
1.64. Th t in t:
1 - e; 2 - a; 3 - g; 4 - b; 5 - d; 6 - c; 7 - c; 8 - d.
1.65.
a. Tn ca nguyn t X l photpho.
b. Cu hnh electron ca X l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
c. Cng thc oxit cao nht ca X: P
2
O
5
d. S electron lp ngoi cng ca X : 5
e. in tch ht nhn ca X l +15
Gi : nhn xt s thay i cc gi tr nng lng ion ho, ni no c s thay i t ngt, c s thay
i mc nng lng ca electron (lp electron). T I
5
n I
6
nng lng ion ha tng gp ba ln, do
nguyn t cho c 5 electron lp ngoi cng. S lp electron l 3 nn nguyn t cho l photpho.
1.66. A. Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt cc
obitan c mc nng lng t thp ln cao.
B. Nguyn l Pauli: Trn mt obitan ch c th c nhiu nht l hai electron v hai electron ny

C. Quy tc Hun: Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan sao cho s

D. Quy tc v trt t cc mc nng lng obitan nguyn t:
1s <2s< 2p<3s< 3p< 4s <3d< 4p< 5s<4d< 5p< 6s <4f< 5d< 6p<7s <5f< 6d

1.67. Chn cc t v cm t thch hp, cho sn in vo nhng ch trng trong cc cu sau:
Th t in t:
1 - d; 2 - c; 3 - b; 4 - e; 5 - a;
1.68. Th t in t:
1 - e; 2 - c; 3 - f; 4 - a; 5 - g; 6 - b; 7 - h; 8 - d.
1.69.
a. Cc nguyn t kh him c lp electron ngoi cng bo ho, bn vng, do chng hu nh
khng tham gia cc phn ng ho hc.
b. Cc nguyn t c 1, 2, 3 electron lp ngoi cng l cc nguyn t kim loi (Tr B).

c. Cc nguyn t c 5, 6, 7 electron lp ngoi cng l cc phi kim
d. Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng ch c th l cc phi kim nh C, Si
S
e. Ho tr ca nguyn t vi oxi lun lun bng s electron lp ngoi cng.
S
1.70. Hy ghp cc na cu hai ct A v B sao cho ph hp.
A B
1. S electron ti a trong lp L l a. 6 electron.
2. S electron ti a trong phn lp s l b. 10 electron
3. S electron ti a trong phn lp p l c. 2 electron.
4. S electron ti a trong phn lp d l d. 8 electron.
5. S electron ti a trong phn lp f l e. 12 electron.
f. 14 electron.
Th t ghp ni l:
1 - d; 2 - c; 3 - a; 4 - b; 5 - f.

CHNG2. BNG H THNG TUN HON V NH LUT TUN HON
A.- TM TT L THUYT
I. NH LUT TUN HON
Tnh cht ca cc n cht, thnh phn v tnh cht cc hp cht ca mi nguyn t u bin thin
tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
II. CU TO BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HO HC
1. NGUYN TC SP XP
- Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
- Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c xp thnh mt hng.
- Cc nguyn t c s electron ho tr nh nhau c xp thnh mt ct.
2. CU TO CA BNG H THNG TUN HON
- : S th t ca bng s hiu nguyn t v bng s n v in tch ht nhn bng tng s electron
ca nguyn t..
- Chu k: S th t ca chu k bng s lp electron ca nguyn t gm:
+ Chu k nh l cc chu k 1, 2, 3 ch gm cc nguyn t s v cc nguyn t p. Chu k 1 gm hai
nguyn t l hiro (H) v heli (He). Chu k 2 v 3, mi chu k c 8 nguyn t. u cc chu k 2, 3 l cc
kim loi kim liti (Li, Z = 3) v natri (Na, Z = 11), gn cui chu k l cc halogen, flo (F, Z = 9) v clo (Cl,
Z = 17). Cui cc chu k ny l nhng kh him neon (Ne, Z = 10), agon (Ar, Z = 18).
+ Chu k ln l cc chu k 4, 5, 6, 7 gm cc nguyn t s, p, d v f.
Trong cc chu k 4 v 5 u c 18 nguyn t, bt u chu k l mt kim loi kim (K
(Z=19)[Ar]4s
1
v Rb (Z=37)[Kr]5s
1
), kt thc chu k l mt kh him (Kr (Z = 36)[Ar]3d
10
4s
2
4p
6
v Xe
(Z = 54) [Kr] 4d
10
5s
2
5p
6
).
Chu k 6 gm 32 nguyn t, bt u l kim loi kim Cs (Z = 55, [Xe]6s
1
) v kt thc l mt kh
him Rn (Z = 86, [Xe]4f
14
5d
10
6s
2
6p
6
).
Chu k 7 l chu k cha y cc nguyn t ho hc.
- Nhm : S th t ca nhm bng s electron ho tr gm :
+ Nhm A : S th t ca nhm bng s electron lp ngoi cng, gm cc nguyn t s v p.
+ Nhm B : S th t ca nhm B bng s electron ho tr gm cc nguyn t d v f.
III. NHNG TNH CHT BIN I TUN HON THEO CHIU TNG CA IN TCH HT
NHN
- Bn knh nguyn t
- Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t gim dn.
- Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t tng dn.
- Nng lng ion ho
- Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, nng lng ion ho tng dn.
- Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, nng lng ion ho gim dn.
- Tnh kim loi - phi kim.
- Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi gim dn v tnh phi
kim tng dn.
- Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi tng dn v tnh
phi kim gim dn.
- m in c trng cho kh nng ht electron ca nguyn t trong phn t.
- Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, m in ca cc nguyn t tng
dn.
- Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, m in ca cc nguyn t
gim dn.
m in l mt gi tr tng i, thay i theo thang o. - Tnh axit - baz ca oxit v hiroxit
- Trong mt chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz ca cc oxit v hiroxit
tng ng yu dn, ng thi tnh axit ca chng mnh dn.
- Trong mt nhm A, theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz ca cc oxit v
hiroxit tng ng mnh dn, ng thi tnh axit ca chng yu dn.
Nguyn nhn ca s bin i tun hon tnh cht ca cc n cht, thnh phn v tnh cht ca
cc hp cht ca cc nguyn t khi xp chng theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t l s bin
i tun hon ca s electron lp ngoi cng.

2.1. Nhng c trng no sau y ca n cht, nguyn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu
tng ca in tch ht nhn?
A. Nhit nng chy, nhit .
B. T khi.
C. S lp electron.
D. S electron lp ngoi cng.
2.2. Xc nh s khi ca cc nguyn t theo bng s liu sau:
STT Proton Ntron Electron S khi
1 15 16 15 ..
2 26 30 26 ..
3 29 36 29 ..
4 20 20 20
5 13 14 13
2.3. Nguyn t ca nguyn t no sau y lun cho 1electron trong cc phn ng ho hc?
A. Na 11 trong bng tun hon.
B. Mg 12 trong bng tun hon.
C. Al 13 trong bng tun hon.
D. Si 14 trong bng tun hon.
2.4. Cc nguyn t ca nhm IA trong bng h thng tun hon c c im chung no v cu hnh
electron, m quyt nh tnh cht ca nhm ?
A. S ntron trong ht nhn nguyn t.
B. S electron lp K bng 2.
C. S lp electron nh nhau.
D. S electron lp ngoi cng bng 1.
2.5. Cc nguyn t thuc dy no sau y c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn ?
A. Fe, Ni, Co. B. Br, Cl, I.
C. C, N, O. D. O, Se, S.
2.6. Dy nguyn t c cc s hiu nguyn t (s th t trong bng tun hon) no sau y ch gm cc
nguyn t d ?
A. 11, 14, 22. B. 24, 39, 74.
C. 13, 33, 54. D. 19, 32, 51.
2.7. Nguyn t ho hc no sau y c tnh cht ho hc tng t canxi?
A. C B. K
C. Na D. Sr
2.8. Nguyn t ca nguyn t no trong nhm VA c bn knh nguyn t ln nht?
A. Nit (Z= 7) B. Photpho (Z = 15)
C. Asen (Z = 33) D. Bitmut (Z = 83)
2.9. Dy nguyn t no sau y c xp theo chiu bn knh nguyn t tng ?
A. I, Br, Cl, P B. C, N, O, F.
C. Na, Mg, Al, Si D. O, S, Se, Te.
2.10. Cho dy cc nguyn t nhm IIA: Mg - Ca - Sr - Ba. T Mg n Ba theo chiu in tch ht nhn
tng, tnh kim loi thay i theo chiu:
A. tng dn B. gim dn
C. tng ri gim D. gim ri tng
2.11. Cho dy cc nguyn t ho hc nhm VA: N - P - As - Sb - Bi. T N n Bi theo chiu in tch ht
nhn tng, tnh phi kim thay i theo chiu:
A. tng dn B. gim dn
C. tng ri gim D. gim ri tng
2.12. Cp nguyn t ho hc no sau y c tnh cht ho hc ging nhau nht ?
A. Ca, Mg. B. P, S.
C. Ag , Ni. D. N, O.
2.13. Cho cc nguyn t Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs thuc nhm IA trong bng h thng tun hon. Trong s cc
nguyn t trn, nguyn t c nng lng ion ho th nht nh nht l
A. Li (Z = 3). B. Na (Z = 11).
C. Rb (Z = 37). D. Cs (Z = 55).
1.14. Xt cc nguyn t nhm IA ca bng h thng tun hon, iu khng nh no sau y l ng? Cc
nguyn t nhm IA
A. c gi l cc kim loi kim th.
B. d dng cho 2 electron lp ngoi cng.
C. d dng cho 1electron t cu hnh bn vng.
D. d dng nhn thm 1electron t cu hnh bn vng.
1.15. Bin thin tnh cht baz ca cc hiroxit nhm IA theo chiu tng ca s th t l
A. tng . B. gim.
C. khng thay i. D. gim sau tng.
1.16 Nhit si ca cc n cht ca cc nguyn t nhm VIIA: F
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
theo chiu tng s th t
l
A. tng. B. gim.
C. khng thay i. D. gim sau tng.
1.17. S hiu nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon cho bit cc gi tr no sau y?
A. S electron ho tr. B. S proton trong ht nhn.
C. S electron trong nguyn t. D. B, C ng.
1.18. Trong 20 nguyn t ho hc u tin trong bng h thng tun hon, s nguyn t c nguyn t vi
2 electron c thn trng thi c bn l
A. 1. B. 3.
C. 2. D. 4.
1.19. Cho dy nguyn t F, Cl, Br, I. m in ca dy nguyn t trn bin i nh th no theo chiu
tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t ? m in
A. tng. B. gim.
C. khng thay i. D. va gim va tng.
1.20. m in ca dy nguyn t Na (Z =11), Mg (Z =12), Al (13), P (Z=15), Cl (Z = 17), bin i
theo chiu no sau y ?
A. Tng. B. Gim.
C. Khng thay i. D. Va gim va tng.
1.21. Tnh cht baz ca dy cc hiroxit: NaOH, Mg(OH)
2
, Al(OH)
3
bin i theo chiu no sau y ?
A. Tng B. Gim
C. Khng thay i D. Va gim va tng
1.22. Tnh cht axit ca dy cc hiroxit: H
2
SiO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, HClO
4
bin i theo chiu no sau y ?
A. Tng B. Gim
C. Khng thay i D. Va gim va tng
1.23. Nguyn t Cs trong nhm IA c s dng ch to t bo quang in bi v trong s cc nguyn
t khng c tnh phng x, Cs l kim loi c
A. gi thnh r, d kim.
B. nng lng ion ho th nht nh nht.
C. bn knh nguyn t nh nht.
D. nng lng ion ho th nht ln nht.
1.24. Mt nguyn t thuc nhm VIA c tng s proton, ntron v electron trong nguyn t bng 24. Cu
hnh electron nguyn t ca nguyn t l
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

1.25. Hai nguyn t X v Y ng k tip nhau trong mt chu k c tng s proton trong hai ht nhn
nguyn t l 25. X v Y thuc chu k v cc nhm no sau y?
A. Chu k 2 v cc nhm IIA v IIIA.
B. Chu k 3 v cc nhm IA v IIA.
C. Chu k 2 v cc nhm IIIA v IVA.
D. Chu k 3 v cc nhm IIA v IIIA.
1.26. Cho 6,4g hn hp hai kim loi nhm IIA, thuc hai chu k lin tip, tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl
d thu c 4,48 l kh hiro (ktc). Cc kim loi l
A. Be v Mg. B. Mg v Ca.
C. Ca v Sr. D. Sr v Ba.
1.27. Cc nguyn t nhm A trong bng h thng tun hon l
A. cc nguyn t s.
B. cc nguyn t p.
C. cc nguyn t s v cc nguyn t p.
D. cc nguyn t d.
1.28. Cho 1,44g hn hp gm kim loi M v oxit ca n MO, c s mol bng nhau, tc dng ht vi
H
2
SO
4
c, un nng. Th tch kh SO
2
(ktc) thu c l 0,224lit. Cho bit rng ho tr ln nht ca M l
II.
Kim loi M l :.....................................................
V tr ca M trong bng h thng tun hon l :.....................................................
....................................................................................................................................
1.29. Trong bng h thng tun hon, nhm no sau y c ha tr cao nht vi oxi bng 1?
A. Nhm IA. B. Nhm IIA.
C. Nhm IIIA. D. Nhm IVA.
1.30. Nguyn tc no sp xp cc nguyn t trong bng h thng tun hon sau y l sai?
A. Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca khi lng nguyn t.
B. Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn.
C. Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt hng.
D. Cc nguyn t c cng s electron ho tr trong nguyn t c xp thnh mt ct.
1.31. Nguyn t ho hc canxi (Ca) c s hiu nguyn t l 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA. iu khng nh no
sau y v Ca l sai?
A. S electron v nguyn t ca nguyn t l 20.
B. V ca nguyn t c 4 lp electron v lp ngoi cng c 2 electron.
C. Ht nhn ca canxi c 20 proton.
D. Nguyn t ho hc ny mt phi kim.
1.32. Cho ba nguyn t X, Y, Z c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns
1
, ns
2
np
1
, ns
2
np
5
. Da vo cu
hnh electron, hy xc nh k hiu v v tr ca X, Y, Z trong bng h thng tun hon; bit n =3.
X l . thuc .. chu knhm
Y l thuc .. chu knhm
Z l ..thuc .. chu knhm
1.33. Chn cc t v cm t thch hp cho sn in vo ch trng trong cc cu sau :
Bng h thng tun hon (HTTH) do nh bc hc Nga Men-de-le-ep pht minh vo nm 1869,
c vai tr rt quan trng i vi s pht trin ca ho hc v cc ngnh khoa hc khc. Khi bit v tr ca
mt nguyn t ho hc trong bng HTTH ta c th suy ra s lng....(1).....v .....(2).... trong ht nhn,
.....(3).....nguyn t v s ......(4)......ngoi cng. T c th suy ra .........(5)........ho hc c bn ca n.
a. proton b. ntron c. electron
d. tnh cht e. s hiu f. ht nhn
Th t in t: 1 ; 2; 3..; 4; 5..
1.34. Nguyn t A c tng s ht (proton, ntron, electron) trong nguyn t bng 36. V tr ca A trong
bng h thng tun hon l chu k 3. in y cc thng tin cn thit vo cc khong trng trong cc
cu sau:
Tn nguyn t A l:
Cu hnh electron ca A l:.
Cng thc oxit cao nht ca A l:
Cng thc hiroxit cao nht ca A l:
Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca hiroxit cao nht ca A l
1.35. X v Y l hai nguyn t thuc hai chu k k tip nhau trong cng mt nhm A ca bng HTTH, X
c in tch ht nhn nh hn Y. Tng s proton trong ht nhn nguyn t ca X v Y l 32. Xc nh hai
nguyn t X v Y trong s cc phng n sau:
A. Mg (Z = 12) v Ca (Z = 20).
B. Al (Z = 13) v K (Z = 19).
C. Si (Z = 14) v Ar (Z = 18).
D. Na (Z = 11) v Ga (Z = 21).
1.36. A v B l hai nguyn t thuc hai nhm A k tip nhau, B nhm V, trng thi n cht A v B
c phn ng vi nhau. Tng s proton trong ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B l 23.
- Cu hnh e ca A..
- Cng thc phn t ca n cht A.
- Cng thc phn t ca dng th hnh A
- Cu hnh e ca B
- Cc dng th hnh thng gp ca B
- V tr ca A, B trong bng HTTH

1.37. Chn cc t v cm t thch hp, cho sn in vo ch trng trong cc cu sau :
(A) Tnh axit - baz ca cc oxit v hiroxit bin i .......(1)....... theo chiu tng ca in tch
ht nhn.
(B) Trong mt chu k tnh kim loi ca cc nguyn t ho hc ........(2)................. tnh phi
kim........(3)...... theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn.
(C) m in c trng cho kh nng .......(4).......... ca nguyn t nguyn t trong phn t.
(D) Nguyn t c m in ln nht l .......(5)......, nguyn t c m in nh nht
l............(6)...........
(E) S obitan nguyn t (AO) trong mt phn lp s l (7), trong mt phn lp p l (8),
trong mt phn lp d l (9), trong mt phn lp f l (10),
a. F b. Fr c. 1 d. 3 e. 5
f. 7 g. tng dn h. gim dn i. tun hon. k. ht electron
Th t in t l:
1.; 2..; 3..;4.; 5.; 6; 7.;8..;9;10..
1.38. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
, s ntron trong ht nhn l 18. Hy in y
thng tin cho sn vo cc khong trng trong on vn sau: Nguyn t X thuc chu k (1), nhm
(2) Nguyn t X l mt (3)c k hiu ho hc l(4)Trong cc phn ng ho hc, n cht X
th hin tnh(5)mnh.
a. VIIA b. 3 c.
35
17
Cl d. phi kim e. oxi ho f. kh
Th t in t l: 1.; 2..; 3..;4.; 5.;
1.39. Cc nguyn t ho hc trong cng mt nhm A c c im no chung v cu hnh electron nguyn
t?
A. S electron ho tr. B. S lp electron.
C. S electron lp K. D. S phn lp electron.
1.40. Cho cc nguyn t ho hc: Mg, Al, Si v P. Nguyn t no trong s trn c cng thc oxit cao nht
ng vi cng thc R
2
O
3
?
A. Mg B. Al C. Si D. P
1.41. Khi xp cc nguyn t ho hc theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn, tnh cht no sau y
khng bin i tun hon?
A. S khi. B. S electron ngoi cng.
C. m in. D. Nng lng ion ho.
1.43. Cc nguyn t ho hc trong nhm VIIIA c nhng c im chung no sau y?
A. Phn t ch gm mt nguyn t.
B. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l ns
2
np
6
.
C. Lp electron ngoi cng bo ho, bn vng.
D. A v C ng.

C - P S V HNG DN
2.1. p n D.
2.2. Xc nh s khi ca cc nguyn t :
STT Proton Ntron Electron S khi
1 15 16 15 31
2 26 30 26 56
3 29 36 29 65
4 20 20 20 40
5 13 14 13 27
2.3. p n A. 2.4. p n D. 2.5. p n C.
2.6. p n B. 2.7. p n D. 2.8. p n D.
2.9. p n D. 2.10. p n A. 2.11.p n B.
2.12. p n A. 2.13. p n D. 2.14. p n C.
2.15. p n A. 2.16. p n B. 2.17. p n D.
2.18. p n D.
Hng dn:
Chu k 2 c hai nguyn t l C, Z = 6, 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
v O, Z = 8, 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

Chu k 3 c hai nguyn t l Si, Z = 14, 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
2
v S, Z = 16, 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
2.19. p n B. 2.20. p n A. 2.21. p n B.
2.22. p n A. 2.23. p n B. 2.24. p n C.
2.25. p n D.
2.26. p n B.
Hng dn
p dng phng php khi lng mol trung bnh, ta c
A =
6, 4
0, 2
= 32 24 = A
1
< 32 < A
2
= 40
Hai kim loi l Mg v Ca.
2.27. p n C.
2.28. Hng dn
M + 2H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O (1)
0, 224
22, 4
= 0,01(mol) SO
2
=
M
n =
MO
n
MO + H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ H
2
O (2)
0,01 ( 2M + 16 ) = 1,44 M = 64, kim loi l Cu
Kim loi M l : ng (Cu)
V tr ca M trong bng h thng tun hon l : chu k 4, nhm IB, 29.
2.29. p n A. 2.30. p n A. 2.31. p n D.
2.32.
X l Na thuc 11 chu k 3 nhm IA .
Y l Al thuc 13 chu k 3 nhm IIIA.
Z l Cl thuc 17 chu k 3 nhm VIIA.
2.33. Th t in t: 1- a; 2 - b; 3 - e; 4 - c; 5 - d
2.34. Tn nguyn t A l: magie
Cu hnh electron ca A l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
Cng thc oxit cao nht ca A l: MgO
Cng thc hiroxit cao nht ca A l: Mg(OH)
2
Tnh cht ho hc c bn ca hiroxit cao nht ca A l baz.
2.35. p n A.
2.36. Hng dn
B nhm VA nn c th xy ra hai trng hp: B l N hoc P tng ng vi A l S hoc O. Tuy
nhin, cp nghim N v S khng c phn ng ha hc dng n cht, do ch cn cp B l P v A l O
ph hp.
- Cu hnh e ca A: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

- Cng thc phn t ca n cht A: O
2

- Cng thc phn t ca dng th hnh A: O
3

- Cu hnh e ca B: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3

- Cc dng th hnh thng gp ca B: photpho , photpho trng, photpho en.
- V tr ca A, B trong bng HTTH: oxi 8, chu k II, nhm VIA; photpho 15, chu k III, nhm
VA.
2.37. Th t in t l:
1- i; 2 - h; 3 - g;4 - k; 5 - a; 6 - b; 7 - c;8 - d;9 - e;10 - f
2.38. Th t in t l: 1 - b; 2 - a ; 3 - d;4 - c; 5 - e.
2.39. p n A.
2.40. p n B.
2.41. p n A.
2.43. p n D.

CHNG 3. LIN KT HO HC
A- TM TT L THUYT
I. So snh lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr
Ging nhau : Lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr ging nhau v nguyn nhn hnh thnh lin kt. Cc
nguyn t lin kt vi nhau t cu hnh electron bn vng ca kh him.
Khc nhau : Lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr khc nhau v bn cht lin kt v iu kin lin kt :
Loi lin kt Lin kt ion Lin kt cng ho tr
Bn cht L lc ht tnh in gia cc ion
mang in tch tri du
L s dng chung cc electron
Th d Na
+
+ Cl
-
NaCl H
.
+ Cl
.
HCl
iu kin hnh
thnh lin kt
Cc kim loi in hnh lin kt vi
cc phi kim in hnh. Gia cc
nguyn t c bn cht ho hc khc
hn nhau
Xy ra gia cc nguyn t c bn cht
ho hc ging nhau hoc gn ging
nhau.Thng xy ra gia cc nguyn
t phi kim cc nhm 4,5,6,7.
Lin kt ion v lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc l hai trng hp gii hn ca lin kt cng ho tr
phn cc. i vi hu ht cc cht trong t nhin khng c ranh gii tht r rt gia lin kt ion v lin
kt cng ho tr. Ngi ta thng da vo gi tr hiu m in gia hai nguyn t ca mt lin kt
c th bit c loi lin kt:
Hiu m in Loi lin kt
0,0 < 0,4 Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc
0,4 < 1,7 Lin kt cng ho tr phn cc
> 1,7 Lin kt ion
Ch : Quy c ny ch c ngha tng i, c nhiu ngoi l v c nhiu thang o m in khc
nhau. Th d phn t HF c hiu m in > 1,7 nhng vn l hp cht cng ha tr.
II. S LAI HO CC OBITAN NGUYN T V HNH DNG CA PHN T
Lai ho obitan l s t hp cc obitan ho tr cc phn lp khc nhau to ra cc obitan lai ho
ging ht nhau. Cc kiu lai ho thng gp l lai ho sp, sp
2
v sp
3
. Tng ng vi cc kiu lai ho trn,
dng hnh hc ca phn t l ng thng, tam gic v t din. Th d phn t cacbonic, cc nguyn t
cacbon trng thi lai ha sp, do phn t thng. Cc phn t thng trong t nhin nh BeH
2
, C
2
H
2
u
c cc nguyn t trung tm trng thi lai ha sp. Hnh sau biu din cc obitan lai ha ch yu:

Lai ha sp
3
d cn gi l kiu lai ha song thp tam gic. Lai ha sp
3
d
2
gi l lai ha bt din.
III. S XEN PH CC OBITAN TO THNH CC LIN KT N, LIN KT I, LIN KT
BA
Lai ha sp
Lai ha sp
2
Lai ha sp
3
Lai ha sp
3
d
2
Lai ha sp
3
d
S xen ph trc l s xen ph trong trc ca obitan lin kt trng vi ng ni tm ca hai
nguyn t lin kt. S xen ph trc to thnh lin kt xch ma(o).
S xen ph bn l s xen ph trong trc ca cc obitan lin kt song song vi nhau v vung
gc vi ng ni tm hai nguyn t lin kt. S xen ph bn p -p tao thnh lin kt pi (t).
Lin kt n to thnh t mt cp electron dng chung v lun lun l lin kt o, c to thnh
t s xen ph trc v thng bn vng.
Lin kt i bao gm mt lin kt o v mt lin kt t. Cc lin kt t thng km bn hn so vi
lin kt o. Th d phn t etilen CH
2
=CH
2
.
Lin kt ba bao gm mt lin kt o v hai lin kt t. Th d NN. Lin kt ba bn hn lin kt i
v lin kt i bn hn lin kt n.
IV. MNG TINH TH NGUYN T, PHN T V KIM LOI
Mng tinh th nguyn t, Th d mng tinh th kim cng c to thnh bi cc nguyn t
cacbon, mi nguyn t cacbon lin kt vi bn nguyn t cacbon gn nht, 4 nh ca mt t din u
bng bn cp electron dng chung. Mi nguyn t cacbon nh li l tm ca t din u khc, lin kt
vi bn nguyn t cacbon nh ca t din . Tinh th nguyn t rt bn vng, kim cng l cht c
cng ln nht trong s cc vt liu bit.
Mng tinh th phn t, Th d mng tinh th nc . Lc tng tc gia cc phn t trong mng
tinh th phn t rt yu. Tinh th phn t thng mm, nhit nng chy thp, d bay hi nh tinh th
iot, naphtalen...
Mng tinh th kim loi tn ti ba dng chnh l : Lp phng tm khi, lp phng tm din v
lc phng.V mng li tinh th kim loi tn ti cc electron chuyn ng t do nn cc kim loi dn
nhit, dn in tt, c nh kim, c tnh do (d rn, dt mng, ko si).

B. BI
3.1. Cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t, tr kh him, c th lin kt vi nhau thnh phn t hoc tinh th v:
A. Chng c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng cha bo ho, km bn vng.
B. Chng lin kt vi nhau t cu hnh electron lp ngoi bn vng
C. Chng lin kt vi nhau bng cch cho, nhn electron hoc gp chung electron.
D. A, B ng.

3.2. Cc phn t sau u c lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc :
A. N
2
, Cl
2
, HCl, H
2
, F
2
.

B. N
2
, Cl
2
, I
2
, H
2
, F
2
.
C. N
2
, Cl
2
, CO
2
, H
2
, F
2
.

D. N
2
, Cl
2
, HI, H
2
, F
2
.

3.3. Cc ion Na
+
, Mg
2+
, F
-
c im chung l :
A. C cng s proton. B. C cng s electron.
C. C cng s ntron. D. Khng c im g chung.

3.4. Cc ion S
2-
, Cl
-
v nguyn t Ar c im chung l :
A. C cng s proton.
B. C cng s ntron.
C. C cng s electron.
D. Khng c im g chung.

3.5. Tinh th nc cng v nh hn nc lng, iu ny c gii thch nh sau :
A. Nc lng gm cc phn t nc chuyn ng d dng v gn nhau.
B. Nc c cu trc t din u rng, cc phn t nc c sp xp cc nh ca t din
u.
C. Lin kt gia cc phn t nc trong tinh th nc l lin kt cng ha tr, mt loi lin kt
mnh.
D. A, B ng.

3.6. iu kin hnh thnh lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc l:
A. Cc nguyn t hon ton ging nhau.
B. Cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t v c s electron lp ngoi cng ln hn hoc bng 4
v nh hn 8.
C. Cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t gn ging nhau
D. Cc nguyn t c hiu m in < 0,4.

3.7. Cho nguyn t canxi (Z = 20), cu hnh electron ca ion Ca
2+
l:
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
4p
1
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2

a. Mui NaCl c lin kt ion, tan nhiu trong nc - S
b. Phn t HCl c lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc - S
c. Phn t CO
2

c c dng ng thng.

- S
d. Phn t nc c lin kt cng ho tr phn cc

- S
e. Dung mi khng cc ho tan phn ln cc cht khng cc

- S
3.9. Nguyn t natri v nguyn t clo u c hi, nguy him cho s sng. Tuy nhin, hp cht to nn t
hai nguyn t ny l mui n (NaCl) li l thc n khng th thiu trong cuc sng. iu gii thch no
sau y l ng?
A. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t khc cu hnh electron ca ion.
B. Tnh cht ca n cht khc vi hp cht.
C. Hp cht bn hn so vi n cht.
D. A, B ng.

a. Lin kt n bn hn lin kt i - S
b. Lin kt i bn hn lin kt ba - S
c. Cc cht c kiu lin kt ion c nhit nng chy, nhit si cao hn cc cht c kiu lin kt cng
ho tr iu chng t rng lin kt ion bn hn lin kt cng ho tr.
- S
d. Cc cht SO
2
, H
2
SO
3
, KHSO
3
c im chung l trong phn t lu hunh c s oxi ho +4

- S e. Tinh th nguyn t bn hn
tinh th phn t - S
3.11. Cho cc cht sau: NH
3
, HCl, SO
3
, N
2
. Chng c kiu lin kt ho hc no sau y:
A. Lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.
B. Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc.
C. Lin kt cng ho tr.
D. Lin kt phi tr.

3.12. Khi cp electron chung c phn b mt cch i xng gia hai nguyn t lin kt, ngi ta gi
lin kt trong cc phn t trn l:
A. Lin kt cng ho tr phn cc.
B. Lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc.
C. Lin kt cng ho tr.
D. Lin kt phi tr

3.13. in cc t hay cm t cho sn, sao cho on vn sau c ngha:
m in l (1).. c trng cho kh nng ca nguyn t trong phn t ht electron v
pha mnh. Lin kt cng ho tr gia hai nguyn t ging nhau u l lin kt (2)., hiu
m in cng ln, phn t cng(3)..Ngi ta quy c nu hiu s m in nh hn 0,4 v
ln hn hay bng 0 th phn t c kiu lin kt cng ho tr(4)..Nu hiu s m in ln hn 0,4
nhng nh hn 1,7 th phn t c kiu lin kt cng ho tr(5)..Nu hiu s m in ln hn 1,7
th phn t c kiu lin kt (6)..
a. c cc b. khng cc c. ion d. i lng e. phn cc
Th t in t:
1---; 2---;3---;4----; 5----; 6-----
3. 14. Cho cc cht NaCl, HBr, MgCl
2
, Br
2
, H
2
O, O
2
.
a. Cc cht c kiu lin kt cng ho tr phn cc l..
b. Cc cht c kiu lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc l..
c. Cc cht c kiu lin kt ion l
Cho bit m in ca cc nguyn t trn nh sau:
O = 3,44, Br = 2,96, Cl = 3,16, Mg =1,31
H = 2,20, Na = 0,93
3.15. Cc cp phn t no sau y c hnh dng phn t ging nhau nhiu nht
A. BeH
2
v H
2
O B. BF
3
v NH
3

C. CO
2
v SiO
2
D. BeH
2
v C
2
H
2

3.16. Trong phn t clo, xc sut tm thy electron dng chung tp trung ln nht :
A. khu vc cch u hai ht nhn nguyn t clo.
B. lch v pha mt trong hai nguyn t clo.
C. khu vc nm v hai pha trn ng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t clo.
D. ton b khng gian ca phn t clo

3.17. Cho cc cht HCl, C
2
H
4
, Cl
2
, C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
6
, BeH
2
, H
2
O.
a. Cc phn t c hnh dng cu to thng l:.
b. Cc phn t c hnh dng cu to gc l:
c. Cc phn t c lin kt i trong phn t l:
d. Cc phn t ch c lin kt n trong phn t l:
3.18. A, B, C, D l cc nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 8, 9, 11, 16
a. Cu hnh electron ca A, B, C, D l:

b. Lin kt ho hc c th c gia A v C, A v D, B v C l:

3.19. Trong cc hp cht sau, lu hunh c trng thi oxi ho +4 l dy cht no?
A. H
2
SO
3
, SO
3
, Na
2
SO
3
, KHSO
3
.
B. H
2
SO
4
, SO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
, KHSO
3
.
C. H
2
SO
3
, SO
2
, Na
2
SO
3
, KHSO
3
.
D. H
2
SO
3
, H
2
S, Na
2
SO
3
, KHSO
3
.

3.20. Phn t metan c nguyn t cacbon trng thi lai ha t din. K hiu ca lai ha t din l:
A. sp B. sp
2
C. sp
3
D. sp
3
d
2

3,21. Phn t BeH
2
c nguyn t Be trng thi lai ha sp. Nguyn t Be trong phn t BeH
2
thuc kiu
lai ha no sau y?
A. Lai ha ng thng.
B. Lai ha tam gic.
C. Lai ha t din.
D. Lai ha bt din.

3.22. Lin kt xich ma (o) l lin kt ha hc, trong xc sut tm thy electron dng chung tp trung :
A. khu vc cch u hai ht nhn nguyn t.
B. lch v pha mt trong hai nguyn t.
C. khu vc nm v hai pha trn ng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t.
D. trn on thng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t.

3.23. Lin kt pi (t) l lin kt ha hc, trong xc sut tm thy electron dng chung tp trung :
A. khu vc cch u hai ht nhn nguyn t.
B. lch v pha mt trong hai nguyn t.
C. khu vc nm v hai pha trn ng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t.
D. trn on thng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t.

3.24. Lin kt pi (t) l lin kt ha hc, trong cc obitan xen ph theo kiu no sau y?
A. Xen ph trc.
B. Xen ph bn.
C. Xen ph bn p - p.
D. Xen ph trc s - p.
Chn p n ng nht.
3.25. Lin kt n gia hai nguyn t l loi lin kt no sau y?
A. Lin kt xich ma (o).
B. Lin kt pi (t).
C. Lin kt ion.
D. Lin kt cho, nhn.

3.26. Lin kt i l lin kt ha hc gm:
A. Hai lin kt pi (t).
B. Hai lin kt xich ma (o).
C. Mt lin kt xich ma v mt lin kt pi.
D. Mt lin kt pi v hai lin kt xich ma.

3. 27. Lin kt ba l lin kt ha hc gm :
A. Hai lin kt pi (t) v mt lin kt xich ma (o).
B. Hai lin kt xich ma (o) v mt lin kt pi (t).
C. Mt lin kt xich ma v mt lin kt pi.
D. Hai lin kt pi v hai lin kt xich ma.

3.28. Khi xt bn ca cc lin kt n, lin kt i v lin kt ba, iu khng nh no sau y lun
lun ng ?
A. Lin kt n bn hn lin kt i.
B. Lin kt i bn hn lin kt ba.
C. Lin kt i bn bng hai ln lin kt n.
D. Lin kt ba bn hn lin kt i v lin kt i bn hn lin kt n.

3.29. Phn t nit (N
2
) rt bn, hu nh tr v mt ha hc nhit thng. L do no sau y c th
gii thch c s bn vng, km hot ng ha hc ca n cht nit ? Trong phn t nit c :
A. Mt lin kt pi (t) v hai lin kt xich ma (o).
B. Hai lin kt xich ma (o) v hai lin kt pi (t).
C. Mt lin kt xich ma v ba lin kt pi.
D. Lin kt ba rt bn vng.

3. 30. Cng ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong phn t c tnh bng :
A. S electron ha tr ca nguyn t.
B. S electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t.
C. S lin kt ha hc ca nguyn t trong phn t.
D. S obitan nguyn t tham gia lai ha.

3. 31. in ha tr ca mt nguyn t trong cc hp cht ion c tnh bng:
A. in tch ca ion trong hp cht.
B. S electron m nguyn t ca nguyn t nhng i.
C. S electron m nguyn t nguyn t nhn thm.
D. S cp electron dng chung ca nguyn t nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ca nguyn t khc.

3.32. S oxi ha ca nit trong NH
4
+
, HNO
3
, NO
2
, N
2
O ln lt l:
A. +5, +4, +1, -3 B. +4, +1, -3, +5.
C. -3, +5, +4, +1. D. +4, +5, +1, -3.

3.33. Mt nguyn t c tng s electron thuc cc phn lp d l 7. Cng thc phn t ca hp cht nguyn
t ny vi hiro l:
A. H
2
S B. HBr
C. HF D. HCl

3.34. Loi tinh th no sau y c th dn in khi ha tan trong nc hoc nng chy?
A. Tinh th nguyn t. B. Tinh th phn t.
C. Tinh th ion. D. Tinh th kim loi.

3.35. Mui n (NaCl) c nhit nng chy l 801
0
C, trong khi nc nng chy 0
0
C. T s liu
thc nghim trn, hy cho bit nhn xt no sau y l sai?
A. Tinh th ion bn hn tinh th phn t.
B. Tinh th nc l tinh th phn t.
C. Lin kt trong tinh th phn t l lin kt yu.
D. Lin kt ion bn hn lin kt cng ha tr.


C. P S V HNG DN
3.1. p n D. 3.2. p n C. 3.3. p n C.
3.4. p n B. 3.5. p n D. 3.6. p n D.
3.7. p n B.
a. Mui NaCl c lin kt ion, tan nhiu trong nc .
b. Phn t HCl c lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc S.
c. Phn t CO
2

c dng ng thng.

.
d. Phn t nc c lin kt cng ho tr phn cc

e. Dung mi khng cc ho tan phn ln cc cht khng cc

3.9. p n D.
a. Lin kt n bn hn lin kt i. S
b. Lin kt i bn hn lin kt ba. S
c. Cc cht c kiu lin kt ion c nhit nng chy, nhit si cao hn cc cht c kiu lin kt cng
ho tr iu chng t rng lin kt ion bn hn lin kt cng ho tr.
S
d. Cc cht SO
2
, H
2
SO
3
, KHSO
3
c im chung l trong phn t lu hunh c s oxi ho +4.

e. Tinh th nguyn t bn hn tinh th
phn t.
3.11. p n C.
3.12. p n B.
3.13. Th t in t:
1---d; 2---b;3--- e;4----b; 5---a; 6-----c.
3. 14. a. Cc cht c kiu lin kt cng ho tr phn cc l:HBr, H
2
O.
b. Cc cht c kiu lin kt cng ho tr khng phn cc l: O
2
, Br
2
.
c. Cc cht c kiu lin kt ion l: NaCl, MgCl
2
.
3.15. p n D.
Gii thch: Cc nguyn t trung tm trong cc phn t BeH
2
v C
2
H
2
u trng thi lai ha sp, c dng
phn t thng nh nhau.
3.16. p n A.
3.17. a. Cc phn t c hnh dng cu to thng l: BeH
2
, C
2
H
2
.
b. Phn t c hnh dng cu to gc l: H
2
O
c. Phn t c lin kt i trong phn t l: C
2
H
4

d. Cc phn t ch c lin kt n trong phn t l: HCl, Cl
2
, C
2
H
6
.
3.18. A, B, C, D l cc nguyn t c s hiu nguyn t ln lt l 8, 9, 11, 16
c. Cu hnh electron ca A, B, C, D l:
A (Z = 8) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
B (Z = 9) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

C (Z = 11) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
D (Z = 16) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
d. Lin kt ho hc c th c gia A v C, A v D, B v C l:
Lin kt gia A v C, B v C l nhng lin kt gia kim loi in hnh v phi kim in hnh, do
l cc lin kt ion.
Lin kt gia A v D l lin kt gi cc phi kim, do l lin kt cng ha tr.
3.19. p n C.
3.20. p n C.
3,21. p n A.
3.22. p n D.
3.23. p n C.
3.24. p n C.
3.25. p n A.
3.26. p n C. 3. 27. p n A. 3.28. p n D.
3.29. p n D. 3. 30. p n C. 3. 31. p n A.
3.32. p n C. 3.33. p n D. 3.34. p n C.
3.35. p n D.
CHNG 4 - PHN NG HO HC- PHN NG OXI HO - KH
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. PHN LOI PHN NG HO HC
C nhiu c s phn loi phn ng ho hc. Nu da vo du hiu s lng cc cht tham gia
phn ng ho hc v cc cht to thnh sau phn ng c th chia thnh phn ng ho hp v phn ng
phn hu. Th d
Phn ng ho hp:
CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2
(1)
2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl (2)
Phn ng phn hu:
CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2
| (3)
KClO
3
KCl + O
2
| (4)
Ngoi phn ng ho hp v phn hu cn c cc phn ng th, phn ng trao i, phn ng trung
ho. Th d
Phn ng th:
Fe +2 HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
| (5)
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (6)
Phn ng trao i:
AgNO
3
+NaCl AgCl+ + NaNO
3
(7)
2NaOH+ CuSO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+Cu (OH)
2
(8)
Phn ng trung ho:
Ca(OH)
2
+2 HCl CaCl
2
+ H
2
O (9)
2NaOH + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
(10)
Nu da vo du hiu nhit ca phn ng c th chia cc phn ng ho hc thnh hai loi l phn
ng to nhit( AH < 0) v phn ng thu nhit( AH > 0). Cc phn ng ho hc to nhit l c s ca
ngnh cng nghip nng lng. Th d:
Na +
1
2
Cl
2
NaCl AH = - 411,1 kJ/mol
II. PHN NG OXI HO - KH
Trong s cc phn ng ho hc trn, cc phn ng (2), (4), (5), (6) c c im chung l s oxi
ho ca cc nguyn t trc v sau phn ng c s thay i. Ngi ta gi nhng phn ng ho hc l
cc phn ng oxi ho - kh. Cc phn ng oxi ho kh l c s ca cc qu trnh nh h hp, quang hp
ca cy xanh, s trao i cht, s chy ca nhin liu, cc qu trnh xy ra trong pin v acquy, luyn kim,
ch to dc phm, cht do, phn bn ho hc vv
B. BI
a. Cht kh l cht cho electron, c s oxi ho tng - S
b. Cht oxi ho l cht nhn electron, c s oxi ho gim - S
c. Cht kh tham gia qu trnh kh - S
d. Cht oxi ho tham gia qu trnh oxi ho - S
e. Khng th tch ri qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh - S
4.2. Phn ng t oxi ho- kh l phn ng trong :
A. C s tng v gim ng thi s oxi ho cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t
B. C s nhng v nhn electron cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t.
C. Cht oxi ho v cht kh nm cng mt phn t.
D. C s tng v gim ng thi s oxi ho cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t c cng s oxi ho
ban u.
Chn nh ngha ng.
4.3. Trong s cc phn ng ha hc sau, phn ng t oxi ho, t kh l:
A. NH
4
NO
3
N
2
O + 2H
2
O
B. 2Al(NO
3
)
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 6NO
2
+ 3/2O
2
|
C. Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO
D. 10FeSO
4
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O

4.4. Th tch dung dch NaOH 2M ti thiu hp th ht 5,6 lt kh SO
2
( ktc) l:
A. 250 ml B. 500 ml
C. 125 ml D. 175 ml

4.5. Cho V lt kh CO
2
( ktc) c hp th hon ton bi 2,0 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,015M thu c
1,97g BaCO
3
kt ta. V c gi tr l:
A. 0,224 lt. B. 1,12 lt.
C. 0,448 lt. D. 0,244 hay 1,12 lt.

4.6. Cho 4,48 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh N
2
O v CO
2
t t qua bnh ng nc vi trong d thy c 1,12 lt
kh (ktc) thot ra. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca hn hp l:
A. 25% v 75%
B. 33,33% v 66,67%
C. 45% v 55%
D. 40% v 60%

4.7. Cho cc phn ng oxi ho- kh sau:
3I
2
+ 3H
2
O HIO
3
+ 5HI (1)
HgO 2Hg + O
2
| (2)
4K
2
SO
3
3K
2
SO
4
+ K
2
S (3)
NH
4
NO
3
N
2
O + 2H
2
O (4)
2KClO
3
2KCl + 3O
2
| (5)
3NO
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
+ NO| (6)
4HClO
4
2Cl
2
| + 7O
2
| + 2H
2
O (7)
2H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2
(8)
Trong s cc phn ng oxi ho- kh trn, s phn ng oxi ho- kh ni phn t l:
A. 2 B. 5 C. 3 D. 4

4.8. Cho cc phn ng oxi ho- kh sau:
3K
2
MnO
4
+ 2H
2
O MnO
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 4KOH (1)
4HCl+MnO
2
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
| + 2H
2
O (2)
4KClO
3
KCl + 3KClO
4
(3)
3HNO
2
HNO
3
+ 2NO| + H
2
O 4)
4K
2
SO
3
2K
2
SO
4
+ 2K
2
S (5)
2AgNO
3
2Ag+ + 2NO
2
+ O
2
| (6)
2S + 6KOH 2K
2
S + K
2
SO
3
+ 3H
2
O (7)
2KMnO
4
+16HCl 5Cl
2
+ 2KCl + 2MnCl
2
+ 8H
2
O (8)
Trong cc phn ng oxi ho- kh trn s phn ng t oxi ho, t kh l:
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

4.9. Cc cht no sau y u tc dng vi dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
3
?
A. Mg, Fe, Cu. B. Al, Fe, Ag.
C. Ni, Zn, Fe D. C A v C u ng.

4.10. Trong phn ng:
3NO
2
+ H
2
O 2HNO
3
+ NO
Kh NO
2
ng vai tr no sau y?
A. Cht oxi ho.
B. Cht kh.
C. L cht oxi ho nhng ng thi cng l cht kh.
D. Khng l cht oxi ho, cng khng l cht kh.

4.11. Cho cc phn ng ha hc sau:
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl +HClO
Cl
2
+2NaOH NaClO + H
2
O + NaCl
3Cl
2
+6NaOH
0
t
5NaCl +NaClO
3
+ 3H
2
O
2Cl
2
+ H
2
O

+HgO HgCl
2
+2HClO
2Cl
2
+ HgO HgCl
2
+ Cl
2
O
Trong cc phn ng trn clo ng vai tr l cht g?
A. L cht oxi ho. B. L cht kh.
C. Va l cht oxi ho, va l cht kh. D. Khng xc nh c.

4.12. Trong cc phn ng sau, phn ng no HCl ng vai tr l cht oxi ho?
A. 4HCl + MnO
2
MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
B. 4HCl +2Cu + O
2
2CuCl
2
+ 2H
2
O
C. 2HCl + Fe FeCl
2
+ H
2

D. 16HCl + 2 KMnO
4
2MnCl
2
+ 5Cl
2
+8 H
2
O + 2KCl

4.13. Khi cho Zn vo dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh A gm N
2
O v N
2
khi phn ng kt thc cho
thm NaOH vo li thy gii phng kh B, hn hp kh B l:
A. H
2
, NO
2
B. H
2
, NH
3

C. N
2
, N
2
O. D. NO, NO
2

4.14. Phn ng oxi ho kh xy ra khi to thnh:
A. Cht t tan to kt ta.
B. Cht t in li.
C. Cht oxi ho v cht kh yu hn.
D. Cht d bay hi.

4.15. Ho tan hon ton m gam Fe
x
O
y
bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng thu c kh A v dung dch B.
Cho kh A hp th hon ton bi dung dch NaOH d to ra 12,6 gam mui. Mt khc, c cn dung dch B
th thu c 120 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca st oxit Fe
x
O
y
l:
A. FeO B. Fe
3
O
4

C. Fe
2
O
3
D. Tt c u sai.

4.16. Ghp i cc thnh phn ca cu ct A v B thnh cc cu ng.
A B
1.S oxi ho l a.S lm gim s oxi ho ca mt nguyn t.
2.S kh l b.S lm tng s oxi ho ca mt nguyn t.
3. Phn ng to nhit l c. Phn ng trong c s chuyn electron
gia cc cht phn ng. Hoc l phn ng
trong c s thay i s oxi ho ca cc
nguyn t.
4. Phn ng thu nhit l d. Phn ng c AH < 0
5. Phn ng oxi ho - kh l e. Phn ng c AH > 0
Th t ghp ni l:
1...; 2.; 3;4;5.
4.17. Cho KI tc dng vi KMnO
4
trong mi trng H
2
SO
4
, ngi ta thu c 1,51g MnSO
4
theo phng
trnh phn ng sau:
10KI + 2KMnO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
6K
2
SO
4
+ 5I
2
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 8 H
2
O
S gam iot to thnh v khi lng KI tham gia phn ng trn l:
A. 6,35 g v 8,3 g B. 5,36 g v 8,3 g.
C. 6,35 g v 3,8g D. 5,36 g v 7,3 g.

4.20. Trong s cc loi phn ng ha hc v c sau, loi no lun lun l phn ng oxi ha - kh?
A. Phn ng ha hp. B. Phn ng phn hy.
C. Phn ng th. D. Phn ng trung ha.

4. 21. Trong s cc loi phn ng ha hc v c sau, loi no lun khng phi l phn ng oxi ha - kh?
A. Phn ng ha hp. B. Phn ng phn hy.
C. Phn ng th. D. Phn ng trao i.

4. 22. Du hiu no sau y c s dng nhn ra mt phn ng oxi ha - kh?
A. To ra cht bay hi.
B. C s thay i s oxi ha ca mt hay mt s nguyn t.
C. C s thay i mu sc ca cc cht phn ng.
D. To ra cht t tan, lng xung thnh kt ta.

4.23. Cho phn ng oxi ha kh:
aFeS
2
+ bO
2
cFe
2
O
3
+ dSO
2

Cc h s a, b, c, d trong phng trnh ha hc trn ln lt l dy s no sau?
A. 4, 11, 2, 8 B. 8, 22, 4, 16.
C. 6, 11, 2, 8 D. 4, 11, 3, 8.

4.24. Trong s cc hp cht ca crom di y, dy no ch gm cc cht, trong s oxi ha ca crom l
+6?
A. K
2
Cr
2
O
7
, K
2
CrO
4
, Cr
2
O
3
.
B. K
2
Cr
2
O
7
, Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
, Cr
2
O
3
.
C. K
2
Cr
2
O
7
, K
2
CrO
4
, Na
2
CrO
4
.
D. Cr
2
(SO
4
)
2
, K
2
CrO
4
, Cr
2
O
3
.

4.25. Trong s cc phn ng ha hp sau, phn ng no khng phi l phn ng oxi ha kh?
A. 2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl
B. CaO + CO
2
CaCO
3

C. 2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3

D. 2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
2FeCl
3

4.26. Trong s cc phn ng phn hy sau, phn ng no l phn ng oxi ha kh?
A. CaCO
3

0
t
CaO + CO
2

B. Cu(OH)
2

0
t
CuO + H
2
O
C. 2Fe(OH)
3

0
t
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
O
D. 2KClO
3

0
2
, t MnO
2KCl + 3O
2

4.27. Cc kh thi cng nghip v ca cc ng c t xe my l nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra ma axit.
Nc ma c pH < 5,6 lm cho ma mng b tht bt v ph hy cc cng trnh xy dng, cc tng i
bng cm thchHy cho bit nhng thnh phn ha hc ch yu no trong cc kh thi trn l nguyn
nhn trc tip gy ra ma axit?
A. NO, NO
2
, SO
2
. B. NO
2
, CO
2
, CO.
C. SO
2
, CO, NO
2
. D. SO
2
, CO, NO.

4.28. Rt vo ng nghim khong 1ml dung dch FeSO
4
, thm vo khong 0,5ml axit H
2
SO
4
, c mt
dung dch khng mu. Nh vo ng nghim trn tng git dung dch KMnO
4
mu tm, lc nh, mu tm
nhanh chng bin mt. Phng trnh ha hc xy ra nh sau:
10FeSO
4
+ 2KMnO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4
5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
Phn ng ha hc xy ra thuc loi no sau y?
A. Phn ng trao i. B. Phn ng th.
C. Phn ng oxi ha kh. D. Phn ng ha hp.

4.29. Mt trong cc giai on sn xut axit nitric HNO
3
l phn ng ca amoniac NH
3
vi oxi nhit
cao c xc tc to ra oxit NO v nc H
2
O. Phng trnh ha hc din ra nh sau:
4NH
3
+ 5O
2

0
, t Pt
4NO + 6H
2
O
Trong phn ng ha hc , vai tr ca amoniac l:
A. Cht kh.
B. Cht oxi ha.
C. Va l cht oxi ha va l cht kh.
D. Khng phi l cht kh, cng khng l cht oxi ha.

4.30. Xt phn ng ha hc:
3CO + Fe
2
O
3

0
t
2Fe + 3CO
2

iu khng nh no sau y l sai?
A. Cht kh l CO, cht oxi ha l Fe
2
O
3
.
B. Cht kh tham gia qu trnh kh, cht oxi ha tham gia qu trnh oxi ha.
C. Cht kh tham gia qu trnh oxi ha., cht oxi ha tham gia qu trnh kh
D. Cht kh l Fe, cht oxi ha l CO
2
.

4.31. Cht lng Booco (l hn hp ng (II) sunfat v vi ti trong nc theo mt t l nht nh, cht
lng ny phi hi c tnh kim (v nu ng (II) sunfat d s thm vo m thc vt gy hi ln cho cy).
Booco l mt cht dit nm cho cy rt c hiu qu nn c cc nh lm vn a dng, hn na vic
pha ch n cng rt n gin. pht hin ng (II) sunfat d, mt cch nhanh chng, chnh xc, c th
dng phn ng ho hc no sau y?
A. Glixerol tc dng vi ng (II) sunfat trong mi trng kim.
B. St tc dng vi ng (II) sunfat.
C. Amoniac tc dng vi ng (II) sunfat.
D. Phn ng khc.

C. P S V HNG DN
a. Cht kh l cht cho electron, c s oxi ho tng
b. Cht oxi ho l cht nhn electron, c s oxi ho gim
c. Cht kh tham gia qu trnh kh S
d. Cht oxi ho tham gia qu trnh oxi ho S
e. Khng th tch ri qu trnh oxi ho v qu trnh kh
4.2. p n D.
4.3. p n C.
4.4. p n C.
Hng dn
NaOH + SO
2
NaHSO
3

V lng NaOH cn mc ti thiu c s mol bng s mol SO
2
=
5, 6
22, 4
= 0,25
V
NaOH
=
0, 25
2
= 0,125 (lt) = 125ml. p n C.
4.5. p n D.
Hng dn
C hai trng hp xy ra, th nht l Ba(OH)
2
d, ch xy ra phn ng:
Ba(OH)
2
+ CO
2
BaCO
3
+ + H
2
O (1)
0,01 mol
1, 97
197
=0,01(mol)
V = 0,01 x 22,4 = 0,224 (lt).
Th hai l xy ra hai phn ng: (1) v (2) :
Ba(OH)
2
+ CO
2
BaCO
3
+ + H
2
O (1)
2 0, 015
1
= 0,03(mol) 0,03 0,03

CO
2
+ BaCO
3
+ H
2
O Ba(HCO
3
)
2
(2)
0,02 0,02
Tng s mol CO
2
= 0,03 + 0,02 = 0,05 (mol)
V = 0,05 x 22,4 = 1,12 (lt)
4.6. p n A.
Gii
Ch c CO
2
tc dng vi Ca(OH)
2
theo phng trnh ha hc:
Ca(OH)
2
+ CO
2
CaCO
3
+ + H
2
O
Nh vy th tch kh N
2
O l 1,12 lt. % N
2
O =
1,12
100%
4, 48
= 25%
% th tch CO
2
= 100 - 25 = 75%.
4.7. p n B. 4.8. p n D. 4.9. p n D.
4.10. p n C. 4.11. p n C. 4.12. p n C.
4.13. p n B. 4.14. p n C.
4.15. p n B.
Gii
Kh A l SO
2
, dung dch B l Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Hp th SO
2
bng dung dch NaOH d:
2NaOH + SO
2
Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
Ta c s mol SO
2
= s mol mui =
12.6
126
= 0,1 (mol).
Mt khc s mol Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
=
120
400
= 0,3 (mol) n
Fe
= 0,3 x2 = 0,6 (mol).
Theo phng php bo ton electron: Tng s mol e cho = tng s mol e nhn.
S mol e nhn = 0,1 x 2 = 0,2 (mol) = S mol e cho
S mol Fe trong mt mol Fe
x
O
y
=
0, 6
0, 2
= 3, Vy cht cho l Fe
3
O
4
.

4.16. 1---b.; 2----a ;3 --- d;4 ---e;5 ---.c.
4.17. p n A.
4.20. p n C. 4. 21. p n D. 4. 22. p n B.
4.23. p n A. 4.24. p n C. 4.25. p n B.
4.26. p n D. 4.27. p n A. 4.28. p n C.
4.29. p n A. 4.30. p n B.
4.31. p n B.
Ly mt inh st sch nhng vo dung dch Booc , nu c mt lp ng mu bm vo inh
st th c ngha l d CuSO
4
. Khi ngi ta phi thm vi vo t t ri th li c c dung dch
dit nm tt nht, khng d vi, cng khng d ng (II) sunfat.

CHNG 5. NHM VIIA
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. CU TO NGUYN T, TNH CHT CA N CHT HALOGEN
1. CU HNH ELECTRON NGUYN T
Flo, clo, brom v iot c cu hnh electron nh sau:
F:[He]2s
2
2p
5
; Cl:[Ne]3s
2
3p
5
; Br :[Ar]4s
2
4p
5
; I:[Kr]5s
2
5p
5
Ging nhau: Lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc halogen c 7 electron
v c cu hnh ns
2
np
5
.
Khc nhau: T flo qua clo n brom v iot, bn knh nguyn t tng dn lp electron ngoi cng cng
xa ht nhn hn, lc ht ca ht nhn i vi lp electron ngoi cng cng yu hn.
Lp electron ngoi cng : flo khng c phn lp d, cc halogen khc c phn lp d cn trng.
2. CC HALOGEN C M IN LN.(Thang Pau ling)
F: 3,98 ; Cl: 3,16; Br: 2,96; I: 2,66
Trong nhm halogen, m in gim dn t flo n iot.
3. TNH CHT HO HC
a. Halogen l nhng phi kim c tnh oxi ho mnh : Halogen oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi , nhiu
phi kim v nhiu hp cht . Khi nguyn t halogen bin thnh ion halogenua vi s oxi ho -1.
b. Tnh oxi ho ca halogen gim dn t flo n iot.
c. Flo khng th hin tnh kh, cc halogen khc th hin tnh kh v tnh kh tng dn t clo n
iot.
II. HP CHT CA HALOGEN
1. Hiro halogenua v axit halogenhiric HF, HCl, HBr, HI
Hiro halogenua l cc hp cht kh d tan trong nc to ra cc dung dch axit halogen hiric. T HF
n HI tnh cht axit tng dn, HF l mt axit yu.
T HF n HI tnh cht kh tng dn, ch c th oxi ho F
-
bng dng in, trong khi cc ion m
khc nh Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
u b oxi ho khi tc dng vi cht oxi ho mnh.
2. Hp cht c oxi ca halogen
Trong cc hp cht c oxi, clo, brom, iot th hin s oxi ho dng cn flo th hin s oxi ho m.
B. BI
5. 1. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t nhm VIIA (halogen) l:
A. ns
2
np
4
B. ns
2
np
5
C. ns
2
np
3
D. ns
2
np
6

5. 2. trng thi c bn, nguyn t ca cc halogen c s electron c thn l:
A. 1 B. 5

C. 3

D. 7

5.3. Phn t ca cc n cht halogen c kiu lin kt:
A. Cng ho tr B. Tinh th

C. Ion

D. Phi tr

5.4. Trong cc hp cht flo lun c s oxi ho m v flo l phi kim:
A. mnh nht. B. c bn knh nguyn t nh nht.

C. c m in

ln nht.

D. A, B v C u ng

5.5. T flo n iot, nhit nng chy v nhit si ca cc n cht halogen bin i theo quy lut:
A. tng B. khng thay i

C. gim

D. va tng va gim.
5.6. HX (X l halogen) c th iu ch bng phn ng ha hc :
NaX + H
2
SO
4
c HX + NaHSO
4
NaX c th l cht no trong s cc cht sau y ?
A. NaF B. NaCl

C. NaBr

D. A v B ng.
5.7. Cc nguyn t nhm VIIA cn gi l cc halogen, ngha l sinh ra mui. in y trng thi, mu
sc ca cc n cht halogen:
n cht Trng thi mu sc
a. Flo .
b. Clo .
c. Brom .
d. Iot .
5.8. Phn ng ca clo vi nc c gi l phn ng oxi ho - kh:
A. Ni phn t. B. T oxi ho t kh

C. Thng thng,

D. Phng n khc.

5.9. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ho hc sau:
a. CaF
2
+ H
2
SO
4
c ..
b. NaCl + H
2
SO
4
c ..
c. NaBr + H
2
SO
4
c ..
d. NaI + H
2
SO
4
c ..
5.10. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc halogen l:
A. |+ |+ |+ |
B. |+ + |+ |
C. |+ |+ | |
D. |+ | |+ |

5.11. Kh nng oxi ho ca cc dn cht halogen theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn:
A. Tng. B. Gim.
C. Khng thay i. D. Va tng va gim.

5.12. Cc halogen c tnh cht ho hc c bn ging nhau v c cng:
A. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t.
B. Phn t X
2
(F
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
, I
2
) km bn.
C. S electron c thn.
D. A, B ng.

5.13. Khng tm thy n cht halogen trong t nhin, bi chng c:
A. Kh nng nhn 1 electron B. Tnh oxi ho mnh
B. S electron c thn nh nhau D. Mt l do khc.

5.14. Dn hai lung kh clo i qua NaOH: Dung dch th nht long v ngui; Dung dch th hai m c
v un nng n 100
0
C. Nu lng mui NaCl sinh ra trong hai dung dch bng nhau th t l th tch clo
i qua hai dung dch trn l:
A. 5/6 B. 5/3
C. 6/3 D. 8/3

5.15. Khi m vi nc my, nu ch mt cht s pht hin mi l. l do nc my cn lu gi vt
tch ca cht st trng. chnh l clo v ngi ta gii thch kh nng dit khun l do:
A. Clo c nn c tnh st trng.
B. Clo c tnh oxi ho mnh.
C. Clo tc dng vi nc to ra HClO cht ny c tnh oxi ho mnh .
D. Mt nguyn nhn khc.

5.16. Ngi ta c th st trng bng dung dch mui n NaCl, chng hn nh hoa qu ti, rau sng c
ngm trong dung dch NaCl t 10 - 15 pht, trc khi n. Kh nng dit khun ca dung dch NaCl l do:
A. Dung dch NaCl c th to ra ion Cl
-
c tnh kh.
B. Vi khun b mt nc do thm thu.
C. Dung dch NaCl c.
D. Mt l do khc.

5.17. La chn cc ho cht cn thit, trong s cc cht sau, trong phng th nghim iu ch clo:
A. MnO
2
, dung dch HCl long.
B. KMnO
4
, dung dch HCl long.
C. KMnO
4
, dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c v tinh th NaCl.
D. MnO
2
, dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c v tinh th NaCl.

5.18. kh mt lng nh kh clo khng may thot ra trong phng th nghim, ngi ta dng ho cht
no sau y:
A. Dung dch NaOH. B. Dung dch Ca(OH)
2
.
C. dung dch NH
3
D. dung dch NaCl

5.19. Phn kali (KCl) mt loi phn bn ho hc c tch t qung xinvinit: NaCl.KCl da vo s khc
nhau gia KCl v NaCl v:
A. nhit nng chy B. tan trong nc
C. tnh cht ho hc D. nhit si

5.20. Dung dch axit HCl c nht 20
0
C c nng
A. 27% B. 47%
C. 37% D. 33%

5.21. Axit clohiric c th tham gia phn ng oxi ho- kh vi vai tr:
A. Cht kh B. cht oxi ho
C. mi trng D. A, B v C u ng.

5.22. Thuc th ca axit HCl v cc mui clorua tan l dung dch AgNO
3
, hon thnh cc phn ng ho
hc sau:
a. AgNO
3
+ NaCl
b. AgNO
3
+ HCl
c. AgNO
3
+ MgCl
2

5.23. Clo t do c th thu c t phn ng ho hc no sau y?
A. HCl + Fe
B. HCl + MgO
C. HCl + Br
2

D. HCl + F
2

5.24*. Clo c th phn ng mnh vi hiro di tc dng ca tia cc tm theo phng trnh ha hc: Cl
2

+ H
2

hv
2HCl. C ch ca phn ng ny c th xy ra theo cch no sau y:
A. Cl
2
+ H
2

hv
HCl + HCl
B. H
2

hv
H
+
+ H
-

Cl
2

hv
Cl
+
+ Cl
-

H
+
+ Cl
-
HCl
H
-
e + H

Cl
-
e + Cl
+ Cl
HCl
C. Cl
2

hv
Cl
+ Cl

H
2
+ Cl
HCl + H

Cl
2
+ H
HCl + Cl
+ Cl
HCl
D. Cl
2
+ H
2

hv
HCl
2
+ HCl
5.25. Brom n cht khng tn ti trong t nhin, n c iu ch nhn to. Hy cho bit trng thi tn
ti ca bom n cht iu kin thng (1atm, 25
0
C)?
A. Rn v nh hnh. B. Lng
C. Kh D. Tinh th phn t.

5.26. Cho dy axit HF, HCl, HBr, HI. Theo chiu t tri sang phi tnh cht axit bin i nh sau:
A. Tng B. Gim
C. Khng thay i D. Va tng va gim

5.27. Brom lng hay hi u rt c. hu ht lng brom lng chng may b vi mc ch bo v
mi trng, c th dng mt ho cht thng thng d kim no sau y?
A. Dung dch NaOH.
B. Dung dch Ca(OH)
2
.
C. Dung dch NaI.
D. Dung dch KOH.

5.28. thu kh clo trong phng th nghim, ngi ta s dng dng c no sau y?

A. Hnh 1
B. Hnh 2
C. Hinh 3
D. Cc hnh u sai.

5.29. Hy la chn phng php iu ch kh HCl trong phng th nghim t cc ho cht sau:
A. Thu phn mui AlCl
3

B. Tng hp t H
2
v Cl
2

C. Clo tc dng vi nc
D. NaCl tinh th v H
2
SO
4
c

5.30 Hnh v sau biu din th nghim tnh ty mu ca clo m.
Hy d on hin tng xy ra khi :
Hnh 1 Hnh 2
Hnh 3
H
2
O
a. ng kha K ?
b. M kha K ? .
5.31. Hy chn t, cm t thch hp in vo cc ch trng m t th nghim so snh hot ng ho
hc ca cc halogen:
Nh t t vi git (1).. vo ng nghim th nht ng 2-3ml dung dch(2).. sau nh tip 3- 4
git.(3)..., lc nh ...(4)... c gii phng ra v ho tan vo lp benzen c mu(5)... ng nghim
th hai, nh vi git(6).. hoc ..(7),,,,, vo ng nghim ng hn hp dung dch(8)... v KI
dung dch s ...(9).... iu ny chng t rng iot b y ra di dng(10).. Qua th nghim, c th
rt ra kt lun trong s cc halogen trn(11) hot ng ho hc mnh hn brom v (12)
mnh hn iot.
a. n cht, b. nu, c. Nc clo, d. Nc brom
e. Brom g. Clo h. benzen i. nhum mu xanh
k. H tinh bt l. Kali bromua m. mu tm sm
Th t in t: 1 ---; 2---;3-----;4----;5----;6----;7----;8-----;9-----;10----;11----;12-----
5.32. Kali clorat tan nhiu trong nc nng nhng tan t trong nc lnh. Hin tng no xy ra khi cho
kh clo i qua nc vi d un nng, ly dung dch thu c trn vi KCl v lm lnh:
A. Khng c hin tng g xy ra.
B. C cht kh thot ra mu vng lc.
C. Mu ca dung dch thay i.
D. C cht kt ta kali clorat.

5.33. Nu m nt mt bnh ng y dung dch axit HCl 37%, th thy khi xut hin ming bnh. Hin
tng trn c gii thch nh sau:
A. Axit HCl l cht d bay hi.
B. Khi l cc phn t HCl.
C. Khi l axit dng sng m, do HCl kt hp vi hi nc trong khng kh.
D. A v C ng.

5.34. a hai a thy tinh va nhng vo cc dung dch c HCl v NH
3
li gn nhau, xut hin khi
trng. Cng thc ha hc ca cht l:
A. HCl B. NH
3

C. NH
4
Cl D. Cl
2
.

5.35. Sau qu trnh in phn dung dch NaCl c mng ngn, kh clo ra khi thng in phn c cha mt
lng ln hi nc gy n mn thit b. V vy, phi tin hnh sy kh kh clo m ri ho lng trc khi
vn chuyn ti ni tiu th. Hy la chn trong cc ho cht sau, cht no c th dng sy kh kh clo
m?
A. CaO (rn). B. H
2
SO
4
(c) C. NaOH (rn) D. NaOH (dung dch).

C. P S V HNG DN
5.1. p n B.
5.2. p n A.
5.3. p n A.
5.4. p n D.
5.5. p n A.
5.6. p n D.
5.7. Trng thi, mu sc ca cc n cht halogen:
n cht Trng thi Mu sc
a. Flo kh lc nht
b. Clo kh vng lc
c. Brom lng nu sm
d. Iot rn tm en
5.8. p n B.
5.9. Phng trnh ho hc:
a. CaF
2
+ H
2
SO
4
c 2HF + CaSO
4
b. NaCl + H
2
SO
4
c HCl + NaHSO
4
c. 2NaBr + 2H
2
SO
4
c Br
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O + Na
2
SO
4
d. 2NaI + 2H
2
SO
4
c I
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O + Na
2
SO
4

5.10. p n A.
5.11. p n B
5.12. p n D.
5.13. p n B
5.14. p n B
Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O (1)
3Cl
2
+ 6NaOH 5NaCl + NaClO
3
+ 3H
2
O (2)
Nu s mol NaCl nh nhau th t l mol Cl
2
ca phn ng (1) v (2) l 5: 3.
5.15. p n C.
5.16. p n B.
5.17. p n D.
5.18. p n C.
5.19. p n B.
5.20. p n C.
5.21. p n D.
5.22. Cc phng trnh ha hc:
a. AgNO
3
+ NaCl AgCl+ + NaNO
3

b. AgNO
3
+ HCl AgCl+ + HNO
3
c. AgNO
3
+ MgCl
2
2AgCl+ + Mg(NO
3
)
2
5.23. p n D.
5.24*. p n C.
5.25. p n B.
5.26. p n A.
5.27. p n B.
5.28. p n A.
Gii thch: V kh clo nng gp gn 2,5 ln khng kh nn bnh thu t xui.
Khng thu clo bng cch di nc c v clo tan ng k trong nc.
5.29. p n D.
5.30 D on hin tng xy ra khi :
a. ng kha K, giy mu s khng b mt mu. Kh clo i qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, c lm
kh khng ty mu.
b. M kha K, giy mu s b mt mu. Kh clo m khng i qua bnh ng axit H
2
SO
4
, c tnh
ty mu. .
5.31. Th t in t: 1 - c; 2- l;3- h;4- e;5- b;6- c;7- d;8- k;9- i;10- c;11- g;12- e.
5.32. p n D.
5.33. p n D.
5.34. p n C.
5.35. p n B.

CHNG VI. NHM VIA
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. TNH CHT CA OXI V LU HUNH
1. Cu hnh electron
Nguyn t oxi c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
, c 2 electron c thn, nguyn t oxi khng c
phn lp 2d.
Nguyn t S c cu hnh electron : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
, c hai electron c thn. Nguyn t S c
phn lp 3d trng, khi b kch thch c th 1 electron t phn lp 3p sang 3d khi c 4 electron c
thn:

|+ |+ |+ |+ |+ |+ | | | |

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
3d
1
Hoc thm 1 electron na t phn lp 3s sang 3d, lc ny S
*
c 6 electron c thn.

|+ |+ |+ |+ |+ | | | | | |

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
3p
3
3d
2

2. Tnh cht ho hc
Cc nguyn t oxi v lu hunh l cc phi kim c tnh oxi ho mnh. Nguyn t oxi c m in
ln th hai, ch sau flo. Oxi c th oxi ho hu ht cc kim loi (tr vng v bch kim) v mt s phi kim,
trong cc phn ng s oxi ho ca oxi gim t 0 xung -2.
Nguyn t lu hunh tc dng vi nhiu kim loi v mt s phi kim. Trong cc phn ng, s oxi
ho ca lu hunh bin i t 0 xung -2 (hp cht vi kim loi v hiro) v t 0 ln +4 hay +6 (Hp cht
vi oxi, axit, mui)
II.TNH CHT CC HP CHT CA OXI, LU HUNH
1. H
2
O l hp cht quan trng nht ca oxi, c vai tr v cng quan trng i vi ton b s sng trn
Tri t. Phn t nc c lin kt cng ho tr phn cc, l dung mi tt cho nhiu cht. Gia cc
phn t nc c cc lin kt hiro, loi lin kt ny c nng lng lin kt nh hn nhiu so vi lin
kt cng ho tr nhng c nh hng quan trng n cc tnh cht vt l ca nc nh nhit nng
chy, nhit si caoLoi ngi ang ng trc nguy c cn kit ngun nc sch, do cc hot
ng sn xut thi cc cht c hi ra cc sng ngi, ao h v i dng.
2. H
2
O
2
hiro peoxit (nc oxi gi) va c tnh cht oxi ho va c tnh kh.
Cht ny c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip lm cht ty trng, bo v mi trng, kh trng
trong y t
3. Hp cht quan trng nht ca S l axit sunfuric H
2
SO
4
trong lu hunh c s oxi ho +6. Axit
sunfuric H
2
SO
4
l mt trong nhng ho cht c bn, ng dng rng ri trong sn xut phn bn ho
hc, cht ty ra, sn, cht do, luyn kim, phm nhum, dc phm, ho du
4. Lu hunh cn c cc hp cht nh H
2
S, c trong thnh phn mt s sui nc khong nng nh M
Lm Tuyn Quang, SO
2
v axit H
2
SO
3
cc mui sunfua, sunfit, sunfat.
B. BI
6.1. Cc nguyn t nhm VIA c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ging nhau, c th vit dng tng
qut l:
6.2. Mt hn hp kh O
2
v CO
2
c t khi so vi hiro l 19. Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp kh
trn v t l % theo th tch ca O
2
l:
A. 40 v 40 B. 38 v 40
C. 38 v 50 D. 36 v 50.

6.3. C hai ng nghim ng mi ng 2ml dung dch HCl 1M v H
2
SO
4
1M. Cho Zn d tc dng vi hai
axit trn, lng kh hiro thu c trong hai trng hp tng ng l V
1
v V
2
ml (ktc). So snh V
1
v
V
2
c:
A. V
1
> V
2
B. V
1
= V
2

C. V
1
< V
2
D. Khng so snh c.
a. Ozon (O
3
) c tnh oxi ho mnh hn oxi (O
2
) - S
b. C nhng cht va l cht kh va l cht oxi ho - S
c. H
2
O
2
c tnh oxi ho mnh hn H
2
O

- S
d. Axit H
2
SO
4
c c th lm kh kh NH
3
m

- S
e. Oleum c cng thc H
2
SO
4
nSO
3
- S
g. S oxi ha cao nht ca S l -2 - S
6.5. Khi lng(g) ca 50 lit kh oxi iu kin tiu chun l:
A. 68 B. 71,4
C. 75 D. 84

6.6. Kh oxi thu c khi nhit phn cc cht: HgO, KClO
3
, KMnO
4
, KNO
3
. Khi nhit phn 10 g mi
cht trn, th tch kh oxi thu c iu kin tiu chun ln nht l:
A. KNO
3
B. KMnO
4
C. HgO D. KClO
3

6.7. Kh no sau y khng chy trong oxi khng kh:
A. CO B. CH
4
C. H
2
D. CO
2

6.8. Cho cc oxit ca cc nguyn t thuc chu k 3 sau: Na
2
O, MgO, Al
2
O
3
, SiO
2
, P
2
O
5
, SO
3
, Cl
2
O
7
trong
:
A. C hai oxit baz, hai oxit lng tnh v cn li l oxit axit.
B. C ba oxit baz, hai oxit lng tnh v cn li l oxit axit.
C. C mt oxit baz, hai oxit lng tnh v cn li l oxit axit.
D. C hai oxit baz, mt oxit lng tnh v cn li l oxit axit.

6.9. C bao nhiu mol FeS
2
tc dng vi oxi thu c 64g kh SO
2
theo phng trnh ha hc:
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2

A. 0,4 B. 1,2

C. 0,5 D. 0,8

6.10. Mt lt nc iu kin tiu chun ho tan 2,33 lit kh hiro sunfua. Nng phn trm ca H
2
S
trong dung dch thu c l:
A. 0,23% B. 0,35%

C. 0,34% D. 3,4%

6.11. S hnh thnh lp ozon (O
3
) trn tng bnh lu ca kh quyn l do:
A. Tia t ngoi ca mt tri chuyn ho cc phn t oxi
B. S phng in (st) trong kh quyn
C. S oxi ho mt s hp cht hu c trn mt t
D. A v B u ng.

6.12. Nm 2003, nh bo qun bng nc ozon, mn Bc H - Lao Cai c th chuyn ch vo th
trng thnh ph H Ch Minh, nh b con nng dn c thu nhp cao. Nguyn nhn no sau
y lm cho nc ozon c th bo qun hoa qu ti lu ngy:
A. Ozon l mt kh c.
B. Ozon c v d tan trong nc hn oxi.
C. Ozon c tnh cht oxi ho mnh v d tan trong nc hn oxi.

6.13. Ozon tng bnh lu ca kh quyn l tm l chn tia t ngoi ca mt tri, bo v s sng trn tri
t. Hin tng suy gim tng ozon ang l mt vn mi trng ton cu. Nguyn nhn ca hin
tng ny l do
A. S thay i ca nhit trong tng ma.
B. Cht thi CFC do con ngi gy ra.
C. Cc hp cht hu c.
D. A v B ng

6.14. Oxi c th thu c t s nhit phn cht no sau y?
A. CaCO
3
B. KClO
3
C. (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
D. NaHCO
3

6.15. Cho hn hp kh gm 0,8g oxi v 0,8g hiro tc dng vi nhau, khi lng nc thu c l:
A. 1,6g B. 0,9g C. 1,2g D. 1,4g

6.16.Trong cng nghip, phn ng ho hc to thnh SO
3
:
2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
xy ra iu kin no sau y?

A. Nhit phng
B. un nng n 500
0
C
C. un nng n 500
0
C v c mt cht xc tc V
2
O
5

D. Nhit phng v c mt cht xc tc V
2
O
5

6.17. Axit sunfuric c c s dng lm kh cc cht kh m. Loi kh no sau y c th c lm kh
nh axit sunfuric:
A. Kh cacbonnic
B. Kh oxi
C. Kh amoniac
D. A v B ng

6.18. Cho dy bin ho sau:
A B C D Na
2
SO
4

A, B, C, D c th ln lt l dy cc cht no sau y ?
A. FeS
2
, SO
2
, SO
3
, H
2
SO
4
B. SO
2
, S, SO
3
, NaHSO
4
C. SO
2
, FeS, SO
3
, NaHSO
4
D. Tt c u ng.

6.19. Trong phng th nghim, c th iu ch SO
3
nh mt dng c nh hnh v sau, in y v tr
ch ho cht cn thit, hon thnh phn ng ho hc cho th nghim. Bit rng pha trn dung dch H
2
SO
3

bo ho lun tn ti lp kh SO
2
cng vi oxi khng kh. Mt on dy in tr c nhng vo dung dch
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
, sau c ni vi mt ngun in lm dy in tr nng , khi Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
b nhit phn
to ra Fe
2
O
3
, cht xc tc cho phn ng to thnh SO
3
.

Cht a l. Cht b l. Hn hp c trc phn ng l. .Hn hp d sau phn ng
l.

Cc phng trnh ha hc:

6. 20. Cho hn hp gm Fe v FeS tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 2,24 lit hn hp kh iu
kin tiu chun. Hn hp kh ny c t khi so vi hiro l 9. Thnh phn % theo s mol ca hn hp Fe
v FeS ban u l:
A. 40 v 60
B. 50 v 50
C. 35 v 65
D. 45 v 55

6.21. Trong s cc hp cht sau: MgO, Fe
2
O
3
, SO
2
, CO
2
, hp cht no va th hin tnh cht oxi ha, va
th hin tnh kh?
d
a
b
c
A. MgO B. Fe
2
O
3

C. SO
2
D. CO
2

6.22. Khoanh trn vo ch nu ng vo ch S nu sai trong cc khng nh sau y:
A. SO
2
va c tnh cht oxi ho va c tnh kh. - S
B. SO
3
va c tnh cht oxi ho va c tnh kh. - S
C. H
2
S va c tnh cht oxi ho va c tnh kh. - S
D. SO
3
c th tan trong H
2
SO
4
c to ra oleum. - S
e. H
2
SO
4
c, nng c tnh oxi ho mnh. - S
6.23. C bn l mt nhn ng cc dung dch trong sut NaCl, Na
2
SO
4
, NaHSO
4
, HCl. La chn thuc
th no sau y c th nhn bit tng cht trn?
A. Qu tm v AgNO
3

B. AgNO
3

C. Qu tm v BaCl
2

D. Phng n khc.

6.24. Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt (ktc) SO
2
vo 100ml dung dch NaOH 1,5M. Mui thu c gm:
A. Na
2
SO
4
B. NaHSO
3

C. Na
2
SO
3
D. NaHSO
3
v Na
2
SO
3
.

6.25. Kim loi no sau y khi tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long v H
2
SO
4
c u cho cng mt loi
mui?
A. Fe B. Cu
C. Al D. Ag.

6.26. Oxit kim loi no sau y khi phn ng vi dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
c, un nng, c th gii phng
kh SO
2
?
A. Al
2
O
3
B. ZnO
C. Fe
2
O
3
D. Fe
3
O
4

6.27. Ho tan 7,8g hn hp bt Al v Mg trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
2M, d. Sau phn ng khi lng dung
dch axit tng thm 7,0g. Khi lng nhm v magie trong hn hp u l:
A. 2,7g v 1,2g B. 5,4g v 2,4g
C. 5,8g v 3,6g D. 1,2g v 2,4g.

6.28. Cht no di y gp phn nhiu nht vo s hnh thnh ma axit
A. Cacbon ioxit
B. Lu hunh ioxit.
C. Ozon.
D. Dn xut flo ca hirocacbon.

6.29. Phn t SO
2
khng c tnh cht no sau y? SO
2
l:
A. Oxit axit. B. Oxit c tnh kh.
D. Oxit c tnh oxi ha. D. Oxit c th ghp i to thnh S
2
O
4
.

6.30. Cho cc dung dch ring bit, khng dn nhn: HCl, Na
2
CO
3
, Na
2
SO
4
v H
2
SO
4
. Hy chn mt
thuc th phn bit tng cht trong s sau:
A. Phenolphtalein. B. Qu tm.
C. Dung dch BaCl
2
. D. Dung dch AgNO
3
.

6.31. C 100 ml H
2
SO
4
98%, khi lng ring l 1,84 g/ml. Ngi ta mun pha long th tch H
2
SO
4
trn
thnh dung dch H
2
SO
4
20%. Th tch nc cn dng pha long axit H
2
SO
4
l:
A. 716,7 ml. B. 717,6 ml.
C. 715,7 ml. D. 715,6 ml.

6.32. Cht no sau y va c tnh oxi ho, va c tnh kh ?
A. O
3
B. H
2
SO
4

C. H
2
S D. H
2
O
2
.

6.33. Cu no sau y khng din t ng tnh cht ca cc cht ?
A. O
2
v O
3
cng c tnh oxi ho, nhng O
2
c tnh oxi ho yu hn.
B. H
2
O v H
2
O
2
cng c tnh oxi ho, nhng H
2
O c tnh oxi ho yu hn.
C. H
2
SO
3
v H
2
SO
4
2
SO
3
c tnh oxi ho yu hn.
D. H
2
S v H
2
SO
4
2
S c tnh oxi ho yu hn.
6.34. Hy ghp cp cht v tnh cht ca cht sao cho ph hp :
Cht Tnh cht ca cht
1. O
3
a) c tnh oxi ho mnh
2. SO
2
b) c tnh kh
3. H
2
S c) c tnh oxi ho
4. dd H
2
SO
4
long d) va c tnh oxi ho v tnh kh
5. dd H
2
SO
4
c
Th t ghp ni: 1 --; 2--;3--;4--;5--
6.35. im khc bit no l quan trng nht khi so snh axit HCl v H
2
SO
4
?
A. HCl l axit mt ln axit cn H
2
SO
4
l axit hai ln axit.
B. HCl va c tnh cht oxi ha va c tnh kh.
C. H
2
SO
4
ch c tnh cht oxi ha.
D. B v C ng.

C. P S V HNG DN
6.1. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t cc nguyn t nhm VIA: ns
2
np
4
(trong n l s
th t ca chu k.)
6.2. p n C.
Hng dn
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp = 19 x 2 = 38 (g).
p dng phng php ng cho ta c
CO
2
44 6

T l %O
2
=
6
100%
12
= 50%
O
2
32 6
p n ng l : C.
6.3. p n C.
Gii thch
So snh hai th tch axit nh nhau c cng nng , cho nn s mol HCl bng s mol H
2
SO
4
. Nhng s
mol H trong axit H
2
SO
4
gp i s mol H trong HCl, do V
1
< V
2
.
6.4. a. Ozon (O
3
) c tnh oxi ho mnh hn oxi (O
2
)
b. C nhng cht va l cht kh va l cht oxi ho
c. H
2
O
2
c tnh oxi ho mnh hn H
2
O

d. Axit H
2
SO
4
c c th lm kh kh NH
3
m S
e. Oleum c cng thc H
2
SO
4
nSO
3

g. S oxi ha cao nht ca S l -2 S
6.5. p n B. 6. 6. p n D. 6.7. p n D.
6.8. p n D. 6.9. p n C.
6.10. p n B.
C% H
2
S =
2, 33 34 100%
22, 4 1003, 5

~ 0,35%
6.11. p n D. 6.12. p n C. 6.13. p n D.
6.14. p n B. 6.15. p n B. 6.16. p n C.
6.17. p n D. 6.18. p n A.
6.19. Cht a l dung dch Na
2
SO
3
bo ha.
Cht b l Fe
2
O
3
.
Hn hp c trc phn ng: N
2
, O
2
v SO
2
.
Hn hp d sau phn ng: N
2
, O
2
, SO
2
, SO
3
, H
2
SO
4
dng sng m.
Cc phng trnh ha hc:
2Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3

0
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 6SO
2
+ 3O
2

2SO
2
+ O
2

0
, t xt
2SO
3

SO
3
(k) + H
2
O (k) H
2
SO
4
(sng m)
6.20. p n B.
Gi : Gii theo phng php ng cho.
6.21. p n C.
38
6.22. A. SO
2
va c tnh cht oxi ho va c tnh kh
B. SO
3
va c tnh cht oxi ho va c tnh kh S
C. H
2
S va c tnh cht oxi ho va c tnh kh S
D. SO
3
c th tan trong H
2
SO
4
c to ra oleum
e. H
2
SO
4
c, nng c tnh oxi ho mnh
6.23. p n C. 6.24. p n D. 6.25. p n C.
6.26. p n D. 6.27. p n B. 6.28. p n B.
6.29. p n D.
6.30. p n C.
- Ly bn ng nghim ng cc mu th, thm BaCl
2
, c ba ng nghim xut hin kt ta. ng khng
c hin tng g l HCl.
BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ + 2HCl (1)
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ + 2NaCl (2)
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
BaCO
3
+ + 2HCl (3)
- Ly ng nghim HCl th cc cht rn thu c, nu c kh bay ra th cht u l Na
2
CO
3
.
2HCl + BaCO
3
CO
2
+ BaCl
2
+ H
2
O (4)
- Chia phn cht rn ca (3) thnh hai phn, dng dung dch sau phn ng (1)v (2) th, nu c kh
thot ra th cht u l H
2
SO
4
. Cht cn li l Na
2
SO
4
.
6.31. p n B.
Gi
O H
2
m
cn pha long l x khi ta c

2
100.1, 84.0, 98
.100% 20%
(100.1, 84)
18032 20 3680
717, 6( )
H O
x
x
x m g
=
+
= +
= =
m d
O H
2
=1 V
O H
2
= 717,6 (ml)
6.32. p n D. 6.33. p n D.
6.34. Th t ghp ni: 1 - a; 2 - d;3 - b; 4 - c; 5 - a.
6.35. p n D.
CHNG 7 TC PHN NG V CN BNG HO HC
A.TM TT L THUYT
Cc phn ng ho hc xy ra nhanh, chm rt khc nhau. C nhng phn ng ho hc din ra
trong khonh khc, nh phn ng n ca thuc sng, nhng c phn ng xy ra trong hng triu nm nh
phn ng to thch nh trong cc hang ng vi vv...Bit c tc phn ng ho hc v cc yu t
nh hng, c th iu khin phn ng ho hc theo chiu c li cho con ngi.
I. KHI NIM V TC PHN NG
Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc sn phm trong
mt n v thi gian.
Th d: N
2
O
5
N
2
O
4
+
1
2
O
2

Lc u, nng ca N
2
O
5
l 2,33 mol/l, sau 184 giy nng cn li l 2,08 mol/l. Tc trung bnh
ca phn ng tnh theo N
2
O
5
l:

2, 33 2, 08
1, 36mol/(l.s)
184
v

= = .

II. CC YU T NH HNG N TC PHN NG
1. nh hng ca nng
Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.
Th d: Cho hai vin km c kch thc nh nhau vo hai ng nghim. ng nghim th nht thm 2ml
dung dch axit HCl 1M, ng nghim th hai thm vo 2ml dung dch HCl 0,1M. Quan st tc thot kh
hiro hai ng nghim, thy rng ng nghim th nht phn ng ho hc din ra nhanh hn.
2. nh hng ca p sut
p sut nh hng n tc phn ng c cht kh tham gia. Khi p sut tng, nng cht kh
tng theo, nn tc phn ng tng theo.
Th d: 2HI(k) H
2
(k) + I
2
(k)
Tc ca phn ng s tng 4 ln nu p sut ca HI tng 2 ln.
3. nh hng ca nhit
Khi tng nhit , tc phn ng tng.
Th d: phn ng CuO tc dng vi HCl din ra chm nhit phng. Nhng khi un nng,
phn ng din ra nhanh hn, mu xanh ca dung dch mui CuCl
2
xut hin nhanh hn so vi khng un
nng.
4. nh hng ca din tch b mt
i vi phn ng ho hc c cht rn tham gia, khi tng din tch b mt, tc phn ng tng.
Th d: ly hai cc thu tinh ng CaCO
3
c khi lng bng nhau. cc th nht, CaCO
3
c
kch thc ln. cc th hai, CaCO
3
c p nh, c kch thc nh, hay din tch b mt ln hn.
Thm dung dch axit HCl 1M vo hai cc, thy rng tc thot kh CO
2
cc th hai nhanh hn cc th
nht.
5. nh hng ca cht xc tc
Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu hao trong phn ng.
Th d: H
2
O
2
phn hu chm nhit thng, theo phng trnh ho hc sau:
2H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2

Nhng nu cho vo dung dch hiro peoxit mt t bt MnO
2
th bt kh oxi s thot ra nhanh hn.
Khi kt thc phn ng, MnO
2
vn cn nguyn vn. Vy MnO
2
l cht xc tc cho phn ng phn hu
H
2
O
2
.
III. CN BNG HO HC
1. Phn ng mt chiu, phn ng thun nghch v cn bng ho hc
a. Phn ng mt chiu
Xt phn ng: NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O
Kim v axit phn ng vi nhau to thnh mui v nc, nhng cng trong nhng iu kin , mui
NaCl khng phn ng vi nc H
2
O to li kim v axit. Nhng phn ng nh vy gi l phn ng
mt chiu.
b. Phn ng thun nghch
Xt phn ng:
2 2
2HI ( ) H ( ) I ( ) k k k +

Trong cng mt iu kin, phn ng xy ra theo hai chiu tri ngc nhau. Phn ng nh th gi
l phn ng thun nghch.
c. Cn bng ho hc
Cn bng ho hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng thun bng tc
phn ng nghch.
2. S chuyn dch cn bng ho hc
Th d: xt phn ng 2NO
2
(k)
N
2
O
4
(k)
(mu nu ) (khng mu)
Khi lm lnh hn hp phn ng, mu nu b nht i, chng t trng thi cn bng ho hc ca h phn
ng b thay i. Hin tng gi l s dch chuyn cn bng.
nh ngha: s chuyn dch cn bng ho hc l s di chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang trng thi
cn bng khc do tc ng ca cc yu t t bn ngoi ln cn bng.
3. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ho hc
a. nh hng ca yu t nng
Khi tng hoc gim nng ca mt cht trong cn bng, th cn bng bao gi cng dch chuyn
theo chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim nng ca cht .
Lu rng nu h cn bng c cht rn tham gia th vic thm hay bt cht rn khng nh hng
n s chuyn dch cn bng.
b. nh hng ca yu t p sut
Khi tng hoc gim p sut chung ca h cn bng, th cn bng bao gi cng dch chuyn theo
chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim p sut .
c. nh hng ca yu t nhit
Khi tng nhit cn bng ho hc dch chuyn theo chiu phn ng thu nhit, ngha l chiu lm
gim tc dng ca vic tng nhit v khi gim nhit , cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu phn ng to
nhit, chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic gim nhit .
Kt lun: Ba yu t nng , p sut, nhit nh hng n s chuyn dch cn bng ho hc
c nh bc hc ngi Php L-sa-t-lie tng kt thnh nguyn l c gi l nguyn l L-sa-t-lie nh
sau:
Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi cn bng khi chu tc ng t bn ngoi nh s bin
i nng , p sut, nhit s chuyn dch cn bng theo chiu lm gim tc ng bn ngoi .
d. Vai tr xc tc
Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng thun v phn ng nghch vi s ln bng nhau, nn cht
xc tc khng nh hng n cn bng ho hc.
Cht xc tc gip tng tc phn ng, gim thi gian phn ng ha hc t trng thi cn
bng.
Ngy nay, cc nghin cu khoa hc v xc tc pht trin rt nhanh, c bit l cc xc tc hu c
v bo v mi trng.
4. ngha ca tc phn ng v cn bng ho hc trong sn xut ho hc
Cc nghin cu l thuyt l c s tc ng, iu khin phn ng ho hc theo chiu hng c
li nht cho con ngi.
B. BI
7.1 Trong phng th nghim, c th iu ch kh oxi t mui kali clorat. Ngi ta s dng cch no sau
y nhm mc ch tng tc phn ng?
A. Nung kaliclorat nhit cao.
B. Nung hn hp kali clorat v mangan ioxit nhit cao.
C. Dng phng php di nc thu kh oxi.
D. Dng phng php di khng kh thu kh oxi.
7.2 Ghp cc hin tng xy ra ct A vi nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng ct B.
A B
1. S chy din ra mnh v nhanh hn khi
a lu hunh ang chy ngoi khng kh
vo l ng kh oxi
A. Nng oxi tham gia phn ng chy
gim, lm tc phn ng chm li.
2. Khi cn bp than, ngi ta y np bp
l lm cho phn ng chy ca than chm
li.
B. Din tch b mt ca cht rn tng nhanh
t dng dy sang dng bt, do tc
phn ng tng.
3. Phn ng oxi ho lu hunh ioxit to
thnh lu hunh trioxit din ra nhanh hn
khi c mt vanai oxit (V
2
O
5
).

C. Lp sn chng g ngn oxi khng kh
tip xc vi thp, lm gim tc s n
mn thp.
4. Nhm bt tc dng vi dung dch axit
clohiric nhanh hn so vi nhm dy.

D. Nng oxi tham gia phn ng chy
tng, lm tc phn ng chy tng ln.
5. Thp bn hn nu c sn chng g.

E. Vanai oxit l cht xc tc ca phn ng
oxi ha SO
2
to thnh SO
3
.
F. p sut tng lm cho tc phn ng
tng ln.
Th t ghp ni : 1.......... ; 2....... ; 3.......... ;4........... ;5.........
7.3. Khi nhit tng ln 10
0
C, tc ca mt phn ng ho hc tng ln 3 ln. Ngi ta ni rng tc
phn ng ho hc trn c h s nhit bng 3. Chng hn nh nu tng nhit ca phn ng trn ln
thm 30
0
C th tc ca phn ng tng thm 3
3
= 27 ln. Tc phn ng ho hc ni trn tng ln bao
nhiu ln khi nhit tng t 25
0
C ln 45
0
C ?
A. 6 ln B. 9 ln
C. 12 ln D. 18 ln
7.4. Bng s liu sau y cho bit th tch kh hiro thu c theo thi gian phn ng gi km d vi axit
clohiric. Hy v th biu din s ph thuc th tch kh hiro theo thi gian. T th hy cho bit
khong thi gian no phn ng xy ra nhanh nht? thi im sau khi phn ng kt thc, hnh dng
th nh th no?
Thi gian (s) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Th tch H
2
(ml) 0 20 30 35 38 40 40 40
A. L ng cong i v pha trc honh.
B. L ng cong i v pha trn trc honh.
C. L on thng song song vi trc honh.
D. Khng xc nh c.
7.5 Tm h s nhit ca tc phn ng ho hc bit rng khi tng nhit ln thm 30
0
C th tc
phn ng tng ln 64 ln. H s nhit ca phn ng ha hc cho l:
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

7.6 Trong gia nh, ni p sut c s dng nu chn k thc n. L do no sau y l thch hp cho
vic s dng ni p sut?
A. Tng p sut v nhit ln thc n.
B. Gim hao ph nng lng.
C. Gim thi gian nu n.
D. C A, B v C ng.
7.7 Trong mt bnh kn ng kh NO
2
c mu nu. Ngm bnh trong nc , thy mu nu nht dn.
xy ra phn ng ha hc:
2NO
2
(k) N
2
O
4
(k)
Nu khng mu
iu khng nh no sau y v phn ng ha hc trn l sai?
A. Phn ng thun l phn ng theo chiu gim th tch kh.
B. Phn ng thun l phn ng thu nhit.
C. Phn ng nghch l phn ng thu nhit.
D. Khi ngm bnh trong nc , cn bng ha hc chuyn dch sang chiu thun.
7.8 Trong cc cp phn ng sau, phn ng no c tc ln nht?
A. Fe + ddHCl 0,1M .
B. Fe + ddHCl 0,2M .
C. Fe + ddHCl 0,3M .
D. Fe + ddHCl 0,5M .
7.9 S ph thuc ca tc phn ng ho hc vo nng c xc nh bi nh lut tc dng khi
lng: tc phn ng ho hc t l thun vi tch s nng ca cc cht phn ng vi lu tha bng h
s t lng trong phong trnh ho hc. Th d i vi phn ng:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3

Tc phn ng v c xc nh bi biu thc: v = k
t
. [N
2
].[H
2
]
3
. Trong k
t
l hng s tc ca phn
ng thun, [N
2
] l nng ca kh nit, [H
2
] l nng ca kh hiro.
Hi trong trng hp no sau y, tc phn ng s tng 27 ln?
A. Tng nng kh N
2
ln 9 ln.
B. Tng nng kh H
2
ln 3 ln.
C. Tng p sut chung ca h ln 2 ln.
D. Tng p sut chung ca h ln 3 ln.
7.10 Cho phng trnh ho hc
N
2
(k) + O
2
(k)
tia lua dien
2NO (k); AH > 0
Hy cho bit nhng cp yu t no sau y nh hng n s chuyn dch cn bng ho hc trn?
A. Nhit v nng .
B. p sut v nng .
C. Nng v cht xc tc.
D. Cht xc tc v nhit .
7.11 T th k XIX, ngi ta nhn ra rng trong thnh phn kh l cao (l luyn gang) vn cn kh
cacbon monoxit (CO). Ngi ta tm mi cch phn ng ho hc xy ra hon ton. Hy
cho bit nguyn nhn?
A. L xy cha cao.
B. Nhit phn ng cn thp.
C. Phn ng ha hc l thun nghch.
7.12 Cho phng trnh ho hc
2SO
2
(k) + O
2
(k)
V
2
O
5
,t
o
2SO
3
(k) AH = -192kJ
Cn bng ho hc ca phn ng s chuyn dch sang chiu nghch trong trng hp no sau y?
A. Tng nhit ca bnh phn ng?
B. Tng p sut chung ca hn hp?
C. Tng nng kh oxi ?
D. Gim nng kh sunfur ?
7.13 Sn xut amoniac trong cng nghip da trn phng trnh ho hc sau :
2N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k)
p, xt
2NH
3
(k) AH = -92kJ
Hy cho bit iu khng nh no sau y l ng?
Cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch v pha to ra amoniac nhiu hn nu:
A. Gim p sut chung ca h.
B. Gim nng ca kh nit v kh hiro.
C. Tng nhit ca h.
D. Tng p sut chung ca h.

7.14 Phn ng ho hc sau t trng thi cn bng:
2NO
2
N
2
O
4
AH = -58,04kJ.
Cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch theo chiu nghch khi no?
A. Tng nhit .
B. Tng p sut chung.
C. Tng nng NO
2
.
D. Thm cht xc tc?
Hy gii thch s la chn .
7.15 S tng tc gia hiro v iot c c tnh thun nghch:
H
2
(k) + I
2
(k) 2HI(k)
Sau mt thi gian phn ng, tc phn ng thun bng tc phn ng nghch:
v
t
= v
n
hay k
t
.[H
2
].[I
2
] = k
n
.[HI]
2
. Sau khi bin i chng ta xy dng c biu thc hng s cn bng
ca h (K
cb
).
K
cb
=
kt
kn
=
Hi, nu nng ban u ca H
2
v I
2
u l 0,02mol/l, nng cn bng ca HI l 0,03mol/l th
nng cn bng ca H
2
v hng s cn bng l bao nhiu?
A. 0,005 (mol/l) v 36 B. 0,015 (mol/l) v 4
C. 0,01(mol/l) v 9 D. Kt qu khc.

7.16 Tnh hng s cn bng ca h
2N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k)
p, xt
2NH
3
(k)
Nu trng thi cn bng nng ca NH
3
l 0,30mol/l, ca N
2
l 0,05mol/l v ca H
2
l 0,10mol/l.
A. K
cb
= 1800 B. K
cb
= 900
C. K
cb
= 1200 D. K
cb
=1600
Chn p n ng
7.17 Trong cng nghip, iu ch kh than t, ngi ta thi hi nc qua than ang nng .
Phn ng ho hc xy ra nh sau
C (r) + H
2
O (k) CO(k) + H
2
(k) AH = 131kJ
iu khng nh no sau y l ng?
A. Tng p sut chung ca h lm cn bng khng thay i.
B. Tng nhit ca h lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
C. Dng cht xc tc lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
D. Tng nng hiro lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
7.18 Clo tc dng vi nc mt phn nh theo phng trnh ho hc sau:
Cl
2
(k) + H
2
O(l) HClO + HCl
Hai sn phm to ra u tan tt trong nc to thnh dung dch. Ngoi ra mt phn ln kh clo tan trong
nc to thnh dung dch c mu vng lc nht gi l nc clo. Nc clo, ng trong bnh kn, dn dn b
mt mu theo thi gian, khng bo qun c lu, Nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn l:
A. HClO khng bn, d b phn hy lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
B. Clo d bay hi, thot ra khi dung dch.
C. HCl d bay hi, lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
7.19 Sn xut vi trong cng nghip v th cng nghip u da trn phn ng ho hc:
CaCO
3
(r)
t
o
CaO(r) + CO
2
(k), AH = 178kJ
c im no sau y khng phi l ca phn ng ho hc nung vi?
A. Phn ng thun thu nhit. B. Phn ng thun to ra cht kh.
C. Phn ng mt chiu. D. Phn ng thun nghch.
7.20 Mt phn ng ho hc c dng:
A(k) + B(k) 2C(k), AH > o
Bin php no sau y cn tin hnh chuyn dch cn bng ho hc sang chiu thun?
A. Tng p sut chung ca h.
B. Tng nhit .
C. Tng nng ca A v B, gim nng ca C.
D. B v C ng.
7.21 Cho phn ng ho hc
C (r) + H
2
O (k) CO(k) + H
2
(k); AH = 131kJ
Bin php k thut no nn c s dng lm tng hiu sut sn xut?
A. Gim p sut chung ca h.
B. Tng nhit ca phn ng.
[HI]
2

[H
2
].[I
2
]
C. Gim nng hi nc.
D. A v B ng.
7. 22 Ngi ta s dng nhit ca phn ng t chy than nung vi,
CaCO
3
(r)
t
o
CaO(r) + CO
2
(k), AH = 178kJ
Bin php k thut no sau y khng c s dng tng tc phn ng nung vi?
A. p nh vi vi kch thc thch hp.
B. Duy tr nhit phn ng thch hp.
C. Tng nng kh cacbonic.
D. Thi khng kh nn vo l nung vi.
7.23 th no sau y biu din s bin i tc phn ng thun theo thi gian? s bin i tc
phn ng nghch theo thi gian? Trng thi cn bng ho hc?
v v

A. B.

t (thi gian) t (thi gian)

v

C,

t (thi gian)
7.24 Cu tr li no sau y l sai ?
Hng s cn bng K
c
ca mt phn ng c cht kh tham gia ph thuc vo :
A. Nng . B. Nhit .
C. p sut. D. S c mt cht xc tc.
7.25 bo v cc chi tit my bng kim loi khi b n mn, ngi ta bi du m ln cc chi tit my
. Cch gii thch no sau y l ng?
A. Lp du m che ph, bo v cc chi tit my.
B. Lp du m che ph, gim din tch tip xc ca kim loi vi mi trng, bo v cc chi tit
my.
C. Lp du m c tc dng c ch s n mn kim loi.
D. Cch gii thch khc.
7.26 V sao khng nn than hay gi lau my qua s dng thnh mt ng ln ? V lm nh vy
c th gy ra:
A. nhim mi trng.
B. Ha hon do s tch ly nhit ca qu trnh oxi ha chm.
C. Tng nng lm tng tc phn ng.
D. Tng p sut lm tng tc ca phn ng.
7.27 Trong nhng khng nh sau, iu no l ph hp vi mt phn ng ho hc trng thi cn bng?
A. Phn ng thun kt thc.
B. Phn ng nghch kt thc.
C. Tc ca phn ng thun v nghch bng nhau.
D. Nng ca cc cht tham gia v to thnh sau phn ng nh nhau.
7.28 Cho phn ng ha hc:
CO(k) + Cl
2
(k) COCl
2
(k)
Bit rng nng cn bng ca CO l 0,20mol/l v ca Cl
2
l 0,30mol/l v hng s cn bng l 4. Nng
cn bng ca COCl
2
mt nhit no ca phn ng l:
A. 0,024 (mol/l) B. 0,24 (mol/l)
C. 2,400 (mol/l) D, 0,0024 (mol/l).
7.29 dp tt mt m chy thng thng, nh, mi bng pht ngi ta dng bin php no trong s
cc bin php sau:
A. Dng v chn t trm ln m chy.
B. Dng nc dp tt m chy.
C. Dng ct dp tt m chy.
D. A , B v C u ng.
7.30 Trong vng 100 nm qua, nhit trung bnh ca Tri t tng thm 0,6
0
C. Nguyn nhn chnh
ca hin tng ny l do s tng nng kh cacbon ioxit (CO
2
) trong kh quyn, gy ra hiu ng nh
knh. Tng t hiu ng gi m cho thc vt trong cc nh knh trng rau trong ma ng vng n i.
Mc d lng kh CO
2
do cng nghip thi ra hng nm rt ln, tng nhanh, nhng ti sao nng ca
cht kh ny trong kh quyn tng chm? Gii thch no sau y l hp l?
A. Do s quang hp ca cy xanh lm gim CO
2
v tng O
2
.
B. Do s chuyn dch cn bng CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
trong i dng.
C. Do CO
2
hot ng ha hc mnh, nn km bn.
D. A v B ng.
7.31 Trong nc ngm thng c ion Fe
2+
di dng mui st II hirocacbonat v st II hiroxit. Nc
sinh hot c cha Fe
2+
nh hng xu n sc kho ca con ngi. loi b Fe
2+
, trong mt phng
php n gin, r tin, ngui ta dng oxi khng kh oxi ho Fe
2+
thnh hp cht Fe
3+
(c tan trong nc
nh) ri lc thu nc sch. tng tc ca phn ng oxi ho Fe
2+
ngi ta s dng bin php k
thut no sau y?
A. Dng gin ma.
B. Thm cht oxi ha mnh nh H
2
O
2
.
C. Thm cht oxi ha mnh nh O
3
.
D. Mt bin php khc.

7.32 Gn y, khi thm him Nam Cc, cc nh khoa hc tm thy nhng hp do cc on thm
him trc li. Mc d qua hng trm nm, nhng cc thc n trong nhng hp vn trong tnh
trng tt, c th n c. Gii thch no sau y l ng?
A. Mi trng Nam Cc cha b nhim.
B. Nhit qu thp lm chm tc phn ng phn hu thc n.
C. Nhit qu thp c ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt.
D. B v D ng.
7.33 Trong phng th nghim, tng tc ca mt s phn ng ho hc, ngoi cc bin php nh tng
nng , nhit , ngi ta cn dng my khuy. Tc dng ca my khuy l g?
A. Tng din tch tip xc ca cc cht phn ng.
B. Tng tc khuch tn ca cc cht phn ng.
C. Tng tc ca phn ng ha hc.
D. A, B v C u ng.
7.34 Xt th nghim t chy mt si dy thp nh (si dy phanh xe p) trong kh oxi, Ghp ni cc
thao tc ct A vi cch gii thch cch lm th nghim trn ct B sao cho ph hp.
A B
1. Ngi ta qun dy thp thnh hnh
l xo.
a. Phn ng gia cht rn vi cht kh kh
xy ra
2. Mt u l xo gn vi nt bc, u
kia gn mt mu than nh.
b. Mu than chy c tc dng nng nhit
ca Fe ln n im chy.
3. Sau , t chy mu than ri a
vo bnh ng kh oxi,
c. L xo gip tng din tch tip xc ca
Fe vi O
2
.
4. y bnh c mt lp nc mng. d. Nng ca oxi trong bnh cao hn
nng ca oxi ngoi khng kh.
5. Dy st chy mnh lit to ra cc
ht oxit st nng bn ra nh sao
sa.
e. Bo v bnh, trnh b nt v do thy tinh
tip xc vi oxit st t nng chy.
g. Nt bc c tc dng ngn cc ht oxit st
v st nng chy bn ra ngoi, gy bng.

Th t ghp ni : 1-- ; 2-- ; 3 -- ; 4 -- ; 5 -- ;
7.35 Cht xc tc l chic a thn ca Ha Hc. Trong sn xut ha hc hin i, th gii chi mi
nm khong 2t USD cho cc cht xc tc. Cc qu trnh ha hc xc tc to ra mt lng hng ha tr
gi khong 5000 t USD/nm, tc l bng khong mt na tng thu nhp quc dn ca nc giu nht th
gii l M. L do no to nn ngha to ln ca xc tc trong sn xut hin i? Khoanh trn ch nu
nhn nh ng v ch S nu sai trong cc cu v xc tc sau: Xc tc cho php
a. Tng tc ca phn ng ha hc. S
b. Thc hin phn ng nhit thp hn, tit kim nng lng. S
c. Tng hiu sut ca phn ng ha hc. S
d. Sn xut ha hc an ton hn vi mi trng S
e. Lm chuyn dch cn bng ha hc theo chiu c li. S

C. P S V HNG DN
7.1 p n B.
Gii thch: Trong bn phng n nu, c hai phng n C v D, thu kh oxi bng cch di
nc hay di khng kh khng lin quan g n tc ca phn ng nhit phn mui kaliclorat. Do , ch
cn la chn mt trong hai phng n l A v B. Phng n A sai v ch nung mui kaliclorat nhit
cao, tc phn ng rt chm. Nh vy p n ng l B.
7.2 Th t ghp ni : 1- D. ; 2 - A ; 3 - E ;4 - B ;5 - C.
7.3. p n B.
7.4. p n C.

2
H
V

(ml)

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45

Thi gian t (s)
7.5 p n C.
7.6 p n D
7.7 p n B.
7.8 p n D.
7.9 p n B.
3
t(2) t(1)
t(1) t(1)
V V 3
27
V V
= = (ln)
7.10 p n A.
Gii thch: - Trong phn ng trn khng c s thay i th tch kh, do p sut khng nh hng n s
chuyn dch cn bng. Do phng n B l sai.
- Cht xc tc khng nh hng n s chuyn dch cn bng ha hc. Do cc phng n C
v D u sai.
7.11. p n C.
7.12. p n A.
7.13. p n D.
7.14 p n A.
Gii thch: do c im ca phn ng thun l ta nhit nn khi tng nhit , cn bng ha hc s chuyn
dch theo chiu nghch.
7.15 p n A.
7.16. p n A.
7.17. p n B.
7.18 p n A.
7.19 p n C.
7.20. p n D.
7.21. p n D.
7.22 p n C.
7.23 th biu din s bin i tc phn ng thun theo thi gian: A
th biu din s bin i tc phn ng nghch theo thi gian: B
th biu din trng thi cn bng ho hc: C
7.24 p n D.
7.25 p n B.
7.26 p n B.
7.27 p n C.
7.28. p n B.
7.29. p n D.
7.30 p n D.
7.31 p n A.
7.32 p n D.
7.33 p n D.
7.34 Th t ghp ni : 1- c ; 2 - g ; 3 - b ; 4 - e ; 5 - d .
7.35 a. Tng tc ca phn ng ha hc.
b. Thc hin phn ng nhit thp hn, tit kim nng lng.
c. Tng hiu sut ca phn ng ha hc.
d. Sn xut ha hc an ton hn vi mi trng
e. Lm chuyn dch cn bng ha hc theo chiu c li. S
MC LC
LI NI U .......................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
CHNG 1. NGUYN T ...................................................................................................................... 3
A. TM TT L THUYT ................................................................................................................... 3
B. BI ............................................................................................................................................. 5
CHNG2. BNG H THNG TUN HON V NH LUT TUN HON .............................. 18
A. TM TT L THUYT ................................................................................................................. 30
B. BI ........................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
C - P S V HNG DN ......................................................................................................... 25
CHNG 3. LIN KT HO HC ....................................................................................................... 27
A- TM TT L THUYT ................................................................................................................ 27
B. BI ........................................................................................................................................... 29
C. P S V HNG DN .......................................................................................................... 35
CHNG 4 - PHN NG HO HC- PHN NG OXI HO - KH ................................................ 3
A. TM TT L THUYT ................................................................................................................... 3
B. BI ............................................................................................................................................. 3
C. P S V HNG DN ............................................................................................................ 9
CHNG 5. NHM VIIA ...................................................................................................................... 11
A. TM TT L THUYT ................................................................................................................. 11
B. BI ........................................................................................................................................... 11
C. P S V HNG DN .......................................................................................................... 17
CHNG VI. NHM VIA ..................................................................................................................... 19
A. TM TT L THUYT ................................................................................................................. 19
C. P S V HNG DN .......................................................................................................... 24
CHNG 7 TC PHN NG V CN BNG HO HC ...................................................... 26
A.TM TT L THUYT .................................................................................................................. 26
B. BI ........................................................................................................................................... 28
C. P S V HNG DN ......................................................................................................... 34
MC LC ................................................................................................................................................ 36

TT Va BT Trac Nghiem Hoa 10

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= 0,03(mol) 0,03 0,03

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