PGS.TS NGUYN XUN TRNG - TS.

TRN TRUNG NINH

BI TP CHN LC
HA HC 10
(Chng trnh chun v nng cao)
NH XUT BN I HC QUC GIA
THNH PH H CH MINH - 2006
3
LI NI U
Ha hc l mt khoa hc l thuyt v thc nghim. Ha hc i hi s
chnh xc ca ton hc ng thi vi s linh hot trong t duy v c tng tng
phong ph, sinh ng v s kho lo trong cc thao tc th nghim.
Chng ti gii thiu cng bn c quyn Bi tp chn lc Ha hc 10
chng trnh chun v nng cao. Sch gm cc bi tp Ha hc chn lc trong
chng trnh Ha hc 10 c m rng v nng cao, c th s dng pht trin
nng lc t duy Ha hc cho hc sinh lp 10 v phc v n tp cc k thi t ti, thi
tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng v thi hc sinh gii. Quyn sch c bin son theo
chng trnh mi ca B Gio dc v o to. Sch c chia thnh 7 chng,
tng ng vi tng chng ca sch gio khoa Ha hc 10. Mi chng bao gm
cc ni dung chnh sau:
A- Tm tt l thuyt.
B- Bi tp c hng dn.
C- Hng dn gii
D- Bi tp t luyn
E- Bi tp trc nghim
F- Thng tin b sung,
Sch c th c s dng lm ti liu tham kho cho cc thy, c gio, cho cc
em hc sinh mong c c mt nn tng vng chc cc kin thc, t duy v k
nng mn Ha hc lp 10.
Mc d chng ti c nhiu c gng, nhng do trnh v thi gian bin son
cn hn ch nn khng trnh khi cc sai st. Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n
mi kin ng gp ca cc bn c, nht l cc thy, c gio v cc em hc sinh
sch c hon chnh hn trong ln ti bn sau.
Cc tc gi
4
5
Chng 1
NGUYN T
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Thnh phn nguyn t
1. Lp v: Bao gm cc electron mang in tch m.
- in tch: q
e
= -1,602.10
-19
C = 1-
- Khi lng: m
e
= 9,1095.10
-31
kg
2. Ht nhn: Bao gm cc proton v cc ntron
a. Proton
- in tch: q
p
= +1,602.10
-19
C = 1+
- Khi lng: m
p
= 1,6726.10
-27
kg 1u (vC)
b. Ntron
- in tch: q
n
= 0
- Khi lng: m
n
= 1,6748.10
-27
kg 1u
6
Lp v Ht nhn
Gm cc electron
mang in m
Proton
mang in dng
Nguyn t
Ntron
khng mang in
Kt lun:
- Ht nhn mang in dng, cn lp v mang in m
- Tng s proton = tng s electron trong nguyn t
- Khi lng ca electron rt nh so vi proton v ntron
II. in tch v s khi ht nhn
1. in tch ht nhn
Nguyn t trung ha in, cho nn ngoi cc electron mang in m, nguyn t
cn c ht nhn mang in dng. in tch ht nhn l Z+, s n v in tch ht
nhn l Z.
S n v in tch ht nhn (Z) = s proton = s electron
Th d: Nguyn t c 17 electron th in tch ht nhn l 17+
2. S khi ht nhn
A = Z + N
Th d: Nguyn t c natri c 11 electron v 12 ntron th s khi l:
A = 11 + 12 = 23 (S khi khng c n v)
3. Nguyn t ha hc
- L tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s in tch ht nhn.
- S hiu nguyn t (Z): Z = P = e
- K hiu nguyn t:
A
Z
X Trong A l s khi nguyn t, Z l s hiu nguyn t.
III. ng v, nguyn t khi trung bnh
1. ng v
- L tp hp cc nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau s ntron (khc
nhau s khi A).
- Th d: Nguyn t cacbon c 3 ng v:
12 13 14
6 6 6
C, C, C
2. Nguyn t khi trung bnh
7
Gi
A
l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mt nguyn t. A
1
, A
2
... l nguyn
t khi ca cc ng v c % s nguyn t ln lt l a%, b%...
Ta c:
+ +

1 2
a.A b.A ....
A
100
IV. S chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t. Obitan nguyn t.
- Trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh xung quanh ht nhn v
khng theo mt qu o no.
- Khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt ca electron l ln nht
c gi l obitan nguyn t.
- Obitan s c dng hnh cu, obitan p c dng hnh s 8 ni, obitan d, f c hnh
phc tp.
Obitan s
z
x
y
Obitan p
x
z
x
y
Obitan p
y
z
x
y
Obitan p
z
z
x
y
V. Lp v phn lp
1. Lp
- Cc electron trong nguyn t c sp xp thnh lp v phn lp.
- Cc electron trong cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau.
- Th t v k hiu cc lp:
n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tn lp K L M N O P Q
2. Phn lp
- c k hiu l: s, p, d, f
- S phn lp trong mt lp chnh bng s th t ca lp.
8
- S obitan c trong cc phn lp s, p, d, f ln lt l 1, 3, 5 v 7
- Mi obitan cha ti a 2 electron
VI. Cu hnh electron trong nguyn t
1. Mc nng lng
- Trt t mc nng lng: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s ...
- S phn b electron trong nguyn t tun theo cc nguyn l v quy tc: Nguyn
l Pau-li, nguyn l vng bn, quy tc Hun.
2. Cu hnh electron
S phn b cc electron vo obitan trong nguyn t tun theo cc quy tc
v nguyn l:
- Nguyn l Pauli: Trn mt obitan c th c nhiu nht hai electron v hai
electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi
obitan.
- Nguyn l vng bn: trng thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron
chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao.
- Quy tc Hun: Trong cng mt phn lp, cc electron s phn b trn
obitan sao cho s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t
quay ging nhau.
Cch vit cu hnh electron trong nguyn t:
+ Xc nh s electron
+ Sp xp cc electron vo phn lp theo th t tng dn mc nng lng
+ Vit electron theo th t cc lp v phn lp.
Th d: Vit cu hnh electron ca Fe (Z = 26)
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
Sp xp theo mc nng lng Cu hnh electron
9
B. BI TP C LI GII
1.1 V sao t nhng tng u tin v nguyn t, cch y 2500 nm ca
Democrit, mi n cui th k XIX ngi ta mi chng minh c nguyn t l c
tht v c cu to phc tp ? M t th nghim tm ra electron.
1.2 Nguyn t khi ca neon l 20,179. Hy tnh khi lng ca mt nguyn t
neon theo kg.
1.3 Kt qu phn tch cho thy trong phn t kh CO
2
c 27,3% C v 72,7% O theo
khi lng. Bit nguyn t khi ca C l 12,011. Hy xc nh nguyn t khi ca
oxi.
1.4 Bit rng khi lng mt nguyn t oxi nng gp 15,842 ln v khi lng ca
nguyn t cacbon nng gp 11,9059 ln khi lng ca nguyn t hiro. Hi nu
chn
1
12
khi lng nguyn t cacbon lm n v th H, O c nguyn t khi l
bao nhiu ?
1.5 Mc ch th nghim ca R-d-pho l g? Trnh by th nghim tm ra ht
nhn nguyn t ca R-d-pho v cc cng s ca ng.
1.6 Hy cho bit s n v in tch ht nhn, s proton, s ntron v s electron
ca cc nguyn t c k hiu sau y :
a)
7 23 39 40 234
3 11 19 19 90
Li, Na, K, Ca, Th
b)
2 4 12 16 32 56
1 2 6 8 15 26
H, He, C, O, P, Fe.
1.7 Cch tnh s khi ca ht nhn nh th no ? Ni s khi bng nguyn t khi
th c ng khng ? ti sao ?
1.8 Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca bc bng 107,02 ln nguyn t khi ca hiro.
Nguyn t khi ca hiro bng 1,0079. Tnh nguyn t khi ca bc.
1.9 Cho hai ng v hiro vi t l % s nguyn t :
1
1
H (99,984%),
2
1
H (0,016%)
v hai ng v ca clo :
35
17
Cl (75,53%),
37
17
Cl (24,47%).
a) Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca mi nguyn t.
10
b) C th c bao nhiu loi phn t HCl khc nhau c to nn t hai loi
ng v ca hai nguyn t .
c) Tnh phn t khi gn ng ca mi loi phn t ni trn.
1.10 Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng bng 63,546. ng tn ti trong t nhin
di hai dng ng v
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu. Tnh t l % s nguyn t ng
63
29
Cutn ti
trong t nhin.
1.11 Cho hai ng v
1
1
H(k hiu l H),
2
1
H(k hiu l D).
a) Vit cc cng thc phn t hiro c th c.
b) Tnh phn t khi ca mi loi phn t.
c) Mt lit kh hiro giu teri (
2
1
H) iu kin tiu chun nng 0,10g. Tnh
thnh phn % khi lng tng ng v ca hiro.
1.12 C th m t s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t bng cc qu o
chuyn ng c khng ? ti sao ?
1.13 Theo l thuyt hin i, trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t
c m t bng hnh nh g ?
1.14 Trnh by hnh dng ca cc obitan nguyn t s v p v nu r s nh hng
khc nhau ca chng trong khng gian.
1.15 Bit rng nguyn t agon c ba ng v khc nhau, ng vi s khi 36, 38 v A.
Phn trm cc ng v tng ng ln lt bng : 0,34% ; 0,06% v 99,6%.
Tnh s khi ca ng v A ca nguyn t agon, bit rng nguyn t khi trung
bnh ca agon bng 39,98.
1.16 Nguyn t Mg c ba ng v ng vi thnh phn phn trm nh sau :
ng v
24
Mg
25
Mg
26
Mg
% 78,6 10,1 11,3
a) Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg.
b) Gi s trong hn hp ni trn c 50 nguyn t
25
Mg, th s nguyn t
tng ng ca hai ng v cn li l bao nhiu ?
11
1.17 Hy cho bit tn ca cc lp electron ng vi cc gi tr ca n = 1, 2, 3, 4 v
cho bit cc lp ln lt c bao nhiu phn lp electron ?
1.18 Hy cho bit s phn lp, s obitan c trong lp N v M.
1.19 V hnh dng cc obitan 1s, 2s v cc obitan 2p
x
, 2p
y
, 2p
z
.
1.20 S phn b electron trong phn t tun theo nhng nguyn l v quy tc no ?
Hy pht biu cc nguyn l v quy tc . Ly th d minh ha.
1.21 Ti sao trong s phn b electron ca nguyn t cacbon (C : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
)
phn lp 2p li biu din nh sau :

1.22 Hy vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c Z = 20, Z = 21, Z = 22,
Z = 24, Z = 29 v cho nhn xt cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t khc nhau
nh th no ?
1.23 Hy cho bit s electron lp ngoi cng ca cc nguyn t H, Li, Na, K, Ca,
Mg, C, Si, O.
1.24 Cu hnh electron trn cc obitan nguyn t ca cc nguyn t K (Z = 19) v
Ca (Z = 20) c c im g ?
1.25 Vit cu hnh electron ca F (Z = 9) v Cl (Z = 17) v cho bit khi nguyn t ca
chng nhn thm 1 electron, lp electron ngoi cng khi c c im g ?
1.26 Khi s hiu nguyn t Z tng, trt t nng lng AO tng dn theo chiu t
tri qua phi v ng trt t nh dy sau khng ?
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 6s 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d...
Nu sai, hy sa li cho ng.
1.27 Vit c hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c Z = 15, Z = 17, Z =
20, Z = 21, Z = 31.
1.28 Nguyn t Fe c Z = 26. Hy vit cu hnh elctron ca Fe.
Nu nguyn t Fe b mt hai electron, mt ba electron th cc cu hnh electron
tng ng s nh th no ?
12

1.29 Phn ng ht nhn l qu trnh bin i ht nhn nguyn t do s phn r t
nhin, hoc do tng tc gia ht nhn vi cc ht c bn, hoc tng tc ca cc
ht nhn vi nhau. Trong phn ng ht nhn s khi v in tch l cc i lng
c bo ton. Trn c s , hy hon thnh cc phn ng ht nhn di y:
(a) He Ne ? Mg
4
2
23
10
26
12
+ +
(b) He ? H H
4
2
1
1
19
9
+ +
(c) n 4 ? Ne Pu
1
0
22
10
242
94
+ +
(d) n He 2 ? D
1
0
4
2
2
1
+ +
1.30 Bit rng qu trnh phn r t nhin pht x cc tia ( )
+ 2 4
2
He , ( ) e
0
1
v

(mt dng bc x in t). Hy hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn:
1) ... Pb U
206
82
238
92
+
2) ... Pb Th
208
82
232
90
+
13

C. BI TP T LUYN
1.31 Bng cch no, ngi ta c th to ra nhng chm tia electron. Cho bit in
tch v khi lng ca electron. So snh khi lng ca electron vi khi lng
ca nguyn t nh nht trong t nhin l hiro, t c th rt ra nhn xt g?
1.32 Tnh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca niken, bit rng trong t nhin, cc
ng v ca niken tn ti nh sau:
ng v
58
28
Ni

60
28
Ni

61
28
Ni

62
28
Ni

64
28
Ni
Thnh phn % 67,76 26,16 1,25 3,66 1,16
1.33 Trong nguyn t, nhng electron no quyt nh tnh cht ha hc ca mt
nguyn t ha hc?
1.34 Cho bit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t mt s nguyn t sau:
a. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
b. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
c.1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
d. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
1. Hy cho bit nhng nguyn t no l kim loi, phi kim?
2. Nguyn t no trong cc nguyn t trn thuc h s, p hay d?
3. Nguyn t no c th nhn 1 electron trong cc phn ng ha hc?
1.35 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t l 28, trong s ht
khng mang in chim xp x 35% tng s ht. Tnh s ht mi loi v vit cu
hnh electron ca nguyn t .
1.36 Bit khi lng nguyn t ca mt loi ng v ca Fe l 8,96. 10
- 23
gam.
Bit Fe c s hiu nguyn t Z = 26 . Tnh s khi v s ntron c trong ht nhn
nguyn t ca ng v trn.
1.37 a, Da vo u m bit c rng trong nguyn t cc electron c sp xp
theo tng lp ?
b, Electron lp no lin kt vi ht nhn cht ch nht? Km nht ?
1.38 V electron ca mt nguyn t c 20 electron . Hi
14
a, Nguyn t c bao nhiu lp electron ?
b, Lp ngoi cng c bao nhiu electron ?
c, l kim loi hay phi kim ?
1.39 Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t c ngha g? Cho th d.
1.40 Cc nguyn t A, B, C, D, E c s proton v s ntron ln lt nh sau:
A: 28 proton v 31 ntron.
B: 18 proton v 22 ntron.
C: 28 proton v 34 ntron.
D: 29 proton v 30 ntron.
E: 26 proton v 30 ntron.
Hi nhng nguyn t no l nhng ng v ca cng mt nguyn t v
nguyn t l nguyn t g? Nhng nguyn t no c cng s khi?
1.41 Cho bit tn, k hiu, s hiu nguyn t ca:
a) 2 nguyn t c s electron lp ngoi cng ti a.
b) 2 nguyn t c 2 electron lp ngoi cng.
c) 2 nguyn t c 7 electron lp ngoi cng.
d) 2 nguyn t c 2 electron c thn trng thi c bn.
e) 2 nguyn t h d c ha tr II v ha tr III bn.
1.42 Vit cu hnh eletron y cho cc nguyn c lp electron ngoi cng l:
a) 2s
1
b) 2s
2
2p
3
c) 2s
2
2p
6
d) 3s
2
3p
3
) 3s
2
3p
5
e) 3s
2
3p
6
1.43 a)Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t nhm (Z =13). t c cu hnh
electron ca kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon nguyn t nhm nhng hay
nhn bao nhiu electron? Nhm th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim?
b) Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t clo (Z =17). t c cu hnh
electron ca kh him gn nht trong bng tun hon, nguyn t clo nhng hay
nhn bao nhiu electron? Clo th hin tnh cht kim loi hay phi kim?
15
1.44 Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t lu hunh l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
. Hi:
a) Nguyn t lu hunh c bao nhiu electron ?
b) S hiu nguyn t ca lu hunh l bao nhiu?
c) Lp no c mc nng lng cao nht?
d) C bao nhiu lp, mi lp c bao nhiu electron?
e) Lu hunh l kim loi hay phi kim? V sao?
1.45 Bit tng s ht p, n, e trong mt nguyn t l 155. S ht mang in nhiu
hn s ht khng mang in l 33 ht. Tnh s khi ca nguyn t.
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
1.46 Cho nhng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t sau:

1 2 3 4
Nhng nguyn t no sau y l ng v ca nhau ?
A. 1 v 2 B. 2 v 3
C. 1, 2 v 3 D. C 1, 2, 3, 4
1.47 :Nguyn t no trong hnh v di y c kh nng nhn 3 electron trong
cc phn ng ha hc?

1 2 3 4
A. 1 v 2 B.1 v 3
C. 3 v 4 D.1 v 4
1.48 Hnh v no sau y vi phm nguyn l Pauli khi in electron vo AO?
16
a b c d
A. a B. b
C. a v b D.c v d
1.49 Cu hnh ca nguyn t sau biu din bng lng t. Thng tin no khng
ng khi ni v cu hnh cho?

1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
A.Nguyn t c 7 electron
B.Lp ngoi cng c 3 electron
C.Nguyn t c 3 electron c thn
D.Nguyn t c 2 lp electron
1.50 Khi phn tch mt mu brom lng, ngi ta tm c 3 gi tr khi lng
phn t hn km nhau 2 n v, iu chng t:
A. C hin tng ng v
B. C s tn ti ca ng phn
C. Brom c 3 ng v
D. Brom c 2 ng v
1.51
Pht biu no sau y khng ng?
A. Cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn theo nhng hnh trn.
B. Cc electron chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn khng theo qu o xc
nh no.
C. Obitan l khu vc xung quanh ht nhn m ti xc sut c mt ca
electron l ln nht.
D. Obitan ca cc phn lp khc nhau c hnh dng khc nhau.
17


1.52
Cho cc nguyn t sau N (Z = 7), O (Z = 8), S (Z = 16), Cl (Z = 17). Trong
s cc nguyn t c 2 electron c thn trng thi c bn l:
A. N v S B. S v Cl
C. O v S D. N v Cl
1.53
Ion A
2+
c cu hnh electron phn lp ngoi cng l 3p
6
. Tng s electron
trong nguyn t A l:
A. 18 B. 19 C. 20 D. 21
1.54
Cu hnh electron ca ion no sau y khc cu hnh electron ca kh him ?
A. Na
+
B. Cu
2+
C. Cl
-
D. O
2-
1.55
Cc nguyn t v ion : F
-
, Na
+
, Ne c c im no chung ?
A. C cng s electron B. C cng s ntron
C. Cng s khi D. Cng in tch ht nhn
1.56
Mt nguyn t c tng cng 7 electron cc phn lp p. S proton ca
nguyn t l :
A. 10 B. 11 C. 12 D. 13
1.57
Nguyn t X c cu hnh electron l : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
. Ion m X c th to thnh
l :
A. X
+
B. X
2+
C. X
-
D. X
2-
1.58 Bit 1 mol nguyn t st c khi lng bng 56g, mt nguyn t st c 26
electron. S ht electron c trong 5,6g st l
A. 15,66.10
24
B. 15,66.10
21

C. 15,66.10
22
D. 15,66.10
23
1.59
Nguyn t no trong s cc nguyn t sau y c 20 proton, 20 electron, 20
ntron?
A.
39
19
K B.
40
18
Ar C.
40
20
Ca D.
37
17
Cl
1.60
Trong nguyn t cacbon, hai electron 2p c phn b trn 2 obitan p khc
nhau v c biu din bng hai mi tn cng chiu. Nguyn l hay quy tc c
p dng y l
18
A. nguyn l Pauli B. quy tc Hund
C. quy tc Kletkopski D. c A, B v C
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
1.46. C 1.47. D 1.48. D 1.49. B 1.50. D
1.51. A 1.52. C 1.53. C 1.54. B 1.55. A
1.56. D 1.57. C 1.58. D 1.59. C 1.60. B
1.1 Hng dn :
Trong mt thi k di, ngi ta khng c cc thit b khoa hc kim
chng tng v nguyn t. S pht trin ca khoa hc v k thut cui th k
XIX cho php ch to c thit b c chn khng cao (p = 0,001mmHg), c
mn hunh quang quan st ng i ca cc tia khng nhn thy bng mt
thng v ngun in c th hiu rt cao (15000V).
Th nghim pht minh electron ca Tom-xn (1897)
Tom-xn cho phng in vi th hiu 15000 vn qua hai in cc gn vo
hai u ca mt ng thy tinh kn rt gn ht khng kh, p sut 0,001mmHg,
th thy mn hunh quang le sng. Mn
hunh quang pht sng do s xut hin ca
cc tia khng nhn thy c i t cc m
sang cc dng, tia ny c gi l tia m
cc. Tia m cc b ht lch v pha cc
dng khi t ng thy tinh trong mt in
trng. Th nghim ny chng t nguyn t
c cu to phc tp. Mt trong nhng
thnh phn cu to ca nguyn t l cc electron.
1.2 Hng dn:
Ta c m
Ne
= 1,66005.10
-27
. 20,179 = 33,498.10
-27
kg.
1.3 Hng dn :
19
Gi nguyn t khi ca oxi l X, ta c :
( 2X + 12,011).27,3% = 12,011
X = 15,99
1.4 Hng dn: Theo bi :
M
O
= 15,842.M
H
M
C
= 11,9059.M
H

12
M . 9059 , 11
12
M
H C

Vy M
O
v M
H


tnh

theo
C
1
.M
12
l :
H
O
H
15,842.M .12
M 15, 9672
11, 9059.M

o
H
M 15, 9672
M 1, 0079
15,842 15,842


1.5 Hng dn:
Sau th nghim tm ra electron -loi ht mang in tch m, bng cch suy
lun ngi ta bit rng nguyn t c cc phn t mang in dng, bi v nguyn
t trung ha in. Tuy nhin c mt cu hi t ra l cc phn t mang in dng
phn b nh th no trong nguyn t? Tom-xn v nhng ngi ng h ng cho
rng cc phn t mang in dng phn tn u trong ton b th tch nguyn t.
Trong khi R-d-pho v cc cng s mun kim tra li gi thuyt ca Tom-
xn. H lm th nghim tm hiu s phn b cc in tch dng trong nguyn
t.
Th nghim tm ra ht nhn nguyn t ca R-d-pho (1911)
kim tra gi thuyt ca
Tom-xn, R-d-pho dng tia
bn ph mt l vng mng, xung
quanh t mn hunh quang
20
quan st s chuyn ng ca cc ht . Kt qu l hu ht cc ht i thng, mt
s t b lch hng, mt s t hn b bt ngc tr li. iu ny cho php kt lun
gi thuyt ca Tom-xn l sai. Phn mang in tch dng tp trung ht nhn
ca nguyn t, kch thc rt nh b so vi kch thc nguyn t. Nguyn t c
cu to rng.
1.6 Hng dn:
S n v in tch ht nhn, s proton, s ntron v s electron ca cc nguyn t:
a).
7
3
Li c s khi A = 7
S p = s e = Z = 3 ; N = 4

23
11
Na c s khi A = 23
S p = s e = Z = 11 ; N = 12

39
19
K c s khi A = 39
S p = s e = Z = 19 ; N = 20

40
20
Ca c s khi A = 40
S p = s e = Z = 20 ; N = 20

234
90
Th c s khi A = 234
S p = s e = Z = 90 ; N = 144
b).
2
1
H c s khi A = 2
S p = s e = Z = 1 ; N = 1

4
2
He c s khi A = 4
S p = s e = Z = 2 ; N = 2

12
6
C c s khi A = 12
S p = s e = Z = 6 ; N = 6

16
8
O c s khi A = 16
S p = s e = Z = 8 ; N = 8
21

56
26
Fe c s khi A = 56
S p = s e = Z = 26 ; N =30

32
15
P c s khi A = 32
S p = s e = Z = 15; N = 17
1.7 Hng dn: Cch tnh s khi ca ht nhn :
S khi ht nhn (k hiu A) bng tng s proton (p) v s ntron (n).
A = Z + N
Ni s khi bng nguyn t khi l sai, v s khi l tng s proton v
notron trong ht nhn, trong khi nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca
nguyn t. Nguyn t khi cho bit khi lng ca mt nguyn t nng gp bao
nhiu ln n v khi lng nguyn t.
Do khi lng ca mi ht proton v ntron ~1u, cho nn trong cc tnh
ton khng cn chnh xc cao, coi s khi bng nguyn t khi.
1.8 Hng dn: Ta c A
Ag
= 107,02.
2
H
A
m
H
2
A
=
2
H
M
= 1,0079
A
Ag
= 107,02 . 1,0079 = 107,865
1.9 Hng dn:
a) Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca hiro v clo l:
A
H
=
1.99,984 2.0,016
1,00016
100
+

A
Cl
=
35.75,53 37.24,47
100
+
= 35,5
b). C bn loi phn t HCl khc nhau to nn t hai loi ng v ca hai nguyn
t hiro v clo.
Cng thc phn t l :
35 37 35 37
17 17 17 17
H Cl, H Cl, D Cl, D Cl
c) Phn t khi ln lt: 36 38 37 39
1.10 Hng dn:
22
Gi t l % s nguyn t ca ng v
63
29
Cu l x , % ng v
65
29
Cu l 100 - x
Ta c
63x 65(100 x)
100
+
= 63,546
63x + 6500 - 65x = 6354,6
x = 72,7
Vy % s nguyn t ca ng v
63
29
Cu l 72,7%.
1.11 Hng dn:
a) Cng thc phn t : H
2
; HD ; D
2
b) Phn t khi : 2 3 4
c) t a l thnh phn % ca H v 100 - a l thnh phn % ca D v khi lng.
Theo bi ra ta c : H
(1a%) + 2(100 - a%)
M
100
= 22,4
0,1
2
% H = 88% ; %D = 12%
1.12 Hng dn:
Khng th m t c s chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t bng cc
qu o chuyn ng. Bi v trong nguyn t, cc electron chuyn ng rt nhanh
xung quanh ht nhn khng theo mt qu o xc nh no. Ngi ta ch ni n
kh nng quan st electron ti mt thi im no trong khng gian ca nguyn
t.
1.13 Hng dn:
Theo l thuyt hin i trng thi chuyn ng ca electron trong nguyn t
c m t bng hnh nh c gi l obitan nguyn t.
1.14 Hng dn:
Hnh dng ca cc obitan nguyn t s v p :
+ Obitan s : C dng hnh cu, tm l ht nhn nguyn t. Obitan s khng c
s nh hng trong khng gian ca nguyn t.
23
+ Obitan p : Gm ba obitan : p
x
, p
y
v p
z
c dng hnh s 8 ni. Mi obitan c
s nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian. Chng hn : Obitan p
x
nh hng
theo trc x, p
y
nh hng theo trc y,...
Obitan s
z
x
y
Obitan p
x
z
x
y
Obitan p
y
z
x
y
Obitan p
z
z
x
y
1
1.15 Hng dn:
Gi s khi ca ng v A ca nguyn t agon l X
Ta c + + Ar
A
0,34 0,06 99,6
A 36 38 X 39,98
100 100 100
X
A
= 40
1.16 Hng dn:
Ta c
a) Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Mg l
Mg
78,6 10,1 11,3
A 24 25 26 24,33
100 100 100
+ +
b) Gi s trong hn hp ni trn c 50 nguyn t
25
Mg, th s nguyn t tng
ng ca 2 ng v cn li l:
S nguyn t
24
Mg =
50
10,1
x78,6 = 389 (nguyn t).
S nguyn t
26
Mg =
50
10,1
x 11,3 = 56 (nguyn t).
1.17 Hng dn:
Ta c
24
n : 1 2 3 4
Tn lp : K L M N
Lp K c mt phn lp 1s
Lp L c hai phn lp 2s, 2p
Lp M c ba phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d
Lp N c bn phn lp 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
1.18 Hng dn:
+) Lp N c : - 4 phn lp 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f
- 16 obitan :

'

1 obi tan 4s
3 obi tan 4p
5 obi tan 4d
7obi tan 4f
+) Lp M c : - 3 phn lp 3s, 3p, 3d
- 9 obitan :
1 obi tan 3s
3 obi tan 3p
5 obi tan 3d

'

1.19 Hng dn:

V hnh dng cc obitan 1s, 2s v cc obitan 2p
x
, 2p
y
, 2p
z

Obitan s
z
x
y
Obitan p
x
z
x
y
Obitan p
y
z
x
y
Obitan p
z
z
x
y
1.20 Hng dn:
S phn b electron trong nguyn t tun theo nguyn l Pau-li, nguyn l vng
bn v quy tc Hun.
25
- Nguyn l Pau-li : Trn mt obitan ch c th c
nhiu nht l 2 electron v 2 electron ny chuyn ng t quay khc chiu
nhau xung quanh trc ring ca mi electron.
Th d : Nguyn t He c Z = 2
1s
2
- Nguyn l vng bn : trng thi c bn trong
nguyn t cc electron chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp
n cao.
Th d : Nguyn t B (Z = 5) :
1s
2
2s
2
2p
1
- Quy tc Hun : Trong cng 1 phn lp cc electron s phn b trn cc obitan
sao cho c s electron c thn l ti a v cc electron ny phi c chiu t quay
ging nhau.
Th d : Nguyn t C (Z = 6)
1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
1.21 Hng dn:
Theo nguyn tc Hun cho nn trong s phn b electron ca nguyn t cacbon
( C : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
2
) phn lp 2p c biu din :

1.22 Hng dn:
Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t c :
- Z = 20 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
- Z = 21 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
1
4s
2

- Z = 22 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
2
4s
2

- Z = 24 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
- Z = 29 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1

Nhn xt :
26

+ Cu hnh Z =20 khc vi cc cu hnh cn li ch khng c phn lp 3d.
+ Cu hnh Z =24 v Z = 29 c 1 electron phn lp 4s.
1.23 Hng dn:
S e lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t:
H : c 1e Ca : c 2e O : c 6e
Li : c 1e Mg: c 2e
Na: c 1e C : c 4e
K : c 1e Si : c 4e
1.24 Hng dn:
K (Z= 19) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
Ca (Z = 20) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
Vy s phn b electron trn cc obitan nguyn t ca cc nguyn t K v
Ca c c im l c 1 hay 2 electron lp ngoi cng. Nhng electron ny c
lin kt yu vi ht nhn, do trong cc phn ng ha hc, K v Ca d nhng
i tr thnh cc ion dng bn vng.
1.25 Hng dn:
Cu hnh e ca F v Cl l :
F (Z = 9) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
Cl (Z = 17) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
c im : lp electron ngoi cng c 7e, nhng electron ny lin kt cht ch vi ht
nhn, do trong cc phn ng ha hc, F v Cl c xu hng nhn thm 1 electron
t cu hnh bo ha, bn vng nh kh him ng sau chng.
1.26 Hng dn:
Trt t theo dy cho l sai, sa li l :
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d ...
Sai v tr ca AO 3d v AO 4s.
1.27 Hng dn:
27
Cu hnh e nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c :
Z = 15 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
Z = 17 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
Z = 20 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
Z = 21 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
1
4s
2

Z = 31 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
1
1.28 Hng dn:
Fe Z = 26 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2

Fe
2+


Z = 26 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
Fe
3+


Z = 26 : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5

1.29 Hng dn:
a)
26 1 23 4
12 0 10 2
Mg n Ne He + +
b)
19 1 16 4
9 1 8 2
+ + F H O He
c)
242 22 260 1
94 10 104 0
4 Pu Ne Unq n + +
d)
2 7 4 1
1 3 2 0
2 D Li He n + +
1.30 Hng dn:
a)
238 206 4 0
92 82 2 1
8 6 U Pb He e

+ +
b)
232 208 4 0
90 82 2 1
6 4 Th Pb He e

+ +
F. MT S THNG TIN B SUNG
Nng lng ht nhn c nn c s dng Vit Nam?
1. Nhng kin ng h vic xy dng nh my in ht nhn
duy tr mt tc tng trng kinh t cao th hai chu , khong 7,5
-8% mt nm nh hin nay, theo nghin cu ca tng cng ty in lc Vit
Nam (EVN), tng trng ngun in phi t trung bnh 15% mt nm. Mt
28
s nc pht trin nh Php v Hn Quc c t trng in ht nhn trong
tng ngun nng lng rt cao (trn 60%).
Cc ngun in ch yu hin nay ca nc ta l thy in v nhit in.
Thy in c u im tn dng ti nguyn nc, nhng ngun in li ph
thuc nhiu vo ngun nc. Vo nhng thng 4, 5 hng nm, ngun nc
cho thy in gim lm ngun cung cp in thiu ht dn n phi ct in
lun phin, nh hng khng nh n sn xut v kinh doanh. Nhit in vi
cc nhin liu nh than (Qung Ninh), kh t B Ra-Vng Tu ang
gp phn lm tng mc nhim mi trng Vit Nam.
gii quyt nn thiu in c nhiu phng n c la chn, trong
c in ht nhn. Theo EVN n nm 2017 nc ta s c nh my in ht
nhn u tin.
Nh my in ht nhn s cung cp mt ngun in n nh, khng lm tng
kh thi CO
2
nh vic t cc nhin liu ha thch nh than , du m.
Ngun in ht nhn s h tr cc nh my thy in trong ma kh.
Nh my in ht nhn cn l biu tng ca mt nn khoa hc, cng
ngh tin tin.
Cc nc c nn cng nghip in ht nhn pht trin nh Nga, Php,
Hn Quc ang gii thiu cho Vit Nam cc thit b in ht nhn ca h. Tuy
nhin, cho n nay cha c mt s la chn nh thu chnh thc no t pha
Vit Nam.
2. Nhng kin phn i vic xy dng nh my in ht nhn
Th nht l nng lng ht nhn c ri ro cao. Bi hc v v n l
phn ng ht nhn Trecnobyl 20 nm trc, vi mt sc tn ph tng ng
400 qu bom nguyn t m M nm xung thnh ph Hirosima, lm cho mt khu
vc bn knh 30km n nay hon ton khng ngi v nhim x cao vn cn
gi tr.
Th hai l cng ngh in ht nhn phi nhp vi gi thnh rt cao. Nguyn
liu hot ng ca nh my in ht nhn ngy cng him v phi nhp khu vi
29
gi thnh ngy cng cao, do in ht nhn km tnh cnh tranh so vi cc
ngun nng lng khc.
Th ba l vn x l rc thi ht nhn. y l mt vn rt phc tp, ngay
c vi nhng quc gia c nn khoa hc v cng ngh tin tin trn th gii.
Th t l nhu cu nc lm mt ca nh my in ht nhn rt ln. Trong khi
cc a im d nh xy dng nh my in ht nhn ca nc ta li t
nhng vng rt him nc.
Th nm l ngun nhn lc vn hnh nh my in ht nhn i hi mt
i ng c tnh k lut v k thut rt cao, l iu khng thc hin c mt cch
d dng nc ta trong giai on trc mt.
Chnh v nhng l do trn cho nn nhiu nc pht trin trn th gii nh
c, Thy in, Italy ... ang c k hoch loi b cc nh my in ht nhn vo
nm 2020.
Nhng l do va cp trn y i hi s cn nhc k lng ca chnh
ph trc khi quyt nh xy dng nh my in ht nhn u tin ca Vit Nam.
3. Cn bn, bn theo quan im no?
30
Chng 2
BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC
V NH LUT TUN HON
A. TM TT L THUYT
1. Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc
a) Nguyn tc sp xp:
- Cc nguyn t c sp xp theo chiu tng dn ca in tch ht nhn nguyn
t.
- Cc nguyn t c cng s lp electron c xp thnh mt hng.
- Cc nguyn t c s electron ha tr trong nguyn t nh nhau c xp thnh
mt ct.
b) Cu to ca bng tun hon
Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc l s th hin ni dung ca nh lut tun
hon. Trong hn 100 nm tn ti v pht trin, c khong nhiu kiu bng tun
hon khc nhau. Dng c s dng trong sch gio khoa ha hc ph thng hin
nay l bng tun hon dng di, c cu to nh sau:
: S th t ca bng s hiu nguyn t v bng s n v in tch ht nhn,
bng tng s electron ca nguyn t..
Chu k :
C 7 chu k, s th t ca chu k bng s lp electron ca nguyn t gm :
+ Chu k nh l cc chu k 1, 2, 3 ch gm cc nguyn t s v cc nguyn t p. Mi
chu k nh gm 8 nguyn t, tr chu k 1 ch c hai nguyn t.
+ Chu k ln l cc chu k 4, 5, 6 ,7 gm cc nguyn t s, p, d v f. Chu k 4 v chu
k 5 mi chu k c 18 nguyn t. Chu k 6 c 32 nguyn t. Theo quy lut, chu k 7
cng phi c 32 nguyn t, tuy nhin chu k 7 mi pht hin c 24 nguyn t
ha hc. L do l cc nguyn t c ht nhn cng nng cng km bn, chng c
i sng rt ngn ngi.
31
Nhm: C 8 nhm, s th t ca nhm bng s electron ha tr.
+ Nhm A: S th t ca nhm bng s electron ha tr, nhm A gm cc nguyn t s
v p. Nhm A cn c gi l cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm chnh.
+ Nhm B: S th t ca nhm B bng s electron ha tr, nhm B gm cc
nguyn t d v f. Nhm B cn c gi l cc nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph.
c) Nhng tnh cht bin i tun hon theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn
- Bn knh nguyn t:
+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn t
gim dn, v s electron ngoi cng tng dn trong khi s lp electron khng thay
i.
+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, bn knh nguyn
t tng dn, do s lp electron tng dn.
- Nng lng ion ho:
+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, nng lng ion ha
ca nguyn t tng dn, v s electron ngoi cng tng dn trong khi s lp
electron khng thay i.
+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, nng lng ion
ha ca nguyn t gim dn v electron xa ht nhn hn, lin kt vi ht nhn
yu hn.
- m in: m in l mt khi nim mang tnh cht kinh nghim v thay
i theo thang o v ch c ngha tng i. m in c trng cho kh nng
ht electron v pha mnh ca nguyn t trong phn t.
+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, m in ca nguyn t
tng dn.
+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, m in ca nguyn t
gim dn.
- Tnh kim loi - phi kim:
32
+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi gim dn v
tnh phi kim tng dn.
+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh kim loi tng dn v
tnh phi kim gim dn.
Tnh axit - baz ca oxit v hiroxit:
+ Trong chu k, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz gim dn v tnh
axit tng dn.
+ Trong nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht nhn, tnh baz tng dn v
tnh axit dn gim (tr nhm VII).
2. nh lut tun hon
Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t v n cht cng nh thnh phn v tnh cht
ca cc hp cht to nn t cc nguyn t bin i tun hon theo chiu tng
ca in tch ht nhn nguyn t.
3. ngha ca nh lut tun hon
- Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, c th suy ra cu to
nguyn t ca nguyn t v ngc li.

- Bit v tr ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, c th suy ra tnh
cht ha hc c bn ca n.
33
V tr ca mt nguyn t
trong bng tun hon ()
S th t ca nguyn t
S th t ca chu k
S th t ca nhm A
Cu to nguyn t
S proton v s electron.
S lp electron
S electron lp ngoi cng
V tr ca mt nguyn t
trong bng tun hon
Nhm IA, IIA, IIIA
Nhm VA, VIA, VIIA
Nhm IVA
Tnh cht c bn
Kim loi.
Phi kim
C th l phi kim (C, Si), c th
l kim loi (Sn, Pb)
- So snh tnh cht ha hc ca mt nguyn t vi cc nguyn t ln cn.
34
B. BI TP C LI GII
2.1 Xc nh v tr (s th t, chu k, nhm, phn nhm) cc nguyn t sau y
trong bng tun hon, cho bit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t
nh sau:
1. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
2. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2
2.2 Ion M
3+
c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
.
1. Xc nh v tr (s th t, chu k, nhm) ca M trong bng tun hon. Cho
bit M l kim loi g?
2. Trong iu kin khng c khng kh, cho M chy trong kh Cl
2
thu
c mt cht A v nung hn hp bt (M v S) c mt hp cht B. Bng cc
phn ng ha hc, hy nhn bit thnh phn v ha tr ca cc nguyn t trong A
v B.
2.3 Gi s nguyn t M s 19 trong bng tun hon cha c tm ra v ny
vn cn c b trng. Hy d on nhng c im sau v nguyn t :
1. Tnh cht c trng.
2. Cng thc oxit. Oxit l oxit axit hay oxit baz?
2.4 Nguyn t ca nguyn t R c phn mc nng lng cao nht l 4s
2
.
1. Vit cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R
2. V tr trong bng tun hon.
3. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra khi cho:
R + H
2
O hiroxit + H
2
Oxit ca R + H
2
O
Mui cacbonat ca R + HCl
Hiroxit ca R + Na
2
CO
3

2.5 Mt hp cht c cng thc l MA
x
, trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng.
M l kim loi, A l phi kim chu k 3. Trong ht nhn ca M c n - p = 4, trong
ht nhn ca A c n = p. Tng s proton trong MA
x
l 58.
35
1. Xc nh tn nguyn t, s khi ca M, s th t A trong bng tun hon.
2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ha hc:
a. MX
x
+ O
2


0
t
M
2
O
3
+ XO
2
b. MX
x
+ HNO
3


0
t
M(NO
3
)
3
+ H
2
XO
4
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
2.6 M l kim loi thuc nhm IIA.Ha tan ht 10,8 gam hn hp gm kim loi M
v mui cacbonat ca n trong dung dch HCl, thu c 4,48 lit hn hp kh A
(ktc). T khi ca A so vi kh hiro l 11,5.
1. Tm kim loi M
2. Tnh % th tch cc kh trong A.
2.7 X, Y l hai kim loi c electron cui cng l 3p
1
v 3d
6
.
1. Da vo bng tun hon, hy xc nh tn hai kim loi X, Y.
2. Ha tan ht 8,3 gam hn hp X, Y vo dung dch HCl 0,5M (va ), ta thy
khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng thm 7,8 gam. Tnh khi lng mi kim
loi v th tch dung dch HCl dng.
2.8 Ha tan ht a gam oxit kim loi M (thuc nhm IIA) bng mt lng va
dung dch H
2
SO
4
17,5% thu c dung dch mui c nng 20%.
Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi M.
2.9 A, B l 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA. Cho 4,4 gam mt
hn hp gm A v B tc dng vi dung dch HCl 1M (d) thu c 3,36 lit kh
(ktc).
1. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v xc nh tn 2 kim loi.
2. Tnh th tch dung dch HCl dng, bit rng HCl dng d 25% so vi
lng cn thit.
2.10 Cho 0,85 gam hai kim loi thuc hai chu k k tip trong nhm IA vo cc
cha 49,18 gam H
2
O thu c dung dch A v kh B. trung ha dung dch A
cn 30 ml dung dch HCl 1M.
a. Xc nh hai kim loi
b. Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong dung dch A.
36
2.11 Nguyn t R c ha tr cao nht trong oxit gp 3 ln ha tr trong hp cht
vi hiro.
a. Hy cho bit ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit.
b. Trong hp cht ca R vi hiro c t l khi lng:
1
16

m
m
H
R

.
Khng dng bng tun hon, cho bit k hiu ca nguyn t R.
2.12 Nguyn t R chu k 3, nhm VA trong bng tun hon. Khng s dng
bng tun hon, hy cho bit:
a. Cu hnh electron ca R.
b. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 43,66% khi lng. Tnh s lng
mi loi ht ca nguyn t R.
2.13 A v B l hai nguyn t cng mt nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong
bng tun hon. Tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B bng 32.
Hy vit cu hnh electron ca A , B v ca cc ion m A v B c th to thnh.
2.14 Hai nguyn t A v B hai nhm A lin tip trong bng tun hon, B thuc
nhm VA, trng thi n cht A, B khng phn ng vi nhau. Tng s proton
trong ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B l 23.
1. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca A, B.
2. T cc n cht A, B v cc ha cht cn thit, hy vit cc phng trnh ha
hc (ghi r iu kin) iu ch hai axit trong A v B c s oxi ha cao nht.
2.15 Cho bit tng s electron trong anion
2
3
AB l 42. Trong cc ht nhn A v
B u c s proton bng s ntron.
1. Tm s khi ca A v B
2. Cho bit v tr ca A, B trong bng tun hon.
2.16 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t R nhm
VIIA l 28.
1. Tnh s khi.
37
2. Vit k hiu nguyn t nguyn t .
2.17 Mt hp cht ion c cu to t M
+
v X
2-
. Trong phn t M
2
X c tng s
ht proton, ntron, electron l 140 ht. Trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht
khng mang in l 44 ht. S khi ca ion M
+
ln hn s khi ca ion X
2-
l 23.
Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong ion M
+
nhiu hn trong ion X
2-
l 31.
1. Vit cu hnh electron ca M v X.
2. Xc nh v tr ca M v ca X trong bng tun hon.
2.18 Khi bit c s th t Z ca mt nguyn t trong bng tun hon, ta c th
bit c cc thng tin sau y khng, gii thch ngn gn:
1. Cu hnh electron 4. Tnh cht c bn
2. S khi 5. Ha tr cao nht trong oxit
3. K hiu nguyn t 6. Ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro
2.19 Khi bit cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t mt nguyn t nhm
A, ta c th bit c cc thng tin sau y khng?
1. Tnh cht ha hc c bn 2. Cu hnh electron
3. V tr nguyn t trong bng tun hon 4. Cng thc oxit cao nht
5. K hiu nguyn t 6. Cng thc hp cht vi hiro
Gii thch ngn gn cc cu tr li.
2.20 Mt s c im ca cc nguyn t kim loi kim c trnh by bng sau:
Nguyn t Li Na K Rb Cs
Cu hnh electron [He]2s
1
[Ne]3s
1
[Ar]4s
1
[Kr]5s
1
[Xe]6s
1
Bn knh nguyn t (nm) 0,155 0,189 0,236 0,248 0,268
Nng lng ion ha, kJ/mol
I
1
520 496 419 403 376
I
2
7295 4565 3069 2644 2258
1. Gii thch s bin i nng lng ion ha th nht? Ti sao nng lng ion ha
th hai ln hn rt nhiu so vi nng lng ion ha th nht?
38
2. Ti sao trong cc hp cht, s oxi ha ca cc kim loi kim lun l +1, chng
c th to ra s oxi ha cao hn hay khng ?
2.21 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron trong hai nguyn t kim loi A v B l
142, trong tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42. S
ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca nguyn t A l 12.
a. Xc nh 2 kim loi A v B. Cho bit s hiu nguyn t ca mt s nguyn
t: Na (Z = 11), Mg (Z= 12), Al (Z =13), K (Z = 19), Ca (Z = 20), Fe (Z = 26),
Cu (Z = 29), Zn (Z = 30).
b. Vit phng trnh phn ng iu ch A t mui cacbonat ca A v iu ch B
t mt oxit ca B.
(Trch thi H - C khi B, nm 2003)
2.22 Cho 10 gam kim loi M (thuc nhm IIA) tc dng vi nc, thu c 6,11
lit kh hiro (o 25
o
C v 1 atm).
a. Hy xc nh tn ca kim loi M dng.
b. Cho 4 gam kim loi M vo cc ng 2,5lit dung dch HCl 0,06M thu c dung
dch B.
Tnh nng mol/l cc cht trong cc sau phn ng. Coi th tch dung dch trong
cc vn l 2,5 l.
2.23 Mt hp cht c cng thc XY
2
trong X chim 50% v khi lng. Trong
ht nhn ca X v Y u c s proton bng s ntron. Tng s proton trong phn
t XY
2
l 32.
a. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y.
b. Xc nh v tr ca X v Y trong bng tun hon.
2.24 Cho bit cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc nguyn t
(thuc chu k 3) A, M, X ln lt l ns
1
, ns
2
np
1
, ns
2
np
5
.
1. Xc nh v tr ca A, M, X trong bng tun hon v cho bit tn ca chng.
2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh ha hc theo s sau:
- A(OH)
m
+ MX
y

A
1

+ ...
39
- A
1

+ A(OH)
m

A
2
(tan)

+ ...
- A
2
+ HX + H
2
O

A
1

+ ...
- A
1

+ HX

A
3
(tan)

+ ...
Trong M, A, X l cc nguyn t tm thy cu 1.
2.25 C 5,56 gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ha tr n). Chia A lm hai
phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Ha tan ht trong dung dch HCl c 1,568 lit kh H
2
.
Phn 2: Ha tan ht trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng thu c 2,016 lit kh SO
2
.
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v xc nh tn kim loi M. Cc kh o ktc.
2.26 R l kim loi ha tr II. em ha tan 2 gam oxit ca kim loi ny vo 48 gam
dung dch H
2
SO
4
6,125% long thu c dung dch A trong nng H
2
SO
4
ch
cn 0,98%.
1. Vit phng trnh ha hc v xc nh R. Bit RSO
4
l mui tan.
2. Tnh th tch dung dch NaOH 8% (d =1,05 g/ml) cn cho vo A thu c
lng kt ta ln nht.
2.27 M l kim loi ha tr II. Ha tan m gam M vo 200 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, va th thu c dung dch A v 0,672 lit kh ( 54,6
0
C v 2 atm). Chia
A thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d, lc kt ta em nung n khi
lng khng i thu c 1 gam cht rn.
Xc nh kim loi M v tnh nng % dung dch axit dng.
Phn 2: lm bay hi nc thu c 6,15 gam mui ngm nc dng MSO
4
.nH
2
O.
Xc nh cng thc mui ngm nc.
2.28 Ha tan 16,2 gam kim loi M (nhm IIIA) vo 5 lit dung dch HNO
3
0,5M
(d = 1,25 g/ml). Sau khi kt thc phn ng thu c 5,6 lit hn hp kh NO v N
2
(ktc). T khi ca hn hp kh ny so vi hiro l 14,4.
1. Xc nh kim loi R.
40
2. Tnh nng % ca dung dch HNO
3
trong dung dch sau phn ng.
2.29 Cu to cc lp electron ca nguyn t cc nguyn t A, B, C, D, E nh sau:
A: 2/2 B: 2/8/8/2 C: 2/7 D: 2/8/7 E: 2
1. Xc nh v tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon.
2. Nguyn t no c tnh kim loi mnh nht? Phi kim mnh nht? Nguyn t
no km hot ng nht? Gii thch?
2.30 Ha tan ht 46 gam hn hp gm Ba v hai kim loi kim A, B thuc hai chu
k k tip vo nc, thu c dung dch D v 11,2 lit kh o ktc.
Nu thm 0,18 mol Na
2
SO
4
vo dung dch D th dung dch sau phn ng vn cha
kt ta ht bari. Nu thm 0,21 mol Na
2
SO
4
vo dung dch D th dung dch sau
phn ng cn d Na
2
SO
4
.
Xc nh tn hai kim loi kim.
Cho: Ba = 137, Li =7, Na = 23, K =39, Rb = 85, Cs = 133.
C. BI TP T LUYN
2.31 Hai nguyn t A, B ng k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k trong bng
tun hon, c tng in tch ht nhn l 25.
1. Xc nh v tr ca A, B trong bng tun hon.
2. So snh tnh cht ha hc ca A v B; tnh baz ca oxit to thnh t A v B.
2.32 Hy gii thch ti sao:
1. Trong mt chu k, m in tng dn theo chiu t tri sang phi; cn trong
mt nhm, m in gim dn theo chiu t trn xung di.
2. Trong mt chu k, nng lng ion ha tng dn theo chiu t tri sang phi; cn
trong mt nhm, nng lng ion ha gim dn theo chiu t trn xung di.
3. Trong mt chu k, tnh phi kim tng dn, tnh kim loi gim dn theo chiu tng
ca in tch ht nhn.
2.33 Cho bit bn knh nguyn t cc nguyn t sau (tnh theo , 1 = 10
-10
m).
Nguyn t Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
41
r () 1,86 1,60 1,43 1,17 1,10 1,04 0,99
Nguyn t Li Na K Rb Cs
r () 1,52 1,86 2,31 2,44 2,62
Nhn xt s thay i bn knh ca cc nguyn t trn c tun theo quy lut no hay
khng? Nu c, hy gii thch ti sao?
2.34 X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc
H
2
X, trong X c s oxi ha thp nht.
1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.
2. Vit phng trnh phn ng khi ln lt cho H
2
X tc dng vi nc Cl
2
, dung
dch FeCl
3
, dung dch CuSO
4
.
2.35 R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s
oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2. Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34.
1. Xc nh R
2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi
lng. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y.
2.36 Mt dung dch nc c cha 35 gam mt hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim
loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip. Thm t t v khuy u dung dch HCl 0,5M
vo dung dch trn. Khi phn ng xong, thu c 2,24 lit kh CO
2
ktc v mt
dung dch A. Thm mt lng nc vi trong d vo dung dch A, thu c 20
gam kt ta.
1. Xc nh cc kim loi kim.
2. Tnh khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp u.
2.37 A v B l hai kim loi thuc nhm IIA. Ha tan hon ton 15,05 gam hn
hp X gm hai mui clorua ca A v B vo nc thu c 100 gam dung dch Y.
kt ta ht ion Cl
-
c trong 40 gam dung dch Y bng dung dch AgNO
3
th thu
c 17,22 gam kt ta. Hy xc nh cc kim loi A v B, bit t s khi lng
nguyn t ca chng l 3:5.
42
2.38 Hn hp A gm hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi k tip nhau trong nhm
IIA. Ha tan hon ton 3,6 gam hn hp A trong dung dch HCl thu c kh B,
cho ton b lng kh B hp th ht bi 3 lit dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,015M, thu c
4 gam kt ta.
Xc nh hai mui cacbonat v tnh khi lng ca mi mui trong hn hp A.
2.39 kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36
lit H
2
. Ha tan ht lng kim loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra
2,24 lit kh H
2
.
Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Bit cc kh o ktc.
2.40 Bng di y cho bit bn knh nguyn t, nng lng ion ha ca cc
nguyn t nguyn t chu k 3
Nguyn t Na Mg Al Si P S Cl
r (nm) 0,186 0,160 0,143 0,117 0,110 0,104 0,099
I
1
(kJ/mol) 497 738 578 786 1012 1000 1251
1. Da vo cc d kin trn hy cho nhn xt v s bin i bn knh v s bin
i nng lng ion ha I
1
ca cc nguyn t trong chu k.
2. Cho bit s bin i tnh cht axit - baz trong dy oxit v hiroxit di y:
Na
2
O - MgO - Al
2
O
3
- SiO
2
- P
2
O
5
- SO
3
- Cl
2
O
7
NaOH - Mg(OH)
2
- Al(OH)
3
- H
2
SiO
3
- H
3
PO
4
- H
2
SO
4
- HClO
4
.
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
2.41
Dy nguyn t no sau y c xp theo chiu bn knh nguyn t tng ?
A. I, Br, Cl, P B. C, N, O, F
C. Na, Mg, Al, Si D. O, S, Se, Te.
2.42
Tnh cht kim loi ca cc nguyn t trong dy Mg Ca Sr - Ba bin i
theo chiu :
A. Tng B. gim
C. Khng thay i D. Va gim va tng
43
2.43
Tnh cht phi kim ca cc nguyn t trong dy N- P-As-Sb-Bi bin i theo
chiu :
A. Tng B. gim
C. Khng thay i D. Va gim va tng.
2.44
Tnh cht baz ca hiroxit ca nhm IA theo chiu tng ca s th t l:
A. Tng B. gim
C. Khng thay i D. Va gim va tng.
2.45 Cho cc hnh v sau, mi hnh cu l 1 trong cc nguyn t Na, Mg, Al, K.
a b c d
a, b, c, d tng ng theo th t s l:
A. Na, Mg, Al, K B. K, Na, Mg, Al
C. Al, Mg, Na, K D. K, Al, Mg, Na
2.46 Cho cc nguyn t a, b, c, d thuc nhm IA c bn knh trung bnh nh hnh
v di y:
a b c d
Nng lng ion ha I
1
tng dn theo th t:
A.a < b < c < d B.d < c < b < a
C.a < c < b < d D.d < b < c < a
2.47 Cho nguyn t ca nguyn t X c cu to nh sau:
V tr ca nguyn t X trong bng tun hon l:
A. s 7, chu k 2, nhm VIIA.
B. s 7, chu k 2, nhm VA
44
C. s 5, chu k 2, nhm VA
D. s 5, chu k 7, nhm VIIA.
2.48 Cho ion n nguyn t X c in tch 2+ c cu to nh sau:
Cho bit v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.
A. s 10, chu k 2, nhm VIIIA.
B. s 12, chu k 3, nhm VIIIA.
C. s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIA.
D. s 10, chu k 2, nhm IIA.
2.49 Cho cu hnh ca nguyn t X sau, cho bit kt lun no ng?
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
A. X s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIIA trong bng tun hon.
B. X s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIIB trong bng tun hon.
C. X s 12, chu k 2, nhm IIA trong bng tun hon.
D. X s 12, chu k 3, nhm IIA trong bng tun hon.
2.50
Nguyn t nguyn t X, cc ion Y
+
v Z
2-
u c cu hnh electron phn lp
ngoi cng l 3p
6
. S th t ca X, Y, Z trong bng tun hon ln lt l
A. 18, 19 v 16 B. 10, 11 v 8
C. 18, 19 v 8 D. 1, 11 v 16
2.51
Tng s ht c bn (p, n, e) trong nguyn t nguyn t X l 46, bit s ht
mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 14. Xc nh chu k, s hiu
nguyn t ca X trong bng tun hon.
A. Chu k 2, 7 B. Chu k 3, 15
C. Chu k 3 16 D. Chu k 3 17
2.52
Ha tan hon ton 3,1g hn hp hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k lin tip
vo nc thu c 1,12 lt hiro (ktc). Hai kim loi kim cho l
45

A. Li v Na B. Na v K
C. K v Rb D. Rb v Cs
2.53
Cho 0,64 g hn hp gm kim loi M v oxit ca n MO, c s mol bng
nhau, tc dng ht vi H
2
SO
4
long. Th tch kh H
2
(ktc) thu c l 0,224 lit.
Cho bit M thuc nhm IIA. Xc nh M l nguyn t no sau y ?
A. Mg B. Ca C. Sr D. Ba
2.54
Hai kim loi X v Y ng k tip nhau trong mt chu k c tng s proton
trong hai ht nhn nguyn t l 25. S electron lp ngoi cng ca X v Y ln lt
l :
A. 1 v 2 B. 2 v 3 C. 1 v 3 D. 3 v 4
2.55
Ion M
2+
c cu to lp v electron ngoi cng l 2s
2
2p
6
. Cu hnh electron
ca M v v tr ca n trong bng tun hon l
A. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
, 8 chu k 2, nhm VIA.
B. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
, 12 chu k 3, nhm IIA.
C. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s

3p , 12 chu k 3, nhm IIA.
D. 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p , 13 chu k 3, nhm IIIA.
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
2.41. D 2.42. A 2.43. B 2.44. A 2.45. B
2.46. A 2.47. B 2.48. A 2.49. D 2.50. A
2.51. B 2.52. B 2.53. A 2.54. B 2.55. A
2.1 Tr li
1. S th t 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.
2. S th t 25, chu k 4, nhm VIIB.
2.2 Tr li
1. Tng s electron ca nguyn t M l 26. S th t 26, chu k 4, nhm
VIIIB. M l Fe.
2. - Fe chy trong kh clo: 2Fe + 3Cl
2

0
t
2FeCl
3
46
Ha tan sn phm thu c vo nc thu c dung dch. Ly vi ml dung dch
cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
, c kt ta trng chng t c gc clorua:
FeCl
3
+ 3AgNO
3

Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3AgCl
Lp li th nghim vi dung dch NaOH, c kt ta nu chng t c
Fe(III): FeCl
3
+ 3NaOH

Fe(OH)
3
+ 3NaCl
- Nung hn hp bt Fe v bt S: Fe + S
0
t
FeS
Cho B vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
long, c kh mi trng thi bay ra chng t c
gc sunfua: FeS + H
2
SO
4

FeSO
4
+ H
2
S (trng thi)
Nh dung dch NaOH vo dung dch thu c, c kt ta trng xanh chng
t c Fe(II): FeSO
4
+ 2NaOH

Na
2
SO
4
+ Fe(OH)
2

(trng xanh)
2.3 Tr li
1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
Tnh cht c trng ca M l tnh kim loi.
2. Nguyn t nm nhm IA nn cng thc oxit l M
2
O. y l mt oxit
baz.
2.4 Gii
1. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t R l: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
2. Nguyn t A nm s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA trong bng tun hon.
3. R ha tr II (R thuc nhm IIA).
Cc phng trnh ha hc:
R + 2H
2
O R(OH)
2
+ H
2

RO + H
2
O R(OH)
2
RCO
3
+ 2HCl RCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
R(OH)
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
RCO
3
+ 2NaOH
2.5 Gii
1. Trong hp cht MA
x
, M chim 46,67% v khi lng nn:
47

8
7
) p x(n
p n

53,33
46,67
xA
M
, ,

+
+

. Thay n - p = 4 v n = p ta c:
8
7
2xp
4 2p

,

+
hay: 4(2p + 4) = 7xp.
Tng s proton trong MA
x
l 58 nn: p + xp = 58.
T y tm c: p = 26 v xp = 32.
Do A l phi kim chu k 3 nn 15 p 17. Vy x = 2 v p = 16 tha mn.
Vy M l Fe v M l S.
2. Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng:
a. 4FeS
2
+ 11O
2


0
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2

b. FeS
2
+ 18HNO
3


0
t
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 2H
2
SO
4
+ 15NO
2
+ 7H
2
O
2.6 Gii
1. Gi s mol cc cht trong hn hp u: M = a mol; MCO
3
= b mol.
M + 2HCl

MCl
2
+ H
2

(1)
(mol): a a
MCO
3
+ 2HCl

MCl
2
+ CO
2

+ H
2
O (2)
(mol): b b
S mol H
2
=
4 , 22
48 , 4
= 0,2 nn: a + b = 0,2 (3)
M
A
= 11,52 = 23 nn 23
b a
44b 2a

+
+
hay 2a + 44b = 4,6 (4)
Theo bi: Ma + (M + 60)b = 10,8 (5)
T (3), (4), (5) ta tm c: a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,1 mol; M = 24 (Mg).
2. %
2
H
V
= 50%; %
2
CO
V
= 50%.
2.7 Gii
1. Phn mc nng lng ca nguyn t X v Y ln lt l:
48
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
v 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
6
.
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X v Y ln lt l:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
v 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
.
Da vo bng tun hon ta tm c X l Al v Y l Fe.
2. Gi s mol cc cht trong hn hp: Al = a mol; Fe = b mol.
Ta c: 27a + 56b = 8,3 (1)
2Al + 6HCl

2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2

(2)
(mol): a 3a 1,5a
Fe + 2HCl

FeCl
2
+ H
2

(3)
(mol): b 2b b
Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng thm 7,8 gam nn: 8,3 -
2
H
m
= 7,8.
Vy:
2
H
m
= 0,5 gam

2
H
n
= 0,25 mol

1,5a + b = 0,25 (4)

T (1) v (4) ta tm c: a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,1 mol.
m
Al
= 270,1 = 2,7 (gam); m
Fe

= 560,1 = 5,6 (gam); V
HCl
=
0,5
2b 3a +
= 1 (lit).
2.8 Gii
Gi s mol oxit MO = x mol.
MO + H
2
SO
4

MSO
4
+ H
2
O
(mol): x x x
Ta c: (M + 16)x = a
Khi lng dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
ban u =
5 , 17
100 . . 98 x
= 560x (gam).
Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng = a + 560x = (M + 16)x + 560x.
Theo bi: C% (MSO
4
) = 20% nn:
100
20
560x 16)x (M
96)x (M

+ +
+
.
T y tm c M = 24 (magie). Oxit kim loi cn tm l MgO.
49
2.9 Gii
1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai kim loi l M = a mol.
M + 2HCl

MCl
2
+ H
2

(mol): a 2a a
S mol H
2
= 0,15 mol nn a = 0,15 mol.
Ta c: Ma = 4,4

M = 29,33.
A v B l 2 kim loi nm 2 chu k lin tip thuc nhm IIA nn A l Mg v B l
Ca.
2. Th tch dung dch HCl cn dng =
1
3 , 0
= 0,3 (lit) = 300 (ml).
Th tch dung dch HCl dng = 300 + 25%.300 = 375 (ml).
2.10 Gii
a. Gi cng thc chung ca kim loi l R = a mol.
2R + 2H
2
O

2ROH + H
2

(mol): a a a 0,5a
ROH + HCl

RCl + H
2
O
(mol): a a
S mol HCl = 0,03 mol nn a = 0,03 mol.
Ta c: Ra = 0,85

R = 28,33. Vy hai kim loi l Na v K.

Gi s mol Na = b mol v K = c mol. Ta c: b + c = 0,03 v 23b + 39c = 0,85.
T y tm c b = 0,02 (mol); c = 0,01 (mol).
b. Dung dch A gm NaOH = 0,02 mol v KOH = 0,01 mol.
Khi lng dung dch A = 49,18 + 0,85 - 0,0152 = 50 (gam).
C% (NaOH) = % 100 .
50
40 02 , 0
= 1,6%
50
C% (KOH) = % 100 .
50
56 01 , 0
= 1,12%.
2.11 Gii
a. Gi ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m, ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro
l n. Ta c: m + n = 8.
Theo bi: m = 3n. T y tm c m =6; n = 2.
b. Cng thc hp cht R vi hiro l H
2
R. Theo bi:
1
16

m
m
H
R

nn R = 32.
Gi tng s ht proton, ntron ca R l P, N. Ta c P + N = 32.
Ta c: P N 1,5P

P P - 32 1,5P

12,8 P 16.
Mt khc, R thuc nhm VI (ha tr cao nht trong oxit bng VI) nn da
vo cu hnh electron khi P = 13, 14, 15, 16 ta thy P = 16 tha mn.
Vy k hiu ca nguyn t R l: R
32
16
.
2.12 Gii
a. R nm chu k 3 nn lp electron ngoi cng l lp th 3. Mt khc, R
thuc phn nhm chnh nhm VA nn nguyn t R c 5 electron lp ngoi cng.
Vy cu hnh lp electron ngoi cng ca R l 3s
2
3p
3
.
Cu hnh electron ca R l 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
.
b. R thuc nhm V nn ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l V. Cng thc
oxit l R
2
O
5
.
Theo bi: %R = 43,66% nn
56,34
43,66
16 5
2R

R = 31 (photpho).
Tng s ht electron = tng s ht proton = 15 (da vo cu hnh electron).
Tng s ht ntron = 31 -15 = 16.
2.13 Gii
51
A v B l hai nguyn t cng mt phn nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip
trong bng tun hon nn s th t ca chng hn km nhau 8 hoc 18 n v
(ng bng s nguyn t trong mt chu k).
Theo bi ra, tng s proton trong hai ht nhn nguyn t ca A v B bng 32
nn Z
A
+ Z
B
= 32.
Trng hp 1: Z
B
- Z
A
= 8. Ta tm c Z
A
= 12; Z
B
= 20.
Cu hnh electron:
A : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
(chu k 3, nhm IIA).
v B: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
(chu k 4, nhm IIA).
Ion A
2+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
v B
2+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
.
Trng hp 2: Z
B
- Z
A
= 18. Ta tm c Z
A
= 7; Z
B
= 25.
Cu hnh electron:
A : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
(chu k 2, nhm VA).
v B: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2
(chu k 4, nhm VIIB).
Trng hp ny A, B khng cng nhm nn khng tha mn.
2.14 Gii
1. Hai nguyn t A v B hai nhm A lin tip trong bng tun hon, B
thuc nhm VA, do A thuc nhm IVA hoc nhm VIA.
Theo bi: Z
A
+ Z
B
= 23.
V: Z
A
+ Z
B
= 23 v B thuc nhm V, cn A thuc nhm IV hoc nhm VI
nn A, B thuc cc chu k nh (chu k 2 v chu k 3).
Mt khc, A v B khng th cng chu k v hai nguyn t thuc hai nhm A
k tip trong mt chu k hn km nhau 1 proton, ngha l s 11 v 12 (tng s
proton bng 23), khng thuc cc nhm IV v V hay V v VI.
Trng hp 1: B thuc chu k 2. Theo bi, B nhm VA nn Z
B
= 7 (nit).
Vy Z
A

= 23 - 7 = 16 (lu hunh). Trng hp ny tha mn v trng thi n
cht nit khng phn ng vi lu hunh.
52
Trng hp 2: B thuc chu k 3. Theo bi, B nhm VA nn Z
B
= 15
(phopho). Vy Z
A

= 23 - 15 = 8 (oxi). Trng hp ny khng tha mn v trng
thi n cht oxi phn ng vi phopho.
Cu hnh electron ca A v B l:
A: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
v B: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
2. iu ch HNO
3
t N
2
v H
2
SO
4
t S.
iu ch HNO
3
: N
2

NH
3

NO

NO
2

HNO
3
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
4NH
3
+ 5O
2


Pt C, 850
0
4NO + 6H
2
O
2NO + O
2

2NO
2
4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O

4HNO
3
iu ch H
2
SO
4
: S

SO
2

SO
3

H
2
SO
4
S + O
2


0
t
SO
2
2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
SO
3
+ H
2
O

H
2
SO
4
2.15 Gii
1. Gi s ht proton ca A l P v ca B l P, ta c:
P + 3P = 42 - 2. Ta thy 3P < P + 3P = 40 nn P <
3
40
= 13,3.
Do B to c anion nn B l phi kim. Mt khc P < 13,3 nn B ch c th
l nit, oxi hay flo.
Nu B l nit (P = 7)

P = 19 (K). Anion l
2
3
KN : loi
Nu B l oxi (P = 8)

P = 16 (S). Anion l
2
3
SO : tha mn
Nu B l flo (P = 9)

P = 13 (Al). Anion l
2
3
AlF : loi
53
450
o
C, Fe

450
o
C, V
2
O
5

Vy A l lu hunh, B l oxi.
2. O (P = 8) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
( s 8, chu k 2, nhm VIA)
S (P = 16) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
( s 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA)
2.16 Gii
1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t R l P, N, E. Trong
P = E.
Theo bi: P + N + E = 28

2P + N = 28

N = 28 - 2P.
Mt khc, P N 1,5P

P 28 - 2P 1,5P

8 P 9,3
Vy P = 8 hoc 9. Do nguyn t R thuc nhm VIIA nn nguyn t nguyn t R
c 7 electron lp ngoi cng.
P = 8: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
: loi
P = 9: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
: tha mn. Vy P = E = 9; N = 10.
1. S khi A= N + P = 19.
2. K hiu nguyn t: R
19
9
Nguyn t cho l flo.
2.17 Gii
Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t M l P, N, E v ca
nguyn t X l P, N, E. Ta c P = E v P = E.
Theo bi ta lp c cc s ph thuc sau:
2(P + N + E) + P + N + E = 140

4P + 2P + 2N + N = 140 (1)
2(P + E) + P + E - 2N - N = 44

4P + 2P - 2N - N = 44 (2)
P + N - P - N = 23 P + N - P - N = 23 (3)
(P + N + E - 1) - (P + N + E + 2) = 31

2P + N - 2P - N = 34 (4)
T (1) v (2) ta c: 2P + P = 46 v 2N + N = 48.
T (3), (4) ta c: P - P = 11 v N - N = 12.
Gii ra ta c P = 19 (K); N = 20 ; P = 8 (O); N = 8. Vy X l K
2
O.
54
Cu hnh electron:
K (P = 19): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
(chu k 4, nhm IA).
O (P = 8): 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
(chu k 2, nhm VIA)
2.18 Tr li
1. Vit c cu hnh electron v s electron lp v nguyn t bng s th
t Z.
2. Khng bit s khi v ch bit s proton bng Z, nhng khng bit s
ntron.
3. Khng vit c k hiu nguyn t v khng bit s khi v k hiu
nguyn t.
4. T cu hnh electron ta bit c tnh cht c bn.
5. T cu hnh electron ta bit c s th t nhm, v chnh l ha tr
cao nht trong oxit.
6. Ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro = 8 - ha tr cao nht trong oxit.
2.19 Tr li
1. Bit c tnh cht c bn da vo s electron lp ngoi cng.
2. Bit c cu hnh electron v t cu hnh lp electron lp ngoi cng,
chng ta c th hon chnh tip cu hnh electron cc lp bn trong.
3. Da vo cu hnh electron chng ta bit c v tr trong bng tun hon.
4. Ta lp c cng thc oxit cao nht v ha tr ca cao nht ca nguyn t
bng s th t nhm v bng s electron lp ngoi cng.
5. Khng vit c k hiu nguyn t v khng bit s khi v k hiu
nguyn t.
6. Ta lp c cng thc hp cht vi hiro v ha tr ca nguyn t trong
hp cht vi hiro = 8 - ha tr cao nht trong oxit.
2.20 Gii
55
1. Nng lng ion ha th nht gim dn do bn knh nguyn t tng dn,
lc ht ca ht nhn vi electron ha tr gim dn.
Nng lng ion ha th hai ng vi qu trnh: M
+
(kh) - 1e

M
2+
(kh).
V ion M
+
c cu hnh bn vng ca kh him v mang mt in tch dng nn
vic bt i mt electron kh khn hn nhiu, i hi cn cung cp nng lng rt
ln.
2. Da vo cu hnh electron ta thy, trong cc phn ng ha hc cc kim loi
kim c khuynh hng nhng 1 electron lp ngoi cng t c cu hnh bn
vng ca kh him. Mt khc, cc kim loi kim l cc nguyn t c m in b
nht nn chng lun c s oxi ha +1 trong cc hp cht.
Cc kim loi kim khng th to c hp cht c s oxi ha ln hn +1 v s
nhng tip cc electron th hai, th ba, i hi nng lng rt ln.
2.21 Gii
a. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron v electron ca nguyn t A l: P
A
, N
A
, E
A
v B l P
B
, N
B
, E
B
. Ta c P
A
= E
A

v P
B
= E
B
.


Theo bi: Tng s cc loi ht proton, ntron v electron ca hai nguyn t
A v B l 142 nn: P
A
+ N
A
+ E
A
+ P
B
+ N
B
+ E
B
= 142

2P
A
+ 2P
B
+ N
A
+ N
B
= 142 (1)
Tng s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 42 nn:
P
A
+ E
A
+ P
B
+ E
B
- N
A
- N
B
= 42

2P
A
+ 2P
B
- N
A

- N
B
= 42 (2)
S ht mang in ca nguyn t B nhiu hn ca nguyn t A l 12 nn:
P
B
+ E
B
- P
A
- E
A
= 12

2P
B
- 2P
A
= 12

P
B
- P
A
= 6 (3)
T (1), (2), (3) ta c: P
A
= 20 (Ca) v P
B
= 26 (Fe)
b. iu ch Ca t CaCO
3
v Fe t Fe
2
O
3
.
iu ch Ca:
CaCO
3
+ 2HCl

CaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
2
dpnc
2
Cl Ca CaCl +
56
iu ch Fe: Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO

0
t
2Fe + 3CO
2

2.22 Gii
a. Gi s mol kim loi M l a mol.
M + 2H
2
O

M(OH)
2
+ H
2

(mol): a a
S mol kh H
2
=
) 25 273 ( 082 , 0
11 , 6 1
RT
PV
+

= 0,25 (mol) nn: a = 0,25

Ta c: Ma = 10

M = 40 (Ca).
b. S mol Ca = 0,1 mol. Cc phng trnh phn ng:
Ca + 2HCl

CaCl
2
+ H
2

(mol): 0,075 0,15 0,075

Ca + 2H
2
O

Ca(OH)
2
+ H
2

(mol): 0,025 0,025

Dung dch B gm: CaCl
2
= 0,075 mol v Ca(OH)
2
= 0,025 mol.
C
M
0,03M
2
CaCl
; C
M
0,01M
2
Ca(OH)

2.23 Gii
a. Gi s ht prroton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t X l P, N, E v ca Y l P,
N, E.
Theo bi: P = N = E v P = N = E.
Trong hp cht XY
2
, X chim 50% v khi lng nn:
50
50
2M
M
Y
X

1
) N 2(P
N P
' '

+
+

P = 2P.
Tng s proton trong phn t XY
2
l 32 nn P + 2P = 32.
T y tm c: P = 16 (S) v P = 8 (O). Hp cht cn tm l SO
2
.
Cu hnh electron ca S: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
v ca O: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
57
b. Lu hunh s 16, chu k 3, nhm VIA.
Oxi s 8, chu k 2, nhm VIA.
2.24 Gii
1. A, M, X thuc chu k 3 nn n = 3.
Cu hnh electron, v tr v tn nguyn t:
A: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
( s 11, nhm IA), A l kim loi Na.
M: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
( s 13, nhm IIIA), M l kim loi Al.
X: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
( s 17, nhm VIIA), X l phi kim Cl.
2. Cc phng trnh phn ng:
3NaOH + AlCl
3

Al(OH)
3

+ 3NaCl
Al(OH)
3

+ NaOH

NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
NaAlO
2
+ HCl + H
2
O

Al(OH)
3

+ NaCl
2.25 Gii
Gi s mol trong mi phn: Fe = x mol; M = y mol.
Phn 1:
Fe + 2HCl

FeCl
2
+ H
2

(mol): x x
2M + 2nHCl

2MCl
n
+ nH
2

(mol): y 0,5ny
S mol H
2
= 0,07 nn x + 0,5ny = 0,07.
Phn 2:
2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4

(c)


0
t
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2

+ 6H
2
O
(mol): x 1,5x
2M + 2nH
2
SO
4

(c)


0
t
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nSO
2

+ 2nH
2
O
(mol): y 0,5nx
58
S mol SO
2
= 0,09 nn 1,5x + 0,5ny = 0,09. Vy x = 0,04 v ny = 0,06.
Mt khc: 56x + My = 2,78 nn My = 0,54. Vy
9
ny
My
n
M

hay M = 9n.
Ta lp bng sau:
n 1 2 3
M 9 (loi) 18 (loi) 27 (nhn)
Vy M l Al.
2.26 Gii:
1. Gi s mol oxit RO = a mol.
RO + H
2
SO
4

RSO
4
+ H
2
O
(mol): a a a
S mol axit H
2
SO
4
d =
100 . 98
125 , 6 48
- a = 0,03 - a.
C% (H
2
SO
4
) sau phn ng = 0,98%

48 2
a).98 (0,03
+

=
100
98 , 0

a = 0,025 (mol).
Ta c: (M + 16)a = 2

M = 64 (Cu).
2. Dung dch A gm: CuSO
4
= 0,025 mol; H
2
SO
4
= 0,005 mol.
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH

Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
(mol): 0,005 0,01
CuSO
4
+ 2NaOH

Cu(OH)
2

+ Na
2
SO
4

(mol): 0,025 0,05
Khi lng dung dch NaOH cn dng

= 100 .
8
40 06 , 0
= 30 (gam).
Th tch dung dch NaOH cn dng

=
05 , 1
30
= 28,57 (ml)
2.27 Gii
59
1. Gi s mol M = a mol.
M + H
2
SO
4

RSO
4
+ H
2

(mol): a a a
S mol H
2
= 0,05 mol nn a = 0,05 mol.
Phn 1:
RSO
4
+ 2NaOH

R(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
(mol): 0,025 0,025
R(OH)
2


0
t
RO + H
2
O
(mol): 0,025 0,025
m
RO

= 1 gam

(R + 16).0,025 = 1

R = 24 (Mg).
C% (H
2
SO
4
) =
200
% 100 98 05 , 0
= 2,45%.
Phn 2: MgSO
4
.nH
2
O = 0,025 mol. Ta c: (120 + 18n).0,025 = 6,15

n = 7.
Vy cng thc mui ngm nc l MgSO
4
.7H
2
O.
2.28 Gii
1. M thuc nhm IIIA nn M c ha tr III.
M + 4HNO
3

M(NO
3
)
3
+ NO

+ 2H
2
O (1)
(mol): a 4a a a
10M + 36HNO
3

10M(NO
3
)
3
+ 3N
2

+ 18H
2
O (2)
(mol): 10b 36b 10b 3b
Ta c: a + 3b = 0,25. (3)
M
A
= 14,42 = 28,8

28,8
3b a
3b 28 30a

+
+

30a + 84b = 7,2 (4)

T (3), (4) ta c: a = 0,1 mol; b = 0,05 mol.
M(a + 10b) = 16,2

M = 27 (Al).
2. S mol HNO
3
d = 2,5 - 4a - 36b = 0,3 (mol).
60
Khi lng dung dch HNO
3
ban u = 50001,25 = 6250 (gam).
Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng = 6250 + 16,2 - 30a - 84b = 6259 (gam).
C% (HNO
3
sau phn ng) =
6259
% 100 . 63 3 , 0
= 0,30%.
2.29 Gii
1. V tr cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon:
A: s 4, chu k 2, nhm IIA.
B: s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.
C: s 9, chu k 2, nhm VIIA.
D: s 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA.
E: s 2, chu k 1, nhm VIIIA.
2. B l kim loi mnh nht. Hai kim loi A, B cng thuc nhm IIA, theo
chiu t trn xung, tnh kim loi tng dn.
C l phi kim mnh nht. Hai phi kim C, D cng thuc nhm VIIA, theo
chiu t trn xung, tnh phi kim gim dn.
E l nguyn t km hot ng nht v lp v bo ha electron.
2.30 Gii
Gi k hiu chung ca hai kim loi kim l M.
Gi s mol trong 46 gam hn hp u: M = a mol v Ba = b mol.
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
2M + 2H
2
O

2MOH + H
2

(1)
(mol): a a 0,5a
Ba + 2H
2
O

Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2

(2)
(mol): b b b
S mol H
2
= 0,5 mol nn: 0,5a + b = 0,5

a + 2b = 1. (3)
Khi cho dung dch thu c tc dng vi dung dch Na
2
SO
4
:
61
Ba(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4

BaSO
4
+ 2NaOH (4)
Khi thm 0,18 mol Na
2
SO
4
, trong dung dch cn d Ba(OH)
2
nn b > 0,18.
Khi thm 0,21 mol Na
2
SO
4
,
trong dung dch cn d Na
2
SO
4
nn b < 0,21.
Mt khc: Ma + 137b = 46 (5)
Kt hp (3), (5) ta c: b =
2M 137
M 46

Mt khc: 0,18 < b < 0,21

29,7 < M < 33,34.

Khi lng mol trung bnh ca 2 kim loi kim lin tip l: 29,7 < M < 33,34. Hai
kim loi l Na (Na = 23) v K ( K = 39).
2.31 Hng dn:
1. Hai nguyn t A, B ng k tip nhau trong cng mt chu k trong bng
tun hon nn in tch ht nhn hn km nhau 1 n v.
Theo bi ra ta tm c: Z
A
= 12 v Z
B
= 13.
A: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
: A thuc chu k 3, nhm IIA l Mg
B: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1
: B thuc chu k 3, nhm IIIA.
2. A v B u l kim loi, tnh kim loi ca A mnh hn B.
Oxit BO c tnh baz yu hn oxit AO.
2.32 Hng dn:
1. Trong mt chu k, theo chiu t tri sang phi, in tch ht nhn tng dn
v bn knh nguyn t gim dn, iu lm tng kh nng ht electron ca
nguyn t trong phn t, do m in tng dn.
Trong mt nhm, theo chiu t trn xung di, bn knh nguyn t tng
dn v chim u th so vi s tng in tch ht nhn, iu lm gim kh nng
ht electron ca nguyn t trong phn t, do m in gim dn.
2. Trong mt chu k, theo chiu t tri sang phi, in tch ht nhn tng dn
v bn knh nguyn t gim dn, iu lm tng lc ht ca ht nhn i vi cc
electron ha tr, do nng lng ion ha tng dn.
62
Trong mt nhm, theo chiu t trn xung di, bn knh nguyn t tng
dn v chim u th so vi s tng in tch ht nhn, iu lm gim lc ht
ca ht nhn i vi cc electron ha tr, do nng lng ion ha gim dn.
2.33 Hng dn:
T Na n Cl, bn knh nguyn t gim dn tun theo quy lut bin i bn
knh trong mt chu k. l, trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang phi in tch
ht nhn tng dn trong khi s lp electron v nguyn t khng i, do bn
knh nguyn t gim dn.
T Li n Cs, bn knh nguyn t tng dn tun theo quy lut bin i bn
knh trong mt phn nhm. l, trong mt phn nhm, khi i t trn xung di
s lp electron v nguyn t tng ln v chim u th hn so vi s tng in
tch ht nhn, do bn knh nguyn t tng dn.
2.34 Hng dn:
1. Theo bi ra, ha tr ca X trong hp cht vi hiro l II nn ha tr cao nht
trong oxit l VI.
Vy X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon. X l S.
2. Cc phng trnh phn ng:
H
2
S + 4Cl
2
+ 4H
2
O

H
2
SO
4
+ 8HCl
H
2
S + 2FeCl
3

2FeCl
2
+ S

+ 2HCl
H
2
S + CuSO
4
CuS + H
2
SO
4
2.35 Hng dn:
1. Gi s oxi ha dng cao nht v s oxi ha m thp nht ca R ln lt l
+m v -n. Ta c: m + n = 8.
Mt khc, theo bi ra: +m + 2(-n) = +2 m - 2n = 2.
T y tm c: m = 6 v n = 2. Vy R l phi kim thuc nhm VI.
S khi ca R < 34 nn R l O hay S. Do oxi khng to c s oxi ha cao nht l
+6 nn R l lu hunh.
2. Trong hp cht X, R c s oxi ha thp nht nn X c cng thc l H
2
S.
63
Gi cng thc oxit Y l SO
n
.
Do %S = 50% nn
32
16n
=
50
50
n = 2. Cng thc ca Y l SO
2
.
2.36 Hng dn:
1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l M
2
CO
3
= a mol.
M
2
CO
3
+ HCl MHCO
3
+ MCl
(mol): a a a
MHCO
3
+ HCl

MCl + CO
2

+ H
2
O
(mol): 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1
Dung dch A gm MCl = a + 0,1 mol v MHCO
3
= a - 0,1 mol.
MHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2

CaCO
3

+ MOH + H
2
O
(mol): a - 0,1 a - 0,1
Theo bi: s mol CaCO
3
= 0,2 mol nn a - 0,1 = 0,2 a = 0,3.
Ta c: (2M + 60).0,3 = 35 M = 28,33. Do hai kim loi kim thuc hai chu k
lin tip nn l Na v K.
2. Gi s mol Na
2
CO
3
= b mol v K
2
CO
3
= c mol.
Ta c b + c = 0,3 v 106b + 138c = 35.
T y tm c b = 0,2 mol; c = 0,1 mol.
m

3 2
CO Na
21,2 gam; m

3 2
CO K
13,8 gam.
2.37 Hng dn:
1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l MCl
2
v s mol c trong 15,05 gam
hn hp l a mol.
MCl
2
+ 2AgNO
3
M(NO
3
)
2
+ 2AgCl
(mol):
100
40a
0,8a
S mol AgNO
3
= 0,12 mol nn 0,8a = 0,12 a = 0,15 mol.
Ta c: (M + 71)a = 15,05 M = 29,33.
64
Nh vy, A c khi lng nguyn t nh hn 29,33, A c th l Be hoc Mg.
Nu A l Be th M
B
=
3
9 5
= 15: loi
Nu A l Mg th M
B
=
3
24 5
= 40: Vy B l Ca.
2.38 Hng dn:
1. Gi cng thc chung ca hai mui l MCO
3
v s mol c trong 3,6 gam
hn hp l a mol.
MCO
3
+ 2HCl

MCl
2
+ CO
2

+ H
2
O
(mol): a a
Kh B l CO
2
= a mol. Cho ton b lng kh B hp th ht bi dung dch cha
0,045 mol Ca(OH)
2
, xy ra 2 trng hp:
Trng hp 1: Ca(OH)
2
d ( a < 0,045 mol)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

CaCO
3

+ H
2
O
(mol): a a a
S mol CaCO
3
= 0,04 mol a = 0,04 (tha mn iu kin a < 0,045 mol).
Ta c: (M + 60).0,04 = 3,6 M = 30. Hai kim loi k tip l Mg v Ca.
Trng hp 2: Ca(OH)
2
khng d ( a 0,045 mol)
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

CaCO
3

+ H
2
O
(mol): 0,04 0,04 0,04
2CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
(mol): 0,01 0,005
S mol CO
2
= 0,05 mol a = 0,05 (tha mn iu kin a 0,045 mol).
Ta c: (M + 60).0,05 = 3,6 M = 12. Hai kim loi k tip l Be v Mg.
2.39 Hng dn:
65
Gi cng thc oxit l M
x
O
y
, c s mol l a mol.
M
x
O
y
+ yH
2

0
t
xM + yH
2
O
(mol): a ay ax
Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 8 v ay = 0,15. Nh vy M.a.x = 5,6.
t n l ha tr ca kim loi M (1 n 3).
2M + 2nHCl

2MCl
n
+ nH
2

(mol): ax 0,5n.a.x
Ta c: 0,5n.a.x = 0,1 hay n.a.x = 0,2.
Lp t l: 28
nax
Max
n
M
. Vy M = 28n.
Ta lp bng sau:
n 1 2 3
M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi)
Vy kim loi M l Fe.
Lp t l:
3
2
ay
ax
y
x

.
Vy cng thc oxit kim loi l Fe
2
O
3
.
2.40 Hng dn:
1. T Na n Cl, bn knh nguyn t gim dn tun theo quy lut bin i
bn knh trong mt chu k. l, trong mt chu k, khi i t tri sang phi, theo
chiu in tch ht nhn tng dn, s electron lp ngoi cng tng dn trong khi
s lp electron v nguyn t khng i, do bn knh nguyn t gim dn.
Nng lng ion ha th nht tng dn do in tch ht nhn tng dn, bn
knh nguyn t gim dn, lc ht ca ht nhn vi electron ha tr tng dn.
2. Tnh cht axit - baz trong dy oxit v hiroxit bin i theo chiu gim dn
tnh baz v tng dn tnh axit.
Na
2
O MgO Al
2
O
3
SiO
2
P
2
O
5
SO
3
Cl
2
O
7
Oxit Oxit baz Oxit Oxit axit Oxit axit Oxit axit Oxit
66
baz
mnh
trung
bnh
lng tnh yu
trung bnh
mnh
axit
mnh
NaO
H
Mg(OH)
2
Al(OH)
3
H
2
SiO
3
H
3
PO
4
H
2
SO
4
HClO
4
Baz
kim
Baz
trung
bnh
Hiroxit
lng tnh
Axit yu Axit
trung bnh
Axit
mnh
Axit
rt
mnh
F. THNG TIN B SUNG
Sch gio khoa Ha hc 10 nng cao gii thiu bng tun hon dng di c
rt nhiu u im. c thm thng tin, chng ti xin gii thiu mt s kiu bng
tun hon khc.
1. Dng kim t thp
2. Dng bng tun hon xoy trn c
67
3. Dng bng tun hon c k hiu c bit
68
Chng 3
LIN KT HA HC
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Lin kt lin kt ion v cng ha tr
- Lin kt ha hc l s kt hp gia cc nguyn t to thnh phn t hay
tinh th bn vng hn.
- Cc nguyn t ca cc nguyn t c khuynh hng lin kt vi nguyn t
khc to thnh t c cu hnh electron bn vng nh ca kh him (c 2
hoc 8 electron lp ngoi cng).
1. Lin kt ion
nh ngha: L lin kt c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia cc ion
mang in tch tri du.
S hnh thnh lin kt ion
Nguyn t kim loi nhng electron ha tr tr thnh ion dng (cation).
Nguyn t phi kim nhn electron tr thnh ion m (anion). Cc ion tri du
ht nhau to thnh lin kt ion.
Th d: Lin kt trong phn t CaCl
2
+ Nguyn t Ca nhng 2 electron to thnh ion dng.
Ca - Ca
2+
+ 2e
+ Nguyn t clo nhn 1 electron to thnh ion m.
Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl
-
Ion Ca
2+
v 2 ion Cl
-
ht nhau to thnh phn t CaCl
2
.
iu kin hnh thnh lin kt ion
Cc nguyn t c tnh cht khc hn nhau (kim loi v phi kim in hnh).
Quy c hiu m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt 1,7 l lin kt ion.
69
Cc hp cht ion c nhit nng chy v nhit si cao, dn in khi tan
trong nc hoc nng chy.
2. Lin kt cng ha tr
nh ngha: L lin kt c hnh thnh gia 2 nguyn t bng mt
hay nhiu cp electron dng chung.
iu kin hnh thnh lin kt cng ha tr
Cc nguyn t ging nhau hoc gn ging nhau, lin kt vi nhau bng
cch gp chung cc electron ha tr. Th d Cl
2
, H
2
, N
2
, HCl, H
2
O...
Quy c hiu m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt < 1,7 l lin kt cng
ha tr.
Lin kt cng ha tr c cc v khng cc
Khi cp electron dng chung phn b i xng gia hai ht nhn nguyn t
tham gia lin kt th l lin kt cng ha tr khng phn cc.
Khi cp electron dng chung b ht lch v nguyn t c m in ln
hn th l lin kt cng ha tr c cc.
Quy c hiu m in gia hai nguyn t lin kt 0,4 < 1,7 l lin
kt cng ha tr c cc, nu gi tr ny nh hn 0,4 th lin kt l cng ha
tr khng cc.
II. S lai ha cc obitan nguyn t
1. S lai ha
S lai ha obitan nguyn t l s t hp mt s obitan nguyn t trong mt
nguyn t c cc obitan lai ha ging nhau, c s lng bng tng s obitan
tham gia lai ha, nhng nh hng khc nhau trong khng gian.
2. Cc kiu lai ha thng gp
a. Lai ha sp: L s t hp 1 obitan s vi 1 obitan p to thnh 2 obitan lai ha sp
nm thng hng vi nhau, hng v hai pha.
70
1AO s + 1AO p 2 AO lai hasp
b. Lai ha sp
2
: L s t hp ca 1 obitan s vi 2 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham
gia lin kt to thnh 3 obitan lai ha sp
2
nm trong mt mt phng, nh hng t
tm n cc nh ca tam gic u.

1 AO s + 2 AO p 3 AO lai ha sp
2
c. Lai ha sp
3
: L s t hp ca 1 obitan s vi 3 obitan p ca mt nguyn t tham
gia lin kt to thnh 4 obitan lai ha sp
3
nh hng t tm n cc 4 nh ca t
din u.

1 AO s + 3 AO p 4 AO lai ha sp
3
III. S to thnh lin kt cng ha tr
1. Lin kt n
c hnh thnh do s xen ph trc ca cc obitan (lin kt ). Cc lin
kt thng rt bn vng.
Th d: H - Cl ; H - O - H
2. Lin kt i.
71
Bao gm 1 lin kt hnh thnh do s xen ph trc v 1 lin kt hnh
thnh do s xen ph bn ca cc obitan lai ha. Lin kt thng km bn.
Th d CH
2
= CH
2
; O = C = O
3. Lin kt ba.
Bao gm 1 lin kt v 2 lin kt .
Th d
N N; CH CH
IV. Ha tr v s oxi ha
1. Ha tr
- Trong cc hp cht ion: ha tr (cn gi l in ha tr) chnh bng in
tch ca ion .
- Trong hp cht cng ha tr: ha tr (cng ha tr) chnh bng s lin kt
ca nguyn t nguyn t to ra c vi cc nguyn t khc.
2. S oxi ha
S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t trong hp cht l in tch ca nguyn t
nguyn t trong phn t nu gi nh lin kt trong phn t l lin kt ion.
Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong phn t theo nguyn tc:
+ S oxi ha ca cc n cht bng khng.
+ Tng s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong phn t bng khng
. + S oxi ha ca cc ion bng in tch ca ion .
+ Trong hu ht cc hp cht, s oxi ha ca hiro l +1, ca oxi l -2.
V. Lin kt kim loi
- Lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v ion
kim loi trong mng tinh th do d tham gia ca cc electron t do.
- Cc mng tinh th kim loi thng gp: Lp phng tm khi, lp
phng tm din, lc phng.
- Cc kim loi dn in, dn nhit tt, c tnh do, c nh kim l do cu to
tinh th kim loi quy nh.
72
B. BI TP C LI GII
3.1 Vit cu hnh electron ca Cl (Z=17) v Ca (Z=20). Cho bit v tr ca chng
(chu k, nhm) trong bng tun hon. Lin kt gia canxi v clo trong hp cht
CaCl
2
thuc loi lin kt g? V sao? Vit s hnh thnh lin kt .
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi B nm 2004)
3.2 Hai nguyn t M v X to thnh hp cht c cng thc l M
2
X. Cho bit:
- Tng s proton trong hp cht bng 46.
- Trong ht nhn ca M c n - p = 1, trong ht nhn ca X c n = p.
- Trong hp cht M
2
X, nguyn t X chim
47
8
khi lng.
1. Tm s ht proton trong nguyn t M v X.
2. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit tn cc nguyn t M, X.
3. Lin kt trong hp cht M
2
X l lin kt g? Ti sao? Vit s hnh thnh lin
kt trong hp cht .
3.3 Vit cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t A, B bit rng:
- Tng s cc loi ht c bn trong nguyn t A l 34. S ht mang in nhiu hn
s ht khng mang in l 10.
- K hiu ca nguyn t B l
19
9
B.
2. Lin kt trong hp cht to thnh t A v B thuc loi lin kt g? V sao? Vit
cng thc ca hp cht to thnh .
3.4 X, Y, Z l nhng nguyn t c in tch ht nhn ln lt l 9, 19, 8.
1. Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t . Cho bit tnh cht ha
hc c trng ca X, Y, Z.
2. D on lin kt ha hc c th c gia cc cp X v Y, Y v Z, X v Z. Vit
cng thc phn t ca cc hp cht to thnh.
3.5 Mt hp cht c cng thc XY
2
trong Y chim 50% v khi lng. Trong
ht nhn ca X c n = p v ht nhn Y c n = p. Tng s proton trong phn t
XY
2
l 32.
73
a. Vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y.
b. Da vo bng tun hon, cho bit X, Y l nhng nguyn t g? Cho bit bn
cht lin kt v cng thc cu to ca phn t XY
2
.
3.6 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t mt nguyn t R nhm
VIIA l 28.
1. Tnh s khi ca R. Da vo bng tun hon, cho bit R l nguyn t g?
2. Vit cng thc phn t v cng thc cu to ca phn t n cht R.
3. Vit cng thc electron v cng thc cu to hp cht ca R vi hiro.
3.7 Phn t NH
3
c cu to dng chp tam gic vi gc lin kt HNH bng 107
0
.
1. Theo l thuyt lai ha, nguyn t nit trong phn t NH
3
trng thi lai ha
no? M t s hnh thnh lin kt trong NH
3
theo gi thit lai ha .
2. Gii thch ti sao gc lin kt trong phn t NH
3
li nh hn so vi gc ca t
u (109,5
o
)?
3.8 Phn t H
2
O c cu to hnh ch V vi gc lin kt HOH bng 104,5
0
.
1. Theo l thuyt lai ha, nguyn t oxi trong phn t H
2
O trng thi lai ha
no? M t s hnh thnh lin kt trong H
2
O theo gi thit lai ha .
2. Gii thch ti sao gc lin kt trong phn t H
2
O li nh hn so vi gc ca t
u (109,5
o
)?
3.9 Trnh by cu trc ca tinh th nc . Tinh th nc thuc kiu tinh th
nguyn t, phn t hay ion?
2. Hy gii thch v sao nc li ni trn b mt nc lng?
3.10 Nguyn t R c ha tr cao nht trong oxit gp 3 ln ha tr trong hp cht
vi hiro.
a. Hy cho bit ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit.
b. Trong hp cht ca R vi hiro, R chim
17
16
phn khi lng.
Khng dng bng tun hon, cho bit k hiu ca nguyn t R.
74
c. Da vo bng tun hon cho bit R l nguyn t g? Vit cng thc electron v
cng thc cu to oxit cao nht ca R.
3.11 Hp cht X to bi hai nguyn t A, B v c phn t khi l 76. A v B c
s oxi ha cao nht trong cc oxit l +n
O
v + m
O
, v s oxi ha m trong cc hp
cht vi hiro l -n
H
v -m
H
tha mn iu kin n
O
= n
H
v m
O
= 3m
H
.
1. Tm cng thc phn t ca X, bit rng A c s oxi ha cao nht trong X.
2. Bit rng X c cu trc phn t thng. Hy cho bit trng thi lai ha ca
nguyn t A v bn cht lin kt trong X.
3.12 X l nguyn t thuc chu k 3, X to vi hiro mt hp cht kh c cng thc
H
2
X, trong X c s oxi ha thp nht.
1. Xc nh v tr ca X trong bng tun hon.
2. Trong oxit cao nht ca R th R chim 40% khi lng. Tm khi lng nguyn t
ca R.
3. Da vo bng tun hon hy cho bit X l nguyn t no. Vit phng trnh phn
ng khi ln lt cho H
2
X tc dng vi nc Cl
2
, dung dch FeCl
3
, dung dch CuSO
4
.
3.13 R l mt nguyn t phi kim. Tng i s s oxi ha dng cao nht vi 2 ln s
oxi ha m thp nht ca R l +2. Tng s proton v ntron ca R nh hn 34.
1. Xc nh R
2. X l hp cht kh ca R vi hiro, Y l oxit ca R c cha 50% oxi v khi lng.
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X v Y.
3. Vit cng thc cu to cc phn t RO
2
; RO
3
; H
2
RO
4
.
3.14 Cation X
+
do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s proton
trong X
+
l 11.
1. Xc nh cng thc v gi tn cation X
+
.
2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion X
+
. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?
3.15 Anion Y
2-
do 5 nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t ha hc to nn. Tng s electron
trong Y
2-
l 50.
75
1. Xc nh cng thc phn t v gi tn ion Y
2-
, bit rng 2 nguyn t trong Y
2-
thuc cng mt phn nhm v thuc hai chu k lin tip.
2. Vit cng thc electron ca ion Y
2-
. Cho bit cu trc hnh hc ca ion ny?
3.16 C 5,56 gam hn hp A gm Fe v kim loi M (ha tr n). Chia A lm hai
phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Ha tan ht trong dung dch HCl long, c 1,568 lit kh H
2
.
Phn 2: Ha tan ht trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng thu c 2,016 lit kh SO
2
.
Vit cc phng trnh ha hc v xc nh tn kim loi M. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
3.17 kh hon ton 8 gam oxit ca mt kim loi thnh kim loi cn dng 3,36
lit H
2
. Ha tan ht lng kim loi thu c vo dung dch HCl long thy thot ra
2,24 lit kh H
2
. Bit cc kh o ktc.
Xc nh cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca kim loi trong oxit.
3.18 Kh hon ton 4,06 gam mt oxit kim loi bng CO nhit cao thnh
kim loi. Dn ton b kh sinh ra vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thy to
thnh 7 gam kt ta. Nu ly lng kim loi sinh ra ha tan ht vo dung dch HCl
d th thu c 1,176 lit kh H
2
(ktc).
1. Xc nh cng thc oxit kim loi.
2. Cho 4,06 gam oxit kim loi trn tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng (d) c dung dch X v c kh SO
2
bay ra.
Hy xc nh nng mol/lit ca mui trong dung dch X.
Coi th tch ca dung dch khng thay i trong sut qu trnh phn ng.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H- C khi A nm 2003)
3.19 Ha tan hon ton 7 gam kim loi M trong 200 gam dung dch HCl va
thu c 206,75 gam dung dch A.
1. Xc nh M v nng % ca dung dch HCl.
2. Ha tan 6,28 gam hn hp X gm M v mt oxit ca M trong 170 ml dung dch
HNO
3
2M (long, va ) thu c 1,232 lit NO (ktc).
Tm cng thc ca oxit. Cho bit s oxi ha v ha tr ca M trong oxit.
76
C. BI TP T LUYN
3.20 Trong mng tinh th kim loi, ngi ta dng c kht

l phn trm th
tch m cc nguyn t chim trong tinh th c trng cho tng kiu cu trc. Vi
kiu cu trc lp phng tm khi,

= 68%; kiu cu trc lp phng tm din,

= 74%. Bng tnh ton c th, hy chng minh cc kt qu trn.

3.21 Tha nhn rng cc nguyn t Ca, Cu u c dng hnh cu sp xp c kht
bn cnh nhau, th th tch chim bi cc nguyn t kim loi chim 74% so vi ton
b khi tinh th. Hy tnh bn knh nguyn t Ca, Cu (theo n v ), bit khi
lng ring ca cc tinh th kim loi iu kin chun tng ng l 1,55g/cm
3
v
8,90g/cm
3
.
Cho bit: Ca = 40,08; Cu =63,55; 1 = 10
-8
cm; 1u = 1,67.10
-24
g.
3.22 Trnh by bn cht lin kt kim loi. So snh lin kt kim loi vi lin kt cng
ha tr v lin kt ion.
2. Hy gii thch ti sao cc kim loi c nhng tnh cht vt l c trng l c nh
kim, c tnh do v c kh nng dn in, dn nhit tt.
3.23 Kim loi Na c cu trc mng tinh th theo kiu lp phng tm khi vi
di mi cnh hnh lp phng l a = 0,429 nm. Hy tnh:
1. Bn knh nguyn t Na.
2. Khi lng ring (g/cm
3
) ca natri. Natri c th ni trn nc khng?
Cho bit khi lng nguyn t ca natri l 23u ( 1u = 1,67.10
-24
g).
3.24 Kim loi Ni c cu trc mng tinh th theo kiu lp phng tm din. Bn knh
nguyn t ca Ni l r = 1,24.10
-8
cm. Hy tnh:
1. di mi cnh hnh lp phng.
2. Khi lng ring (g/cm
3
) ca niken.
Cho bit khi lng nguyn t ca niken l 58,7u ( 1u = 1,67.10
-24
g).
3.25 Cu trc mng tinh th ca hp cht ion NaCl c biu din di y:
77

Trong cc qu cu ln (ion Cl
-
) phn b theo kiu lp phng tm din, cc qu
cu nh (ion Na
+
) phn b tm v gia cc cnh ca hnh lp phng.
1. Tnh s ion Na
+
v Cl
-
c trong mt hnh lp phng.
2. Tnh bn knh ion Na
+
v Cl
-
.
Cho bit hnh lp phng c cnh l a = 0,552 nm v t l bn knh
0,525
r
r
Cl
Na

+
.
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
3.26 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t H
2
c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc
orbitan no?
A.
B.
+
C.
D. Mt kt qu khc.
3.27 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t HCl c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc
orbitan no?
A.
B.
78
C.
D. Mt kt qu khc.
3.28 Lin kt ha hc trong phn t Cl
2
c hnh thnh nh s xen ph ca cc
orbitan no?
A.
B.
C.
D. Mt kt qu khc.
3.29 Chn hnh v m t ng s to thnh lin kt trong phn t H
2
S .
A. B.
C. D.
3.30 Hnh no di y m t s lai ha sp?
79
A.
B.
C.
D. Mt p n khc.
3.31 Cho hnh v m t s to thnh orbitan lai ha sp
2
.
S lai ha sp
2
sau y xy ra mt nguyn t do:
A. s t hp ca 1orbitan s v 2 orbitan p ca nguyn t .
B. s t hp ca 2orbitan s v 2 orbitan p ca nguyn t .
C. s t hp ca 2orbitan s v 1 orbitan p ca nguyn t
D. s t hp ca 1orbitan s v 3 orbitan p ca nguyn t
3.32 Cho 3 dng lai ha ln lt nh hnh v.
80

sp sp
2
sp
3
Gc gia cc orbitan lai ha ln lt l:
A. 180
0
, 120
0
, 109
0
28 B. 120
0
; 180
0
; 109
0
28

C. 109
0
28 ;120
0
;180
0
D. 180
0
; 109
0
28 ;120
0
3.33 S xen ph no sau y to thnh lin kt ?
A.
B.
C.
D. c A, B, C u ng.
3.34 S xen ph no sau y to thnh lin kt .
A.
B.
C.
81
D.
3.35 Cho cc tinh th sau:
Kim cng( C ) I
2
H
2
O
Tinh th no l tinh th phn t:
A.Tinh th kim cng v It B.Tinh th kim cng v nc .
C.Tinh th nc v It. D.C 3 tinh th cho.
3.36
Lin kt trong phn t no sau y hnh thnh do s xen ph ca cc obitan s
A. HCl B. H
2
O
C. Cl
2
D. H
2
3.37
Cho cc phn t N
2
, HCl, NaCl, MgO. Cc phn t u c lin kt cng ha
tr l
A. N
2
v HCl B. HCl v MgO
C. N
2
v NaCl D. NaCl v MgO
3.38
Mt phn t XY
3
c tng cc ht proton, electron, notron bng 196. Trong
s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 60, s ht mang in ca X
t hn s ht mang in ca Y trong phn t l 76. XY
3
l cng thc no sau y ?
A. SO
3
B. AlCl
3
C. BF
3
D. NH
3
3.39
X, Y l hai nguyn t thuc cng mt nhm A, hai chu k lin tip. Cho
bit tng s electron trong anion XY
2
3
l 42. Xc nh hai nguyn t X, Y v XY
2
3
trong s cc phng n sau
A. Be, Mg v MgBe
3
B. S, O v SO
3
2-

82
C. C, O v CO
3
2-
D. Si, O v SiO
3
2-
3.40
Lin kt trong phn t cht no sau y mang nhiu tnh cht ion nht?
A. LiCl B. NaCl C. CsCl D. RbCl

E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
3.26. A 3.27. B 3.28. C 3.29. A 3.30. A
3.31. A 3.32. A 3.33. D 3.34. C 3.35. C
3.36. D 3.37. A 3.38. B 3.39. B 3.40. C
3.1 Hng dn:
Cl (Z = 17) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
Ca (Z = 20) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
Clo nm s 17, chu k 3, nhm VIIA.
Canxi nm s 20, chu k 4, nhm IIA.
Lin kt trong hp cht CaCl
2
l lin kt ion v Ca l kim loi in hnh, Cl
l phi kim in hnh.
S hnh thnh lin kt:
2Cl + 21e 2Cl
-
Ca Ca
2+
+ 2e
Cc ion Ca
2+
v Cl
-
to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng
lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht CaCl
2
:
Ca
2+
+ 2Cl
-

CaCl
2
3.2 Hng dn:
1. Tng s proton trong hp cht M
2
X bng 46 nn : 2p + p = 46. (1)
Trong hp cht M
2
X, nguyn t X chim
47
8
khi lng nn:
39
8
2M
M
M
X

39
8
p) 2(n
p n
, ,

+
+

39
8
1) 2(2p
p 2
,

39p = 8(2p + 1). (2)

83
T (1), (2) ta tm c: p = 19; p = 8.
2. M l kali (K) v X l oxi (O).
3. Lin kt trong hp cht K
2
O l lin kt ion v K l kim loi in hnh, O l
phi kim in hnh.
S hnh thnh lin kt:
O + 2e

O
2-
2K

2K
+
+ 21e
Cc ion K
+
v O
2-
to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc
ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht K
2
O:
2K
+
+ O
2-

K
2
O
3.3 Hng dn:
1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t A l P, N, E (trong
P = E).
Ta c: P + N + E = 34 v P + E - N = 10.
T y tm c P = E = 11; N = 12.
K hiu ca nguyn t B l
19
9
B nn Z
B
= 9
Cu hnh electron ca A, B:
A (Z = 11) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
B (Z = 9) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
2. Lin kt trong hp cht gia A v B l lin kt ion v A l kim loi in
hnh (nhm IA), B l phi kim in hnh (nhm VIIA).
S hnh thnh lin kt:
A

A
+
+ 1e
B + 1e

B
-
Cc ion A
+
v B
-
to thnh mang in tch tri du, chng ht nhau bng lc
ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht AB:
A
+
+ B
-

AB.
84
3.4 Hng dn:
1. Cu hnh electron ca cc nguyn t X, Y, Z:
X: (Z = 9) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5

Y: (Z = 19) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
Z: (Z = 8) : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

Tnh cht c trng ca Y l tnh kim loi, ca X v Z l tnh phi kim.
2. Lin kt gia X v Y, gia Y v Z l lin kt ion.
- S hnh thnh lin kt gia X v Y:
X + 1e

X
-
Y

Y
+
+ 1e
Cc ion Y
+
v X
-
ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht YX.
- S hnh thnh lin kt gia Y v Z:
Z + 2e

Z
2-
2Y

2Y
+
+ 21e
Cc ion Y
+
v Z
2-
ht nhau bng lc ht tnh in, to thnh hp cht Y
2
Z.
- X v Z l cc phi kim nn lin kt gia chng l lin kt cng ha tr.
t c cu hnh bn vng, mi nguyn t X cn gp chung 1e, mi nguyn t Z
cn gp chung 2e. Nh vy 2 nguyn t X s tham gia lin kt vi 1 nguyn t Z
bng 2 lin kt cng ha tr n nh 2 cp electron gp chung. Do cng thc
phn t ca hp cht l X
2
Z.
3.5 Hng dn:
a. Trong hp cht XY
2
, X chim 50% v khi lng nn:
50
50
M
2M
X
Y

1
n) (p
) n 2(p
, ,

+
+

p = 2p.
Tng s proton trong phn t XY
2
l 32 nn p + 2p = 32.
T y tm c: p = 16 v p = 8 .
Cu hnh electron ca X: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
v ca Y: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
85
b. Da vo bng tun hon ta thy X l S, Y l O. Hp cht cn tm l SO
2
.
S hnh thnh lin kt trong phn t SO
2
:
Tng ng vi cng thc cu to:
3.6 Hng dn:
1. Gi tng s ht proton, ntron, electron ca nguyn t R l P. N, E. Trong
P = E.
Theo bi: P + N + E = 28

2P + N = 28

N = 28 - 2P.
Mt khc, P N 1,5P

P 28 - 2P 1,5P

8 P 9,3
Vy P = 8 hoc 9. Do nguyn t R thuc nhm VIIA nn nguyn t nguyn t R
c 7 electron lp ngoi cng.
P = 8: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
: loi
P = 9: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
: tha mn. Vy P = E = 9; N = 10.
S khi A= N + P = 19. R l flo.
2. T cu hnh electron ca F ta thy lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t F c 7
electron, cn thiu mt electron t cu hnh bn vng ca kh him gn nht.
Do dng n cht, nguyn t F tn ti di dng phn t 2 nguyn t, lin kt
gia hai nguyn t l lin kt cng ha tr n hnh thnh t mt cp electron dng
chung.
Cng thc phn t l F
2
, cng thc cu to l F - F.
86
O
O
S
O:
O:
S:
Lin kt
Lin kt cho nhn
3. Cng thc electron v cng thc cu to hp cht ca R vi hiro nh sau:
H - F
Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to
3.7 Hng dn:
1. gii thch cu trc hnh hc ca phn t NH
3
, thuyt lai ha cho rng
nguyn t N trng thi lai ha t din sp
3
.
S hnh thnh cc lin kt trong phn t NH
3
c gii thch nh sau:
Ba obitan lai ha cha electron c thn
s xen ph vi 3 obitan 1s ca 3 nguyn t H
to thnh 3 lin kt

.
Mt obitan lai ha cha cp electron ca
N khng tham gia lin kt hng v mt nh
ca hnh t din.


Hnh 1. Cu to phn t NH
3
2. Do cp electron khng lin kt trn nguyn t N ch chu lc ht ca ht
nhn nguyn t N nn cp electron ny chim vng khng gian rng hn so vi 3
cp electron lin kt (chu lc ht ca hai ht nhn). Do vy n to ra lc y i
87
..
H
H
H
H
N
sp
3
F H
..
.
.
.
.
..
vi m my cc cp electron lin kt, lm cc m my ny hi b p li, do vy
gc lin kt thc t l 107
0
hi nh hn so vi gc ca t din u.
3.8 Hng dn:
1. gii thch cu trc hnh hc ca phn t H
2
O, thuyt lai ha cho rng
nguyn t O trng thi lai ha t din sp
3
.
S hnh thnh cc lin kt trong phn t H
2
O c gii thch nh sau:
Hai obitan lai ha cha electron c thn s xen ph vi 2 obitan 1s ca 2
nguyn t H to thnh 2 lin kt

.
Hai obitan lai ha cha cp electron ca O khng tham gia lin kt hng v hai
nh ca hnh t din.
2. Do 2 cp electron khng lin kt trn
nguyn t O ch chu lc ht ca ht nhn
nguyn t O nn 2 cp electron ny chim
vng khng gian rng hn so vi 2 cp
electron lin kt (chu lc ht ca hai ht
nhn). Do vy n to ra lc y i vi
m my cc cp electron lin kt, lm cc
m my ny hi b p li, do vy gc lin
kt thc t l 104,5
0
nh hn so vi gc ca
t din u.


Hnh 2. Cu to phn t H
2
O
3.9 Hng dn:
88
sp
3
Mng tinh th nc thuc kiu
mng tinh th phn t. Mi phn t nc
lin kt vi 4 phn t nc khc gn n
nht nm trn bn nh ca mt hnh t din
u.
Nh vy, trong mng tinh th, mi
phn t nc u tm ca mt hnh t
din u v lin kt vi 4 phn t nc trn
4 nh nh to thnh 4 lin kt hiro.


Hnh 3. M hnh tinh th nc
2. Cu trc tinh th phn t nc l cu trc t din, l cu trc rng nn
c t khi nh hn khi nc trng thi lng, do vy nc ni trn b mt nc
lng. Th tch nc ca khi ng c ln hn khi trng thi lng.
3.10 Hng dn:
a. Gi ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m, ha tr trong hp cht vi hiro
l n.
Ha tr cao nht ca R trong oxit l m nn lp ngoi cng nguyn t R c
m electron.
Ha tr trong hp cht ca R vi hiro l n nn t c cu hnh 8 electron
bo ha ca kh him, lp ngoi cng nguyn t R cn nhn thm n electron.
Nh vy ta c: m + n = 8. Theo bi: m = 3n. T y tm c m =6; n = 2.
b. Cng thc hp cht R vi hiro l H
2
R. Theo bi:
1
16

2M
M
H
R

nn R = 32.
Gi tng s ht proton, ntron ca R l P, N. Ta c P + N = 32.
Ta c: P N 1,5P

P P - 32 1,5P

12,8 P 16.
Mt khc, R thuc nhm VI (ha tr cao nht trong oxit bng VI) nn da
vo cu hnh electron khi P = 13, 14, 15, 16 ta thy P = 16 tha mn.
89
Vy k hiu ca nguyn t R l: R
32
16
.
c. R l lu hunh. Ha tr cao nht ca S trong oxit l VI nn cng thc oxit
l SO
3
. Cng thc electron v cng thc cu to ca oxit SO
3
nh sau:
Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to
3.11 Hng dn:
a. A, B c s oxi ha cao nht trong cc oxit l +n
O
v + m
O
nn lp ngoi
cng ca A, B c s electron l n
O
v m
O
.
A, B c s oxi ha m trong cc hp cht vi hiro l -n
H
v - m
H
nn ta
thy hon thnh lp v bo ha 8 electron, lp ngoi cng ca A, B cn nhn
thm s electron l n
H
v m
H
.
Nh vy: n
O
+ n
H
= 8 v m
O
+ m
H
= 8.
Theo bi: n
O
= n
H
v m
O
= 3m
H
.
T y tm c n
O
= n
H
= 4, m
O
= 6, n
H
= 2.
A c s oxi ha dng cao nht l +4 nn A thuc nhm IV, B c s oxi ha
dng cao nht l +6 nn B thuc nhm VI.
Trong hp cht X, A c s oxi ha +4 (nhng 4 electron) nn mt nguyn
t A lin kt vi 2 nguyn t B, trong B c s oxi ha -2.
Cng thc phn t ca X l AB
2
.
Theo bi: khi lng phn t ca X l 76u nn M
A
+ 2M
B
= 76u.

M
B
<
2
76u
= 38u.
90
..
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
..
..
.
.
.
.
O
O
O S O
O
S
O
Mt khc, B thuc nhm VI v to c s oxi ha cao nht trong oxit l +6
nn B l lu hunh. Vy M
B
= 32u, suy ra M
A
= 76u - 232u = 12u. A l cacbon.
Cng thc ca X l CS
2
.
2. Theo bi, CS
2
c cu trc thng nn nguyn t C trng thi lai ha sp.
Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t lu hunh:
Lin kt trong phn t CS
2
c hnh thnh nh sau:
Hai obitan lai ha sp ca C xen ph trc vi hai obitan 3p cha electron c
thn ca 2 lu hunh to thnh 2 lin kt

.
Hai obitan 2p
x
, 2p
y
khng tham gia lai ha ca C xen ph bn vi hai obitan 3p
cha electron c thn ca 2 lu hunh to thnh 2 lin kt

.
Nh vy, nguyn t cacbon to vi mi nguyn t lu hunh 1 lin kt

v 1
lin kt

. Cng thc cu to ca phn t CS

2
nh sau:
3.12 Hng dn:
1. Theo bi ra, ha tr ca X trong hp cht vi hidro l II nn ha tr cao nht
trong oxit l VI.
Vy X thuc chu k 3, nhm VIA trong bng tun hon.
2. R thuc nhm VI nn ha tr cao nht trong oxit l VI, vy cng thc oxit
cao nht c dng RO
3
. Trong oxit ny R chim 40% khi lng nn:
91
sp
3
2s
2p
sp
2p
x
2p
y
S C S
3s
3p
60
40
16 3
M
R

M
R
= 32.
3. X l S. Cc phng trnh phn ng:
H
2
S + 4Cl
2
+ 4H
2
O

H
2
SO
4
+ 8HCl
H
2
S + 2FeCl
3

2FeCl
2
+ S

+ 2HCl
H
2
S + CuSO
4

CuS

+ H
2
SO
4
3.13 Hng dn:
1. Gi s oxi ha dng cao nht v s oxi ha m thp nht ca R ln lt l
+m v -n.
S oxi ha cao nht ca R trong oxit l +m nn lp ngoi cng nguyn t
R c m electron.
S oxi ha trong hp cht ca R vi hiro l -n nn t c cu hnh 8
electron bo ha ca kh him, lp ngoi cng nguyn t R cn nhn thm n
electron.
Ta c: m + n = 8. Mt khc, theo bi ra: +m + 2(-n) = +2

m - 2n = 2.
T y tm c: m = 6 v n = 2. Vy R l phi kim thuc nhm VI.
S khi ca R < 34 nn R l O hay S. Do oxi khng to c s oxi ha cao
nht l +6 nn R l lu hunh.
2. Trong hp cht X, S c s oxi ha thp nht nn X c cng thc l H
2
S.
Gi cng thc oxit Y l SO
n
.
Do %S = 50% nn
16n
32
=
50
50

n = 2. Cng thc ca Y l SO
2
.
3. Cng thc cu to ca SO
2
; SO
3
; H
2
SO
4
:
3.14 Hng dn:
92
O
O
S O
O
S
O
O

S
O HO
HO
1. S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong X
+
l
5
11
= 2,2. Vy
mt nguyn t trong X
+
c in tch ht nhn nh hn 2,2, nguyn t l H (Z = 1).
Ta loi trng hp He (Z = 2) v He l kh him khng to c hp cht.
Vy cng thc ion X
+
c dng: [A
5-n
H
n
]
+
. Trong : (5-n).Z
A
+ n = 11.
Ta lp bng sau:
N 1 2 3
4
Z
A
(A) 2,5 (loi) 3 (Li) 4 (Be) 7 (N)
Ta loi cc trng hp A l Li, Be v cc ion X
+
tng ng khng tn ti.
Trng hp A l nit tha mn v ion amoni tn ti. Vy X
+
l ion NH
+
4
.
2. Cng thc electron ca ion NH
+
4
nh sau:
Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to
3.15 Hng dn:Gi cng thc ca Y
2-
l

2
m m 5
] F [E .
Theo bi, tng s electron trong Y
2-
bng 50 nn tng s proton trong Y
2-
bng 48.
Ta c: (5-m)Z
E
+ mZ
F
= 48. (1)
Ta nhn thy:
S proton trung bnh ca mt ht nhn nguyn t trong Y
2-
l
5
48
= 9,6 nn E
thuc chu k 2, F chu k k tip vi E nn F thuc chu k 3. Mt khc, hai
nguyn t E v F thuc cng mt phn nhm nn Z
F
- Z
E
= 8. (2)
93
H
H
H H
..
.
.
.
.
N
..

H

H

H

N

H
T (1), (2) ta c: 5Z
E
+ 8m = 48.
Ta lp bng sau:
M 1 2 3
4
Z
E
(E) 8 (O) 6,4 (loi) 4,8 (loi) 3,2 (loi)
Vy E l O. T suy ra F l S. Ion Y
2-
cn tm l ion sunfat SO
2
4
.
2. Cng thc electron ca ion SO
2
4
nh sau:
Cng thc electron Cng thc cu to
3.16 Hng dn:
Gi s mol trong mi phn: Fe = x mol; M = y mol.
Phn 1:
Fe + 2HCl

FeCl
2
+ H
2

(mol): x x
2M + 2nHCl

2MCl
n
+ nH
2

(mol): y 0,5ny
S mol H
2
= 0,07 nn x + 0,5ny = 0,07.
Phn 2:
2Fe + 6H
2
SO
4

(c)


0
t
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 3SO
2

+ 6H
2
O
(mol): x 1,5x
94
..
.
.
.
.
..
..
..
..
..
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
..
..
.
.
.
.
O
O
O O S
2-
O
O
O
S
O
2-
2M + 2nH
2
SO
4

(c)


0
t
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nSO
2

+ 2nH
2
O
(mol): y 0,5nx
S mol SO
2
= 0,09 nn 1,5x + 0,5ny = 0,09. Vy x = 0,04 v ny = 0,06.
Mt khc: 56x + My = 2,78 nn My = 0,54. Vy
9
ny
My
n
M

hay M = 9n.
Ta lp bng sau:
N 1 2 3
M 9 (loi) 18 (loi) 27 (nhn)
Vy M l Al.
3.17 Hng dn:
Gi cng thc oxit l M
x
O
y
= a mol.
M
x
O
y
+ yH
2


0
t
xM + yH
2
O
(mol): a ay ax
Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 8 v ay = 0,15. Nh vy Max = 5,6.
2M + 2nHCl

2MCl
n
+ nH
2

(mol): ax 0,5nax
Ta c: 0,5nax = 0,1 hay nax = 0,2.
Lp t l: 28
nax
Max
n
M
. Vy M = 28n.
Ta lp bng sau:
N 1 2 3
M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi)
Vy kim loi M l Fe.
Lp t l:
3
2
ay
ax
y
x

. Vy cng thc oxit l Fe
2
O
3
.
S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l +3, ha tr ca st l III.
95
3.18 Hng dn:
Gi cng thc oxit l: M
x
O
y
= a mol. Ta c: a(Mx + 16y) = 4,06.
M
x
O
y
+ yCO

0
t
xM + yCO
2
(mol): a ax ay
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2

CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
(mol): ay ay
Ta c: ay = 0,07. T y suy ra: Max = 2,94.
2M + 2nHCl

2MCl
n
+ nH
2

(mol): ax 0,5nax
Ta c: 0,5nax = 0,0525 hay nax = 0,105.
Lp t l: 28
nax
Max
n
M
. Vy M = 28n.
Ta lp bng sau:
N 1 2 3
M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi)
Vy kim loi M l Fe.
Lp t l:
4
3
ay
ax
y
x

. Vy cng thc oxit l Fe
3
O
4
.
3.19 Hng dn:
1. Gi ha tr kim loi l n v s mol l a mol. Ta c: Ma = 7.
2M + 2nHCl

2MCl
n
+ nH
2

(mol): a a 0,5na
Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng tng 6,75 gam nn:
7 - 0,5na2 = 6,75 hay na = 0,25.
Lp t l: 28
na
Ma
n
M
. Vy M = 28n.
Ta lp bng sau:
96
N 1 2 3
M 28 (loi) 56 (nhn) 84 (loi)
Vy kim loi M l Fe.
2. Gi s mol: Fe = b v Fe
x
O
y
= c mol. Ta c 56b + (56x + 16y)c = 6,28.
Fe + 4HNO
3

Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO

+ 2H
2
O
(mol): b 4b b
3Fe
x
O
y
+ (12x - 2y)HNO
3

3xFe(NO
3
)
3
+ (3x - 2y)NO

+ (6x - y)H
2
O
(mol): c
3
2y)c (12x

3
2y)c (3x

Ta c: 4b +
3
2y)c (12x
= 0,34 v b +
3
2y)c (3x
= 0,055.
T y tnh c: b = 0,05 mol; xc = 0,045 mol v yc = 0,06 mol.
Lp t l:
4
3
yc
xc
y
x

. Vy cng thc oxit l Fe
3
O
4
.
S oxi ha ca st trong oxit l +
3
8
, ha tr ca st l II v III (FeO.Fe
2
O
3
).
3.20 Hng dn:
Gi a l di mi cnh ca hnh lp phng v r l bn knh ca nguyn t
kim loi.
- c kht ca mng tinh th lp phng tm khi.
Trong mng th lp phng tm khi, mi qu cu u tm ca mt hnh lp
phng v tip xc trc tip vi 8 qu cu 8 nh. Xt hnh ch nht ABCD.
Theo bi: AB = a nn ta tnh c: BC = a
2
; AC = a
3
= 4r.
97

2
3 a
a
a
=4r
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
S qu cu trong mt hnh lp phng: 1 + 8
8
1
= 2.
Tng th tch cc qu cu trong mt hnh lp phng: V = 2
3
4

r
3
.
Th tch ca mt hnh lp phng: V = a
3
=
3 3
64r
3
.
Vy:
,
V
V
.100% =
.100%
8
3
= 68%.
- c kht ca mng tinh th lp phng tm din. Xt hnh ch nht ABCD.
Theo bi: AB = BC = a nn ta tnh c: AC = a
2
= 4r.
S qu cu trong mt hnh lp phng: 6
2
1
+ 8
8
1
= 4.
Tng th tch cc qu cu trong mt hnh lp phng: V = 4
3
4

r
3
.
Th tch ca mt hnh lp phng: V = a
3
=
2 2
64r
3
.
Vy:
,
V
V
.100% =
.100%
6
2
= 74%.
3.21 Hng dn:
Gi bn knh nguyn t Ca, Cu ln lt l r
1
, r
2
.
Xt khi tinh th kim loi c th tch V = 1cm
3
, khi th tch chim bi cc
qu cu kim loi l 0,74 cm
3
.
98
a
a
a
2
= 4.r
A
B
C
D
A
B C
D
D
C
Gi s nguyn t Ca, Cu c trong 1 cm
3
tinh th kim loi l ln lt l N
1
, N
2
:
Ta c:
1 24
1, 55
N =
40, 08 1, 67.10

; N
2
=
24
10 . 67 , 1 55 , 63
90 , 8

Th tch chim bi N
1
mt qu cu kim loi Ca l 0,74 cm
3
nn:
N
1
.
3
4
.

.
3
1
r = 0,74 cm
3

24
10 . 67 , 1 08 , 40
55 , 1

.
3
4
.

.
3
1
r = 0,74 cm
3

r
1
= 1,97.10
-8
cm = 1,97.
Th tch chim bi N
2
mt qu cu kim loi Cu l 0,74 cm
3
nn:
N
2
.
3
4
.

.
3
2
r = 0,74 cm
3

24
10 . 67 , 1 55 , 63
90 , 8

.
3
4
.

.
3
2
r = 0,74 cm
3

r
2
= 1,28.10
-8
cm = 1,28
3.22 Hng dn:
1. Trong tinh th kim loi, ion dng kim loi v nguyn t kim loi cc nt
ca mng tinh th. Cc electron ha tr lin kt yu vi ht nhn nn d tch khi
nguyn t v chuyn ng t do trong mng tinh th, lc ht gia cc electron ny v
cc ion dng to nn lin kt kim loi.
Nh vy, lin kt kim loi l lin kt c hnh thnh gia cc nguyn t v
ion kim loi trong mng tinh th do s tham gia ca cc electron c thn.
Lin kt kim loi v lin kt cng ha tr ging nhau l c nhng electron
chung ca cc nguyn t, nhng electron chung trong lin kt kim loi l ca tt c
nhng nguyn t kim loi c mt trong n cht.
Lin kt kim loi v lin kt ion u c hnh thnh do lc ht tnh in gia
cc phn t tch in tri du, nhng cc phn t tch in tri du trong lin kt kim
loi l ion dng kim loi v cc electron t do.
2. Tnh c nh kim: Trong tinh th kim loi c cc electron t do c kh nng
phn x hu ht cc tia sng trong vng nhn thy nn kim loi tinh khit thng c
99
nh kim.
Tnh do: Khi tc dng lc ln tinh th kim loi, cc nguyn t kim loi ch b
x dch v tr trong mng tinh th, lin kt kim loi vn c duy tr nn tinh th kim
loi ch b bin dng m khng b ph v.
Tnh dn in: Khi ni hai u dy dn kim loi vi mt hiu in th, di tc
dng ca t trng, cc electron t do chuyn ng c hng gy ra dng in.
Tnh dn nhit: Khi t nng mt u dy dn kim loi, cc electron s
chuyn ng nhit mnh v di chuyn n cc vng c nhit thp hn, trn ng
i chng va chm vi cc nt mng v cc electron khc, bin mt phn ng nng
thnh nhit nng v lm cho cc vng nng dn ln, gy ra tnh dn nhit ca kim
loi.
3.23 Hng dn:
1. Gi bn knh nguyn t ca Na l r.
Theo bi 15, trong mng tinh th lp phng tm khi ta c: a
3
= 4r.
Do : r =
4
3 a
= 0,186 (nm).
2. S nguyn t Na trong mt hnh lp phng l: 1 + 8
8
1
= 2.
Khi lng 2 nguyn t Na trong mt hnh lp phng:
M = 2 23u = 46u = 46.1,67.10
-24
g = 7,68.10
-23
g
Th tch ca mt hnh lp phng:
V = a
3
= (0,429.10
-9
m)
3
= (0,429.10
-7
cm)
3
= 7,89.10
-23
cm
3
.
Vy:
V
M
d =
3 23 -
-23
cm 7,89.10
g 7,68.10
= 0,97 g/cm
3
. (Gi tr thc t l 0,97g/cm
3
).
Nh vy khi lng ring ca Na nh hn khi lng ring ca nc (1g/cm
3
)
nn Na ni trn nc.
3.24 Hng dn:
100
1. Gi bn knh nguyn t ca Na l r.
Theo bi 15, trong mng tinh th lp phng tm din ta c: a
2
= 4r.
Do : a =
2
4r
= 3,51.10
-8
(cm).
2. S qu cu trong mt hnh lp phng: 6
2
1
+ 8
8
1
= 4.
Khi lng 4 nguyn t Ni trong mt hnh lp phng:
M = 4
u 7 , 58
= 4
7 , 58
1,67.10
-24
g = 392,12.10
-24
g
Th tch ca mt hnh lp phng:
V = a
3
= (3,51.10
-8
cm)
3
= 43,24.10
-24
cm
3
.
Vy:
V
M
d =
3 24 -
-24
cm 43,24.10
g 392,12.10
= 9,06 g/cm
3
. (Gi tr thc t l 8,90g/cm
3
).
3.25 Hng dn:
1. Tnh s lng mi loi ion trong mt hnh lp phng:
S ion Na
+
= 1 (tm) 1 + 12 (cnh)
4
1
= 4
S ion Cl
-
= 6 (mt)
2
1
+ 8 (gc)
8
1
= 4
2. T hnh v ta thy: a = 2( +
+
Cl Na
r r
) nn +
+
Cl Na
r r
= 0,276 nm.
Kt hp vi t l bn knh
0,525
r
r
Cl
Na

+
ta tm c:
+
Na
r
= 0,095 nm v
Cl
r
= 0,181 nm.
F. THNG TIN B SUNG
V sao ct st Newdeli n bn vng sau hn 15 th k?
Khi n cn l thuc a ca Anh, c mt ngui Anh d nh xy dng mt nh
my dt ti n . ng ta t mua my mc Anh, sau hai thng lnh nh trn
bin, chuyn tu ch my mc, thit b cho
nh my dt tng lai cp cng an ton.
101
Tuy nhin, khi kim tra li, ng ta rt sng st v tht vng khi thy ton b cc
thit b, do khng c bo qun tt trong qu trnh vn chuyn thnh ph liu,
han g. May mn cho nh cng nghip l ng mua bo him cho nh my ca
mnh. Trong thi gian ch i nhn c tin bi thng t hng bo him, ng
thm Newdeli. iu lm ng ngc nhin nht l ct st Newdeli tn ti
1500 nm m vn bn vng, khng c du hiu b han g. V sao ct st Newdeli
bn vng ngoi tri, trong khi cc thit b my mc b ph hy sau hai thng?
Phi chng c mt b mt no v luyn kim, v lin kt ha hc c bit ca st
ct ny? ng ta rt t m mun bit iu b n, thn k ca ct st v b mt
nh cp mt mu st nh t ct st ni ting ny. ng chia mu st lm nm
phn, sau gi i phn tch cc phng th nghim hng u th gii lc by
gi. Kt qu lm ng kinh ngc, st ch to ct l st nguyn cht, 99,99%. St
nguyn cht hu nh khng b n mn ha hc, trong khi thp, mt hp kim
ca st vi C, Mn, Si li b ph hy d dng. Hin tng trn c gi l s n
mn in ha hc. Hin tng n mn in ha hc gy ra nhng tc hi rt ln,
ph hy hng triu tn kim loi mi nm, thit hi kinh t ln n hng t USD.
Ngi ta nghin cu nhiu cch bo v kim loi. Trong ng ch l cc
phng php bo v b mt nh sn, m, lau du, m,... v phng php in ha.
nh bn l ct st Newdeli n .
102
Chng 4
PHN NG HA HC
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Phn loi phn ng ha hc
Cc phn ng ha hc trong t nhin c chia thnh hai loi, loi c s
thay i s oxi ha v loi khng thay i s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t. Loi phn
ng ha hc th nht cn gi l phn ng oxi ha kh.
Phn ng oxi ha kh l phn ng ha hc trong c s chuyn electron
gia cc cht phn ng; hay phn ng oxi ha-kh l phn ng ha hc trong
c s thay i s oxi ha ca mt s nguyn t. Cht c s oxi ha tng sau phn
ng l cht kh, cht c s oxi ha gim l cht oxi ha.
Th d: 2Na + Cl
2
2NaCl l mt phn ng oxi ha kh. S oxi ha
ca Na tng t 0 ln +1, cn s oxi ha ca Cl gim t 0 xung -1.
Phn ng oxi ha-kh c th chia thnh ba loi l: phn ng oxi ha-kh
thng thng, phn ng oxi ha -kh ni phn t v phn ng t oxi ha, t kh.
Th d: 2KMnO
4

0
t

K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
l phn ng oxi ha-kh
ni phn t, trong cht kh v cht oxi ha thuc cng mt cht.
Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O l phn ng t oxi
ha, t kh, trong cht kh v cht oxi ha thuc cng mt nguyn t v cng
s oxi ha ban u.
II. S oxi ha v cch xc nh s oxi ha
S oxi ha ca mt nguyn t trong phn t l in tch ca nguyn t ca
nguyn t , nu gi nh rng lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t u l
lin kt ion.
- Xc nh s oxi ha t cng thc phn t:
xc nh s oxi ha t cng thc phn t ngi ta da vo cc quy tc sau:
Quy tc 1: S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong n cht bng 0.
103
Th d: S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t Na, Fe, H, O, Cl trong n cht tng
ng Na, Fe, H
2
, O
2
, Cl
2
u bng 0.
Quy tc 2: Trong hu ht cc hp cht,
+ S oxi ha ca H l +1 (tr cc hp cht ca H vi kim loi nh NaH, CaH
2
,
th H c s oxi ha -1).
+ S oxi ha ca O l -2 (tr mt s trng hp nh H
2
O
2
, F
2
O, O c s oxi
ha ln lt l -1, +1).
Quy tc 3: Trong mt phn t, tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t bng 0.
Theo quy tc ny c th tm s oxi ha ca mt nguyn t no trong phn t
nu bit s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t cn li.
Th d: Tm s oxi ha ca S trong phn t H
2
SO
4
?
Gi s oxi ha ca S trong H
2
SO
4
l x, ta c:
2.(+1) + 1.x + 4.(-2) = 0 x = +6
Vy s oxi ha ca S l +6.
Quy tc 4: Trong ion n nguyn t, s oxi ha ca nguyn t bng in tch ca
ion . Trong ion a nguyn t, tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong ion
bng in tch ca n.
Th d 1: s oxi ha ca Na, Zn, S v Cl trong cc ion Na
+
, Zn
2+
, S
2-
, Cl
-
ln
lt l +1, +2, -2, -1.
Tng i s s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong cc ion SO
4
2-
, MnO
4
-
, NH
4
+
ln
lt l -2, -1, +1.
Th d 2: Tm s oxi ha ca N trong ion NO
3
-
?
Gi s oxi ha ca N l x, ta c:
1.x + 3.(-2) = -1 x = +5
Vy s oxi ha ca N l +5.
Ch : biu din s oxi ha th vit du trc, s sau, cn biu din in
tch ca ion th vit s trc, du sau.
104
Nu in tch l 1+ (hoc 1-) c th vit n gin l + (hoc -), nhng i vi
s oxi ha phi vit y c du v ch (+1 hoc -1).
- Xc nh s oxi ha t cng thc cu to
Trong mt s phn t hay ion a nguyn t c cu to phc tp, s oxi ha
ca cc nguyn t ca cng mt nguyn t c th khc nhau. Vic xc nh s oxi
ha theo cng thc phn t ch cho ta s oxi ha trung bnh, cn xc nh
chnh xc s oxi ha ca tng nguyn t trong phn t phi da vo cng thc cu
to. iu ny c bit gip chng ta c th thit lp cc phng trnh phn ng oxi
ha - kh ca hp cht hu c khi ch c mt phn phn t tham gia phn ng oxi
ha - kh mt cch n gin v d dng hn.
Nguyn tc: coi cc cp electron u lch hon ton v pha nguyn t ca
nguyn t c m in ln hn, khi theo s electron m 1 nguyn t nhng
hay nhn xc nh s oxi ha ca n.
Th d:
H O
S
S O H
O
+4
o
-1 -2
CH
3
CH CH
2
-3
CH
3
CH
OH
CH
3
o -3 -3
Ca
O
Cl
Cl
-1
+1
II. Cc khi nim cn nm vng v du hiu nhn bit:
1. S oxi ha (hay qu trnh oxi ha) l s nhng electron.
2. S kh (hay qu trnh kh) l s nhn electron.
3. Cht oxi ha l cht nhn electron. Cht oxi ha cn gi l cht b kh.
4. Cht kh l cht nhng electron. Cht kh cn gi l cht b oxi ha .
Cch nh: i vi cht oxi ha v cht kh: kh cho o nhn (o l cht oxi
ha). i vi qu trnh oxi ha, kh: cht oxi ha tham gia qu trnh kh, cht kh
tham gia qu trnh oxi ha .
105
5. Phn ng oxi ha - kh l phn ng ha hc xy ra trong c s chuyn
electron gia cc cht phn ng.
Ch : Do electron khng tn ti trng thi t do nn hai qu trnh oxi ha
v kh lun xy ra ng thi (tc l c qu trnh oxi ha th phi c qu trnh kh
v ngc li). Tng s electron do cht kh nhng bng tng s electron do cht
oxi ha nhn.
Du hiu nhn bit
1. S oxi ha: l s tng s oxi ha
2. S kh: l s gim s oxi ha
3. Cht oxi ha l cht c s oxi ha gim.
4. Cht kh l cht c s oxi ha tng.
5. Phn ng oxi ha - kh l phn ng ha hc trong c s thay i s oxi
ha ca mt hoc nhiu nguyn t.
IV. D on tnh cht oxi ha-kh ca mt hp cht da vo s oxi ha
Mt nguyn t c th tn ti nhiu trng thi oxi ha (s oxi ha) khc nhau.
Th d:
N c th c cc s oxi ha : -3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5.
S c th c cc s oxi ha : -2, 0, +4, +6
Nhn xt:
- Nu mt nguyn t tn ti trng thi oxi ha cao nht th ch c th gim s oxi
ha nn ch c th ng vai tr l cht oxi ha .
- Nu mt nguyn t tn ti trng thi oxi ha thp nht th ch c th tng s oxi
ha nn ch c th ng vai tr l cht kh.
- Nu mt nguyn t tn ti trng thi oxi ha trung gian th c th tng s oxi
ha hoc c th gim s oxi ha nn c th ng vai tr l cht oxi ha hoc cht
kh.
Cn c vo trng thi oxi ha c th d on tnh cht oxi ha, kh ca cc
nguyn t trong phn t.
106
Th d:
Trong NH
3
, N c s oxi ha -3 l s oxi ha thp nht nn ch c th tng s oxi ha
tc l ch c th ng vai tr l cht kh trong cc phn ng ha hc.
Trong HNO
3
, N c s oxi ha +5 l s oxi ha cao nht nn ch c th gim s
oxi ha tc l ch c th ng vai tr l cht oxi ha .
Trong NO
2
, N c s oxi ha trung gian l +4 nn c th l cht oxi ha hay
cht kh.
Cch xc nh cc s oxi ha c th c ca mt nguyn t:
- S oxi ha m thp nht ca mt nguyn t chnh bng s electron ti a
m mt nguyn t ca nguyn t c th nhn t c cu hnh ca kh him
(ch xy ra i vi cc phi kim, cc kim loi khng c s oxi ha m).
- Th d: Cc nguyn t nhm VA (N, P,...), c 5 electron ha tr, c th
nhn ti a 3 electron nn s oxi ha thp nht l -3.
Cc nguyn t nhm IVA (C, Si), c 4 electron ha tr, c th nhn ti a 4
electron nn s oxi ha thp nht l - 4.
Cc nguyn t nhm VIIA (F, Cl, Br, I), c 7 electron ha tr. C th nhn ti
a 1 electron nn c s oxi ha thp nht l -1.
S oxi ha dng: s oxi ha dng cao nht ca mt nguyn t bng s th
t nhm ca n.
Th d: cc nguyn t nhm IA (Na, K,...) c 1 electron ha tr nn c s oxi
ha dng cao nht l +1.
Cc nguyn t nhm VIIA (F, Cl, Br, I) c 7 electron ha tr nn c s oxi ha
dng cao nht c th l +7.
Cc kim loi thng ch c mt s oxi ha dng bng s electron ha tr, vi
Fe c 2 s oxi ha dng l +2 v +3, Cr c 3 s oxi ha dng l +2, +3 v +6,
Cu c 2 s oxi ha dng l +1 v +2.
V. Thit lp phng trnh ca phn ng oxi ha - kh
107
C mt s cch thit lp phng trnh ca phn ng oxi ha - kh nh
phng php thng bng electron, phng php ion - electron, tt c u da vo
nguyn l bo ton khi lng v bo ton in tch. y ch cp n phng
php thng bng electron, v y l phng php n gin nhng li c th cn
bng hu ht cc phn ng oxi ha kh. Cc bc cn bng theo phng php
ny nh sau:
Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t trong phn ng (ch nn biu
din s oxi ha ca nhng nguyn t no c s thay i s oxi ha). T da
vo du hiu nhn bit xc nh cht oxi ha, cht kh.
Bc 2: Vit cc qu trnh oxi ha v qu trnh kh v cn bng mi qu trnh.
Bc 3: Tm h s thch hp cho cht oxi ha v cht kh theo nguyn tc:
tng s electron cho bng tng s electron nhn. Tc l i tm bi s chung nh
nht ca s electron cho v s electron nhn, sau ly bi s chung chia cho
s electron cho hoc nhn th c h s ca cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng.
Bc 4: t h s ca cht oxi ha v cht kh vo phng trnh phn ng.
Sau chn h s thch hp cho cc cht khng tham gia vo phn ng oxi
ha - kh.
Th d 1: Phn ng oxi ha - kh n gin, khng c mi trng
Fe
2
O
3
+ H
2
Fe
+
H
2
O
t
O
Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha , cht oxi ha , cht kh
Fe
2
O
3
+ H
2
Fe
+
H
2
O
t
O
+3
o
o +1
Cht oxi ha : Fe
+3
(trong Fe
2
O
3
)
Cht kh: H
0
2

Bc 2: Vit cc qu trnh oxi ha, kh
2Fe
+3
+ 2x3e

2Fe
0
(qu trnh kh)
H
0
2

2H
+
+ 2x1e (qu trnh oxi ha)
108
Ch : Khi cht oxi ha (kh) c ch s ln hn 1 trong phn t th phi thm
h s (bng ch s trong phn t) vo qu trnh kh (oxi ha ) tng ng. th d
trn: Fe
+3
, H
0
c ch s l 2 trong phn t tng ng Fe
2
O
3
, H
2
do vy cn thm
h s 2 vo qu trnh kh, oxi ha .
Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh
Bi s chung nh nht (BSCNN) = 6 do h s mi qu trnh nh sau:
1x| 2Fe
+3
+ 2 x 3e 2Fe
0
3x| H
0
2
2H
+1
+2 x 1e
Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha , cht kh vo phng trnh
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2
2Fe + 3H
2
O
Th d 2: Phn ng oxi ha - kh trong cht oxi ha (kh) cn c vai tr
lm mi trng
Cu + H
2
SO
4
c
t
O
CuSO
4
H
2
O SO
2
+ +
Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha , cht oxi ha , cht kh
Cu + H
2
SO
4
c
t
O
CuSO
4
H
2
O SO
2
+ +
o
+6
+2
+4
Cht oxi ha : S
+6
(trong H
2
SO
4
)
Cht kh: Cu
0
Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh:
Cu Cu
+2
+ 2e (qu trnh oxi ha )
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
(qu trnh kh)
Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh
BSCNN = 2
1 x | Cu Cu
+2
+ 2e
1 x | S
+6
+ 2e S
+4

Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha , cht kh vo phng trnh
109

Do H
2
SO
4
va ng vai tr l cht oxi ha va ng vai tr l mi trng nn
h s ca n trong phng trnh khng phi l h s ca qu trnh kh m phi
cng thm phn tham gia lm mi trng. Nhng hp cht ng hai vai tr nh
vy thng cn bng h s cui cng.
Cu + H
2
SO
4
c
t
O
CuSO
4
H
2
O SO
2
+ +
o
+6
+2
+4
2 2
Th d 3: Phn ng oxi ha - kh phc tp: c nhiu cht oxi ha hoc kh
FeS
2
+ O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+
SO
2
t
O
( FeS
2
)
+2 -1
Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha, cht oxi ha , cht kh
FeS
2
+ O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+
SO
2
t
O +2 -1 o +4 +3 -2 -2
Cht oxi ha : O
2
0
Cht kh: Fe
+2
, S
-1
(trong FeS
2
)
Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh:
Do c hai cht kh l Fe
+2
, S
-1
trong mt phn t nn ln lt vit qu trnh
oxi ha ca chng ri cng hai qu trnh li, ch m bo t l s nguyn t
trong phn t FeS
2
gia Fe
+2
v S
-1
l 1:2
1 x |2Fe
+2
2Fe
+3
+ 2e (trong Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
+3
c h s 2)
2 x |2S
-1
2S
+4
+ 10e (trong FeS
2
, S
-1
c h s 2)
2FeS
2
2Fe
+3
+ 4S
+4
+ 22e
2FeS
2
2Fe
+3
+ 4S
+4
+ 22e (qu trnh oxi ha )
O
0
2
+ 4e 2O
-2
(qu trnh kh)
Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh
BSCNN = 44
2 x |2FeS
2
2Fe
+3
+ 4S
+4
+ 22e
110
11 x |O
0
2
+ 4e 2O
-2

Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha , cht kh vo phng trnh
FeS
2
+ O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+
SO
2
t
O +2 -1 o +4 +3 -2 -2
4 11
2 8
Th d 4: Phn ng oxi ha - kh ca hp cht hu c
C
3
H
8
+ O
2
CO
2
+
H
2
O
t
O
Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha , cht oxi ha , cht kh
C
3
H
8
+ O
2
CO
2
+
H
2
O
t
O
o -2 -2
-8/3
+4
Cht oxi ha : C
-8/3
(trong C
3
H
8
)
Cht kh: O
0
2
Nhn xt: trong phn ng trn tt c cc nguyn t C u b oxi ha thnh
CO
2
nn s dng s oxi ha trung bnh cn bng phng trnh ha hc.
Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh:
3C
-8/3
3C
+4
+ 20e (qu trnh oxi ha )
O
0
2
+ 4e 2O
-2
(qu trnh kh)
Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh
BSCNN = 20
1 x | 3C
-8/3
3C
+4
+ 20e
5 x | O
0
2
+ 4e 2O
-2

Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha, cht kh vo phng trnh
C
3
H
8
+ O
2
CO
2
+
H
2
O
t
O
o -2 -2
-8/3
+4
5 3 4
Th d 5: Phn ng oxi ha - kh ca hp cht hu c
111
CH
3
CH CH
2
+KMnO
4
H
2
O + CH
3
CH
OH
CH
2
OH
+MnO
2
KOH +
Bc 1: Xc nh s oxi ha, cht oxi ha , cht kh
+7 -1 -2
CH
3
CH CH
2
+KMnO
4
H
2
O + CH
3
CH
OH
CH
2
OH
+MnO
2
KOH +
-1 o +4
Cht oxi ha : C
-1
v C
-2
(trong CH
3
-CH=CH
2
)
Cht kh: Mn
+7
(trong KMnO
4
)
Nhn xt: trong phn ng trn, ch c hai nguyn t C trong nhm CH v CH
2
b oxi ha, coi hai nguyn t ny l hai cht kh trong mt hp cht vi t l 1:1
v cn bng phn ng tng t nh vi th d 3.
Bc 2: Vit qu trnh oxi ha, qu trnh kh:
C
-1
+ C
-2
C
0
+ C
-1
+ 2e (qu trnh oxi ha )
Mn
+7
+ 3e Mn
+4
(qu trnh kh)
Bc 3: Tm h s cho hai qu trnh oxi ha v kh
BSCNN = 6
3 x | C
-1
+ C
-2
C
0
+ C
-1
+ 2e
2 x | Mn
+7
+ 3e Mn
+4
Bc 4: t h s cht oxi ha, cht kh vo phng trnh
+7 -1 -2
CH
3
CH CH
2
+ KMnO
4
H
2
O +
CH
3
CH
OH
CH
2
OH
+ MnO
2
KOH +
-1 o +4
3 3 2 2 2 4

(H
2
O v KOH khng tham gia vo qu trnh oxi ha kh nn cn bng cui cng)
VI. iu kin xy ra phn ng oxi ha kh
Khi mt cht kh gp mt cht oxi ha liu c xy ra phn ng ha hc
trong mi trng hp khng? Thc t khng phi nh vy. Phn ng oxi ha kh
xy ra theo chiu: cht oxi ha mnh phn ng vi cht kh mnh to ra cht oxi
ha yu hn v cht kh yu hn.
Xt hai cp oxi ha - kh: Oxh
1
/Kh
1
v Oxh
2
/Kh
2
112
Oxh
1
+ Kh
2
Kh
1
+ Oxh
2
Phn ng trn xy ra khi :
Tnh oxi ha : Oxh
1
> Oxh
2
Tnh kh : Kh
2
> Kh
1

Th d: Fe c tnh kh mnh hn Cu v ion Cu
2+
c tnh oxi ha mnh hn ion
Fe
2+
nn Fe y c Cu ra khi mui ca n:

0 +2 +2 0
4 4
Fe + CuSO FeSO Cu +
Nhn xt:
+ T phn ng oxi ha - kh c th so snh c kh nng oxi ha hoc kh
ca cc cht.
+ Hoc nu bit kh nng oxi ha - kh ca cc cht c th d on c mt
phn ng oxi ha - kh c xy ra hay khng.
VII. Cc cht oxi ha, cht kh thng gp
1. n cht c th l cht oxi ha, c th l cht kh
- Cht oxi ha c th l cc n cht phi kim nh: C, N
2
, O
2
, Cl
2
, Br
2
,..
nhng nguyn t c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ns
2
np
2
(C, Si), ns
2
np
3
(N, P),
ns
2
np
4
(O, S), ns
2
np
5
(F, Cl, Br, I). Trong cc halogen v oxi l nhng n cht
oxi ha mnh nht.
- Trong cc nhm IVA, VA, VIA, VIIA tnh oxi ha gim theo chiu tng
dn ca bn knh nguyn t.
- Cht kh in hnh l nhng nguyn t c s electron lp ngoi cng
cha t mt n ba electron. Cc kim loi kim v kim th cc nhm IA v IIA,
l nhng cht kh mnh. Trong tng nhm A, theo chiu tng ca in tch ht
nhn, bn knh nguyn t ca kim loi tng v kh nng kh ca chng cng tng
ln. Th d trong nhm IA, tnh kh yu nht l liti (Li) v tnh kh mnh nht l
xesi (Cs) tr nguyn t Fr l nguyn t phng x.
- Cc phi kim cng th hin tnh kh nh C, Si, H
2
.
113
- C th tm tt s bin thin tnh cht oxi ha - kh ca cc n cht trong
bng tun hon theo bng sau:
2. Cc hp cht c th l cht oxi ha hoc l cht kh. Cc cht oxi ha nh
KMnO
4
(kali pemanganat), K
2
Cr
2
O
7
(kali icromat), KClO
3
(kali clorat),
NaClO (natri hipoclorit),...Cc axit nh H
2
SO
4
c nng, axit HNO
3
. Cc
hp cht cha oxi ca halogen c tnh cht oxi ha bin i theo chiu sau:
HClO HClO
2
HClO
3
HClO
4
Chiu tng tnh axit, chiu gim ca tnh oxi ha.
Ch :
- Vi KMnO
4
ty theo mi trng xy ra phn ng m Mn
+7
b kh xung cc
trng thi oxi ha khc nhau:
+ Mi trng axit (H
+
): Mn
+7
Mn
+2
(tn ti dng mui Mn
2+
)
+ Mi trng trung tnh (H
2
O): Mn
+7
Mn
+4
(tn ti dng MnO
2
)
+ Mi trng kim (OH
-
): Mn
+7
Mn
+6
(tn ti dng K
2
MnO
4
)
Th d:
(1) 2KMnO
4
+ 10KI + 8H
2
SO
4
2MnSO
4
+ 5I
2
+ 6K
2
SO
4
+ 8H
2
O
(2) 2KMnO
4
+ 6KI + 4H
2
O 2MnO
2
+ 3I
2
+ 8KOH
(3) 2KMnO
4
+ H
2
O
2
+ 2KOH 2K
2
MnO
4
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O
- Vi HNO
3
ty theo bn cht ca cht kh v nng ca axit m N
+5
b kh
xung cc trng thi oxi ha khc nhau: N
+4
(NO
2
), N
+2
(NO), N
+1
(N
2
O), N
0
(N
2
), N
-3
(NH
4
NO
3
).
Th d:
(1) Fe + 6HNO
3c, nng
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
(2) Fe + 4HNO
3long
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
3. Cc hp cht kh nh H
2
S, NH
3
, CO, ...
4. Mt s cht va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh nh H
2
O
2
, SO
2
, ...
114
B. BI TP C LI GII
4.1 Cho cc phn ng ha hc di y, phn ng no l phn ng oxi ha kh?
1) 2Na + 2H
2
O

2NaOH + H
2

2) CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
3) NH
4
NO
3


0
t
N
2
+ 2H
2
O + 1/2 O
2
4) 2Ag + 2H
2
SO
4


0
t
Ag
2
SO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
5) ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
O
4.2 Cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng sau theo phng php thng bng
electron:
1) Al + Fe
2
O
3


0
t
Al
2
O
3
+ Fe
2) Al + NaNO
3
+ NaOH + H
2
O NaAlO
2
+ NH
3

3) Mg + HNO
3
Mg(NO
3
)
2
+ N
2
O + NO + H
2
O.
Bit V
2
N O
: V
NO
= 1:1
4) C
6
H
5
-CH
3
+ KMnO
4


0
t
C
6
H
5
-COOK + KOH + MnO
2
+ H
2
O
5) KMnO
4


0
t
MnO
2
+ K
2
MnO
4
+ O
2
4.3 Hy gii thch v sao
a. NH
3
ch th hin tnh kh?
b. S va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh?
c. H
2
SO
4
ch th hin tnh oxi ha?
Cho th d minh ho i vi mi trng hp.
4.4 Cho dy sau: Fe
2+
Cu
2+
Fe
3+
Fe Cu Fe
2+
Bit rng, theo chiu t tri sang phi tnh oxi ha tng dn v tnh kh
gim dn. Hi:
a. Fe c th tan trong dung dch FeCl
3
v dung dch CuCl
2
c khng?
b. Cu c th tan trong dung dch FeCl
2
v dung dch FeCl
3
c khng?
115
4.5 Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t Cl, N, Mn, C trong cc cht sau:
a. HCl, Cl
2
, HClO, HClO
2
, HClO
3
, HClO
4
b. NH
3
, N
2
, N
2
O, NO, N
2
O
3
, NO
2
, N
2
O
5
c. KMnO
4
, K
2
MnO
4
, MnO
2
, MnSO
4
, Mn
d. C, CO
2
, Na
2
CO
3
, CO, Al
4
C
3
, CaC
2
, CH
2
O
Hy nhn xt v s oxi ha ca mt nguyn t?
4.6 Cho 19,2 g Cu tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
. Tt c lng kh NO sinh ra
em oxi ha thnh NO
2
ri sc vo nc cng vi dng kh oxi chuyn ht
thnh HNO
3
. Tnh th tch oxi (ktc) tham gia vo qu trnh trn.
4.7 Cho ag hn hp A gm FeO, CuO, Fe
3
O
4
(c s mol bng nhau) tc dng va
vi 250ml dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch B v 3,136 lit hn hp NO
2
v
NO c t khi so vi hiro l 20,143. Tnh a v C
M
ca HNO
3
.
4.8 m g phoi bo st (A) ngoi khng kh sau mt thi gian bin thnh hn hp (B)
c khi lng 30g gm Fe v cc oxit FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Cho B tc dng hon ton
vi axit nitric thy gii phng ra 5,6 lit kh NO duy nht (ktc). Tnh m?
4.9 Ha tan ht 4,431g hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO
3
long thu c dung dch
A v 1,568lit (ktc) hn hp hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59g, trong
mt kh b ha nu trong khng kh.
1.Tnh thnh phn % v th tch mi kh trong hn hp.
2. Tnh s mol HNO
3
tham gia phn ng.
3. C cn dung dch A thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
4.10 in phn dung dch cha 0,02 mol FeSO
4
v 0,06mol HCl vi dng in
1,34 A trong 2 gi(in cc tr, c mng ngn). Tnh khi lng kim loi thot ra
katot v th tch kh thot ra anot (ktc). B qua s ha tan ca clo trong nc
v hiu sut in phn l 100%.
4.11 in phn 200ml dung dch hn hp Cu(NO
3
)
2
v AgNO
3
trong 4 gi vi
dng in 0,402A th kim loi trong dung dch thot ra ht (khng c kh hiro bay
ra). Xc inh C
M
ca mi mui, bit khi lng kim loi thu c l 3,44g.
116
4.12 Dung dch X cha HCl, CuSO
4
, Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Ly 400ml dung dch X em in
phn bng in cc tr, cng dng in 7,72A, n khi katot thu c 5,12g
Cu th dng li. Khi anot c 2,24 lit mt cht kh bay ra (ktc). Dung dch sau
in phn tc dng va vi 1,25 lit dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M v un nng dung
dch trong khng kh cho cc phn ng xy ra hon ton th thu c 56,76g kt
ta.
1. Tnh thi gian in phn.
2. Tnh C
M
ca cc cht trong dung dch ban u.
C. BI TP T LUYN
4.13 Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t N, S, Zn, Cr, Na, Fe trong cc cht
v ion sau:
a) NH
4
+
, Li
3
N, HNO
2
, HNO
3
, NO
3
-
, KNO
3
b) Na
2
S, H
2
S, S, SO
2
, H
2
SO
3
, SO
3
, H
2
SO
4
, SO
4
2-
c) Zn, ZnCl
2
, ZnO, Zn
2+
, ZnO
2
2-
d) Cr, CrCl
2
, Cr
2
O
3
, Cr
2
SO
4
, CrO
3
, K
2
Cr
2
O
7
e) Na, NaH, NaNO
3
, Na
2
O, NaBr
f) Fe, Fe(OH)
2
, Fe(OH)
3
, FeCl
3
, FeS, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
C nhn xt g v s oxi ha ca cc kim loi?
4.14 Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t Mn, Cr, Cl, P trong cc hp cht
sau: Na
2
MnO
4
, (NH
4
)
2
Cr
2
O
4
, KClO
3
, CaOCl
2
, NaClO, H
3
PO
4
, H
4
P
2
O
7
4.15 Xc nh s oxi ha ca cc nguyn t C trong cc cht sau:
a) CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
3
b) CH
3
-CH
2
-CH=CH
2
c) C
6
H
5
-CH
3
d) CH
3
-CH
2
-CH=O
e) CH
3
-COO-CH
2
-CH
3
f) HCOOH
4.16 Xc nh vai tr ca cc cht trong cc phn ng sau:
1) Fe + H
2
SO
4
FeSO
4
+ H
2

2) SO
2
+ 2NaOH

0
t
Na
2
SO
3
+ H
2
O
117
3) KNO
3


0
t
KNO
2
+ 1/2O
2

4) BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
5) S + O
2


0
t
SO
2
6) 3Al + 3Cl
2
2Al Cl
3
4.17 Phn ng no sau y l phn ng oxi ha kh? Nu l phn ng oxi ha -
kh hy ch r cht oxi ha, cht kh, s oxi ha v s kh?
1) CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2

2) CuO + H
2


0
t
Cu + H
2
O
3) Fe
3+
+ 3OH
-
Fe(OH)
3
4) Fe + NO
3
-
+ 4H
+
Fe
3+
+ NO + 2H
2
O
5) Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O
6) Ag
+
+ Cl
-
AgCl
4.18 Trong cc qu trnh sau y, qu trnh no l qu trnh oxi ha ? Qu trnh
kh ? C qu trnh oxi ha v qu trnh kh? Khng phi qu trnh oxi ha ln qu
trnh kh?
1) Na Na
+
+ e
2) Cl
2
+ 2e 2Cl
-
3) OH
-
+ H
+
H
2
O
4) NH
3
+ H
+
NH
4
+
5) 3Fe + 2O
2


0
t
Fe
3
O
4
6) Fe
2+
Fe
3+
+ e
7) MgO + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
O
4.19 Cc loi phn ng sau: phn ng ha hp, phn ng phn tch, phn ng th
c phi l phn ng oxi ha - kh khng? Cho th d minh ho?
118
4.20 Thit lp cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php
thng bng electron:
Phn ng oxi ha - kh loi khng c mi trng
1) HBr + H
2
SO
4 c. nng
Br
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
2) Cl
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O HCl + H
2
SO
4
3) C + H
2
SO
4


0
t
CO
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
4) NH
3
+ O
2

,
o
t Pt

N
2
O + H
2
O
5) Fe
3
O
4
+ Al

0
t
Al
2
O
3
+ Fe
6) CuO + H
2


0
t
Cu + H
2
O
7) NO
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O HNO
3
8) O
3
+ KI + H
2
O O
2
+ I
2
+ KOH
9) H
2
S + Cl
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ HCl
10) H
2
O
2
+ PbS Pb(SO
4
)

+ H
2
O
11) Mg + HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2

4.21 Thit lp cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php
thng bng electron:
Phn ng oxi ha - kh loi c mi trng
1) Zn + HNO
3

(rt long)
Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ NH
4
NO
3
+ H
2
O
2) Zn + HNO
3

(long)
Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ NO + H
2
O
3) Zn + HNO
3

(c)
Zn(NO
3
)
2
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
119
4) Al + H
2
SO
4 (c)


0
t
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
5) Al + NaOH + H
2
O NaAlO
2
+ H
2

6) Zn + NaOH + H
2
O Na
2
ZnO
2
+ H
2

7) NaBr + H
2
SO
4
+ KMnO
4
Br
2
+ MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
8) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ FeSO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
9) H
2
O
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
O
2
+ MnSO
2
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
10) Cu + KNO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Cu(SO
4
)
2
+ NO + K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
11) PbO
2
+ HCl

0
t
PbCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O
4.22 Thit lp cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php
thng bng electron:
1) KClO
3


0
t
KCl + O
2

2) KMnO
4


0
t
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2

3) HNO
3
NO
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O
4) KNO
3


0
t
KNO
2
+ O
2

5 ) HgO



0
t
Hg + O
2

4.23 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng
bng electron:
120
1) NH
4
NO
2


0
t
N
2

+ H
2
O
2) NH
4
NO
3

0
t
N
2
O

+ H
2
O
3) NO
2
+ NaOH NaNO
3
+ NaNO
2
+ H
2
O
4) Cl
2
+ NaOH NaClO + NaCl + H
2
O
5) Cl
2
+ KOH

0
t
KClO
3
+ KCl + H
2
O
6) Cl
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaOCl
2
+ CaCl
2
+ H
2
O
7) K
2
MnO
4
+ H
2
O KMnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ KOH
4.24 Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php
thng bng electron:
1) FeS
2
+ O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ SO
2
(Fe : +2 trong FeS
2
)
2) As
2
S
3
+ HNO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ H
3
AsO
4
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
3) FeCu
2
S
2
+ O
2
Fe
2
O
3
+ CuO + SO
2

(Fe : +2; Cu : +1 trong FeCu
2
S
2
)
4) FeS + H
2
SO
4 c, nng
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
5) FeS
2
+ HNO
3
H
2
SO
4
+ Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O
6) FeI
2
+ H
2
SO
4 c, nng
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ I
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
7) Fe
x
O
y
+ H
2
SO
4 c, nng
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
8) Fe + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ N
m
O
n
+ H
2
O
9) Fe
x
O
y
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ N
m
O
n
+ H
2
O
10)M
2
(CO
3
)
n
+ HNO
3 c, nng
M(NO
3
)
m
+ NO
2
+ CO
2

+ H
2
O
121
4.25 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng
bng electron .
1) C
2
H
6
O + O
2


0
t
CO
2
+ H
2
O
2) CH
3
-CH
2
-OH + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
CH
3
-COOH + MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O
3) CH
2
=CH
2
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O CH
2
OH-CH
2
OH + MnO
2
+ KOH
4) CH
3
-CCH + KMnO
4
+ H
2
O CH
3
-CO-CH
3
+ MnO
2
+ KOH
5) C
6
H
5
-CH
3
+ KMnO
4
+ H
2
O

0
t
C
6
H
5
-COOK + MnO
2
+ KOH
6) CH
3
-CHO + AgNO
3
+ NH
3


0
t
CH
3
-COOH + Ag + NH
4
NO
3
4.27 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng
bng electron:
1) Al + HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + N
2
O +

H
2
O
Vi t l th tch
2
NO N O
V : V
= 3 : 1
2) FeO + HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
T phn ng (2) c th thit lp ngay phn ng (3) sau khng?
3) Fe
3
O
4
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ H
2
O
Bit Fe
3
O
4
c th vit di dng FeO.Fe
2
O
3
4.28 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng oxi ha - kh sau theo phng php thng
bng electron:
1) H
2
S + SO
2
... + H
2
O
2) Al + HNO
3

(long)
... + NO + H
2
O
3) SO
2
+ H
2
O + Br
2
H
2
SO
4
+ ...
122
4) FeSO
4
+ HNO
3
... + NO
2
+ ...
5) S + H
2
SO
4
... + H
2
O
6) KMnO
4
+ K
2
SO
3
+ KOH K
2
SO
4
+ ... +...
7) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ HCl
o
t

CrCl
3
+ ... + ... + ...
8) P + HNO
3 (c)

o
t

NO
2
+ ... + ...
9) Mg + HNO
3
... + NH
4
NO
3
+ ...
4.29 Ha tan hon ton hn hp FeS
2
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeCO
3
bng dung dch HNO
3
c
nng thu c dung dch A v hn hp kh B gm NO
2
, CO
2
. Cho dung dch A tc
dng vi BaCl
2
thy xut hin kt ta trng. Hp th ton b hn hp kh B v
dung dch NaOH d. Vit cc phng trnh ha hc xy ra.
4.30 Dn lung kh H
2
d qua bnh ng hn hp Fe
3
O
4
v CuO, thu c cht
rn X. Ha tan hon ton X bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng c dung dch Y v
kh Z duy nht. Kh Z c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch Br
2
. Vit cc phng
trnh ha hc xy ra.
4.31 Cho t t kh CO qua ng s ng CuO nung nng. Kh ra khi ng c
hp th hon ton vo nc vi trong d thu c kt ta B, cht rn cn li trong
ng vo dung dch HNO
3
long d thu oc kh NO v dung dch C. Cho dung
dch NaOH d v dung dch C thu c kt ta D. Nung D ti khi lng khng
i thu c cht rn E. Xc nh cc cht v vit phng trnh ha hc xy ra.
4.32 Hy gii thch v sao:
a) HNO
3
ch c tnh oxi ha ?
b) Zn ch c tnh kh?
c) SO
2
va c tnh oxi ha, va c tnh kh?
Cho th d minh ho.
4.33 D on tnh cht oxi ha - kh ca cc cht sau:
Na, H
2
S, H
2
SO
4
, HBr, O
2
, Fe
3+
, Fe
2+
, SO
2
, NH
3
, Al, FeO, Cl
-
. Vit phng
trnh ha hc minh ho?
123
4.34 Hy k tn cc cht cha Cl c tnh cht:
a) Kh
b) Oxi ha
c) Va c tnh oxi ha va c tnh kh?
4.35 Mt cht oxi ha gp mt cht kh c nht thit xy ra phn ng oxi ha -
kh hay khng? Cho th d minh ho?
4.36 Cho cc cp oxi ha kh sau: Fe
2+
/Fe; Cu
2+
/Cu; I
2
/2I
-
; Fe
3+
/Fe
2+
; Ag
+
/Ag;
Br
2
/2Br
-
. Theo chiu t tri qua phi tnh oxi ha ca cc ion kim loi, phi kim
tng dn; tnh kh ca kim loi v ion phi kim gim dn. Hy hon thnh cc phn
ng sau (nu c):
1) Fe + Br
2
2) Fe + AgNO
3

3) Cu + FeCl
3
4) Ag + CuSO
4

5) KI + FeCl
3
6) Fe(NO
3
)
2
+ AgNO
3

4.37 a) V sao kim loi ng trc H trong dy hot ng ha hc ca cc kim

loi c th y H
2
ra khi dung dch cc axit.
b) V sao cc kim loi ng trc y c cc kim loi ng sau ra khi
mui ca n? Bit rng trong dy hot ng ha hc ca cc kim loi, tnh kh ca
cc kim loi gim dn t tri sang phi.
4.38 Hy sp xp cc kim loi sau theo th t gim dn tnh kh: Zn, Ag, Fe, Cu.
Bit: Zn v Fe c th y H
2
ra khi dung dch axit cn Cu v Ag th khng. Zn
y c Fe ra khi mui ca n. Cu y c Hg ra khi mui ca n, Hg y
c Ag ra khi mui ca n.
4.39 Tnh nhit ca phn ng CO(NH
2
)
2
(r) + H
2
O (l) CO
2
(k) + 2NH
3
(k), bit:
nhit ca cc qu trnh sau:
CO (k) + H
2
O(h) CO
2
(k) + H
2
(k) H
1
= - 41,3 kJ
CO (k) + Cl
2
(k) COCl
2
(k) H
2
= - 112,5 kJ
COCl
2
(k) + 2NH
3
(k) CO(NH
2
)
2
(r) + 2HCl (k) H
3
= - 201,0 kJ
124
iu kin ny, nhit to thnh ca HCl(k) l H
4
= - 92,3 kJ/mol v nhit ha
hi ca H
2
O l H
5
= 44,01 kJ/mol.
Gi : i vi loi ton ny ta nn tm cch t hp t cc qu trnh cho loi
i cc cht trung gian v c phng trnh cn tnh nhit phn ng.
T cc d kin ca bi ton ta c:
CO(NH
2
)
2
(r) + 2HCl (k) COCl
2
(k) + 2NH
3
(k) - H
3
= + 201,0 kJ
COCl
2
(k) CO (k) + Cl
2
(k) - H
2
= + 112,5 kJ
CO (k) + H
2
O(h) CO
2
(k) + H
2
(k) H
1
= - 41,3 kJ
H
2
O (l) H
2
O (h) H
5
= 44,01 kJ
H
2
(k) + Cl
2
(k) 2HCl (k) 2. H
4
= 2.(- 92,3) = - 184,6 kJ
Cng theo tng v cc qu trnh trn v loi i cc cht trung gian, ta thu c phng
trnh: CO(NH
2
)
2
(r) + H
2
O (l) CO
2
(k) + 2NH
3
(k) c nhit ca phn ng l H = (-
H
3
) + (- H
2
) + H
1
+ H
5
+ 2. H
4
. Thay s c H = 131,61 kJ.
4.40 Nhit ta ra khi t chy hon ton 1 mol ru etylic 298K l 277,63 kJ.
Hi khi t chy hon ton 1lt ru ny iu kin th lng nhit ta ra l
bao nhiu ? Nu dng lng nhit ny un nc (nhit ban u l 20
0
C) th
c th un si c bao nhiu lt (hiu sut ca qu trnh ny l 70%). Cho bit
khi lng ring ca ru l d = 0,78513 g/cm
3
, nhit dung ring ca nc l
1cal/g.. Khi lng ring ca nc l 1g/cm
3
. M
ru
= 46,07.
Gi Khi lng ru em t l 1000 x 0,78513 = 785,13 (g).
S mol ru l:
785,13
17,042(mol)
46,07
=
nhit ta ra l 17,042 x 277,63 =
4731,37 (kJ); 1kcal = 4,184 kJ
4731,37
1130,825(kcal)
4,184
=
.
Nhit lng cn thit un si 1 lit nc t nhit ban u 20
0
C l:
Q = 1000 cm
3
x 1g/cm
3
x 1cal/g. x (100 - 20 ) x
100
70
= 114.285,71 cal.
125
Vy th tch nc c th c un si l:
1130,825x1000
114285,71
= 9,9 (lit).
p s : 9,9 lit nc.
4.41 Phn ng nhit phn l g ? Phn ng nhit phn c phi lun lun l phn
ng oxi ha-kh khng ? Vit phng trnh phn ng nhit phn KClO
3
, KMnO
4
,
Fe(OH)
3
, CaCO
3
, Cu(OH)
2
. Nhng phn ng no thuc loi phn ng oxi ha-
kh? Ti sao?
4.42 Nhit to thnh ca H
2
O(h) = - 241,8 kJ.mol
-1
Nhit ha hi ca H
2
O(l) = + 44,0 kJ.mol
-1
Nhit to thnh ca HCl(k) = - 92,3 kJ.mol
-1
Nhit to thnh ca C
2
H
2
(k) = + 226,8 kJ.mol
-1
Nhit to thnh ca C
2
H
6
(k) = - 84,47 kJ.mol
-1
Nhit to thnh ca CO
2
(k) = - 393,5 kJ.mol
-1
Hy xc nh nhit ca cc phn ng:
a. 4HCl (k) + O
2
(k) 2H
2
O (l) + 2Cl
2
(k)
b. 4HCl (k) + O
2
(k) 2H
2
O (h) + 2Cl
2
(k)
c. C
2
H
2
(k) + 2H
2
(k) C
2
H
6
(k)
d. C
2
H
6
(k) + O
2
(k) 2CO
2
(k) + 3H
2
O (l)
p s: a. H
a
= - 202,4 kJ
b. H
b
= - 114,4 kJ
c. H
c
= - 311,5 kJ
d. H
d
= - 1559,7 kJ
4.43 Hy tnh nhit ca phn ng: C (than ch) +
1
2
O
2
(k) CO (k), bit:
C
(than ch)
+ O
2
(k) CO
2
(k) H
1
= - 393,5 kJ
126
CO (k) +
1
2
O
2
(k) CO
2
(k) H
1
= - 283,0 kJ
p s: - 110,5 kJ.
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
4.44
. Ha tan hon ton 2,4g kim loi Mg vo dung dch HNO
3
long, gi s
ch thu c V lt kh N
2
duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,672 lt B.6,72lt C.0,448 lt D.4,48 lt
4.45
. Cho amoniac NH
3
tc dng vi oxi nhit cao c xc tc thch hp sinh
ra nit oxit NO v nc. Phng trnh ho hc l
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
4NO + 6H
2
O
Trong phn ng trn, NH
3
ng vai tr
A. l cht oxi ho. B. l cht kh.
C. l mt baz. D. l mt axit.
4.46
. Cho phng trnh ha hc phn ng kh hp cht Fe(II) bng oxi khng kh
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3
Kt lun no sau y l ng?
A. Fe(OH)
2
l cht kh, H
2
O l cht oxi ho.
B. Fe(OH)
2
l cht kh, O
2
l cht oxi ho.
C. O
2
l cht kh, H
2
O l cht oxi ho.
D. Fe(OH)
2
l cht kh, O
2
v H
2
O l cht oxi ho.
4.47
Trong s cc phn ng sau, phn ng oxi ho- kh ni phn t l
A. 4FeS
2
+11 O
2
8SO
2
+ 2Fe
2
O
3

B. CaCO
3

0
t

CaO + CO
2

C. NH
4
NO
3

0
t

N
2
O + 2H
2
O
D. 2KMnO
4
+ 10FeSO
4
+ 8H
2
SO
4 5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
4.48
Dn hai lung kh Cl
2
i qua hai dung dch (1) KOH long v ngui; dung
dch (2) KOH c v un nng. Vit v cn bng phng trnh phn ng oxi ha
127
kh. Nu lng mui KCl sinh ra trong hai dung dch bng nhau th t l th tch
clo i qua hai dung dch KOH (1) v (2) bng bao nhiu?
A. 3/5 B. 5/3 C. 4/5 D. 5/4
4.49
Cho ba phn ng ha hc di y
1) 2Na + 2H
2
O

2NaOH + H
2

2) CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
3) 2KClO
3

0
2
, t MnO

2KCl + 3O
2
Cc phn ng oxi ha kh l
A. 1 B. 2 C. 1 v 2 D. 1 v 3.
4.50
Cho s phn ng
Fe
3
O
4
+ HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + H
2
O
Sau khi cn bng, h s ca phn t cc cht l phng n no sau y?
A. 3, 14, 9, 1, 7 B. 3, 28, 9, 1, 14
C. 3, 26, 9, 2, 13 D. 2, 28, 6, 1, 14
4.51
Trong cc phn ng di y, phn ng no khng phi l phn ng oxi ho -
kh?
A. Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
B. FeS + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
S
C. 2FeCl
3
+ Cu 2FeCl
2
+ CuCl
2
D. Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
4.52
Trong mi trng H
2
SO
4
, dung dch no lm mt mu KMnO
4
?
A. FeCl
3
B. CuCl
2
C. ZnCl
2
D. FeSO
4
4.53
Phn ng no sau y thuc loi phn ng t oxi ho, t kh (hay t oxi ho
- kh)?
A. 2KClO
3

o
t

2KCl + 3O
2
B. S + 2H
2
SO
4
3SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
128
C. 4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3
D. Cl
2
+ 2KOH KClO + KCl + H
2
O
4.54
Phn ng oxi ho - kh xy ra theo chiu to cht no sau y?
A. Cht kt ta
B. Cht t in li
C. Cht oxi ho mi v cht kh mi
D. Cht oxi ho yu hn v cht kh yu hn
4.55
phn ng no sau y, H
2
O khng ng vai tr cht oxi ho hay cht kh?
A. NaH + H
2
O NaOH + H
2
B. 2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
C. 2F
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HF + O
2
D. Al
4
C
3
+ 12H
2
O 4Al(OH)
3
+ 3CH
4
4.56
Cho phng trnh nhit ho hc
o
t cao
2 2
1 1
I H
2 2
+ HI; H = -26,57 kJ
Hi lng nhit to ra l bao nhiu khi cho 0,5 mol phn t iot tc dng hon ton
vi hiro?
A. 26,57 kJ B. 27,65 kJ
C. 26,75 kJ D. 53,14 kJ
4.57
. Cho cc phng trnh ha hc:
1. KCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + HNO
3

2. 2KNO
3

0
t
2KNO
2
+ O
2

3. CaO + C
0
t
CaC
2
+ CO
4. 2H
2
S + SO
2
3S + 2H
2
O
5. CaO + H
2
O Ca(OH)
2

6. 2FeCl
2
+ Cl
2
2FeCl
3

7. CaCO
3

0
t
CaO + CO
2

129
8. CuO + H
2

0
t
Cu + H
2
O
Phng n no sau y ch gm cc phn ng oxi ho - kh?
A. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 B. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
C. 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 D. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
4.58
phn ng oxi ho - kh no sau y ch c s thay i s oxi ho ca mt
nguyn t?
A. KClO
3

o
t

KCl + O
2
B. KMnO
4

o
t

K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
C. KNO
3

o
t

KNO
2
+ O
2
D. NH
4
NO
3

o
t

N
2
O + H
2
O
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
4.44. C 4.45. B 4.46. B 4.47. C 4.48. B
4.49. D 4.50. B 4.51. B 4.52. D 4.53. D
4.54. D 4.55. D 4.56. A 4.57. C 4.58. D
4.1 Hng dn:
1. 2Na + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2

Phn ng trn l phn ng oxi ha - kh do c s thay i s oxi ha :

Na
0
Na
+1
H
+1
H
0
2.

CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+H
2
O
+4 +2 +2 +1 -2 -2 -2 +4 +1 -2
Phn ng trn khng phi l phn ng oxi ha - kh do khng c s thay
i s oxi ha .
3.
130

NH
4
NO
3
N
2
+2H
2
O O
2
o
+
o
-3 +5
1
2
Phn ng trn l phn ng oxi ha - kh do c s thay i s oxi ha :
N
-3
N
0
N
+5
N
0
4. 2Ag + 2H
2
SO
4 c

o
t

Ag
2
SO
4
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
Phn ng trn l phn ng oxi ha - kh do c s thay i s oxi ha :
Ag
0
Ag
+1
S
+6
S
+4
5.

ZnO + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+H
2
O
+1 -1 +2 -1
+2 -2 +1 -2
Phn ng trn khng phi l phn ng oxi ha - kh do khng c s thay
i s oxi ha .
4.2 Hng dn:

2Al + Fe
2
O
3
Al
2
O
3
+ 2Fe
t
O o o +3
+3
1)
1 x | 2Al
0


2Al
+3
+ 6e
1 x | 2Fe
+3
+ 6e 2Fe
0
2) 8Al + 3NaNO
3
+ 5NaOH +2 H
2
O 8NaAlO
2
+ 3NH
3
o +5
-3 +3

8x | Al
0


Al
+3
+ 3e
3 x | N
+5
+ 8e N
-3
3) 2
N O
V
: V
NO
= 1:1 n
2
N O
: n
NO
= 1:1
11Mg +28HNO
3
11Mg(NO
3
)
2
+2N
2
O +2NO +14H
2
O
o +5 +2 +1 +2
11 x | Mg
0


Mg
+2
+ 2e
131
2 x | N
+5
+ 11e 2N
+1
+ N
+2

4) C
6
H
5
CH
3
+2KMnO
4
C
6
H
5
COOK +KOH +2MnO
2
+H
2
O
t
O -3 +3 +4 +7

1 x| C
-3


C
+3
+ 6e
2 x| Mn
+7
+ 3e Mn
+4

+7
2KMnO
4
+6
K
2
MnO
4
MnO
2
+
+4
O
2
o
t
O
+
5)
-2
1 x | 2O
-2


O
2
0
+ 4e
1 x | 2Mn
+7
+ 4e Mn
+6
+ Mn
+4

4.3 Hng dn:
a. Trong phn t NH
3
, N c s oxi ha -3 l s oxi ha thp nht nn ch c
th nhng electron tng s oxi ha tc l ch th hin tnh kh.

t
O
2NH
3
+ 3CuO N
2
+ 3Cu + 3H
2
O
-3
o
+2 o
b. V S c s oxi ha 0 l s oxi ha trung gian nn S va c th nhn
electron gim s oxi ha va c th nhng electron tng s oxi ha tc l
S va th hin tnh oxi ha va th hin tnh kh.

S + H
2
H
2
S
t
O
o o -2 +1

S + O
2
SO
2
t
O
o o -2 +4
c. Trong phn t H
2
SO
4
, H v S c s oxi ha ln lt l +1 v +6 u l cc
s oxi ha cao nht ca cc nguyn t tng ng nn ch c th nhn electron
gim s oxi ha , tc l ch th hin tnh oxi ha .
Mg + H
2
SO
4 long
MgSO
4
+ H
2

Cu + 2H
2
SO
4 c
CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
4.4 Hng dn:
a. Fe c th tan trong c hai dung dch FeCl
3
v CuCl
2
theo cc phn ng sau:
132

Fe + 2FeCl
3
3FeCl
2
o
+3 +2
Kh OX OX (Kh)
V tnh kh : Fe > Fe
2+

tnh oxi ha : Fe
3+
> Fe
2+


Fe + CuCl
2
FeCl
2
o +2
Cu +
+2 o
Kh
1
Oxh
1
Oxh
2
Kh
2
V tnh kh : Fe > Cu
tnh oxi ha : Cu
2+
> Fe
2+

b. Tng t ta c:
Cu tan trong dung dch FeCl
3
nhng khng tan c trong dung dch FeCl
2
.
Cu + 2FeCl
3
CuCl
2
+ 2FeCl
2
4.5 Hng dn:
S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t Cl, N, Mn, C ln lt l:
a) -1, 0, +1, +3, +5, +7
b) -3, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5
c) +7, +6, +4, +2, 0
d) 0, +4, +4, +2, - 4, -1, 0
Nhn xt: S oxi ha ca clo l cc s l 1, 3, 5, 7.
4.6 Hng dn:
Cch gii 1: Tnh theo phng trnh
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O (1)
(mol) 0,3 0,2
2NO + O
2
2 NO
2
(2)
(mol) 0,2 0,1
4NO
2
+ 2 H
2
O + O
2
4HNO
3
(3)
133
(mol) 0,2 0,05
2
O
V
= 22,4(0,1 + 0,05) = 3,36 lit
Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton e
Cu - 2e Cu
+2
4x = 0,6
0,3 0,6 x = 0,15
2
O
V

= 0,15 x 22,4 = 3,36 lit
O
2
+ 4e 2O
- 2
x 4x
4.7 Hng dn:
Cch gii 1: Tnh theo phng trnh
t s mol NO
2
v NO l x v y. Ta c: x + y = 3,136: 22,4 = 0,14 (I)
M
trung bnh ca hn hp
= (46x + 30y): (x + y) = 20,143 x 2= 40,286 (II)
Gii h ta c x = 0,09 y = 0,05 x : y = 9 : 5 ta s dng t s ny
vit phng trnh tng cng to ra NO v NO
2
CuO + 2HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O (1)
24FeO + 86 HNO
3
24Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 9 NO
2
+ 5NO +43H
2
O (2)
9N
+5
+ 9e 9 N
+4
5N
+5
+ 15e 5 N
+2
x 1
Fe
+2
-1e Fe
+3
x 24
Tng t ta c:
24Fe
3
O
4
+ 230HNO
3
= 72 Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 9NO
2
+ 5 NO + 115H
2
O (3)
Theo (2) v (3) th c 24 mol FeO (hoc Fe
3
O
4
) to ra 14 mol hn hp kh
(FeO, CuO, Fe
3
O
4
)
z z z Vy 2z 0,14mol
z = 0,12 a = 80 x 0,12 + 72 x 0,12 + 232 x 0,12 = 46,08 (g)
3
HNO
n
= 0,24 + (0,12 x 86): 24 + (0,12 x 230): 24 = 1,82 (mol)
134
Vy
3
M HNO
C
= 1,82 : 0,25 = 7,28M.
Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton e
S mol e cho = s mol e nhn = 0,09 + (0,05 x3) = 0,24 (mol)
S mol Fe
+2
= 0,24 mt khc
FeO
n =
3 4
Fe O
n
= 0,12 (mol)
a = 0,12(80 + 72 + 232) = 46,08
3
HNO
n
= n
NO
+
2
NO
n
+3n
Fe
+ 2n
Cu
= 0,14 + 3(0,12x4) + 2x0,12 =1,82 (mol)
Vy
3
M HNO
C
= 1,82 : 0,25 = 7,28M.
4.8 Hng dn:
Cch gii 1: Phng php i s
Cc phng trnh ha hc:
Fe + 1/2O
2
FeO (1)
3Fe + 2O
2
Fe
3
O
4
(2)
2Fe + 3/2O
2
Fe
2
O
3
(3)
Fe + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O (4)
3FeO +10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 5H
2
O (5)
3Fe
3
O
4
+28HNO
3
9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 14H
2
O (6)
Fe
2
O
3
+6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (7)
C th coi Fe
3
O
4
l FeO.Fe
2
O
3
nn khi c th coi lng B (30g) ch gm
Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
vi s mol tng ng l x, y, z > 0.
Ta c : 56x + 72y + 160z = 30 (I)
n
NO
= x +y/3 = 0,25 hay 3x + y = 0,75 (II)
S mol ca Fe ban u l x + y + 2z , ta lm xut hin biu thc bng cch nhn
(II) vi 8 ri cng vi (I) ta c 80(x + y + 2z) = 36
Vy
Fe
n = 36: 80 = 0,45 (mol) m
A
= 0,45 x56 = 25,2g.
Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton e
135
By phng trnh phn ng trn c biu din bng cc qu trnh oxi ha kh sau:
o
3
Fe 3e Fe
+

o
2
O 2e O

+
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
Do s mol NO = 0,25 (theo gi thit), s mol Fe l x v s mol nguyn t oxi l y,
theo quy tc bo ton e ta c: 3x = 2y + 0,75 (I)
Mt khc B ch gm Fe v O nn ta cn c 56x + 16y = 30 (II) gii h ta c
x = 0,45 v m = 0,45 x 56 = 25,2 (g).
4.9 Hng dn:
1. Tnh % v th tch ca hn hp kh theo phng php ng cho:
Hai kh u khng mu l cc oxit ca nit, trong kh b ha nu trong khng
kh chnh l NO (M=30) , M
trung bnh ca hn hp kh
l 2,59 : 0,07= 37 Vy kh th hai c
M > 37 l N
2
O c M = 44.
136
Ta thit lp ng cho N
2
O M = 44 7

NO M = 30 7
2
N O
V
: V
NO
= 1:1 %N
2
O = 50% % NO = 50%
2. Tnh s mol HNO
3
phn ng theo phng php bo ton e:
Cc qu trnh oxi ha kh:
Mg - 2e Mg
+2
Al - 3e Al
+3
2N
+5
+ 8e 2N
+1
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
Theo nh lut bo ton e ta c s mol e nhng = s mol e nhn. Nu gi n
1
, n
2
l
s mol Mg v Al ta c 2 n
1
+ 3 n
2
= (8 x 0,035 ) + (3 x 0,035) = 11 x 0,035
biu thc 2 n
1
+ 3 n
2
cng chnh l s mol HNO
3
to thnh mui, ngoi ra, s mol
HNO
3
chuyn thnh N
2
O v NO l 3 x 0,035.
Vy tng s mol HNO
3
l : 14 x 0,035 = 0,49 (mol)
3. Tnh khi lng mui theo phng php bo ton khi lng
m
mui
= m
kim loi
+
3
NO
m

= 4,431 + (11 x 0,035x 62) =28,301 (g)
4.10 Hng dn:
Cch gii 1: Phng php thng thng
Cc phng trnh phn ng in phn: 2HCl H
2
+ Cl
2
(1)
FeSO
4
+ H
2
O Fe + 1/2O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
(2)
2
H
m
= 0,06g =
1
1,34t
26,8
t
1
= 1,2 gi t
2
= 2,0 - 1,2 = 0,8 gi
m
Fe
= (56 : 2)x(1,34 x 0,8) : 26,8 = 1,12g
137
M
=37
2
Cl
n
= 0,03(mol),

2
O
n
= 1/2 n
Fe
= 0,01(mol)
V
kh anot
= 0,04 x22,4 = 0,896 lit.
Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton electron
- in lng Q = It = 1,34 x 2 = 2,68A.h
- n
e
= It/F = 2,68 : 26,8 = 0,1 mol
- Th t in phn katot
H
+
+ 1e 1/2 H
2
(mol) 0,06 0,06
Fe
+2
+ 2e Fe
(mol) 0,02 m
Fe
= 0,02 x 56 = 1,12g
- Th t in phn anot
Cl
-
- 1e 1/2 Cl
2
(mol) 0,06 0,06 0,03
H
2
O - 2e 1/2O
2
+ 2H
+
(mol) 0,01 n
hn hp kh
= 0,03 +0,01 = 0,04
V
kh
= 0,04 x 22,4 = 0,896 (lit).
4.11 Hng dn:
Cch gii 1: Phng php thng thng
Cc phng trnh in phn:
2Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2H
2
O O
2
+ 2Cu + 4HNO
3
(1)
2AgNO
3
+ H
2
O 1/2O
2
+ 2Ag + 2HNO
3
(2)
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Cu v Ag, ta c 64x + 108y = 3,44 (I)
Mt khc theo phng trnh Faraday ta c 64x =
1
AIt
nF
=
1
64It
2 26, 8
(II)
138
108y =
1
108I(4 - t )
26,8
(III)
Gii ra ta c x = 0,02; y =0,02
3 2
M Cu(NO )
C
= 0,1 M

3
M Ag(NO )
C

= 0,1 M
Cch gii 2: Phng php bo ton electron
- in lng Q = It = 0,402 x 4 = 1,608 (A.h)
- S mol e nhn l 2x + y = 1,608: 26,8 = 0,06 (I)
Mt khc, khi lng hai kim loi 64x + 108y = 3,44 (II)
Gii ra ta c x = 0,02; y = 0,02
3 2
M Cu(NO )
C
= 0,1 M


3
M Ag(NO )
C

= 0,1 M
4.12 Hng dn:
- Qu trnh in ly: Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
2Fe
3+
+ 3SO
4
2-
(mol) x 2x 3x
CuSO
4
Cu
2+
+ SO
4
2-
(mol) y y y
HCl H
+
+ Cl
-
(mol) z z z
- Qu trnh in phn:
Katot Anot
2Fe
3+
+ 2e 2Fe
2+
2Cl
-
- 2e Cl
2
Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu
Cu thot ra katot, chng t Fe
3+

b in phn ht. n
Cu
= 5,12 : 64 = 0,08 (mol)
2
Cl
n
= 2,24: 22,4 = 0,1(mol),
2
Ba(OH)
n
= 0,2 x 1,25 = 0,25.
- Sau khi in phn xy ra cc phn ng:
- Ba(OH)
2
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
+ 2OH
-
(1)
139
(mol) (3x +y) (3x +y)
- Ba(OH)
2
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ H
2
O (2)
(mol) (0,25- 3x- y) 2(0,25- 3x- y)
- Fe
2+
+ 2OH
-
Fe(OH)
2
(3)
(mol) 2x 2x2x
- Cu
2+
+ 2OH
-
Cu(OH)
2
(4)
(mol) (y - 0,08) (y -0,08)
4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3
(5)
(mol) 2x 2x
1. Tnh thi gian in phn theo cng thc m =
A.I.t
n.F
(m = 7,1g, n = 2)
t =
m.n.F
A.I
=
7,1.2 .96500
71.7,72
= 2500(s)
2. Tnh C
M
ca cc cht trong dung dch u, p dng phng php bo ton e:
- S mol e thu katot = S mol e nhng anot
x + 0,08 = 0,1 (mol) (I)
Theo cc phn ng (1,3, 4, 5): m
kt ta
=
4
BaSO
m

+
2
Cu(OH)
m
+
3
Fe(OH)
m
= 56,76 (g)
233(3x + y) + 98(y - 0,08) + 107 .2x = 56,76 (II)
Gii ra ta c x = 0,02, y = 0,14 n
HCl
= 0,1.2 + 2(0,25 - 3x -y) = 0,3 (mol)
C
M

HCl
= 0,3 : 0,4 = 0,75 M,
4
M CuSO
C
= 0,14 : 0,4 = 0,35 M
F. THNG TIN B SUNG
A.L.LAVOADIE. Thuyt oxi ha v s ci t ha hc
A.L.Lavoadie (Antoine Laurent Lavoisier), 1745-1794, l nh ha hc ni
ting ca Php th k 18. ng hc tp nhiu khoa hc t nhin, c bit l vt l
v trong nghin cu khoa hc i su vo ha hc, th hin nhiu ti nng ngay
khi cn tr, nm 21 tui c thng huy chng vng ca Vin Hn Lm khoa
140
hc Pari trong mt cuc thi vi ti "Tm phng php tt nht thp sng
ng ph ca mt thnh ph ln". Lavoadie l mt y vin trong ban thu thu
ca nh vua, l mt t chc thu thu gin tip. ng rt giu, xy dng mt
phng th nghim ring c trang b rt y . ng c k hoch thi gian
nghim ngt tng ngy dnh cho khoa hc. ng t chc chu o cc th nghim,
cn o chnh xc , ghi s liu nghim chnh, c b Lavoadie lm cng tc vin v
th k ring ghi chp y (b khng c con). Vo cui nm 1774 v u nm
1775 sau nhiu th nghim v t chy cc cht nung kim loi, v h hp, ng lm
th nghim tch thy ngn oxit thnh thy ngn v mt kh mi ri th cc tnh
cht ha hc c trng ca n.
Thng 4/1775, ng c bo co trc Vin Hn Lm khoa hc Pari "Lun vn
v bn cht ca cht kt hp vi kim loi khi nung nng v lm tng khi lng ca
chng". Trc y Lavoadie cng tin thuyt nhin t, ri t tch dn ra. ng khng
nh rng s tng khi lng ca kim loi c nung bng khi lng ca khng
kh gim i, nh vy khng phi l cht la thay mt cht bn ngoi no khi kt hp
vi kim loi m chnh l khng kh. Khng kh khng phi l mt vt th n gin
m l mt hn hp mt s kh c tnh cht khc nhau.
Nm 1777, ng cng b kt qu phn tch khng kh bng thy ngn nung
nng, kt lun rng khng kh gm hai kh, mt kh th c sau c gi l oxi
v mt kh khng th c - sau c gi l azot (t ch Latinh c ngha l khng
duy tr s sng). Lavoadi t tn oxi vi ngha l nguyn t sinh ra oxit v ng
c quan nim sai lm l c c oxi trong qu trnh chy m vt th no cng to
thnh oxit. Nm 1783, Lavoadi xc nh c thnh phn ca nc l hiro v
oxi.
Nm 1785, Lavoadi c mt bo co cng khai cng kch kch lit thuyt
nhin t: "Cc nh ha hc s dng nhin t nh mt nguyn t m h...,
khng c nh ngha mt cch chnh xc, do c th s dng ty tin cho mi
cch gii thch m h mun, ... Qu thc, chnh l thn Prtut lun lun thay
i v mt ca mnh".
141
Ri ng pht trin thuyt oxi ha ca mnh l thuyt v vai tr ca oxi trong
cc qu trnh oxi ha. Cn c vo vai tr ca nguyn t oxi trong s nung kim
loi hoc nung qung kim loi, th s tch vi nhin t tr thnh s kt hp vi
oxi v s kt hp nhin t tr thnh s tch oxi! Cc biu thc (2) v (3) by gi
c hiu ng nh sau:
St + oxi
nung

st oxit
St oxit + cacbon
nung

st + cacbon oxit
Cc kim loi. lu hunh, photpho v nhng n cht khc b thuyt nhin
t xem l hp cht by gi, tht ra l nhng n cht, cn cc oxit kim loi, kh
sunfur SO
2
, axit sunfuric H
2
SO
4
khng cn l n cht m l nhng hp cht.
Nm 1787, Lavoadi cho in sch "Phng php v danh php ha hc" c s
cng tc ca ba nh ha hc Php c tn tui l G.Moov, C.L.Bectol,
A.F. Fuccroa.
Trong danh php ha hc nhm my nh ha hc trnh by mt h thng
thut ng ha hc u tin hp l v khoa hc. Trc mi nh ha hc
thng dng h thng ring ca mnh, by gi th c mt h thng mi, chung,
da trn nhng nguyn tc logic. Th d, theo tn gi ca hp cht c th xc nh
cc nguyn t ha hp vi nhau: canxi oxit c cu to t Ca v O, natri
clorua t Na v Cl. Mt h thng tin t v hu t c a ra biu din t l
cc nguyn t trong thnh phn ca cht: cacbon ioxit giu oxi hn cacbon
monooxit, kaliclorat c nhiu oxi hn kaliclorit, kalipeclorat c nhiu oxi hn c
cn kaliclorua th khng c oxi.
Nm 1789, Lavoadi cho in sch "Khi lun v ha hc" c "trnh by theo
mt trt t mi da vo nhng pht minh hin i". Trong cng trnh ny ng h
thng ha nhng kin thc tch ly c thi by gi v ha hc, trnh by bng
mt ngn ng gin d, d hiu, minh ha bng nhiu hnh v p, chnh xc do b
Lavoadi v.
Trong bng phn loi cc cht, Lavoadi chia chng lm hai loi cht n
gin v phc tp, bng cc cht n gin c chia lm bn nhm: cc kh n
142
gin, cc phi kim, cc kim loi, cc "t". ng sai lm coi nh sng v nhit l
hai nguyn t, l hai thc th vt cht.
Thuyt oxi ha v sch khi lun v ha hc dn dn c ting vang ln
Php ri lan truyn sang cc nc ngoi nh c, H Lan, Italia, Thy in, Ty
Ban Nha, Ba Lan,...ri sang n nc Nga.
B ch: Prili, cui i mnh, di c sang M sng v tip tc nghin cu khoa
hc, c ln ting phn i Lavoadi khng trung thc, khng nh ngi pht minh ra
oxi l mnh, nm 1774. ng nhc li rng thng 10 ng k cho Lavoadi nghe
l ng tch c thy ngn oxit thnh kh mi v thy ngn,
Trong sch ca mnh nm 1789, Lavoadi c vit "l lng" v kh oxi "oxi l
kh m chng ti, ng Priti, ng Sil v ti cng pht hin ra gn nh ng
thi". Chng ta ngy nay c th nh gi nh th ny? Lavoadi khng phi l
ngi pht hin ra oxi u tin, nhng l ngi c cng ln trong vic khng nh
c bn cht v ngha to ln ca oxi.
143
Chng 5
NHM HALOGEN
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Cu to nguyn t, tnh cht ca n cht halogen
1. Cu hnh electron nguyn t
Flo, clo, brom v iot c cu hnh electron nh sau:
F:[He]2s
2
2p
5
; Cl:[Ne]3s
2
3p
5
; Br :[Ar]4s
2
4p
5
; I:[Kr]5s
2
5p
5
Ging nhau: Lp electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t cc halogen c 7 electron
v c cu hnh ns
2
np
5
(n l s th t ca chu k).
Khc nhau: T flo qua clo n brom v iot, bn knh nguyn t tng dn lp
electron ngoi cng cng xa ht nhn hn, lc ht ca ht nhn i vi lp
electron ngoi cng cng yu hn.
Lp electron ngoi cng : flo phn lp 3d c nng lng qu xa cc mc nng
lng 2s v sp cho nn khng th b p c bng cc phn ng ha hc, do
flo ch c mc oxi ha +1 , cc halogen khc c phn lp d cn trng, nh clo c
cc s oxi ha +1, +3, + 5, +7.
2. Cc halogen c m in ln
Cc gi tr m in theo thang Paulinh:
F: 3,98 ; Cl: 3,16; Br: 2,96; I: 2,66
Trong nhm halogen , m in gim dn t flo n iot
3. Tnh cht ha hc
a. Halogen l nhng phi kim c tnh oxi ha mnh : halogen oxi ha hu
ht cc kim loi, nhiu phi kim v nhiu hp cht. Khi nguyn t
halogen bin thnh ion halogenua vi s oxi ha -1. Th d vi clo:
H
2
+ Cl
2
2HCl
2Fe + 3Cl
2
2FeCl
3
Cu + Cl
2
CuCl
2
144
2NaOH + Cl
2
NaCl + NaOCl + H
2
O Nc Gia ven.
b. Tnh oxi ha ca halogen gim dn t flo n iot.
c. Flo khng th hin tnh kh, cc halogen khc th hin tnh kh v tnh
kh tng dn t clo n iot.
II. Hp cht ca halogen
1. Hiro halogenua v axit halogen hiric
HF, HCl, HBr, HI
Hiro halogenua l cc hp cht kh d tan trong nc to ra cc dung dch axit
halogen hiric. T HF n HI tnh cht axit tng dn, HF l mt axit yu.
T HF n HI tnh cht kh tng dn, ch c th oxi ha F
-
bng dng in,
trong khi cc ion m khc nh Cl
-
, Br
-
, I
-
u b oxi ha khi tc dng vi cht
oxi ha mnh
2. Hp cht c oxi ca halogen
Trong cc hp cht c oxi, clo, brom, iot th hin s oxi ha dng cn flo th
hin s oxi ha m. Do khng phn ng trc tip vi oxi, cc hp cht c oxi ca
halogen c iu ch gin tip.
Cc hp cht c oxi quan trng ca clo nh:
Nc giaven: NaCl, NaClO, H
2
O dng lm cht kh trng nc, cht ty trng
trong cng nghip dt, giy... Nhc im quan trng nht ca nc giaven l
khng bn, khng vn chuyn i xa c.
iu ch nc giaven: (in phn dung dch mui n bo ha khng c mng ngn)
2NaCl + 2H
2
O
dp

2NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2

Cl
2
+ 2NaOH NaCl + NaClO + H
2
O nc giaven.
Clorua vi: CaOCl2 c cng dng tng t nc giaven. Tuy nhin, clorua vi c gi
thnh r hn v c th vn chuyn i xa, do c s dng rng ri hn.
iu ch clorua vi:
Ca(OH)
2
+ Cl
2
CaOCl
2
+ H
2
O
145
Mui Bectole: KClO
3
c tn quc t l kali clorat. Cht ny c dng lm dim,
iu ch oxi trong phng th nghim.
iu ch kali clorat:
6KOH + 3Cl
2

0
70 100 C

KClO
3
+ 5KCl + 3H
2
O
Cc axit c oxi ca clo:
HClO HClO
2
HClO
3
HClO
4
Chiu tng tnh axit v bn, chiu gim ca tnh oxi ha.
B. BI TP C LI GII
5.1 Nguyn t clo c 2 ng v bn Cl
35
17
v Cl
37
17
. Nguyn t khi trung bnh
ca clo trong bng tun hon l 35,45. Hy tnh % cc ng v trn.
5.2 Vit cu hnh electron nguyn t ca cc nguyn t flo, clo, brom, iot. Da
vo cu hnh electron hy gii thch ti sao flo lun c s oxi ha m cn cc
nguyn t halogen khc ngoi s oxi ha m cn c th c s oxi ha dng (+1,
+3, +5, +7)?
5.3 Cu hnh ngoi cng ca nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X l 5p
5
. T s ntron
v s in tch ht nhn bng 1,3962 . S ntron ca X bng 3,7 ln s ntron ca
nguyn t nguyn t Y . Khi cho 4,29 gam Y tc dng vi lng d X th thu
c 18,26 gam sn phm c cng thc l YX.
Hy xc nh in tch ht nhn Z ca X v Y vit cu hnh electron ca X v Y.
5.4 Dng thuc th thch hp nhn bit cc dung dch sau y:
a) BaCl
2
, KBr, HCl, KI, KOH
b) KI, HCl, NaCl, H
2
SO
4
c) HCl, HBr, NaCl, NaOH
d) NaF, CaCl
2
, KBr, Mgl
2
.
5.5 C bn cht bt mu trng tng ng nhau l : NaCl, AlCl
3
, MgCO
3
,
BaCO
3
. Ch c dng nc cng cc thit b cn thit (l nung, bnh in phn
v.v...) Hy trnh by cch nhn bit tng cht trn.
146
5.6 Khng dng ha cht no khc hy phn bit 4 dung dch cha cc ha
cht sau: NaCl, NaOH, HCl, phenoltalein.
5.7 Mt loi mui n c ln tp cht CaCl
2
, MgCl
2
, Na
2
SO
4
, MgSO
4
, CaSO
4
.
Hy trnh by cch loi cc tp cht thu c mui n tinh khit.
5.8 Nguyn t R l phi kim thuc phn nhm chnh trong bng tun hon. T
l gia phn trm nguyn t R trong oxit cao nht v phn trm R trong hp cht
kh vi hiro bng 0,5955. Cho 4,05 gam mt kim loi M cha r ha tr tc dng
ht vi n cht R th thu c 40,05 gam mui. Xc nh cng thc ca mui M.
5.9 in phn nng chy a gam mt mui A to bi kim loi v phi kim ha
tr I (X) thu c 0,896 lit kh nguyn cht ( ktc). Ha tan a gam mui A vo
100ml dung dch HCl 1M cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d thu c 25,83
gam kt ta. Dung dch AgNO
3
d cho tc dng vi 100 ml dung dch HCl 1M.
Xc nh tn phi kim cng thc tng qut ca mui A.
5.10 Cho 31,84 gam hn hp NaX, NaY (X, Y l hai halogen 2 chu k lin
tip) vo dung dch AgNO
3
d, thu c 57,34 gam kt ta.
a) Tm cng thc ca NaX, NaY.
b) Tnh khi lng mi mui.
5.11 Mt mui c to bi kim loi M ha tr II v phi kim ha tr I. Ha tan
m gam mui ny vo nc v chia dung dch lm hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn I: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
c d th c 5,74 gam kt ta
trng.
- Phn II : Nhng mt thanh st vo dung dch mui, sau mt thi gian phn ng
kt thc khi lng thanh st tng ln 0,16 gam.
a) Tm cng thc phn t ca mui.
b) Xc nh tr s ca m.
5.12 X, Y l hai nguyn t halogen thuc hai chu k lin tip trong h thng
tun hon. Hn hp A c cha 2 mui ca X, Y vi natri.
147
a) kt ta hon ton 2,2 gam hn hp A, phi dng 150 ml dung dch AgNO
3
0,2M. Tnh khi lng kt ta thu c?
b) Xc nh hai nguyn t X, Y.
5.13 Ha tan mt mui kim loi halogenua cha bit ha tr vo nc c
dung dch X. Nu ly 250 ml dung dch X (cha 27 gam mui) cho vo AgNO
3
d th thu c 57,4 gam kt ta. Mt khc in phn 125 ml dung dch X trn th
c 6,4 gam kim loi bm catot. Xc nh cng thc mui.
5.14 Mt hn hp ba mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr nng 4,82 gam ha tan hon ton
trong nc c dung dch A. Sc kh clo d vo dung dich A ri c cn hon
ton dung dch sau phn ng thu c 3,93 gam mui khan. Ly mt na lng
mui khan ny ha tan vo nc ri cho phn ng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d th thu
c 4,305 gam kt ta. Vit cc phng trnh xy ra v tnh thnh phn phn
trm khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
5.15 Hn hp A gm 3 mui NaCl, NaBr v NaI:
* 5,76 gam A tc dng vi lng d dung dch brom, c cn thu c 5,29 gam
mui khan.
* Ha tan 5,76 gam A vo nc ri cho mt lng kh clo sc qua dung dch. Sau
mt thi gian, c cn th thu c 3,955 gam mui khan, trong c 0,05 mol ion
clorua.
a) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng.
b) Tnh thnh phm phn trm khi lng mi mui trong A.
5.16 C hn hp gm hai mui NaCl v NaBr. Khi cho dung dch AgNO
3
va
vo hn hp trn ngi ta thu c lng kt ta bng khi lng AgNO
3
tham gia
phn ng. Tm % khi lng mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
5.17 Hai bnh cu cha amoniac v hiroclorua kh. Cho t t nc vo y
mi bnh kh, th thy kh cha trong hai bnh tan ht. Sau trn dung dch trong
hai bnh li vi nhau. Hy xc nh nng mol/l ca cc cht trong dung dch
sau khi trn ln, bit rng bnh cha hiroclorua c th tch gp 3 ln th tch cha
amoniac, cc kh o ktc.
148
5.18 Hn hp A gm KClO
3
, Ca(ClO
3
)
2
, Ca(ClO)
2
, CaCl
2
v KCl nng 83,68
gam. Nhit phn hon ton A ta thu c cht rn B gm CaCl
2
, KCl v 17,472lit
O
2
. Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 360ml dung dch K
2
CO
3
0,5M (va ) thu c
kt ta C v dung dch D. Lng KCl trong dung dch D nhiu gp
3
22
ln lng
KCl c trong A.
a) Tnh khi lng kt ta A.
b) Tnh % khi lng ca KClO
3
trong A.
5.19 T mt tn mui n c cha 10,5% tp cht, ngi ta iu ch c 1250
lit dung dch HCl 37% (D = 1,19 g/ml) bng cch cho lng mui n trn tc dng
vi axit sunfuric m c v un nng. Tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh iu ch trn.
5.20 Khi un nng mui kali clorat, khng c xc tc, th mui ny b phn hy
ng thi theo hai phng trnh ha hc sau:
a) 2KCIO
3
2KCl + 3O
2

b) 4KClO
3
3KClO
4
+ KCl
Tnh : - Bao nhiu % khi lng b phn hy theo (a)
- Bao nhiu % khi lng b phn hy theo (b)
Bit rng khi phn hy hon ton 73,5 gam kaliclorat th thu c 33,5 gam
kaliclorua.
5.21 Ha tan 1,74 gam MnO
2
trong 200ml axit clohiric 2M. Tnh nng (mol/l)
ca HCl v MnCl
2
trong dung dch sau khi phn ng kt thc. Gi thit kh clo thot
hon ton khi dung dch v th tch ca dung dch khng bin i.
5.22 iu ch mt dung dch axit clohiric bng cch ha tan 2 mol hiroclorua
vo nc. Sau un axit thu c vi mangan ioxit c d. Kh clo thu c
bng phn ng c tc dng vi 28 gam st hay khng?
5.23 Ha tan 7,8 gam hn hp bt Al v Mg trong dung dch HCl d. Sau phn
ng khi lng dung dch tng thm 7,0 gam. Khi lng nhm v magie trong
hn hp u l bao nhiu gam?
149
5.24 Nung m
A
gam hn hp A gm KMnO
4
v KClO
3
ta thu c cht rn A
1
v kh O
2
. Bit KClO
3
b phn hy hon ton theo phn ng :
2KClO
3


o
t
2KCl + 3O
2

cn KMnO
4
b phn hy mt phn theo phn ng :
2KMnO
4


o
t
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2

Trong A
1
c 0,894 gam KCl chim 8,132% khi lng. Trn lng O
2
thu c
trn vi khng kh theo t l th tch
3 : 1 V : V
KK O
2

trong mt bnh kn ta c
hn hp kh A
2
.
Cho vo bnh 0,528 gam cacbon ri t chy ht cacbon thu c hn hp kh A
3
gm 3 kh, trong CO
2
chim 22,92% th tch.
a) Tnh khi lng m
A
.
b) Tnh % khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp A.
Cho bit: Khng kh cha 80% N
2
v 20% O
2
v th tch.
5.25 Cho lng axit clohiric, thu c khi ch ha 200 gam mui n cng
nghip (cn cha mt lng ng k tp cht), tc dng vi MnO
2
d c mt
lng kh clo phn ng vi 22,4 gam st kim loi. Xc nh hm lng % ca
NaCl trong mui n cng nghip.
C. BI TP T LUYN
5.26 Nu hin tng v vit phng trnh phn ng nu c khi cho HCl c tc
dng vi cc cht sau: KMnO
4
, KClO
3
.
5.27 Nu cch tinh ch :
a) Mui n c ln MgCl
2
v NaBr
b) Axit clohiric c ln axit H
2
SO
4
.
5.28 Cn bao nhiu gam KMnO
4
v bao nhiu ml dung dch axit clohiric 1M
c kh clo tc dng vi st to nn 16,25 gam FeCl
3

?
p s:
ml 480 V ; 9,48g m
HCl KMnO
4

150
5.29 Ha tan 1,74 gam MnO
2
trong 200 ml axit clohiric 2M. Tnh nng (mol/l)
ca HCl v MnCl
2
trong dung dch sau khi phn ng kt thc. Gi thit kh clo thot
hon ton khi dung dch v th tch ca dung dch khng bin i.
p s:
2
M HCl M MnCl
C 1,6 M ; C 0,1 M

5.30 Hon thnh s bin ha sau :
F A KClO L C v M L O H G
C G A
F E D C SO H MnO A
B A KClO
3
t
2
pnc
4 2 2
t
3
0
0
+ + + + +
+
+ + + + +
+
5.31 in phn nng chy mt mui clorua kim loi ha tr I thu c catot
6,24 gam kim loi v anot 1,792 lit kh (ktc).
a) Xc nh cng thc phn t mui.
b) Cho cht kh sinh ra tc dng vi H
2
trong iu kin nh sng c sn phm X.
Ha tan X vo nc c dung dch 1. t chy kim loi trn, cho sn phm sinh
ra ha tan vo nc c dung dch 2. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng. Cho 1
mu qu tm vo dung dch 1, k thm vo t t dung dch 2. Quan st hin
tng v gii thch.
p s: Cng thc mui l KCl.
5.32 Ha tan 5,37 gam hn hp gm 0,02 mol AlCl
3
v mt mui halogenua
ca kim loi M ha tr II vo nc, thu c dung dch A. Cho dung dch A tc
dng va vi 200 ml dung dch AgNO
3
, thu c 14,35 gam kt ta. Lc ly
dung dch cho tc dng vi NaOH d, thu c kt ta B. Nung B n khi lng
khng i c 1,6 gam cht rn.
Xc nh cng thc phn t mui halogenua kim loi M.
p s: Cng thc phn t ca mui l CuCl
2
.
5.33 C hn hp NaI v NaBr. Ha tan hn hp trong nc. Cho brom d vo
dung dch. Sau khi phn ng thc hin xong, lm bay hi dung dch, lm kh sn
phm th thy khi lng sn phm nh hn khi lng hn hp 2 mui ban u
l m gam.
151
Ha tan sn phm trong nc v cho kh clo i qua cho n d. Lm bay hi
dung dch v lm kh cht cn li, ngi ta thy khi lng cht thu c nh hn
khi lng mui phn ng l m gam.
Xc nh % v khi lng ca NaBr trong hn hp u.
p s: % NaBr = 3,7%; %NaI = 96,3%
5.34 em in phn 200 ml dung dch NaCl 2M (d = 1,1g/ml) vi in cc
bng than c mng ngn xp v dung dch lun lun c khuy u. Sau mt
thi gian catot thot ra 22,4 lit kh o iu kin 20
0
C, 1atm. Hp cht cha
trong dung dch sau khi kt thc in phn l cht g? Xc nh C% ca n.
p s: C%
NaOH
= 8,32%
5.35 in phn nng chy a gam mui A to bi kim loi M v halogen X ta
thu c 0,96 gam kim loi M catt v 0,896 lit kh ( ktc) ant. Mt khc
ha tan a gam mui A vo nc, sau cho tc dng vi AgNO
3
d th thu c
11,48 gam kt ta.
Hi X l halogen no ?
p s: X l clo
5.36 in phn 200 ml dung dch KCl 1M (d=1,15g/ml) trong bnh in phn
c mng ngn xp vi cng dng in I=20A, sau thi gian t kh thot ra
catt l 1,12 lit. Tnh nng % ca cc cht trong dung dch sau in phn.
(Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i v nc cha b in phn)
p s: C
KOH
= 2,474% , C
KCl
= 3,29% .
5.37 Hn hp A gm: NaOH, Na
2
CO
3
v Na
2
SO
4
. Ly 1 gam A ha tan vo
nc ri thm dung dch BaCl
2
cho n d, thu c kt ta B v dung dch C.
Thm t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch C cho n khi c dung dch trung tnh,
cn dng 24 ml dung dch HCl 0,25M. Mt khc, 2 gam A tc dng vi dung dch
HCl d, sinh ra c 0,224 lit kh (ktc).
a) Xc nh thnh phn phn trm tng cht trong hn hp A.
b) Tnh th tch dun dch HCl 0,5M phn ng va vi 0,5 gam A.
152
c) Tnh th tch dung dch HCl 0,5M tc dng vi kt ta B.
p s: a) Thnh phn ca A: 53% Na
2
CO
3
; 24% NaOH; 23% Na
2
SO
4
.
b) 16ml dung dch HCl.
c) 20ml dung dch HCl 0,5M.
5.38 Dung dch X c to thnh bng cch ha tan 3 mui KCl, FeCl
3
, BaCl
2
.
Nu cho 200 ml dung dch X phn ng va vi 100 ml dung dch Na
2
SO
4
1M ,
hoc vi 150 ml dung dch NaOH 2M; hoc vi 300 ml dung dch AgNO
3
2M .
Trong mi trng hp u thu c kt ta ln nht.
a) Tnh nng ca mi mui trong dung dch X.
b) Tnh khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn 200 ml dung dch X.
p s: [BaCl
2
]=[KCl]=[FeCl
3
]=0,5M; m=44,5g.
5.39 Ha tan m gam hn hp gm NaBr v NaI vo nc c dung dch A.
Cho A phn ng vi brom d sau c cn dung dch thu c duy nht mt
mui khan B c khi lng (m - 47) gam. Ha tan B vo nc v cho tc dng vi
clo d sau c cn dung dch thu c duy nht mt mui khan C c khi lng
(m-89) gam. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ha hc v tnh % khi lng ca
mi mui trong hn hp ban u.
p s: 40,71% NaBr v 59,29%NaI
5.40 Mt khong vt c cng thc tng qut l: aKCl.bMgCl
2
.cH
2
O. Nung
27,75 gam khong vt trn n khi lng khng i thy khi lng cht rn
gim 10,8 gam. Ha tan cht rn vo trong nc ri cho tc dng vi AgNO
3
d th thu c 43,05 gam kt ta. Lp cng thc ca khong vt trn.
p s: KCl.MgCl
2
.6H
2
O.
5.41 Mt dung dch l hn hp cc mui NaCl, NaBr, NaI. Sau khi lm kh
20ml dung dch ny thu c 1,732 gam cht rn. Ly 20ml dung dch mui phn
ng vi brom ri lm bay hi thu c 1,685 gam cht rn kh. Sau cho clo tc
dng vi 120ml dung dch trn, sau khi bay hi thu c 1,4625 gam kt ta kh.
a) Tnh nng C
M
ca tng mui trong dung dch.
153
b) Tnh khi lng brom v iot c th iu ch c t 1m
3
dung dch.
p s: NaCl 1M; NaBr 0,2M; NaI 0,05M.

6,35kg m 16kg; m
2 2
I Br

5.42 Chia 8,84 gam hn hp MCl v BaCl
2
thnh hai phn bng nhau. Ha tan
phn 1 vo nc ri cho phn ng vi AgNO
3
d thu c 8,61 gam kt ta. em
in phn nng chy phn 2 n hon ton thu c V ml kh X 27,3
o
C v 0,88
atm. Nu s mol MCl chim 80% s mol trong hn hp, xc nh kim loi M v
tnh thnh phn % khi lng hn hp u. Tnh V.
p s: Kim loi l Na
7,06% 4 %m
52,94% %m
2
BaCl
NaCl

V = 0,84lit
5.43 T mt tn mui n c cha 5% tp cht, ngi ta iu ch c 1250 lit
dung dch HCl 37% (d = 1,19 g/ml) bng cch cho lng mui n trn tc dng
vi axit sunfuric m c v un nng. Tnh hiu sut ca qu trnh iu ch trn.
p s: H% = 92,85%
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
5.44
Phn ng no sau y c dng iu ch clo trong phng th nghim ?
A. 2NaCl
pnc

2Na + Cl
2
B. 2NaCl + 2H
2
O
pdd
m.n
H
2
+ 2NaOH + Cl
2
C. MnO
2
+ 4HCl
c

o
t

MnCl
2
+ Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O
D. F
2
+ 2NaCl 2NaF + Cl
2
5.45
Clorua vi l mui ca kim loi canxi vi 2 loi gc axit l clorua Cl
-
v
hipoclorit ClO
-
. Vy clorua vi gi l mui g?
A. Mui trung ho B. Mui kp
C. Mui ca 2 axit D. Mui hn tp
154
5.46
Kh Cl
2
iu ch bng cch cho MnO
2
tc dng vi dd HCl c thng b ln
tp cht l kh HCl. C th dng dd no sau y loi tp cht l tt nht?
A. Dd NaOH B. Dd AgNO
3
C. Dd NaCl D. Dd KMnO
4
5.47
Dng loi bnh no sau y ng dung dch HF?
A. Bnh thu tinh mu xanh B. Bnh thu tinh mu nu
C. Bnh thu tinh khng mu D. Bnh nha teflon (cht do)
5.48
Cht no sau y ch c tnh oxi ho, khng c tnh kh?
A. F
2
B. Cl
2
C. Br
2
D. I
2
5.49
C 4 cht bt mu trng l vi bt, bt go, bt thch cao (CaSO
4
.2H
2
O) bt
vi (CaCO
3
). Ch dng cht no di y l nhn bit ngay c bt go?
A. Dung dch HCl B. Dung dch H
2
SO
4
long
C. Dung dch Br
2
D. Dung dch I
2
5.50
dung dch cha 1g HBr vo dd cha 1g NaOH. Dung dch thu c lm
cho qu tm chuyn sang mu no sau y?
A. Mu B. Mu xanh
C. Khng i mu D. Khng xc nh c
5.51
Phn ng no sau y c dng iu ch kh hiro clorua trong phng th
nghim?
A. H
2
+ Cl
2

o
t

2HCl
B. Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HClO
C. Cl
2
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O 2HCl + H
2
SO
4
D.
o
t
2 4
(rn)
(c)
NaOH H SO +
NaHSO
4
+ HCl
5.52
Trong cc phn ng ho hc, chuyn thnh anion, nguyn t ca cc
nguyn t halogen nhn hay nhng bao nhiu electron?
A. Nhn thm 1 electron B. Nhn thm 2 electron
C. Nhng i 1 electron D. Nhng i 7 electron
155
5.53
Clo khng phn ng vi cht no sau y?
A. NaOH B. NaCl C. Ca(OH)
2
D. NaBr
5.54
Nhn nh no sau y sai khi ni v flo?
A. L phi kim loi hot ng mnh nht
B. C nhiu ng v bn trong t nhin
C. L cht oxi ho rt mnh
D. C m in ln nht
5.55
Nhng hiro halogenua c th thu c khi cho H
2
SO
4
c ln lt tc dng
vi cc mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaI l
A. HF, HCl, HBr, HI B. HF, HCl, HBr v mt phn HI
C. HF, HCl, HBr D. HF, HCl .
5.56
t nng mt si dy ng ri a vo bnh kh Cl
2
th xy ra hin tng
no sau y?
A. Dy ng khng chy
B. Dy ng chy yu ri tt ngay
C. Dy ng chy mnh, c khi mu nu v mu trng.
D. Dy ng chy m rt lu
5.57
Hn hp kh no sau y c th tn ti bt k iu kin no?
A. H
2
v O
2
B. N
2
v O
2
C. Cl
2
v O
2
D. SO
2
v O
2
5.58
Dy no sau y sp xp ng theo th t gim dn tnh axit ca cc dung
dch hiro halogenua?
A. HI > HBr > HCl > HF B. HF > HCl > HBr > HI
C. HCl > HBr > HI > HF D. HCl > HBr > HF > HI
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
5.44. C 5.45. D 5.46. C 5.47. D 5.48. A
5.49. D 5.50. B 5.51. D 5.52. A 5.53. B
5.54. B 5.55. D 5.56. C 5.57. C 5.58. A
5.1 Hng dn:
156
p dng cng thc:
100
bB aA
A
+

Trong
A
l nguyn t khi trung bnh
a, b l % ng v
A, B l nguyn t khi ca ng v
Theo u bi ta c h phng trnh sau:

'

+
+

b a 100
100
b.37 a.35
45 , 35
Gii h phng trnh ta c :
a = 77,5%
b = 22,5%
5.2 Hng dn:
Nguyn t Cu hnh electron
F 2s
2
2p
5
Cl 3s
2
3p
5
Br 4s
2
4p
5
I 5s
2
5p
5
Flo lun c s oxi ha m bi v: Lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t flo khng
c obitan d, cn mc 2p v mc 3s chnh lch nng lng qu cao nn flo khng
c trng thi kch thch hnh thnh s oxi ha dng. Mt khc flo c m
in ln nht nn ngay c s oxi ha +1 cng khng xut hin.
Cc nguyn t halogen khc ngoi s oxi ha m cn c th c s oxi ha
dng(+1, +3, +5, +7) bi v: cc electron ns v np c kh nng b kch thch
chuyn sang nd,
+1
157
s p d
+3

s p d
+5

s p d
+7

s p d

5.3 Hng dn: Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X l:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2
3d
10
4p
6
5s
2
4d
10
5p
5
T rt ra Z
X
= 53 = p
X
(s proton)
Theo u bi ta c:
74 n 1,3962
p
n
X
X
X

(s ntron)
A
X
= p
X
+ n
X
= 53 + 74 = 127
mt khc :
20 n 3,7
n
n
Y
Y
X

phn ng ca X v Y:
Y + X YX
4,29 18,26
A
Y
M
YX
39 A
18,26
4,29

127 A
A

18,26
4,29

M
A
Y
Y
Y
YX
Y

+

Z 19 p 20 p 39 n p A
Y Y Y Y Y Y
+ +
158
Vy cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Y l:
1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
1
Vy X l iot v Y l kali.
5.4 Hng dn:
a) Dng qu tm nhn bit HCl, KOH.
Dng dung dch H
2
SO
4
nhn bit BaCl
2
cn li KI, KBr.
Dng kh Cl
2
phn bit cc dung dch KI v KBr.
b) Dng qu tm nhn bit HCl, H
2
SO
4
.
Dng dung dch BaCl
2
phn bit HCl v H
2
SO
4
.
Dng dung dch AgNO
3
phn bit dung dch KI v NaCl (AgI mu vng ti;
AgCl mu trng).
Hoc t : KI ngn la mu tm; NaCl ngn la mu vng.
c) Dng qu tm nhn bit dung dch cc dung dch NaOH, HCl, HBr.
Dng Cl
2
phn bit HCl v HBr hoc dng AgNO
3
cng phn bit c AgBr
(mu vng) v AgCl (mu trng).
d) Cho bn mu th tc dng vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
c hai mu th c
phn ng to kt ta l CaCl
2
v MgI
2
.
Phn bit hai mu th CaCl
2
v MgI
2
bng Cl
2
.
Cn li phn bit NaF v KBr cng bng Cl
2
.
5.5 Hng dn:
Ly tng lng mui nh lm th nghim:
- Ha tan vo H
2
O, to thnh 2 nhm:
+ Nhm I : Tan trong H
2
O l NaCl v AlCl
3
+ Nhm II : Khng tan l MgCO
3
v BaCO
3
- in phn dung dch cc mui nhm I (c mng ngn) :
2NaCl + 2H
2
O
ngn mng c P
2NaOH + Cl
2
+ H
2

159
2AlCl
3
+6H
2
O
ngn mng c P
2Al(OH)
3
+ 3Cl
2
+ 3H
2

Khi kt thc in phn, vng catot ca bnh in phn no c kt ta keo xut

hin, l bnh cha mui AlCl
3
, bnh kia l NaCl.
- Thu kh H
2
v Cl
2
thc hin phn ng :
H
2
+ Cl
2
2HCl
Ha tan mui nhm II vo dung dch HCl :
MgCO
3
+ 2HCl MgCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
BaCO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
in phn dung dch NaCl (c mng ngn) thu dung dch NaOH.
Dng dung dch NaOH phn bit mui MgCl
2
v BaCl
2
. T tm c
MgCO
3
v BaCO
3
:
MgCl
2
+ 2NaOH Mg(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
BaCl
2
+ 2NaOH Ba(OH)
2
+ 2NaCl
5.6 Hng dn:
- Ta nh ln lt mt mu th vo ba mu th cn li n khi no thy 2
mu th nh vo nhau bin thnh mu hng th cp l dung dch NaOH v
phenolphtalein. Cn li l dung dch NaCl v dung dch HCl. Chia ng nghim c
mu hng thnh hai phn. Ly hai mu th ng dung dch NaCl v dung dch
HCl, mi mu th vo mt ng nghim mu hng, mu no lm mu hng mt
i l dung dch HCl (v axit trung ha ht NaOH, nn mi trng trung tnh,
phenolphtalein khng i mu). Ta phn bit c dung dch HCl v dung dch
NaCl.
- ng nghim t mu hng chuyn sang khng mu, lc ny ch cha
NaCl v phenolphtalein. Ta dng n nhn bit dung dch NaOH bng cch nh
vo mt trong hai ng nghim cha bit, ng nghim no bin thnh mu hng
l NaOH, ng cn li l phenolphtalein.
5.7 Hng dn:
160
- Ha tan mui n vo nc ct.
- Thm BaCl
2
d loi ion SO
4
2-
dng BaSO
4
kt ta trng.
Phng trnh phn ng:
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
BaCl
2
+ MgSO
4
BaSO
4
+ MgCl
2
BaCl
2
+ CaSO
4
BaSO
4
+ CaCl
2
- Lc b kt ta BaSO
4
.
- Thm Na
2
CO
3
d loi ion Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
, Ba
2+
d
MgCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
2NaCl + MgCO
3

CaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
2NaCl + CaCO
3

BaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
2NaCl + BaCO
3

- Lc b kt ta MgCO
3
, CaCO
3
, BaCO
3
.
- Thm dung dch HCl loi b Na
2
CO
3
d
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
- C cn dung dch ta thu c mui n tinh khit.
5.8 Hng dn:
t ha tr ca R l x v nguyn t lng l R
Hp cht vi oxi c cng thc R
2
O
x
Hp cht vi hiro c cng thc RH
8-x
Theo u bi : 0,5955
x 8 R
R
16x 2R
2R

+
+

( )
0,5955
16x 2R
x 8 R .

+
+ 2

809 0
528 11
,
16 - x . ,
R
161
X 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
R -5,53 8,72 22,97 37,22 51,47 65,72 79,97
nghim loi loi loi loi loi loi nhn
Vy R l brom, vit phng trnh M tc dng vi Br
2
, lp phng trnh tm cng
thc mui
M +
2
y
Br
2
MBr
y
theo ptp: M gam (M + y.80) gam
theo u bi: 4,05 gam 40,05 gam
40,05.M = 4,05.(M + y.80)
M = 9y
Y 1 2 3
M 9 18 27
nghim loi loi nhn
Vy M l nhm
Cng thc ca mui l AlBr
3
Hng dn:
K hiu M, X ln lt l khi lng nguyn t ca kim loi M v phi kim X, n
l ha tr ca kim loi.
n 2
PNC
n
MX M X
2
+ (1)
(mol) x x
xn
2
MX
n
+ nAgNO
3
M(NO
3
)
n
+ nAgX (2)
(mol) x mol nx mol
HCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + HNO
3
(mol) 0,11 = 0,1 0,1
162
Khi lng kt ta AgX l : 25,83 - (0,1 143,5) = 11,48 (g)
2
X
n
c trong mui A :
04 , 0
4 , 22
896 , 0

(mol)
n
AgX
thu c (phng trnh 2) = 0,08 (mol)
143,5
0,08
11,48
M
AgX

X = 143,5 - 108 = 35,5 ; X l Cl
Vy mui A c cng thc tng qut MCl.
5.10 Hng dn:
a) Phng trnh phn ng ca NaX v NaY vi AgNO
3
.
NaX + AgNO
3
AgX + NaNO
3
a a
NaY + AgNO
3
AgY + NaNO
3
b b
- Lp h phng trnh (gi s mol NaX: amol; s mol NaY: bmol)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

'

+ +
+ +

+ + +
+ + +
57,34 X 108 . b a
31,84 X 23 . b a

57,34 Y)b (108 X)a (108
31,84 Y)b (23 X)a (23
83,13 X
V Y 83,13 X Y X X < < < <
X = 80 < 80,13 nn X l brom v Y = 127 > 83,13 nn Y l iot.
Cng thc ca 2 mui l: NaBr v NaI.
b) m
NaBr
= 0,28 103 = 28,84 (g)
m
NaI
= 0,02 150 = 3 (g)
5.11 Hng dn:
163
a) Gi cng thc phn t mui ca kim loi M ha tr II v phi kim X ha tr I l
MX
2
.
MX
2
+ 2AgNO
3
2AgX + M(NO
3
)
2

MX
2
+ Fe M + FeX
2
Da vo phng trnh phn ng rt ra:
87 , 2
178 0,16.M
M
X
M
+

V X l phi kim ha tr I v mui AgX l kt ta trng X l nguyn t halogen

tr F.
Nguyn t halogen:
Cl Br I
M
X
: 35,5 80 127
M
M
: 64 66,5 69,1
Chn loi loi
Chn M
X
= 35,5 X l Cl v M
M
= 64 M l Cu
Cng thc phn t mui l CuCl
2
.
b) S mol ca 1/2 lng mui ban u l:
0,16
a 0,02 (mol)
64 - 56

(a l s mol MgX
2
trong 1/2 lng mui ban u)
Khi lng mui CuCl
2
ban u:
m = 2 (0,02 135) = 5,4 (g)
5.12 Hng dn:
a)
0,03 0,2.0,15 n
3
AgNO

Cc phng trnh phn ng:
NaX + AgNO
3
NaNO
3
+ AgX
164
NaY + AgNO
3
NaNO
3
+ AgY
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:
m
A
+
3
AgNO
m
=
3
NaNO
m
+ m
kt ta
2,2 + 0,03.170 = 0,03.85 + m
kt ta
m
kt ta
= 4,75 (g)
b) t X >
M
> Y
Na
M
+ nAgNO
3
NaNO
3
+ Ag
M

0,03 n n
M Ag
AgNO
3

158,3
0,03
4,75
M
M Ag


M
= 158,3 -108 = 50,3
X v Y l cc halogen lin tip, vy phi l brom (M = 80) v clo (M = 35,5)
5.13 Hng dn:
t k hiu kim loi l B.
t k hiu halogen l X.
Cng thc ca mui s l BX
n
BX
n
+ AgNO
3
nAgX + B(NO
3
)
n
27g 57,4g
13,5g 28,7
BX
n

dpdd

B + nX
13,5g 6,4g 7,1g
Trong 13,5 (g) BX
n
c 7,1 (g) X, vy trong 28,7 (g) AgX cng ch c 7,1 (g) X
m
Ag
= 28,7 - 7,1 = 21,6 (g) n
Ag
= 0,2 (mol).
Trong AgX t l kt hp theo s mol n
Ag
: n
X
= 1 : 1 n
X
= 0,2 (mol).
165
35,5
0,2
7,1
M
X

Suy ra X l clo
BCl
n
+ nAgNO
3
nAgCl + B(NO
3
)
n
(mol)
n
2 , 0
0,2
67,5n
n
0,2
13,5
M
n
BCl

M
B
+ 35,5n = 67,5n ; M
B
= 32n
* Nu n = 1 M
B
= 32 (loi)
* Nu n = 2 M
B
= 64 B l Cu.
5.14 Hng dn:
Khi sc kh Cl
2
vo dung dch cha hn hp mui NaF, NaCl, NaBr ch c NaBr
tc dng.
t s mol hn hp ban u: NaF : a (mol) ; NaCl: b (mol); NaBr: c (mol).
Vit cc phng trnh phn ng v lp h phng trnh.

'

+
+ +
+ +
0,03
143,5
4,305
2
c b
3,93 58,5c 58,5b 42a
4,82 103c 58,5b 42a
Gii h phng trnh ta c:
0,087
4,82
42 0,01
%m 0,01 a
NaF

hay 8,7%
0,485
4,82
58,5 0,04
%m 0,04 b
NaCl

hay 48,5%
0,427
4,82
103 0,02
%m 0,02 c
NaBr

hay 42,8%
166
5.15 Hng dn:
t s mol NaCl: a (mol); NaBr: b (mol); NaI: c (mol)
a) Cc phn ng vi brom d:
2NaI + Br
2
2NaBr + I
2
c mol c mol
Hn hp A: 58,5a + 103b + 150c = 5,76
sau phn ng vi brom: 58,5a + 103 (b + c) = 5,29
47c = 0,47
* Cc phn ng vi Cl
2

2NaBr + Cl
2
2NaCl + Br
2
2NaI + Cl
2
2NaCl + I
2
(mol) 0,01 0,01
Nu Cl
2
ch phn ng vi NaI th khi lng hn hp mui sau phn ng vi
Cl
2
l
5,76 - 1,5 + 0,585 = 4,845g.
Theo bi hn hp sau phn ng ch c 3,955 (g). Vy Cl
2
phn ng vi c
NaBr.
m
hn hp
= 3,955 (g), trong c 0,05 (mol) NaCl v cn li l NaBr.
n
NaBr
cn li = 0,01
103
58,5 0,05 3,955

(mol)
Tnh s mol NaBr tham gia phn ng.
1 mol NaBr thay th bng 1 mol NaCl khi lng gim 44,5 g.
x mol NaBr thay th bng x mol NaCl khi lng gim 4,845 - 3,955 = 0,89 (g)

0,02
44,5
0,89
x
S mol NaBr c trong 5,76g = 0,02 + 0,01 = 0,03
167
0,02
58,5
1,17
58,5
1,5 3,09 5,76
n
NaCl

% theo khi lng

NaCl: 20,3%; NaBr: 53,66%; NaI: 26,04%
5.16. Hng dn:
NaCl + AgNO
3
AgCl + NaNO
3
(mol) a a a
NaBr + AgNO
3
AgBr + NaNO
3
(mol) b b b
170a - 143,5a = 188b - 170b
26,5a = 18b
26,5
18
b
a

2729,5
1053
103 26,5
58,5 18
m
m
NaBr
NaCl

%NaCl =
27,84% 100%
3782,5
1053

%NaBr = 100 - 27,84 = 72,16%
5.17 Hng dn: t th tch ca amoniac l V
Bnh cu cha hiroclorua l 3V

V
sau khi trn
= 4V
Phng trnh phn ng:
NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl
phn ng theo t l 1:1 v s mol theo t l 1:1 v th tch
Sau phn ng lng HCl cn d
22,4
2V
mol
168
[ ] 0,0223M
4V . 22,4
2V
HCl
[ ] 0,01116M
4V . 22,4
V
Cl NH
4

5.18 Hng dn: Cc phn ng khi nhit phn:
(3) O CaCl Ca(ClO)
(2) 3O CaCl ) Ca(ClO
(1) 3O 2KCl 2KClO
2 2 2
2 2 2 3
2 3
+
+
+
) CaCl (CaCl
2
t
2
0

KCl) (KCl
0
t

(4) 2KCl CaCO CO K CaCl
3 3 2 2
+ +
Tnh:
2
2 2 3 3
O
CaCl K CO CaCO
17,472
n 0,78 (mol)
22,4
n n n 0,36 . 0,5 0,18 (mol)


a) Khi lng kt ta C = 0,18 . 100 = 18 (g)
b) Gi x v y l s mol KClO
3
v KCl trong A.
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng
tng s mol KCl trong B = x + y
0,52
74,5
111 . 0,18 32 . 0,78 83,68

(trong 32 v 111 l KLPT ca O

2
v ca CaCl
2
).
Mt khc :
y
3
22
2 . 0,18 y x + +
Gii h phng trnh, ta c: x = 0,4
58,55%
83,68
100 . 122,5 . 0,4
KClO % Vy
3

5.19 Hng dn: Lng NaCl nguyn cht:
169
1000kg 89,5% = 895kg
Lng HCl thu c theo l thuyt :
2NaCl + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2HCl
58,5 g 36,5g
895kg x = 558,42kg
Lng HCl thu c theo thc t:
1250 lit 1,19kg/lit 37% = 550,375 kg
Hiu sut ca qu trnh iu ch:
H% =
% 55 , 98 % 100
42 , 558
375 , 550

5.20 Hng dn:
2KClO
3

o
t
2KCl + 3O
2
(a)
(mol) a a
4KClO
3

o
t
3KClO
4
+ KCl (b)
(mol) b
4
b

'

+
+
45 , 0
5 , 74
5 , 33
4
6 , 0
5 , 122
5 , 73
b
a
b a
2 , 0 15 , 0
4
3
b
b
v a = 0,4
%m phn hy theo (a) :
% 67 , 66
5 , 73
4 , 0 5 , 122

%m phn hy theo (b) : 33,33%

5.21
170
mol 0,02 mol 0,08 mol 0,02
mol 1 mol 4 mol 1
O 2H Cl MnCl 4HCl MnO
2 2 2 2
+ + +
S mol MnO
2
c ha tan trong axit clohiric l :
(mol) 0,02
87
1,74

0,4(mol)
1000
200 2
: l dch dung trong c HCl mol S

Nhn vo phng trnh phn ng, ta thy 1mol MnO

2
tc dng vi 4 mol HCl to
nn 1mol MnCl
2
. Vy 0,02mol MnO
2
tc dng vi 0,08mol HCl to nn
0,02mol MnCl
2
.
S mol HCl cn li trong dung dch l : 0,4 - 0,08 = 0,32 (mol)
Nng ca HCl cn li trong dung dch l :
C
M HCl
= 1,6(mol/l)
200
1000 0,32

Nng ca MnCl
2
trong dung dch l :
2
MnCl
C
= (mol/l) 1 , 0
200
1000 02 , 0

5.22 Hng dn:

(2) 2FeCl 2Fe 3Cl
(1) O 2H Cl MnCl MnO 4HCl
3 2
2 2 2 2
+
+ + +
Theo (1)
mol 0,5
56
28
n : C
mol 0,5 2 .
4
1
n
4
1
n
Fe
HCl Cl
2


Theo (2) : Nu Fe phn ng ht th cn :
mol 0,75 0,5 .
2
3
n
2
3
n
Fe Cl
2

mol 0,75 mol 0,5 (1) Cl M
2
<
171
Lng Cl
2
thu c sau phn ng (1) khng ha tan 28 (g) Fe.
5.23 Hng dn:
Cc phng trnh ha hc
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
(1)
(mol) x 1,5x
Mg + 2HCl MgCl
2
+ H
2
(2)
(mol) y y
t x, y ln lt l s mol ca Al v Mg trong hn hp, theo bi ra ta c:
27x + 24y = 7,8 (I)
(1,5x + y)2 = 0,8 (II) gii ra ta c x = 0,2, y = 0,1
Vy
Al
m = 0,2 x 27 = 5,4 (g) v
Mg
m
= 0,1x24 = 2,4 (g).
5.24 Hng dn:
a) Cc phn ng nhit phn
2KClO
3


o
t
2KCl + 3O
2
(1)
2KmnO
4


o
t
K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2
(2)
Gi n l tng s mol O
2

thot ra t (1) v (2). Sau khi trn n mol O
2
vi 3n mol
khng kh (trong c ) N mol 2,4n .3n
5
4
v O mol 0,6n
5
3n
2 2
ta thy tng s
mol O
2
bng (1 + 0,6) n = 1,6n. V s mol cacbon 0,044,
12
0,528
v theo iu kin
bi ton, sau khi t chy thu c hn hp 3 kh, nn ta c 2 trng hp:
Trng hp 1: Nu oxi d, tc 1,6n > 0,044, th cacbon ch chy theo phn ng
C + O
2
CO
2
(3)
0,192
22,92
100 . 0,044
bng ng n ph sau kh mol s tng ny lc
Cc kh gm: oxi d, nit, CO
2
172
(1,6 n - 0,044) + 2,4n + 0,044 = 0,192
0,192
n 0,048 (mol)
4

Khi lng m
A
= khi lng cht rn cn li + khi lng oxi thot ra.
(g) 12,53 0,048 . 32
8,132
100 . 0,894
m
A
+
Trng hp 2: Nu oxi thiu, tc 1,6n < 0,044, th cacbon chy theo 2 phn ng:
C + O
2
CO
2
(3)
2C + O
2
2CO (4)
Cc kh trong hn hp c N
2
(2,4n), CO
2
(n') v CO (0,044 - n').
Nh vy tng s mol kh = 2,4n + 0,044. Theo cc phn ng (3), (4) th
2
O
n
=
2
) n' (0,044
n' 1,6n

+
0,044) (2,4n
100
22,92
0,044 3,2n n' +
Gii ra c n = 0,0204
11,647(g) 32 . 0,0204
8,132
100 . 0,894
m' Vy
A
+
b) Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong A.
Theo phn ng (1):
3
KClO
n
= 122,5 . 0,012 = 1,47 (g)
i vi trng hp 1:
88,3% 11,7 100 %KMnO
11,7%
12,53
1,47.100
%KClO
4
3


i vi trng hp 2:
87,4% 12,6 100 %KMnO
12,6%
11,647
1,47.100
%KClO
4


5.25 Hng dn: Cc phn ng ha hc:
173
mol 0,4 mol 0,6
mol 2 mol 3
2FeCl 2Fe 3Cl
mol 0,6 mol 2,4
mol 1 mol 4
Cl O 2H MnCl MnO 4HCl
mol 2,4 mol 2,4 x
mol 1 mol 1
HCl NaHSO SO H NaCl
3 2
2 2 2 2
4 4 2
+
+ + +

+ +

S mol Fe cn tc dng vi clo l: mol 0,4
56
4 , 22

Theo ba phng trnh phn ng trn ta thy 2 mol Fe phn ng vi 3 mol Cl

2

; 1
mol Cl
2
c to nn t 4 mol HCl v 1 mol HCl c to nn t 1 mol NaCl. Vy
0,4 mol Fe phn ng vi 0,6 mol Cl
2
; 0,6 mol Cl
2
c to nn t 2,4 mol HCl v
2,4 mol HCl c to nn t 2,4 mol NaCl.
Khi lng NaCl c trong mui n cng nghip l :
58,5 . 2,4 = 140,4 (g)
Hm lng phn trm ca NaCl trong mui n cng nghip l :
70,2%
200
100 140,4

F. THNG TIN B SUNG
CLO
Mui n, NaCl, l hp cht c cha clo c loi ngi bit n t tha xa
xa. Thi trung c, cc nh gi kim thut bit iu ch cc axit clohidric bng
cch cho axit sunfuric tc dng ln mui n
Chng ta biu din bng phng trnh ha hc tng qut sau:
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaCl Na
2
SO
4 +
2HCl
Vo th k 16, nh ha hc c Glauber nhn xt l khi dng nc cng
toan ha tan kim loi hay khong vt th thy c khi mu lc thot ra. Ngy
nay chng ta hiu thc cht nc cng toan nh sau
174
HNO
3
+ 3HCl 2Cl + NOCl + 2H
2
O
2Cl Cl
2
Tt c nhng iu ni trn mi ch l tia sng con ngi ln bc i tm
clo. Nm 1774, nh ha hc ti nng Thy in Sile ln u tin tm ra c
nguyn t clo. ng dng axit clohidric tc dng ln khong vt piroluzit
(MnO
2
)
4HCl + MnO
2
MnCl
2
+ 2H
2
O + Cl
2
ng m t cht kh thot ra c mu vng lc, v c mi nh mi nc cng
toan un nng. Rt c th trong s nhng c gi ham mun hiu bit ha hc, c
ngi s hi Sile lm sao m c c khong vt trn. Cu hi nh vy l rt cn
thit i vi nhng ngi nghin cu khoa hc. Nh bc hc tn tui Php,
Pasteur, ngi tm ra vacxin chng bnh ch di, ni rng bit ngc nhin
ng lc trn bc ng nghin cu l bt u ca s pht minh.
Gia th k 18, Thy in l mt nc ni ting ca Chu u trong vic cung
cp kim loi en ho hng. Luyn kim v ngh m rt thnh vng Thy in.
Cho nn rt d hiu rng, cc nh ha hc lun lun i tm qung mi.Li c mt
em hc sinh no thc mc: Sile c bit rng mnh tm ra nguyn t ha hc
mi khng?
Mt cu hi tht l thng minh, khng d g tr li ngn gn c. Oxi l
nguyn t ha hc cng ngy sinh vi clo, tc gi tm ra oxi cng ch bit m t
iu mt thy, ch khng bit rng mnh tm ra nguyn t mi. S phn Clo cng
nh vy.
Tm ra oxi trong lch s ha hc, l m mang cho s thng li ca thuyt oxi
v s chy v s sp ca thyt nhin t (hay thuyt Phlogittn)
Tm ra clo, trong lch s ha hc m mn cho mt quan nim ng n v
y hn v axit (Lavodi nhm rng h axit l u cha oxi)
c gi c th tm hiu k vn ny trong lch s ha hc. Chng ti ch ni
thm rng: Nh ha hc Php Lavoadi cho rng tnh cht ca axit l do oxi sinh
ra. Vn nu ra khng gp ngi tranh ci, bi v phn ln axit (H
2
SO
4,
HNO
3
,
H
3
PO
4
u c cha oxi, nhng khi bt u tm ra clo v tng ng vi n l axit
clo hiric, th ngi ta vn quyt on l trong axit phi c oxi(hai nh ha hc
175
kin tr nht quyt kin ny l Lavoadi v Beczeniut). Th l bao nhiu nh bc
hc b cng tm kim oxi trong axit ny, nhng tt thy u v hiu. Phi ch cho
n khi tm ra hai nguyn t in hnh na trong nhm Halogen l brom v iot
(na u th k 19), ng vi chng l axit HBr, HI th thuyt oxi sinh axit mi chu
thua hon ton (1870).
Vn l th ko theo sau vic tm ra clo l: Trong phn ng iu ch kh clo
t khong vt MnO
2
, khi c mui cn li, ngi ta thy cn li nhng tinh th mu
hng. Mu sc l lng ny, gy s ch ca cc nh khoa hc. S tm ra clo
dn n s tm ra nguyn t mi Mangan. Dng qung MnO
2
iu ch clo l
mt phn ng t tin ch c dng trong cc phng th nghim hin nay, khng
th dng cho cng nghip c.
Clo c nhu cu ln trong vic ty trng vi si, cho nn cc nh ha hc tm
cch iu ch clo cng nghip cho r hn.
Ngi ta tm cch thay Piroluzit bng vi ti, cn oxi th ly khng kh, tc
l ly ca cng!
Phng php iu ch u tin l ca Veldon, phng trnh c dng tng qut
12HCl + 4Ca(OH)
2
+ O
2
4CaCl
2
+ 2Cl
2
+ 10H
2
O
Phng php th hai l phng php Dicon, c phn u im hn
4HCl + O
2
2Cl
2
+ 2H
2
O, cht xc tc trung gian l mui ng
clorua. Vi s pht trin ca cng nghip in ha, ngy nay ngi ta sn xut
NaOH t mui n v thu c sn phm ph l kh clo. nc ta, nh my ha
cht Vit Tr thc hin phn ng ny bng phng php in phn
2NaCl + 2H
2
O 2NaCl + H
2
+ Cl
2
Sn phm ph hai in cc l kh clo v kh hiro, chng ta vn nghe ni
axit clohidric ca nh my. Chnh v h tn dng sn phm ph thc hin
phn ng tng hp sau y:
H
2
+ Cl
2
2HCl
u chin tranh th gii ln th nht, kh clo b gii qun s c s dng
lm cht c ha hc. Hng nghn binh lnh Php cht v ht phi kh clo.
Tn gi clo l l ly t ting Hi Lp "Cloros" c ngha l "vng _ lc".
176
Nm 1811, nh ha hc c I. Shweiger ngh gi l "Halogen", theo ting
Hi Lp c ngha "to mui". Tht vy, clo (cng nh nhng nguyn t cng nhm)
rt d dng ha hp vi kim loi to thnh mui.
Clo dng lng c nh vt l kim ha hc Anh Faraday tm ra nm 1823
177
Chng 6
NHM OXI - LU HUNH
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Tnh cht ca oxi v lu hunh
Cu hnh electron
Nguyn t oxi c cu hnh electron 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
, c 2 electron c thn.
Nguyn t S c cu hnh electron: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
, c hai electron c thn.
Nguyn t S c phn lp 3d trng, khi b kch thch c th 1 electron t phn lp
3p sang 3d khi c 4 electron c thn:

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
3
3d
1
Hoc thm 1 electron na t phn lp 3s sang 3d, lc ny S
*
c 6 electron c thn.

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
3p
3
3d
2
2.Tnh cht vt l
Oxi l mt cht kh khng mu, khng mi, hi nng hn khng kh. Oxi t
tan trong nc, oxi ha lng khi b nn p sut cao v nhit thp. Oxi lng l
mt cht lng mu xanh nht, si -183
o
C.
Oxi c dng th hnh l ozon (O
3
). Tng kh ozon l tm o gip che ch
Tri t khi cc tia cc tm, bo v s sng trn hnh tinh xanh.
Lu hunh l cht rn mu vng, nhit nng chy tng i thp
(113
o
C). Lu hunh khng tan trong nc, nhng tan c trong cc dung mi
hu c. Khi b un nng lu hunh thnh do, mu hi nu, sau nu tip tc
un nng mnh s to ra hi lu hunh c mu nu sm.
3. Tnh cht ha hc
178
Oxi v lu hunh l cc phi kim c tnh oxi ha mnh. Nguyn t oxi c
m in ln th hai, ch sau flo. Oxi c th oxi ha hu ht cc kim loi (tr
vng v bch kim) v mt s phi kim, trong cc phn ng s oxi ha ca oxi
gim t 0 xung -2.Lu hunh tc dng vi nhiu kim loi v mt s phi kim.
Trong cc phn ng s oxi ha ca lu hunh bin i t 0 xung -2 (hp cht vi
kim loi v hiro) v t 0 ln +4 hay +6 (hp cht vi oxi, axit, mui).
II. Tnh cht cc hp cht ca oxi, lu hunh
Nc (H
2
O) l hp cht quan trng nht ca oxi, c vai tr v cng quan
trng i vi ton b s sng trn Tri t. Phn t nc c lin kt cng ha tr
phn cc, l dung mi tt cho nhiu cht. Gia cc phn t nc c cc lin kt
hiro, vi nng lng lin kt nh hn nhiu so vi lin kt cng ha tr nhng c
nh hng quan trng n cc tnh cht vt l ca nc nh nhit nng chy,
nhit si cao. Loi ngi ang ng trc nguy c cn kit ngun nc sch,
do cc hot ng sn xut thi cc cht c hi lm nhim ngun nc sng
ngi, ao h v i dng.
Hiro peoxit (nc oxi gi, H
2
O
2
) va c tnh cht oxi ha va c tnh kh.
Cht ny c nhiu ng dng trong cng nghip, lm cht ty trng, bo v
mi trng, kh trng trong y t...
3. Hp cht quan trng nht ca S l axit sunfuric H
2
SO
4
trong lu hunh c s
oxi ha +6. Axit sunfuric H
2
SO
4
l mt trong nhng ha cht c bn, ng dng
rng ri trong sn xut phn bn ha hc, cht ty ra, sn, cht do, luyn kim,
phm nhum, dc phm, ha du...
Tnh cht axit
H
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
H
2
SO
4
+ CuO CuSO
4
+ H
2
O
H
2
SO
4 long
+ Fe FeSO
4
+ H
2

H
2
SO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Tnh cht oxi ha mnh ca H

2
SO
4
c, nng.
179
2H
2
SO
4 c
+ Cu CuSO
4
+ SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
4H
2
SO
4 c
+ 3Mg 3MgSO
4
+ S + 4H
2
O
H
2
SO
4 c
l mt cht rt ho nc, c th lm kh c nhiu cht kh m.
Oleum l dung dch H
2
SO
4
hp th SO
3
, c cng thc H
2
SO
4
.nSO
3
(n c th nhn
gi tr nguyn hoc thp phn).
4. Lu hunh cn c cc hp cht nh H
2
S (c trong thnh phn mt s sui nc
khong nng nh M Lm - Tuyn Quang), SO
2
v axit H
2
SO
3
, cc mui sunfua,
sunfit, sunfat.
Dung dch H
2
S trong nc gi l axit sunfuhiric. y l mt axit yu, hai nc.
B. BI TP C LI GII
6.1 Trong t nhin oxi c 3 ng v bn O
16
8
; O
17
8
v O
18
8
. Nguyn t
khi ca oxi trong bng tun hon l 15,999. Ti sao c s mu thun ny.
6.2 C 5 l ng kh ring bit cc kh sau: O
2
, Cl
2
, HCl, O
3
, SO
2
. Lm th no
nhn ra tng kh?.
6.3 Mt hp cht c to thnh t cc ion M
+
v X
2
2-
. Trong phn t ca
M
2
X
2
c tng s ht proton, ntron v electron l 164. Trong s ht mang in
nhiu hn ht khng mang in l 52. S khi ca M ln hn s khi ca X l 23
n v.
Tng s ht electron trong M
+
nhiu hn trong X
2
2-
l 7 ht.
- Xc nh cc nguyn t M, X v vit cng thc ca phn t M
2
X.
- Vit cu hnh electron (dng ch v dng obitan) ca nguyn t X
6.4 Cho 100 lit hn hp A gm H
2
, O
2
, N
2
. em t hn hp ri a v nhit
v p sut ban u, sau khi cho H
2
O ngng t thu c hn hp B c th tch
64 lit. Trn vo B 100 lit khng kh (20% th tch O
2
) ri t v tin hnh tng t
trn th thu c hn hp C c th tch 128 lt. Hy xc nh th tch cc cht trong
hn hp A, B, C. Bit cc th tch o cng iu kin.
180
t
o
t
o
6.5 C 4 l mt nhn ng 4 dung dch : HCl, H
2
SO
4
, BaCl
2
, Na
2
CO
3
, hy
nhn bit l no ng dung dch g m khng c dng bt c thuc th no.
6.6 Mt loi mui n c ln tp cht CaCl
2
, MgCl
2
, Na
2
SO
4
, MgSO
4
, CaSO
4
.
Hy trnh by cch loi cc tp cht thu c mui n tinh khit.
6.7 Ch dng qu tm lm th no phn bit c dung dch cc cht sau
y: Na
2
SO
4
, Na
2
CO
3
, NH
4
Cl.
6.8 C 6 l khng nhn ng ring bit tng dung dch sau: K
2
CO
3
,
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, MgSO
4
, Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
, FeSO
4
v Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
. Dng dung dch xt hy nhn
bit dung dch trong mi l?
6.9 Dung dch A cha cc ion : SO
4
2-
, SO
3
2-
, CO
3
2-
. Bng nhng phn ng ha
hc no c th nhn bit tng loi anion c trong dung dch.
6.10 Cho mt lng Cu
2
S tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
un nng.
Phn ng to thnh dung dch A
1
v lm gii phng ra kh A
2
khng mu, b ha
nu trong khng kh. Chia A
1
thnh 2 phn. Thm dung dch BaCl
2
vo phn 1,
thy to thnh kt ta trng A
3
khng tan trong axit d. Thm lng d dung dch
NH
3
vo phn 2, ng thi khuy u hn hp, thu c dung dch A
4
c mu
xanh lam m.
a) Hy ch ra A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
l g?
b) Vit cc phng trnh phn ng trong cc qu trnh ha hc va nu trn.
6.11 Cho bit tng s electron trong anion AB
3
2-
l 42. Trong cc ht nhn A
cng nh B s proton bng s ntron.
a) Tnh s khi ca A, B
b) Vit cu hnh v s phn b electron trong cc obitan ca cc nguyn t
A, B.
6.12 Hai nguyn t A, B c cc oxit th kh tng ng l AO
n
, AO
m
, B
m
v
BO
i
. Hn hp (I) gm x phn t gam AO
n
v y phn t gam AO
m
c khi lng
phn t trung bnh l 37,6. Hn hp (II) gm y phn t gam AO
n
v x phn t gam
AO
m
c khi lng phn t trung bnh l 34,4. Bit t khi hi ca B
m
so vi BO
i
l 0,8 v x < y.
181
a) Xc nh cc ch s n, m, i v t s x/y.
b) Xc nh cc nguyn t A, B v cc oxit ca chng.
c) Cho bit tnh tan ca cc cht trn trong nc v tnh cht ha hc c bn
ca cc dung dch ca chng.
6.13 t chy cht X bng O
2
va ta thu c hn hp kh duy nht l CO
2
v SO
2
c t khi so vi hiro bng 28,667 v t khi hi ca X so vi khng kh
nh hn 3. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
6.14 Cho mt lng cht A tc dng ht vi mt lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
va ,
to ra cht B, C v 7,458 lit kh D 30
0
C, 1 atm. cng nhit , p sut, t khi
hi ca D so vi hiro bng 2,286 ln t khi hi ca nit so vi hiro.
a) A, B, C l cht no? Vit phng trnh phn ng c th cho qu trnh trn.
Bit rng trong cc phn ng cc cht u c h s nh nhau trong cc phng
trnh; A c th l mt trong cc cht K
2
CO
3
, K
2
SO
3
, KHCO
3
, KHSO
3
.
b) Tnh khi lng cc cht: A, B, C v H
2
SO
4
nguyn cht.
6.15 Trong mt bnh kn dung tch khng i cha a mol SO
2
, a mol O
2
v mt
t bt xc tc V
2
O
5
; p sut v nhit trong bnh l P atm v t
0
C. Nung nng bnh
mt thi gian, sau a nhit bnh v t
0
C, p sut trong bnh lc ny l P.
Lp biu thc P theo P v h (hiu sut phn ng). Hi P c gi tr trong khong
no, bit rng t
0
C cc cht u th kh.
6.16 Cho m gam hn hp bt Fe v S vi t l s mol st bng 2 ln s mol lu
hunh, ri em nung (khng c oxi), thu c hn hp A. Ha tan A bng dung
dch HCl d thu c 0,4 gam cht rn B, dung dch C v kh D. Sc kh D t t
qua dung dch CuCl
2
d thy to ra 4,8 gam kt ta en.
a) Tnh hiu sut phn ng to thnh hn hp A (theo S). Tnh m.
b) Cho dung dch C tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng d. Tnh th tch kh thot
ra iu kin tiu chun.
6.17 Cho a gam hn hp gm FeS
2
v FeCO
3
vi s mol bng nhau vo mt
bnh kn cha lng d oxi. p sut trong bnh l p
1
atm. un nng bnh phn
ng xy ra hon ton ri a bnh v nhit ban u, p sut kh trong bnh lc
182
ny l p
2
atm, khi lng cht rn thu c l b gam. Bit rng th tch cht rn
trong bnh trc v sau phn ng l khng ng k. Hy xc nh cc t s p
1
/p
2
v
a/b.
6.18 Hn hp ban u SO
2
v O
2
c t khi hi i vi H
2
bng 24. Cn thm
bao nhiu lit O
2
vo 20 lit hn hp ban u hn hp mi c t khi hi so vi
H
2
bng 22,4. Thc hin phn ng vi hn hp mi v xc tc V
2
O
5
. Hi sau phn
ng hn hp c kh g v th tch hn hp l bao nhiu?
(Bit rng th tch cc kh o trong iu kin tiu chun, hiu sut phn ng 100%).
6.19 T 800 tn qung pirit st (FeS
2
) cha 25% tp cht khng chy, c th
sn xut c bao nhiu m
3
dung dch H
2
SO
4
93% (D = 1,83 g/ml) ? Gi thit t l
hao ht l 5%.
6.20 Ha tan 0,4 gam SO
3
vo a gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% thu c dung dch
H
2
SO
4
12,25%.
a) Tnh a.
b) Thm 10 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,5 M vo dung dch thu c trn lc kt
ta thm tip 50 ml dung dch NaOH 0,8 M vo nc lc ri cho bay hi thu c
6,44 gam cht rn X. Xc nh cng thc ca X.
c) Ly 48,3 gam X ha tan trong V ml H
2
O thu c dung dch 8%. Tnh V. (
2
H O
D
= 1g/ml).
C. BI TP T LUYN
6.21 X, Y l hai nguyn t lin tip nhau trong mt nhm A. Cu hnh e ngoi
cng ca X l 2p
4
.
a) Vit cu hnh e v xc nh v tr X, Y trong bng tun hon.
b) Vit cng thc e v cng thc cu to ca phn t to nn t X v Y
6.22 Dung dch hiropeoxit c nng 30% v khi lng ring 1,51g/cm
3
.
Dung dch hiropeoxit b phn hy theo phn ng sau:
+
2 2
xt
2 2
O O 2H O 2H
Tnh th tch kh oxi thu c (ktc) khi cho 100ml hiropeoxit trn phn hy.
183
p s: 14,92 lt oxi
6.23 Hn hp kh ozon v oxi c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 20. Hy xc nh
thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp. Dn 2,24 lit hn
hp kh trn i qua dung dch KI d. Tnh khi lng iot to thnh.
p s:
12,7gam m
50%; V 50%; V
2
3 2
I
O O

6.24 Ngi ta c th iu ch oxi t cc cht sau: KMnO
4
, KClO
3
, H
2
O
2
, H
2
O.
Hy vit cc phng trnh phn ng minh ha v so snh th tch kh oxi thu c
(trong cng iu kin) khi phn hy cng mt khi lng cht ban u.
6.25 Nu hin tng v vit phng trnh phn ng nu c khi cho H
2
SO
4
c
tc dng vi cc cht sau: KMnO
4
, KClO
3
, H
2
O
2
, H
2
O..
6.26 Mi ng nghim cha mt trong cc dung dch sau: KI, BaCl
2
, Na
2
CO
3
,
Na
2
SO
4
, NaOH, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, nc clo. Khng dng thm cht khc, hy trnh by
cch nhn bit mi cht trn.
6.27 Cho hn hp gm FeS v CuS vi t l mol 1 : 1 tc dng vi dung dch
HNO
3
thu c dung dch A v khi B. A to thnh kt ta trng vi BaCl
2
;
trong khng kh B chuyn thnh mu nu B
1
. Cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung
dch amoniac to ra dung dch A
1
v kt ta A
2
. Nung A
2
nhit cao c cht
rn A
3
. Vit cc phng trnh phn ng dng phn t.
6.28 Tnh lng FeS
2
cn dng iu ch mt lng SO
3
tan vo 100
gam H
2
SO
4
91% thnh oleum cha 12,5% SO
3
. Gi thit cc phn ng c thc
hin hon ton.
p s: m
FeS2
= 45gam
6.29 Trn 400ml HCl vi 100ml H
2
SO
4
c dung dch A. trung ha 10ml
dung dch A cn 40ml dung dch NaOH 0,4M. C cn dung dch sau khi trung ha
c 1,036 gam mui khan.
Tnh nng mol/l ca dung dch HCl, H
2
SO
4
v ca cc mui trong dung
dch sau trung ha.
184
p s: [HCl] = 0,875M; [H
2
SO
4
] = 2,25M;
[NaCl] = 0,14M; [Na
2
SO
4
] = 0,09M;
6.30 Hn hp A gm FeCO
3
v FeS
2
. A tc dng vi dung dch axit HNO
3
63%
(khi lng ring 1,44 g/ml) theo cc phn ng sau:

(2) O H NO SO H X mui HNO FeS
(1) O H NO CO X mui HNO FeCO
2 2 4 2 3 2
2 2 2 3 3
+ + + +
+ + + +
c hn hp kh B v dung dch C. T khi ca B i vi oxi bng 1,425.
phn ng va ht vi cc cht trong dung dch C cn dng 540 ml dung dch
Ba(OH)
2
0,2M. Lc ly kt ta, em nung n khi lng khng i, c 7,568
gam cht rn (BaSO
4
coi nh khng b nhit phn). Cc phn ng xy ra hon
ton.
a) X l mui g ? Hon thnh cc phng trnh phn ng (1) v (2).
b) Tnh khi lng tng cht trong hn hp A.
c) Xc nh th tch dung dch HNO
3
dng (gi thit HNO
3
khng b
bay hi trong qu trnh phn ng).
p s:
(ml) 23,89 V
(g) 0,96 m
(g) 4,64 m
3
2
3
HNO
FeS
FeCO

6.31 un nng hn hp gm 5,6 gam bt st v 3,2 gam bt lu hunh sau

phn ng thu c hn hp A. Cho A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c
2,24 lit hn hp kh B v m gam cht rn C. Cho bit t khi hi ca B so vi
hiro l 13.
a) Xc nh thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca cc kh trong B.
b) Tnh hiu sut ca phn ng st v lu hunh; tnh gi tr ca m.
p s:
0,8gam m 75%; H
25%; V 75%; V
C
H H
2 2


S
185
6.32 T 100 tn qung pirit st (FeS
2
) cha 15% tp cht khng chy, c th
sn xut c bao nhiu m
3
dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% (d = 1,84) ? Gi thit t l hao
ht l 10%.
p s:
2 4
3
H SO 98%
V 69,3m
6.33 Cho 9,52 gam hn hp Na
2
SO
4
, Na
2
SO
3
v NaHSO
3
tc dng vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
long d, thu c 1,008 lit kh A (ktc). Mt khc 9,52 gam hn hp
trn phn ng va vi 72 ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M.
1- Tnh khi lng mi cht trong 9,52 gam hn hp trn.
2- Kh A lm mt mu va 200 ml dung dch nc brom. Tnh nng
mol/l ca dung dch nc Br
2
dng?
p s:
2 4 2 3
4 2
Na O Na O
NaH O M Br
m 4,642g; m 1,134g;
m 3,744g; C 0,225M.
S S
S


D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
6.34
. Khi cho 20 lt kh oxi i qua my to ozon, c 9% th tch oxi chuyn
thnh ozon. Hi th tch kh b gim bao nhiu lt? (cc iu kin khc khng thay
i)
A. 2 lt B. 0,9 lt C. 0,18 lt D. 0,6 lt
6.35
. Trong phn ng
2 2 2 2
2H O 2H O O +
Pht biu no sau y ng khi ni v phn t H
2
O
2
?
A. L cht oxi ho
B. L cht kh
C. Va l cht oxi ho, va l cht kh.
D. Khng l cht oxi ho, khng l cht kh
6.36
. phn ng no sau y H
2
O
2
va ng vai tr cht oxi ho, va ng vai
tr cht kh?
A. H
2
O
2
+ 2KI I
2
+ 2KOH
186
B. Ag
2
O + H
2
O
2
2Ag + H
2
O + O
2
C. 2H
2
O
2
2H
2
O + O
2
D. H
2
O
2
+ KNO
2
H
2
O + KNO
3
6.37
. Cho n hn hp gm 2ml hiro v 6ml oxi trong bnh kn. Hi sau khi n,
a bnh v nhit phng, nu gi nguyn p sut ban u, trong bnh cn kh
no vi th tch bng bao nhiu?
A. 4ml O
2
B. 2ml O
2
C. 1ml H
2
D. 5ml O
2
6.38
. Nu 1gam oxi c th tch 1 lt p sut 1atm th nhit bng bao nhiu?
A. 35
o
C B. 48
o
C
C. 117
o
C D. 120
o
C
6.39
. Cp cht no sau y c phn trm khi lng ng nh nhau?
A. Cu
2
S v Cu
2
O B. CuS v CuO
C. Cu
2
S v CuO D. Khng c cp no.
6.40
. Dng 300 tn qung pirit (FeS
2
) c ln 20% tp cht sn xut axit H
2
SO
4

c nng 98%. Bit rng hiu sut phn ng l 90%. Khi lng axit H
2
SO
4

98% thu c l
A. 320 tn B. 335 tn C. 350 tn D. 360 tn
6.41
. t chy hon ton 8,96 lt H
2
S (ktc) trong oxi d, ri dn tt c sn phm
vo 50 ml dung dch NaOH 25% (D= 1,28). Nng % mui trong dung dch l
A. 47, 92% B. 42, 96% C. 42,69% D. 24,97%
6.42
. Cho s ca phn ng
H
2
S + KMnO
4
+ H
2
SO
4
H
2
O + S + MnSO
4
+ K
2
SO
4
H s ca cc cht tham gia phn ng l dy s no trong cc dy sau?
A. 3, 2, 5 B. 5, 2, 3 C. 2, 2, 5 D. 5, 2, 4
6.43
. Cho cc cht v ion sau Cl

, Na
2
S, NO
2
, Fe
2+
, SO
2
, Fe
3+
,
3
NO

,
2
4
SO

,
2
3
SO

,
Na, Cu. Dy cht v ion no sau y va c tnh kh, va c tnh oxi ho?
A. Cl

, Na
2
S, NO
2
, Fe
2+
B. NO
2
, Fe
2+
, SO
2
, Fe
3+
,
2
3
SO

187
C. Na
2
S, Na
2
S,
3
NO

, NO
2
D. Cl

, Na
2
S, Na, Cu
6.44
. Dy cht v ion no sau y ch th hin tnh kh trong cc phn ng ha
hc?
A. H
2
S v Cl
-
B. NH
3
v I
-
C. Na v S
2-
D. Fe
2+
v Cl
-
6.45
. Tnh cht c bit ca dd H
2
SO
4
c, nng l tc dng c vi cc cht
trong dy no sau y m dd H
2
SO
4
long khng tc dng?
A. BaCl
2
, NaOH, Zn B. NH
3
, MgO, Ba(OH)
2
C. Fe, Al, Ni D. Cu, S, C
12
H
22
O
11
(ng saccaroz)
6.46
. Cho 21 gam hn hp Zn v CuO vo 600 ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5mol/L,
phn ng va . % khi lng ca Zn c trong hn hp ban u l
A. 57% B. 62% C. 69% D. 73%
6.47
. Hai bnh cu c th tch bng nhau. Np oxi vo bnh th nht. Np oxi
c ozon ha vo bnh th hai. Nhit v p sut hai bnh nh nhau. t hai
bnh trn hai a cn thy khi lng ca hai bnh khc nhau 0,21 gam. S gam
ozon c trong bnh oxi c ozon ha l
A. 0,63 B. 0,65 C. 0,67 D. 0,69
6.48
tr nm thc vt, ngi ta dng dung dch CuSO
4
0,8%. Lng dung dch
CuSO
4
0,8% pha ch c t 60 gam CuSO
4
.5H
2
O l:
A. 4800 gam B. 4700 gam C. 4600 gam D. 4500 gam
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
7.34. D 7.35. C 7.36. C 7.37. D 7.38. C
7.39. C 7.40. D 7.41. B 7.42. B 7.43. B
7.44. C 7.45. D 7.46. D 7.47. A 7.48. A
6.1 Hng dn:
Trong t nhin oxi c 3 ng v bn O
16
8
, O
17
8
v O
18
8
. Nguyn t khi ca
oxi trong bng h thng tun hon l 15,999. iu mu thun ny xy ra do s ht
188
khi. Khi hnh thnh ht nhn nguyn t, mt phn khi lng ca cc ht proton
v ntron chuyn thnh nng lng. Theo cng thc ca Anhxtanh:
E = mc
2
, trong E l nng lng, m l khi lng v c l tc ca nh sng.
6.2 Hng dn:
Kh Cl
2
c mu vng lc nht.
Dng giy tm h tinh bt v dung dch KI nhn bit c O
3
:
O
3
+ 2KI + H
2
O O
2
+ I
2
+ 2KOH
I
2
lm h tinh bt chuyn mu xanh.
Dng qu tm m nhn bit c HCl v SO
2
. Cn li l kh O
2
.
- Phn bit l kh HCl v SO
2
bng dung dch nc brom. SO
2
lm mt mu dung
dch brom.
SO
2
+ Br
2
+ 2H
2
O 2HBr + H
2
SO
4

6.3 Hng dn:
Gi p, z, n l s proton, s electron v s ntron trong mt nguyn t M.
p, z, n l s proton, s electron v s ntron trong mt nguyn t X.
Theo iu kin bi ton ta c phng trnh:
2(2z + n) + 2(2z + n) = 164 (1)
(4z + 4z) - 2(n + n) = 52 (2)
(z + n) - (z + n) = 23 (3)
(2z + n - 1) - 2(2z + n) + 2 = 7 (4)
Gii h (1), (2), (3), (4) ta c z = 19 M l kali: z = 8 X l oxi.
Cng thc phn t ca hp cht l K
2
O
2
Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t X
O

1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
6.4 Hng dn:
189
Phn ng : 2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
lng
(1)
Sau ln phn ng (I) hn hp c th tch gim : 100 - 64 = 36 (lit)
Suy ra
2
H
V
( phn ng) + 2
2
O
V
( phn ng) = 36 (lit)
Trong
2
H
V
( phn ng) = 2
2
O
V
= 24 (lit)
Sau ln phn ng (II) hn hp c th tch tip tc gim:
100 + 64 - 128 = 36 (lit)
Chng t trong B cn H
2
d, suy ra O
2
trong hn hp A c 12 (lit) v phn
ng ht.
ln phn ng (II):
2
H
V
(cng phn ng) = 24(lit)
2
O
V
phn ng = 12(lit)
M
2
O
V
trong 100 (lit) khng kh = 20
5
100
(lit) > 12 (lit) O
2
phn ng,
chng t sau phn ng (II) H
2
ht, v O
2
d.
2
O
V
d = 8(lit)
vy sau 2 ln phn ng
2
H
V
: 24 + 24 = 48 (lit)
Kt lun : hh A c : 48 (lit) H
2
; 12 (lit) O
2
; 40 (lit) N
2
hh B c : 24 (lit) H
2
; 40 (lit) N
2
hh C c : 8 (lit) O
2
d; 120 (lit) N
2
6.5 Hng dn:
Ln lt cho mu th tc dng vi ba mu th cn li ta c kt qu :
HCl H
2
SO
4
BaCl
2
Na
2
CO
3
1 HCl
CO
2

2 H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
CO
2

3 BaCl
2
BaSO
4
BaCO
3

190
4 Na
2
CO
3
CO
2
CO
2
BaCO
3

Da vo bng trn ta thy khi cho mt mu th nh vo 3 mu th kia s xy ra

mt trong bn trng hp. Trong cc trng hp trn, duy nht ch c Na
2
CO
3
hai
ln th c kh v mt ln c kt ta. BaCl
2
c hai ln th c kt ta. H
2
SO
4
vo 3
mu th cn li, mt ln c kt ta v mt ln c kh bay ra. HCl vo 3 mu th
cn li, ch c mt ln c kh bay ra.
H
2
SO
4
+ HCl dung dch trong sut.
H
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ 2HCl
H
2
SO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
6.6 Hng dn:
- Ha tan mui n vo nc ct.
- Thm BaCl
2
d loi ion SO
4
2-
dng BaSO
4
kt ta trng.
Phng trnh phn ng:
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2NaCl
BaCl
2
+ MgSO
4
BaSO
4
+ MgCl
2
BaCl
2
+ CaSO
4
BaSO
4
+ CaCl
2
- Lc b kt ta BaSO
4
.
- Thm Na
2
CO
3
d loi ion Mg
2+
, Ca
2+
MgCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
2NaCl + MgCO
3

CaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
2NaCl + CaCO
3

- Lc b kt ta MgCO
3
, CaCO
3
.
- Thm dung dch HCl loi b Na
2
CO
3
d
Na
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
- C cn dung dch ta thu c mui n tinh khit.
6.7 Hng dn:
191
Cho mt mu qu tm vo cc mu th, mu th no lm qu tm ha xanh
l dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, qu tm ha l dung dch NH
4
Cl, qu tm khng i mu
l Na
2
SO
4
v:
Na
2
CO
3
l mui ca baz mnh (NaOH) axit yu nn thy phn to ra dung
dch c tnh baz.
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
O

NaHCO
3
+ NaOH
NH
4
Cl l mui ca axit mnh (HCl) v baz yu nn thy phn to ra dung
dch c tnh axit.
NH
4
Cl + H
2
O NH
3
+ H
2
O + HCl
Na
2
SO
4
l mui ca axit mnh (H
2
SO
4
) v baz mnh (NaOH) nn khng b
thy phn.
6.8 Hng dn:
Ly t mi dung dch mt t lm th nghim.
- Nh dung dch NaOH vo tng dung dch:
+ Dung dch no khng c hin tng g l K
2
CO
3
.
+ Dung dch no thy phn ng xy ra c kh mi khai bay ra. l
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH 2NH
3
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O
+ Dung dch no thy c kt ta xut hin, lu ngoi khng kh kt ta
khng i mu. l MgSO
4
:
MgSO
4
+ 2NaOH Mg(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
+ Dung dch no thy c kt ta keo trng xut hin, nh tip NaOH n d,
kt ta tan . l Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6NaOH 2Al(OH)
3
+ 3Na
2
SO
4

Al(OH)
3
+ NaOH
d
NaAlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
+ Dung dch no thy xut hin kt ta trng v kt ta dn dn chuyn sang
mu nu khi ngoi khng kh. l FeSO
4
.
192
FeSO
4
+ 2NaOH Fe(OH)
2
+ Na
2
SO
4

4Fe(OH)
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4Fe(OH)
3

(mu nu )
+ Dung dch no thy xut hin kt ta mu nu. l Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
.
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 6NaOH 2Fe(OH)
3

(mu nu )
+ 3Na
2
SO
4

6.9 Nhn bit tng loi anion trong dung dch A: Ta c th tin hnh theo
nhiu cch khc nhau. Sau y gii thiu 2 cch.
Cch 1 :
- Cho dung dch A tc dng vi dung dch axit HCl:
Dung dch A + HCl hn hp kh + dung dch B
SO
3
2-
+ 2H
+
SO
2
+ H
2
O
CO
3
2-
+ 2H
+
CO
2
+ H
2
O
- Cho hn hp kh ln lt qua dung dch KMnO
4
v sau l dung dch
Ca(OH)
2
. Ta thy:
+ Dung dch KMnO
4
b nht mu do phn ng:
5SO
2
+ 2KMnO
4
+2H
2
O

K
2
SO
4
+ 2MnSO
4
+ 2H
2
SO
4
Chng t trong hn hp kh c SO
2
, suy ra dung dch A c SO
3
2-
.
+ Dung dch Ca(OH)
2
b vn c hoc vn c ri tr nn trong sut do cc
phn ng:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
CO
2
+ CaCO
3
+ H
2
O

Ca(HCO
3
)
2
Chng t trong hn hp c kh CO
2
, suy ra trong dung dch A c CO
3
2-
.
- Dung dch B tc dng vi BaCl
2
thy c kt ta:
SO
4
2-
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ 2Cl
-

Chng t trong dung dch A c ion SO
4
2-
.
Cch 2:
193
- Dung dch A + BaCl
2
hn hp kt ta C:
SO
4
2
+ Ba
2+
BaSO
4

SO
3
2-
+ Ba
2+
BaSO
3

CO
3
2-
+ Ba
2+
BaCO
3

- Cho kt ta C tc dng vi axit HCl:

+ Cht khng tan l BaSO
4
, suy ra dung dch A c ion SO
4
2-
.
+ Cht tan l BaSO
3
v BaCO
3
:
BaSO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ SO
2
+ H
2
O
BaCO
3
+ 2HCl BaCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
Nhn bit kh SO
2
, CO
2
suy ra c ion SO
3
2-
v CO
3
2-
nh cch 1.
6. 10 Hng dn :
a) Ch ra cc cht
A
1
l dung dch gm Cu(NO
3
)
2
, H
2
SO
4
v HNO
3
d.
A
2
l kh NO
A
3
l kt ta BaSO
4
A
4
l dung dch cha ion phc [Cu(NH
3
)
4
]
2+
b) Cc phng trnh phn ng:
3Cu
2
S + 22HNO
3
6Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 3H
2
SO
4
+ 10NO + 8H
2
O
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
H
2
SO
4
+ BaCl
2
BaSO
4
+ 2HCl
NH
3
+ H
+
NH
4
+
Cu
2+
+ 4NH
3
Cu(NH
3
)
4
)
2+

6.11 Hng dn :
a) Gi x, y: s proton trong cc ht nhn ca A, B ta c:
x + 3y = 42 - 2 = 40
194
Do y < 33 , 13
3
40
B phi thuc chu k 2. V l phi kim (to anion)
nn B ch c th l F, O hoc N.
+ Nu l F: (y = 9) th x = 40 - (3 9) = 13 Al (loi)
+ Nu l O:(y = 8) th x = 40 - (3 8) = 16 l S (ng)
+ Nu l N: (y = 7) th x = 40 - (3 7) = 19 ng vi K (loi)
Vy: A l S c s khi: 16 + 16 = 32
B l O c s khi : 8 + 8 = 16
b) Cu hnh electron v s phn b electron ca:
S

1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4
O

1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
6.12 Hng dn :
a) Xc nh cc ch s n, m, i v t s x/y.
t khi lng mol nguyn t ca 2 nguyn t A, B ln lt l A, B.
* Hn hp : x mol AO
n
v y mol AO
m
c khi lng mol phn t trung bnh
1
M .
37,6
y x
16m) y(A 16n) x(A
M
1

+
+ + +

37,6
y) (x
my) 16(nx
A
+
+
+
(1)
* Hn hp II: x mol AO
m
v y mol AO
n
c khi lng mol phn t trung
bnh
2
M
34,4
y x
16n) y(A 16m) x(A
M
2

+
+ + +

195

34,4
y) (x
ny) 16(mx
A
+
+
+
(2)
(1) - (2)
3,2
y) (x
ny) mx my 16(nx

+
+

0,2
y x
x) n)(y (m

+

(3)
V x + y > 0 v x < y (theo bi)
Nn m - n > 0 m > n (4)
* T khi hi ca BO
m
so vi BO
i
:
0,8
16i B
16m B
d
+
+
(5)
i m 1
16i B
16m B
< <
+
+
(6)
So snh (4); (6) ta c : n < m < i
Cc oxit th kh thng c dng tng qut
XO
K
trong 1 K 3
1 n < m < i 3 n = 1; m = 2 v i = 3
(2) T s x/y
Thay n = 1; m = 2 vo (2) ta c :
3
2
2 , 1 8 , 0 2 , 0
+

y
x
x y
y x
x y
b) Xc nh A, B v cc oxit ca chng.
* Thay n = 1; m = 2 v y x
3
2
vo (1) th c:
A = 12. Vy A l cacbon
* Thay m = 2 v i = 3 vo (5) th c :
B = 32. Vy B l lu hunh.
196
Vy cc oxit tng ng ca A l: CO v CO
2
.
Cc oxit tng ng ca B l : SO
2
v SO
3
.
c) Tnh tan ca cc oxit v tnh cht ha hc c bn ca cc dung dch.
CO : rt t tan trong nc.
C tnh kh :
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3CO
o
t
2Fe + 3CO
2
CO
2
: t tan trong nc:
Dung dch c tnh axit yu, khng bn:
CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3
SO
2
: tan nhiu trong nc.
Dung dch c tnh axit, khng bn
SO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
3
Dung dch c tnh kh hoc c tnh oxi ha
H
2
SO
3
+ Br
2
(dd) + H
2
O H
2
SO
4
+ 2HBr (tnh kh)
H
2
SO
3
+ 2H
2
S 3S + 3H
2
O (tnh oxi ha )
SO
3
: tan nhiu trong nc to thnh axit mnh
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
long c tnh axit mnh
H
2
SO
4
+ Zn ZnSO
4
+ H
2

Dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c nng c tnh oxi ha mnh.
6.13 Hng dn:

M
hn hp kh CO
2
v SO
2
: 28,667 2 = 57,334
Trong hn hp kh : Gi s mol CO
2
l x, s mol SO
2
l y
2
1
y
x
57,334
y x
64y 44x

+
+
197
2
1
n
n
2
2
SO
CO

.
Suy ra trong hp cht X s mol nguyn t C l 1 v s mol nguyn t S l 2.
Cng thc n gin (CS
2
)
n
O
z
.
n ch c th = 1 v nu n = 2; z = 0 th M
X
= 152
So vi khng kh 3
28
M
X
> . Tri vi gi thit
n = 1 v z = 1 th M
X
= 92 so vi khng kh 3
28
>
X
M
cng tri vi gi thit.
Vy cng thc CS
2
(cacbon isunfua)l cng thc ca X.
CS
2
+ 3O
2
CO
2
+ 2SO
2
6.14 Hng dn:
a) Theo gi thit :
64 2,286 M M 2,286
2
M
2
M
2
2
N D
N
D

A l mt trong cc cht K
2
CO
3
, K
2
SO
3
, KHCO
3
, KHSO
3
. Vy khi tc dng
H
2
SO
4
kh c gii phng s l CO
2
hoc SO
2
vi M = 64 th D l SO
2
vy A l
mt trong hai cht K
2
SO
3
hoc KHSO
3
.
b) Tnh khi lng cc cht A, B, C v H
2
SO
4
nguyn cht.
* A l K
2
SO
3
T P
PVT
V
T
PV
T
V P
0
0
0
0
0 0

S mol kh D : 0,3mol
22,4
V
n
0
D

K
2
SO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2

0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,3 mol
198
47,4 158 0,3 ) (m m
3 2
SO K A

gam
,2 52 174 0,3 ) (m m
4 2
SO K B

gam
29,4 98 0,3 m
4 2
SO H

gam
5,4 18 0,3 ) (m m
O H C
2

gam
* A l KHSO
3
KHSO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
KHSO
4
+ H
2
O + SO
2

0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,3 mol 0,3 mol
36 120 0,3 ) (m m
3
KHSO A

(g)
40,8 136 0,3 ) (m m
4
KHSO B

(g)
5,4 18 0,3 ) (m m
O H C
2

(g)
29,4 98 0,3 m
4 2
SO H

(g)
6.15 Hng dn:
Biu thc tnh P theo P v h (hiu sut phn ng)
2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
Ban u : a mol a mol 0
Phn ng vi: ah mol ah/2 mol ah mol
Hiu sut h%
Cn bng (a - ah) mol
,
_

2
ah
a mol ah mol
- Tng s mol ban u n
t
= a + a = 2a (mol)
- Tng s mol sau phn ng: n
s
= a - ah + a - ah
2
ah
+

S
ah a(4 h)
n 2a
2 2

Ta c :
199
4
h 4
2a 2
h) a(4
P
P'
n
n
P
P
t
s
t
s

P
4
h 4
P'


* Nu h = 0 (khng phn ng): P = P
* Nu h = 1 (hiu sut 100%):
4
3P
P
4
1 4
P'

Vy P phi c gi tr trong khong:

P P'
4
3P
< <
6.16 Hng dn :
a) Gi x l s mol S c trong m gam hn hp. Suy ra s mol Fe s l 2x.
Gi x
1
l s mol S tham gia phn ng khi nung:
Ta c :
Fe + S
o
t
FeS (1)
(mol) x
1
x
1
x
1

Sau khi nung, trong hn hp A c :
(x - x
1
) mol S
(2x - x
1
) mol Fe
v x
1
mol FeS
- Ha tan A trong axit HCl d:
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(2)
FeS + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
S (3)
Cn li 0,4 gam cht rn B l lu hunh d
n
S
= x - x
1
= 0125 , 0
32
4 , 0
(mol) (I)
Dung dch C gm HCl d v FeCl
2
vi s mol l 2x. Kh D gm H
2
v H
2
S
Sc kh D t t vo dung dch CuCl
2
d, ch c H
2
S phn ng:
200
CuCl
2
+ H
2
S CuS + 2HCl (4)
Kt ta en to thnh l CuS.
Theo (1), (2), (4):
n
CuS
= x
1
= 05 , 0
96
8 , 4
mol (II)
Kt hp (I) v (II) ta c : x - x
1
= 0,0125
x = 0,0125 + 0,05 = 0,0625
- Hiu sut phn ng to thnh hn hp A:
Theo S : h% =
% 80 % 100
0625 , 0
05 , 0

b) Dung dch C gm HCl d v FeCl
2
vi s mol l 0,125 . Cho dung dch C tc
dng vi H
2
SO
4
c, nng d ch c FeCl
2
phn ng.
2FeCl
2
+ 4H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 4HCl + 2H
2
O
2mol 1mol
0,125 0,0625
2
0,125.1
x

l 1,4 22,4 0,0625. V
2
SO

6.17 Trong a gam hn hp gm x mol FeCO
3
v x mol FeS
2

Cc phng trnh phn ng t chy:
4FeCO
3
+ O
2

o
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 4CO
2
(1)
x x
4
1
x
2
1
x
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2

o
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2
(2)
x x
4
11
x
2
1
2x
201
Nh vy sau phn ng (1), (2) dng ht 3x x
4
11
x
4
1
+ mol O
2
,
nhng li to ra 3x mol kh CO
2
v SO
2
. Do , s mol kh trong bnh trc v sau
phn ng khng thay i. Nh vy, ti cng mt nhit th p
1
= p
2
hay
1
p
p
2
1

.
Theo (1), (2) : a = 116x + 120x = 236x (g)
b = 0,5x 160 + 0,5x . 160 = 160x (g)
1,475
160x
236x
b
a

6.18 Hng dn :
Trong hn hp SO
2
, O
2
c
1 M
= 24 2 = 48
gi
2
SO
n
l x v
2
O
n
l y
1
1
y
x
48
y x
32y 64x

+
+
2
SO
n
chim 50% hn hp.
2
O
n
chim 50% hn hp
Trong 20 lt hn hp
10 V V
2 2
O SO

lt hay
22,4
10
n n
2 2
O SO

mol.
Gi th tch O
2
thm vo l a
hn hp sau khi thm O
2
c
22,4 d
2
H


2 M
= 22,4 2 = 44,8
44,8 M
22,4
a
22,4
10
22,4
10
) 32 .
22,4
a
( ) 32 .
22,4
10
( ) 64 .
22,4
10
(
2

+ +
+ +
a = 5 lit
Phng trnh phn ng:
202
3
O V
2 2
2SO O 2SO
5 2
+
(mol)
22,4
10

22,4
5

22,4
10
theo trn ta c oxi d
sau phn ng hn hp c kh SO
3
, O
2
.
s mol kh b gim
22,4
5
mol th tch b gim 5 lit.
Th tch hn hp sau phn ng 20 + 5 - 5 = 20 (lit)
6.19 Hng dn:Phn ng t chy pirit st:
4FeS
2
+ 11O
2

o
t
2Fe
2
O
3
+ 8SO
2

4 mol 8 mol
Cc phn ng chuyn SO
2
thnh H
2
SO
4
4 2 2 3
3
O V
2 2
SO H O H SO
2SO O 2SO
5 2
+
+
Lng FeS
2
c trong 800 tn qung: 800 - (800. 0,25) = 600 tn = 600000000g
S mol FeS
2
= mol 5000000
120
600000000

S mol FeS
2
thc t chuyn thnh SO
2
:
5000000 - (5000000 . 0,05) = 4750000 mol
theo cc phng trnh phn ng ta c s mol SO
2
bng s mol H
2
SO
4
v bng 2 ln
s mol FeS
2
phn ng: 4750000 . 2 = 9500000 mol
Lng H
2
SO
4
c to thnh : 98 . 9500000 = 931000000g = 931000 kg
3
4 2
m 547
0,93 1,83
931000
: 93% SO H dch dung ca tch Th

6.20 Hng dn :
a. Khi ha tan SO
3
vo dung dch xy ra phn ng:
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4

203
Khi lng ca H
2
SO
4
:
+ + +
m i c
0,4.98 a.10%
m m m 0,49 0,1a (g)
80 100%
Khi lng dung dch: m
dd
= 0,4 + a. Ta c:
12,25% .100%
a 0,4
0,1a 0,49
C%
+
+

a = 19,6 gam
b. S mol H
2
SO
4
l
mol 0,025
100%.98
19,6.10%
80
0,4
y +
S mol Ba(OH)
2
l x = 0,01.0,5 = 0,005 mol; S mol NaOH l z = 0,05.0,8 = 0,04
mol.
Khi thm cc dung dch trn ta c phn ng:
Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2H
2
O (1)
2NaOH + H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ 2H
2
O (2)
Theo phng trnh phn ng (1) v (2) x + z/2 = 0,025 = y do H
2
SO
4
phn ng
hon ton, lc b kt ta BaSO
4
th trong dung dch ch cn Na
2
SO
4
vi s mol l:
0,02 mol. Khi cho bay hi dung dch thu c Na
2
SO
4
.nH
2
O (X). Vy M
X
=
6,44/0,02 = 322 (g).
M
X
= (2.23 + 96 + 18n) = 322 n = 10
Vy X l Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O
c. Khi ha tan 48,3 gam X (Na
2
SO
4
.10H
2
O) n
X
= 48,3/322 = 0,15 mol
m
ct
= 0,15.142 = 21,3 gam.
Ta c:
gam 266,25
8%
21,3.100%
C%
.100% m
m
ct
dd

Vy khi lng ca nc cn ly l: m = 266,25 - 48,3 = 217,95 (g)
V = m/D = 217,95 ml.
204
F. THNG TIN B SUNG
Nguyn t lu hunh
L nguyn t phi kim th hai c bit n t thi rt xa xa. Trong thin
nhin, nhiu ni c m lu hunh. cng l l do con ngi sm bit lu
hunh
Vo thi Hme (Khong th k 12-9, TCN), nhng ngi c Hi Lp bit
t lu hunh ty u nh ca, dng kh thot ra (SO
2
) ty trng si vi.
Ngi xa tin rng, ci mi v mu xanh ca ngn la lu hunh c th xua ui
c ma qu.....
Lu hunh t sinh c thy nhng ni gn cc ni la hat ng. Cc kh
thot ra t ming ni la thng l hp cht ca lu hunh, nn c gi thuyt cho
rng lu hunh t sinh l kt qu ca phn ng ca cc cht kh
2H
2
S + SO
2
3S + 2H
2
O
Ngoi ra s hot ng lu bn ca cc vi sinh vt trong t cng l nguyn
nhn to thnh lu hunh t sinh. Nhng m lu hunh ny thng xa ni la
v khng c cha tp cht asen. L do ng tin cy ch, trong qu trnh hot
ng chuyn cc hp cht sunfua thnh lu hunh, cc vi sinh vt trnh
khng ng n asen, mt cht c vi chng.
Vo thi Home (khong th k 12- 9, TCN), nhng ngi c Hi Lp bit
t lu hunh ty u nh ca, dng kh thot ra (SO
2
) ty trng si vi.
Ngi xa tin rng, ci mi v mu xanh ca ngn lu lu hunh c th xua ui
c ma qu
Thi trung c bit dng lu hunh v hp cht ca lu hunh iu ch
m phm v cha bnh ngoi da. Thuc sng c tn "Hi Lp" m ngi Hi Lp
nm 670 dng t chy chin thuyn ca Ai cp, c thnh phn (Lu hunh,
than, dim tiu) v t l gn nh thuc sng ngy nay
Tnh cht chy c v kh nng ha hp d dng vi nhiu kim loi cho lu
hunh c v tr u i i vi cc nh gi kim thut thi trung c.
Thi trung c cc nh gi kim thut tin tng m qung rng: Cc kim loi
c cu to t s kt hp ca Thy Ngn v Lu hunh. S kt hp theo nhng t
205
l khc nhau th to thnh cc kim loi khc nhau v c bit l to thnh kim
loi vng th phi pha trn thy ngn v lu hunh theo mt t l "hon ho nht".
Hn 1000 nm, cc nh gi kim thut tm kim trong v vng cc t l hon
ho nhm iu ch c Vng.
206
Chng 7
TC PHN NG V CN BNG HA HC
A. TM TT L THUYT
I. Tc phn ng ha hc
1. Khi nim v tc phn ng ha hc
- Tc phn ng l bin thin nng ca mt trong cc cht phn ng hoc
sn phm trong mt n v thi gian.
Th d: Nng ban u ca N
2
O
5
l 2,33M, sau 184 giy nng l 2,08M.
Tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian 184 giy tnh theo N
2
O
5
l:
N
2
O
5

N
2
O
4
+
2
1
2
O

3
2, 33 2, 08
1, 36.10 / .
184
V mol l s

+ Cng thc tng qut tnh tc phn ng :
2 1
2 1
C C
V
t t

hay
C
V
t

V
: tc trung bnh
Trong : C: bin thin nng
t: bin thin thi gian
- Tng qut:
+ Nu: A + B

C + D V = K. [A]. [B]
+ Nu : nA + mB

pC + qD V = K. [A]
n
. [B]
m
(trong K l hng s tc phn ng)
- Theo qui c: nng tnh bng mol/l, thi gian c th l giy, pht, gi.
- Tc phn ng c tnh bng thc nghim.
2. Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng
207
a. nh hng ca nng
Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng tng.
b. nh hng ca p sut
i vi phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng p sut, tc phn ng tng.
c. nh hng ca nhit
Khi tng nhit , tc phn ng tng.
d. nh hng ca din tch b mt
i vi phn ng c cht rn tham gia, khi tng din tch b mt, tc phn
ng tng.
e. nh hng ca cht xc tc
Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu hao trong
phn ng.
3. ngha thc tin ca tc phn ng:
Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng c vn dng nhiu trong i sng
sn xut nh:
+ Nhit ngn la axetilen chy trong oxi cao hn rt nhiu so vi chy
trong khng kh, nn to nhit hn cao hn.
+ Nu thc phm trong ni p sut nhanh chn hn so vi nu p sut thng.
+ Than, ci c kch thc nh s chy nhanh hn than, ci c kch thc ln.
+ Dng cht xc tc, chn nhit thch hp, tng p sut chung ca h khi
tng hp NH
3
t N
2
v H
2
.
II. Cn bng ha hc
1. Phn ng mt chiu, phn ng thun nghch v cn bng ha hc
a. Phn ng mt chiu
- Th d: Phn hy KClO
3
c xc tc MnO
2
, phn ng xy ra nh sau:
2KClO
3

2
0
MnO
t
2KCl + 3O
2

208
Phn ng ny ch xy ra theo mt chiu t tri sang phi. Phn ng nh th
c gi l phn ng mt chiu. Dng mi tn ch chiu phn ng.
b. Phn ng thun nghch
- Trong cng iu kin phn ng xy ra theo hai chiu tri ngc nhau gi l
phn ng thun nghch.
Th d: Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HClO
- Nhn xt: Cl
2
phn ng vi H
2
O to HCl va HClO, ng thi HCl v HClO sinh
ra cng tc dng li vi nhau to li Cl
2
v H
2
O.
c. Cn bng ha hc
- Cn bng ha hc l trng thi ca phn ng thun nghch khi tc phn ng
thun bng tc phn ng nghch (V
thun
=V
nghch
).
Th d: H
2
(k) + I
2
(k)

2HI(k)
d. Hng s cn bng (tnh theo nng ) ca phn ng thun nghch:
Nu : A + B C + D
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
.
.
C D
K
A B

Tng qut: nA + mB pC + qD

[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ]
p q
n m
C D
K
A B

2. S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc

- S chuyn dch cn bng ha hc l s di chuyn t trng thi cn bng ny sang
trng thi cn bng khc do tc ng ca cc yu t t bn ngoi ln cn bng.
2NO
2
(kh mu nu ) N
2
O
4
(kh khng mu)
3. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng ha hc
a. nh hng ca nng
209
Phn ng thun
Phn ng nghch
- Khi tng hoc gim nng mt cht trong cn bng, th cn bng bao gi cng
dch chuyn theo chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim nng cht
.
b. nh hng ca p sut
- Khi tng hoc gim p sut chung ca h cn bng, th cn bng bao gi cng
dch chuyn theo chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng hoc gim p sut .
c. nh hng ca nhit
- Phn ng ta nhit ( H < 0 ): l phn ng xy ra c ta nng lng di dng
nh sng hoc sc nng.
- Phn ng thu nhit ( H > 0 ): l phn ng xy ra c hp th nng lng.
- Phng trnh nhit ha hc: l phng trnh ha hc c ghi c hiu ng nhit.
- Khi tng nhit , cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng thu nhit, ngha l
chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic tng nhit v khi gim nhit , cn bng
chuyn dch theo chiu phn ng ta nhit, chiu lm gim tc dng ca vic gim
nhit .
Kt lun (nguyn l L-Sa-t-li):
Mt phn ng thun nghch ang trng thi cn bng khi chu mt tc ng
t bn ngoi nh bin i nng , p sut, nhit , s chuyn dch cn bng
theo chiu lm gim tc ng bn ngoi .
d. Vai tr ca cht xc tc
- Cht xc tc lm tng tc phn ng thun v nghch vi s ln nh nhau, cho
nn khng lm nh hng n cn bng ha hc.
4. ngha ca tc phn ng v cn bng ha hc trong sn xut ha hc.
- Qu trnh sn xut axit H
2
SO
4
, dng lng d khng kh (tng nng oxi)
phn ng: 2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
, H < 0 chuyn dch theo chiu thun.
- Tng hp NH
3
trong cng nghip theo phn ng:
N
2
(k) +3H
2
(k) 2NH
3
(k), H < 0
210
Ngi ta phi thc hin phn ng ny nhit thch hp, p sut cao v dng
cht xc tc.
B. BI TP C LI GII
7.1 Trong qu trnh t chy cc nhin liu nh than , du m v kh thin
nhin, lm th no nng cao hiu sut cung cp nhit ?
7.2 Cc yu t nh nhit , p sut cht kh, cht xc tc v din tch b mt cht
rn c nh hng ln n tc phn ng ha hc. Ty theo phn ng ha hc c
th m vn dng mt, mt s hay tt c cc yu t trn tng hay gim tc
phn ng. Trong nhng trng hp di y, yu t no trong s cc yu t trn
nh hng n tc phn ng?
a. S chy din ra nhanh v mnh hn khi cc vin than t ong c p
vi cc hng l rng .
b. Khi cn bp than, ngi ta y np bp l lm cho phn ng chy ca
than chm li.
c. Phn ng oxi ha lu hunh ioxit to thnh lu hunh trioxit din ra
nhanh hn khi c mt vanai (V) oxit (V
2
O
5
).
d. vi c p nh, chn nhanh v u hn khi nung vi dng cc
ln.
e. Thc n s nhanh chn hn nu c nu trong ni p sut.
7.3 Nghin cu s ph thuc ca tc phn ng tng hp hiro iotua vo nhit
, trong mt khong nhit xc nh, ngi ta bit rng khi nhit tng
ln 25
0
C th tc ca phn ng ha hc ny tng ln 3 ln. Hi:
a. Tc phn ng ha hc trn tng ln bao nhiu ln khi nhit tng t
25
0
C ln 75
0
C ?
b. Tc phn ng ha hc trn gim bao nhiu ln khi nhit gim t
170
0
C xung 95
0
C ?
211
7.4 Bng s liu sau y cho bit th tch kh hiro thu c theo thi gian phn
ng gia km d vi axit clohiric. Hy v th biu din s ph thuc th tch
kh hiro theo thi gian.
a. T th hy cho bit khong thi gian no phn ng xy ra nhanh nht?
thi im phn ng kt thc, hnh dng th nh th no?
Thi gian (s) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Th tch H
2
(ml) 0 20 30 35 38 40 40 40
b. Nu xc nh c nng ca axit clohiric theo thi gian phn ng, th
th biu din s ph thuc c dng nh th no?
7.5 Khi bt u phn ng, nng ca mt cht l 0,024 mol/l. Sau 20 giy phn
ng, nng ca cht l 0,020 mol/l. Hy tnh tc trung bnh ca phn ng
ny trong thi gian cho.
7.6 Cho phn ng ha hc:
H
2
(k) + I
2
(k) 2HI(k)
Cng thc tnh tc ca phn ng trn l v = k [H
2
] [I
2
]. Tc ca phn ng
ha hc trn s tng bao nhiu ln khi tng p sut chung ca h ln 3 ln?
7.7 Hy cho bit ngi ta s dng bin php no tng tc phn ng ha
hc trong cc trng hp sau y:
a. Rc men vo tinh bt c nu chn (cm, ng, khoai, sn...) ru.
b. Dng qut thng gi trong b l rn.
c. Nn hn hp kh nit v hiro p sut cao tng hp amoniac.
d. Nung hn hp bt vi, t st v thch cao nhit cao sn xut
clinke, trong cng nghip sn xut xi mng.
e. Dng phng php ngc dng, trong sn xut axit sunfuric. Hi SO
3
i
t di ln, dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
c i t trn nh thp hp th xung.
7.8 Trong mi cp phn ng sau, phn ng no c tc ln hn?
a. Fe + ddHCl 0,1M v Fe + ddHCl 2M cng mt nhit .
212
b. Al + ddNaOH 2M 25
0
C v Al + ddNaOH 2M 50
0
C.
c. Zn (ht) + ddHCl 1M 25
0
C v Zn (bt) + HCl1M 25
0
C.
d. Nhit phn KClO
3
v nhit phn hn hp KClO
3
vi MnO
2
.
7.9 Cho phn ng ha hc:
A
2
+ 2B 2AB
Tc ca phn ng trn c xc nh bi biu thc: v = k . [A
2
].[B]
2
.
Hi tc phn ng trn s thay i nh th no khi:
a. tng p sut chung ca h ln 10 ln.
b. tng nng ca B ln 3 ln.
c. gim nng A
2
xung 4 ln.
7.10 Cho phn ng ha hc ang trng thi cn bng:
N
2
(k) + O
2
(k)

tia la ien
2NO(k); H > 0
Hy cho bit s chuyn dch cn bng ha hc trn khi tng nhit ?
7.11 T th k XIX, ngi ta nhn ra rng trong thnh phn kh l cao (l
luyn gang) vn cn kh cacbon monoxit (CO). Ngi ta tm mi
cch phn ng ha hc xy ra hon ton, tuy nhin kh l cao vn cn
CO. Hy cho bit nguyn nhn ca hin tng trn?
A. L xy cha cao.
B. Nhit ca l cn thp.
C. Phn ng luyn qung thnh gang khng hon ton.
D. Mt nguyn nhn khc.
7.12 Cho phng trnh ha hc
2SO
2
(k) + O
2
(k)
V
2
O
5
,t
o
2SO
3
(k); H = -192kJ
Cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn dch v pha no khi:
a. Tng nhit ca bnh phn ng?
b. Tng p sut chung ca hn hp?
213
c. Tng nng kh oxi ?
d. Gim nng kh sunfur ?
7.13 Sn xut amoniac trong cng nghip da trn phng trnh ha hc sau :
2N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k)
p, xt
2NH
3
(k) ; H = -92kJ
Cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch v pha to ra amoniac nhiu hn khi thc hin
nhng bin php k thut no? Gii thch.
7.14 Phn ng ha hc sau t trng thi cn bng:
2NO
2
N
2
O
4
; H = -58,04kJ.
Cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch theo chiu no khi:
A. Tng nhit ?
B. Tng p sut chung ?
C. Thm kh tr agon v gi p sut khng i ?
D. Thm cht xc tc?
Hy gii thch s la chn .
7.15 S tng p sut nh hng nh th no n trng thi cn bng ca cc phn
ng ha hc sau:
a) 3O
2
(k)

2O
3
(k)
b) H
2
(k) + Br
2
(k) 2HBr(k)
c) N
2
O
4
(k) 2NO
2
(k)
7.16 Phn ng ha hc sau, din ra trong t nhin ang trng thi cn bng:
CO
2
+ H
2
O + CaCO
3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
Khi tng lng CO
2
cn bng ha hc s chuyn dch sang chiu no?
7.17 Trong cng nghip, iu ch kh than t, ngi ta thi hi nc qua
than ang nng . Phn ng ha hc xy ra nh sau :
C (r) + H
2
O (k) CO(k) + H
2
(k); H = 131kJ
214
iu khng nh no sau y l ng?
A. Tng p sut chung ca h lm cn bng khng thay i.
B. Tng nhit ca h lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
C. Dng cht xc tc lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
D. Tng nng hiro lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
7.18 Clo tc dng vi nc mt phn nh theo phng trnh ha hc sau:
Cl
2
(k) + H
2
O(l) HClO + HCl
Hai sn phm to ra u tan tt trong nc to thnh dung dch. Ngoi ra
mt phn ln kh clo tan trong nc to thnh dung dch c mu vng lc nht gi
l nc clo. Nc clo, ng trong bnh kn, dn dn b mt mu theo thi gian,
khng bo qun c lu, vn dng nhng hiu bit v chuyn dch cn bng ha
hc hy gii thch hin tng trn.
7.19 Sn xut vi trong cng nghip v th cng nghip u da trn phn ng
ha hc: CaCO
3
(r)
t
o
CaO(r) + CO
2
(k), H = 178kJ
a. Hy phn tch cc c im ca phn ng ha hc nung vi.
b. T nhng c im , hy cho bit nhng bin php k thut no
c s dng nng cao hiu sut ca qu trnh nung vi.
7.20 Mt phn ng ha hc c dng:
A(k) + B(k) 2C(k); H > 0
Hy cho bit cc bin php cn tin hnh chuyn dch cn bng ha hc sang
chiu thun?
7.21 Cho cc phn ng ha hc
C(r) + H
2
O (k) CO(k) + H
2
(k); H = 131kJ (1)
2SO
2
(k) + O
2
(k)
V
2
O
5
2SO
3
(k); H = -192kJ (2)
a. Hy so snh cc c im ca hai phn ng ha hc trn.
b. Nu cc bin php k thut lm tng hiu sut sn xut.
215
7.22 Cho phn ng ha hc:
2NO(k) + O
2
(k) 2NO
2
(k)
Tc phn ng ha hc trn c tnh theo cng thc v = k [NO]
2
[O
2
]. Hi
nhit khng i, p sut chung ca h tng bao nhiu ln khi tc ca phn
ng tng 64 ln?
7.23 Ngi ta s dng nhit ca phn ng t chy than nung vi:
C(r) + O
2
(k) CO
2
(k); H = - 393,5kJ (1)
CaCO
3
(r)
t
o
CaO(r) + CO
2
(k) ; H = 178kJ (2)
Bin php k thut no sau y khng c s dng tng tc phn ng nung
vi?
A. p nh vi vi kch thc thch hp.
B. Duy tr nhit phn ng thch hp.
C. Tng nhit phn ng cng cao cng tt.
D. Thi khng kh nn vo l nung vi.
7.24 th no sau y biu din s bin i tc phn ng thun theo thi
gian? S bin i tc phn ng nghch theo thi gian? Trng thi cn bng ha
hc?

v v
a. b.
t (thi gian) t (thi gian)

v

c.
216
t (thi gian)

7.25 Trong nc ngm thng c ion Fe
2+
di dng mui st II hirocacbonat v
st II hiroxit. Nc sinh hot c cha Fe
2+
nh hng xu n sc kho ca con
ngi. loi b Fe
2+
, trong mt phng php n gin, r tin, ngui ta dng oxi
khng kh oxi ha Fe
2+
thnh hp cht Fe
3+
(c tan trong nc nh) ri lc
thu nc sch. tng tc ca phn ng oxi ha Fe
2+
ngi ta s dng bin
php k thut no? Gii thch.
7.26 Gn y, khi thm him Nam cc, cc nh khoa hc tm thy nhng
hp do cc on thm him trc li. Mc d qua hng trm nm, nhng cc
thc n trong nhng hp vn trong tnh trng tt, c th n c. Hy gii
thch v lin h vi vic bo qun thc phm bng cch p hay dng t lnh.
7.27 Trong phng th nghim, tng tc ca mt s phn ng ha hc, ngoi
cc bin php nh tng nng , nhit , ngi ta cn dng my khuy. Tc dng
ca my khuy l g?
7.28 Hy trnh by th nghim t chy dy st mnh trong bnh kh oxi. Vn dng
l thuyt phn ng ha hc gii thch cch tin hnh th nghim trn.
7.29 Lm th no iu khin cc phn ng ha hc theo hng c li nht cho
con ngi?
7.30 Tc ca phn ng tng bao nhiu ln nu tng nhit t 200
0
C n
240
0
C, bit rng khi tng 10
0
C th tc phn ng trn tng hai ln.
C. BI TP T LUYN
7.31 Hy chn t hoc cm t cho sn trong bng di y vo ch trng trong
cu sau :
Tc phn ng l bin thin ...(1)... ca mt trong...(2)... hoc sn phm phn
ng trong ...(3)... thi gian.
A. B. C. D.
(1) khi lng nng th tch phn t khi
217
(2) cc cht phn ng cc cht to
thnh
cc cht bay
hi
cc cht kt
ta
(3) mt khong mt n v mt mi khong
7.32 Chn cc t, cm t cho di y in vo ch trng (1), (2),... cho thch hp.
Tc phn ng l ...(1)...ca mt ...(2)....phn ng hoc ...(3)... trong mt
...(4).... thi gian. Tc phn ng ha hc ph thuc vo nhit , nng v p
sut i vi ...(5)...
A. B. C. D.
(1) s thay i bin thin tng gim
(2) trong cc cht giai on s cht loi hp cht
(3) cht xc tc cht trung gian cht ban u sn phm phn ng
(4) chu k khong n v bin thin
(5) cht lng cht rn cht kh cht tan
Th t in t: 1... 2.... 3... 4..... 5.....
7.33 Chn cc t, cm t cho di y in vo ch trng (1), (2),... cho thch hp.
Khi tng nng cht phn ng, tc phn ng ...(1)... i vi phn
ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng p sut, ...(2)... phn ng tng. i vi phn
ng c cht rn tham gia, khi tng ....(3)... b mt, tc phn ng ...(4).... Lu
i vi phn ng ha hc c cht ...(5)....tham gia, nng ca chng khng nh
hng n tc ca phn ng.
A B. C. D.
(1) gim khng i bin i tng
(2) khi lng tc hiu sut th tch
(3) din tch kch thc hnh dng dy
(4) bin i tng gim khng i
(5) Lng kh Rn tan
218
Th t ghp ni: 1... 2.... 3... 4..... 5......
7.34 Hy ghp mnh ct A vi ct B sao cho ph hp.
Ct 1 Ct 2
1 i vi phn ng c cht kh tham
gia, khi tng p sut
a tc phn ng gim.
2 i vi phn ng c cht kh tham
gia, khi gim p sut
b cn bng ha hc chuyn
dch theo chiu thun.
3 i vi phn ng ta nhit, khi tng
nhit
c tc phn ng tng.
4 i vi phn ng ta nhit, khi gim
nhit
d cn bng ha hc chuyn
dch theo chiu nghch.

e cn bng ha hc khng b
chuyn dch.
Th t ghp ni: 1. .............. 2. .............. 3. .............. 4. ...............
7.35 Khi t 19,4 gam mui sunfua ca mt kim loi ha tr II th cn va 6,72
lt kh oxi (ktc) th thu c kh A. Kh A sinh ra c oxi ha tip bng kh oxi
c xc tc V
2
O
5
to thnh cht lng B iu kin thng. Ha tan B vo nc thu
c dung dch lm giy qu tm.
a. Xc nh kim loi trong mui sunfua.
b. Tnh s ml dung dch KOH 33,6% (d = 1,33g/ml) cn dng trung ha
lng axit thu c trn.
c. Cho bit cc bin php k thut cn thit tng hiu qu qu trnh oxi
kh A trong cng nghip?
p s: a. Kim loi ha tr II l Zn
b. 50,12 9(ml).
c. Dng xc tc, tng nng oxi, duy tr nhit thch hp.
219
7.36 Nn 2,0 mol N
2
v 8,0 mol H
2
vo mt bnh kn c th tch 2,0 lt (ch cha
sn cht xc tc vi th tch khng ng k) c gi nhit khng i. Khi
phn ng t ti cn bng, p sut cc kh trong bnh bng 0,8 ln p sut ban u
(khi mi cho cc cht vo bnh cha xy ra phn ng). Tnh nng cc cht
trng thi cn bng.
p s: [ ]
2
1
2
N (mol/l); [ ]
2
5
2
H (mol/l); [ ]
3
1 NH (mol/l).
7.37 Hi tc mt phn ng ha hc tng bao nhiu ln khi nhit tng t
25
0
C n 85
0
C. Bit khi tng nhit ln 10
0
C, tc ca phn ng trn tng ln
3 ln. Ngi ta ni rng h s nhit ca phn ng cho bng 3.
p s: Tc phn ng tng 3
6
ln = 729 ln.
7.38 Trong cc cn bng sau, cn bng no s chuyn dch v chuyn dch theo
chiu no khi gim dung tch ca bnh phn ng xung nhit khng i.
a) CH
4
(k) + H
2
O(k)

CO(k) + 3H
2
(k)
b) CO
2
(k) + H
2
(k)

CO(k) + H
2
O(k)
c) SO
2
(k) + O
2
(k)

2SO
3
(k)
d) N
2
O
4
(k) 2NO
2
(k)
7.39 Hy cho bit ngi ta li dng yu t no tng tc phn ng trong cc
trng hp sau:
a) Dng khng kh nn, nng thi vo l cao t chy than cc (sn xut
gang).
b) Nung vi nhit cao sn xut vi sng.
c) Nghin nguyn liu trc khi a vo l nung sn xut clanhke (sn
xut xi mng)
7.40 Nng ban u ca SO
2
v O
2
trong h: 2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
tng ng
l 4 mol/l v 2 mol/l. nhit khng i, nu tng p sut hn hp phn ng ln
hai ln th cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu no? (tr li theo kt qu tnh ton).
220
7.41 Kh NO
2
nh hp theo phn ng thun nghch: 2NO
2
N
2
O
4
. Trong :
NO
2
l kh mu nu; N
2
O
4
l kh khng mu.
a) Khi gim p sut ca h phn ng, cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu no?
Gii thch.
b) Khi ngm bnh cha NO
2
vo nc , thy mu nu ca bnh nht dn.
Hy cho bit phn ng ta nhit hay thu nhit? Gii thch.
7.42 Cho 15 gam axit CH
3
COOH tc dng vi 9,6 gam ru CH
3
OH c xc tc l
H
2
SO
4
c. Chia hn hp sau phn ng thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi lng d BaCl
2
thu c 23,3 gam kt ta.
Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi KHCO
3
thu c 5,6 lt kh CO
2
( ktc).
Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng.
7.43 Cho kh HI vo mt bnh kn c dung tch l 5 lt, ri un nng n nhit
xc nh th xy ra phn ng: 2HI
(kh)
H
2 (kh)
+ I
2(kh)
; H =- 52kJ. Nu nng
ban u ca HI l 0,5 mol, khi trng thi cn bng nng mol/l ca cc cht
trong phn ng [HI], [H
2
] v [I
2
] ln lt l bao nhiu?
7.44 Cho nng lng lin kt ca H
2
O l 971 kJ/mol; ca H
2
l 435,9 kJ/ mol. ca O
2
l
498,7 kJ/mol. Nhit ca phn ng: 2H
2
O

2H
2
+ O
2
l bao nhiu?
7.45 Khi t chy 2,0 mol hiro photphua (PH
3
) th to thnh iphotphopentoxit (P
2
O
5
),
nc v gii phng 2440 kJ. Hy tnh nhit to thnh PH
3
, bit nhit to thnh P
2
O
5
l
1548 kJ/mol v nhit to thnh H
2
O l 286 kJ/mol.
7.46 Trong mt bnh kn cha kh propan c ng kn bng pittong. t nng bnh
ln ti 527
0
C , phn ng xy ra trong bnh: C
3
H
8
C
3
H
6
+ H
2
Vi hng s cn bng l 1,3 . 10
-3
. Ti thi im cn bng C
3
H
8
chim 80% th tch.
a) Tnh thnh phn % th tch ca C
3
H
6
v H
2
.
b) Tnh nng cc cht lc cn bng v p sut ca h ti nhit cho.
c) Nu s dng pittong nn th tch bnh cn mt na th tch ban u ti
nhit khng i. Tnh p sut cn bng trong bnh.
221
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM
7.47 Cho phn ng ha hc:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
; H < 0.
Trong phn ng tng hp amoniac, yu t no sau y khng lm thay i trng
thi cn bng ha hc?
A. Nng ca N
2
v H
2
.
B. p sut chung ca h.
C. Cht xc tc Fe.
D. Nhit ca h.
7.48 S tng p sut c nh hng nh th no n trng thi cn bng ha hc
ca phn ng:
H
2
+ Br
2
2HBr
A. Cn bng chuyn dch sang chiu thun.
B. Cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu nghch.
C. Cn bng khng thay i.
D. Phn ng tr thnh mt chiu.
7.49 Cho phn ng : X Y
Ti thi im t
1
nng ca cht X bng C
1
, ti thi im t
2
(vi t
2
>

t
1
), nng
ca cht X bng C
2
. Tc trung bnh ca phn ng trong khong thi gian trn
c tnh theo biu thc no sau y ?
A.
1 2
1 2
C C
v
t t

B.
2 1
2 1
C C
v
t t

C.
1 2
2 1
C C
v
t t

D.
1 2
2 1
C C
v
t t

7.50 Khi cho cng mt lng dung dch axit sunfuric vo hai cc ng cng
mt th tch dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
vi nng khc nhau, cc ng dung dch
Na
2
S
2
O
3
c nng ln hn thy kt ta xut hin trc.
iu chng t cng iu kin v nhit , tc phn ng:
A. Khng ph thuc vo nng ca cht phn ng.
222
Fe, P
B. T l thun vi nng ca cht phn ng.
C. T l nghch vi nng ca cht phn ng.
D. Khng thay i khi thay i nng ca cht phn ng.
Hy chn p n ng.
7.51 i vi cc phn ng c cht kh tham gia, khi tng p sut, tc phn
ng tng l do
A. Nng ca cc cht kh tng ln.
B. Nng ca cc cht kh gim xung.
C. Chuyn ng ca cc cht kh tng ln.
D. Nng ca cc cht kh khng thay i.
Hy chn p n ng.
7.52 th di y biu din s ph thuc ca tc phn ng vo nhit .
Tc
phn ng
Nhit


T th trn, ta thy tc phn ng:
A. Gim khi nhit ca phn ng tng.
B. Khng ph thuc vo nhit ca phn ng.
C. T l thun vi nhit ca phn ng.
D. T l nghch vi nhit ca phn ng.
7.53 th di y biu din s ph thuc ca tc phn ng vo nng
cht phn ng.
223
Tc
phn ng
Nng
cht phn ng
T th trn, ta thy tc phn ng
A. Gim khi nng ca cht phn ng tng.
B. Khng ph thuc vo nng ca cht phn ng.
C. T l thun vi nng ca cht phn ng.
D. T l nghch vi nng ca cht phn ng.
Cho cc phng trnh ha hc s dung cho cc bi tp 7.54, 7.55, 7.56 sau :
a) 2SO
2
(k) + O
2
(k) 2SO
2
(k)
b) H
2
(k) + I
2
(k) 2HI(k)
c) CaCO
3
(r) CaO (r) + CO
2
(k)
d) 2Fe
2
O
3
(r) + 3C (r) 4Fe (r) + 3CO
2
(k)
e) Fe (r) + H
2
O (h) FeO (r) + H
2
(k)
f) N
2
(k) + 3H
2
(k) 2NH
3
(k)
g) Cl
2
(k) + H
2
S (k) 2HCl (k) + S (r)
h) Fe
2
O
3
(r) + 3CO (k) 2Fe (r) + 3CO
2
(k)
7.54 Cc phn ng c tc phn ng tng khi tng p sut chung ca h l:
A. a, f. C. a, c, d, e, f, g.
B. a, g. D. a, b, g.
7.55. Cc phn ng c tc phn ng gim khi tng p sut ca h l
A. a, b, e, f, h. C. b, e, h.
B. a, b, c, d, e. D. c, d.
7.56. Cc phn ng c tc phn ng khng thay i khi tng p sut ca h l
224
A. a, b, e, f. C. b, e, g, h.
B. a, b, c, d, e. D. d, e, f, g.
Hy chn p n ng.
7.57 nh ngha no sau y l ng ?
A. Cht xc tc l cht lm thay i tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu
hao trong phn ng.
B. Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b tiu hao
trong phn ng.
C. Cht xc tc l cht lm tng tc phn ng, nhng khng b thay i
trong phn ng.
D. Cht xc tc l cht lm thay i tc phn ng, nhng b tiu hao
khng nhiu trong phn ng.
7.58 Khi cho cng mt lng nhm vo cc ng dung dch axit HCl 0,1M, tc
phn ng s ln nht khi dng nhm dng no sau y?
A. Dng vin nh.
B. Dng bt mn, khuy u.
C. Dng tm mng.
D. Dng nhm dy.
Hy chn p n ng.
7.59 Khi cho axit clohiric tc dng vi kali pemanganat (rn) iu ch clo, kh
clo s thot ra nhanh hn khi:
A. Dng axit clohiric c v un nh hn hp.
B. Dng axit clohiric c v lm lnh hn hp.
C. Dng axit clohiric long v un nh hn hp.
D. Dng axit clohiric long v lm lnh hn hp.
7.60
Trong mt bnh kn cha 10 lt nit v 10 lt hiro nhit 0
0
C v 10 atm.
Sau phn ng tng hp NH
3
, li a bnh v 0
0
C. Bit rng c 60% hiro tham gia
phn ng, p sut trong bnh sau phn ng l:
225
A. 10 atm B. 8 atm C. 9 atm D. 8,5 atm
7.61
Tc ca phn ng s tng ln bao nhiu ln khi tng nhit t 20
o
C n
100
o
C, nu h s nhit ca phn ng cho bng 2?
A. 256 ln B. 265 ln C. 275 ln D. 257 ln
7.62
Hng s cn bng K
c
ca phn ng ch ph thuc vo yu t no sau y?
A. Nng B. p sut C. Nhit D. Cht xc tc.
7.63
Bit nhit to thnh ca Ca(OH)
2
, H
2
O,

CaO tng ng l -985,64;-286;
- 635,36 (kJ). Nhit phn ng to ra khi ti 56 gam vi l
A.- 46,28 kJ B.-64,82kJ C.- 64,28 kJ D.- 46,82 kJ
7.64
Mt phn ng thun nghch t n trng thi cn bng khi no?
A. Phn ng thun kt thc
B. Phn ng nghch kt thc
C. Tc ca phn ng thun v nghch bng nhau.
D. Nng ca cc cht tham gia phn ng v ca cc cht sn phm
phn ng bng nhau
7.65 Xt phn ng thun nghch sau:
H
2 (k)
+ I
2 (k)

2HI
(k)

th biu din s bin thin tc phn ng thun v phn ng nghch theo
thi gian:

th biu din s ph thuc vn tc vo thi gian
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 5 10 15 20
thi gian (s)
v

n

t

c
vn tc phn ng
nghch
vn tc phn ng
thun
226
Ti thi im no phn ng t trng thi cn bng?
A. 0 giy B. 5 giy C. 10 giy D. 15 giy
7.66 Cho hnh v v cch thu kh trong phng th nghim bng cch di nc.
Hnh v bn c th p dng thu c nhng kh no trong cc kh sau y?
A)H
2
, N
2
, O
2
, CO
2
, HCl, H
2
S
B)O
2
, N
2
, H
2
, CO
2
, SO
2
,
C)NH
3
, HCl, CO
2
, SO
2
, Cl
2
D)NH
3
, O
2
, N
2
, HCl, CO
2
7.67
Nhn nh no sau y ng?
A. Hng s cn bng K
C
ca mi phn ng u tng khi tng nhit
B. Phn ng mt chiu khng c hng s cn bng K
C
.
C. Hng s cn bng K
C
cng ln, hiu sut phn ng cng nh.
D. Khi mt phn ng thun nghch trng thi cn bng c chuyn sang mt
trng thi cn bng mi nhit khng i, hng s cn bng K
C
bin i.
7.68 Cho phn ng nung vi CaCO
3
CaO + CO
2

tng hiu sut ca phn ng th bin php no sau y khng ph hp?
A. Tng nhit trong l B. Tng p sut trong l
C. p nh vi D. Gim p sut trong l
7.69
Cho phn ng 2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3
Nng ban u ca SO
2
v O
2
tng ng l 4 mol/L v 2 mol/L. Khi cn bng,
c 80% SO
2
phn ng, hng s cn bng ca phn ng l
A. 40 B. 30 C. 20 D. 10
7.70
Phn ng gia hai cht A v B c biu th bng phng trnh ha hc sau
A + B 2C
Tc phn ng ny l V = K.[A].[B]. Thc hin phn ng ny vi s khc nhau
v nng ban u ca cc cht:
Trng hp 1 Nng ca mi cht l 0,01 mol/l.
227
Trng hp 2 Nng ca mi cht l 0,04 mol/l
Trng hp 3 Nng ca cht A l 0,04 mol/l, ca cht B l 0,01 mol/l.
Tc phn ng trng hp 2 v 3 ln hn so vi trng 1 s ln l
A. 12 v 8 B. 13 v 7 C. 16 v 4 D 15 v 5
7.71
Bit nhit to thnh CH
4
l -75kJ/ mol; ca CO
2
l -393 kJ/mol v ca H
2
O l
-286 kJ/ mol. Nhit ca phn ng CH
4
+ O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O l
A. -900 kJ B. -890 kJ. C. -880 kJ D. -870 kJ
7.72
Cho phng trnh ho hc
N
2(k)
+ O
2(k)

tia lua in
2NO(k); H > 0
Hy cho bit cp yu t no sau y u nh hng n s chuyn dch cn bng
ho hc trn?
A. Nhit v nng B. p sut v nng
C. Nng v cht xc tc D. Cht xc tc v nhit
7.73 Cho hnh v m t s iu ch clo trong phng th nghim nh sau:
Vai tr ca dung dch NaCl l:
A.Ha tan kh clo. B.Gi li kh hiroclorua.
C.Gi li hi nc D.C 3 p n trn u ng.
7.74 Kh hiroclorua l cht kh tan rt nhiu trong nc to thnh dung dch axit
clohdric.Trong th nghim th tnh tan ca kh hidroclorua trong nc, c hin
tng nc phun mnh vo bnh cha kh nh hnh v m t di y.
Nguyn nhn gy nn hin tng l do:
228
dd NaCl
dd H
2
SO
4
c
Dd HCl c
Eclen sch thu
kh Clo
MnO
2
A. kh HCl tc dng vi nc ko nc vo bnh.
B. HCl tan mnh lm gim p sut trong bnh.
C. trong bnh cha kh HCl ban u khng c nc.
D.Tt c cc nguyn nhn trn u ng
7.75 Cho dung dch HCl c vo ng nghim ng MnO
2
. Dng c th nghim
c lp nh hnh v bn.
Hin tng xy ra trong th nghim bn l:
A.C kh mu vng sinh ra, ng thi c kt ta
B.Ch c kh mu vng thot ra
C.Cht rn MnO
2
tan dn
D.C B v C
7.76 Cho th nghim c lp nh nh hnh v sau:
ng nghim 1 ng HCl v Zn, ng nghim nm ngang cha bt S, ng nghim 2
cha dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
. Phn ng xy ra trong
ng nghim nm ngang l:
A.Zn + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2

B.H
2
+ S H
2
S
C.H
2
S + Pb(NO
3
)
2
PbS + 2HNO
3
D.2HCl + Pb(NO
3
)
2
PbCl
2
+ 2HNO
3
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP
7.47. C 7.48. C 7.49. C 7.50. B 7.51. A
7.52. C 7.53. C 7.54. A 7.55. D 7.56. C
7.57. B 7.58. B 7.59. A 7.60. B 7.61. A
7.62. C 7.63. C 7.64. C 7.65. C 7.66. B
7.67. A 7.68. B 7.69. A 7.70. C 7.71. B
229
Mn
O
2
dd HCl
c
Zn +
HCl
S
dd
Pb(NO
3
)
2
2
1
7.72. A 7.73. B 7.74. B 7.75. D 7.76. B
7.1 nng cao hiu sut cung cp nng lng cn t cc nhin liu vi cc
bin php k thut sau:
- Dng d khng kh cung cp oxi cho phn ng chy hon ton.
- p nh than n kch thc thch hp tng din tch tip xc gia
than v kh oxi.
- S dng cc ng c ieden v cc ng c t trong nng cao hiu
sut s dng du m v kh thin nhin.
7.2 Cc yu t nh hng n tc phn ng trong mi trng hp cho l:
a. Tng din tch b mt ca cht rn tham gia phn ng (than ) lm tng
tc phn ng.
b. Gim nng cht tham gia phn ng (kh oxi) lm gim tc phn ng.
c. V
2
O
5
l cht xc tc, lm tng tc phn ng.
d. Gim kch thc ht tng tc phn ng.
e. Thc n s nhanh chn hn nu c nu trong ni p sut, ngi ta
s dng yu t nhit v p sut cao tng tc ca phn ng ha
hc.
7.3 a. T 25
0
C ln 75
0
C, nhit ca phn ng ha hc tng thm l:
75
0
C - 25
0
C = 50
0
C. Do , tc phn ng tng thm = 3
2
= 9 (ln).
b. T 170
0
C xung 95
0
C, nhit ca phn ng ha hc gim i l:
170
0
C - 95
0
C = 75
0
C. Do , tc phn ng gim = 3
3
= 27 (ln)
7.4 a.
2
H
V

(ml)
230

0
10
20
30
40
50
T 0 n 20 giy l on th dc nht, khong thi gian c tc phn
ng cao nht.
on th nm ngang, khi th tch hiro t cc i (40ml) l khi phn
ng ha hc kt thc, axit clohiric phn ng ht.
b. C
M
HCl
0
thi gian t (s)
Dng th biu din s ph thuc ca nng axit HCl theo thi gian.
7.5 Tc phn ng trung bnh:
v
=
1 2
C - C 0, 024 0, 020
t 20

= 0,0002 (mol/L.s)
7.6 Gii: v = k [3H
2
] [3I
2
] = 9.k. [H
2
] [I
2
]
Nh vy tc phn ng tng 9 ln.
7.7 a. Men ru l mt loi xc tc sinh hc. Cht xc tc c s dng
tng tc ca phn ng ha hc.
b. B l rn c mc ch tng nng ca oxi khng kh, do lm tng
tc ca phn ng chy ca than .
231
Thi gian t (s)
c. Nn hn hp kh nit v hiro p sut cao tng nng ca hai
cht kh, lm tng tc ca phn ng ha hc.
d. Dng bin php tng nhit tng tc ca phn ng ha hc.
e. Dng phng php ngc dng, anhirit sunfuric i t di ln, axit
sunfuric 98% i t trn nh thp hp th xung tng din tch tip xc gia cc
cht, do , lm tng tc ca phn ng ha hc.
7.8 a. cng mt nhit , cp cht Fe + ddHCl 0,1M c tc phn ng xy
ra chm hn so vi cp cht Fe + ddHCl 2M, do nng HCl nh hn..
b. Hai cp cht Al + ddNaOH 2M 25
0
C v Al + ddNaOH 2M 50
0
C ch
khc nhau v nhit . Cp cht th hai c nhit cao hn nn c tc phn
ng cao hn.
c. Hai cp cht Zn (ht) + ddHCl 1M 25
0
C v Zn (bt) + HCl1M 25
0
C
ch khc nhau v kch thc ht. Cp cht th hai c kch thc ht nh hn, do
c tc phn ng cao hn.
d. Nhit phn KClO
3
v nhit phn hn hp KClO
3
vi MnO
2
. Trng hp
th hai c xc tc nn c tc phn ng cao hn.
7.9 Khi tng p sut chung ca h ln 10 ln th nng ca mi cht cng tng
10 ln, do v
2
= k[10A
2
][10B]
2


2
V
V
= 10 x 10
2
= 1000 (ln).
b. Tng nng ca B ln 3 ln, tng t ta c
2
V
V
= 3
2
= 9 (ln).
c. Gim nng A
2
xung 4 ln, tng t ta c
3
V
V
=
1
4
tc phn ng
gim 4 ln.
7.10 Xt phng trnh ha hc:
N
2
(k) + O
2
(k)

2NO (k); H > 0

232
c im ca phn ng ha hc trn l thun nghch, phn ng thun thu
nhit v tt c cc cht tham gia v to thnh u l cht kh. Tuy nhin, tng s
mol kh trc v sau phn ng khng thay i, do p sut khng nh hng g
n s chuyn dch cn bng.
Khi tng nhit phn ng cho chuyn sang chiu nghch.
7.11 p n C.
Phn ng ha hc kh st oxit bng cacbon monoxit l khng hon ton. Do ,
d c tng chiu cao ca l n bao nhiu i na th ch gy lng ph, trong thnh
phn ca kh l cao vn c kh CO.
7.12 Xt phng trnh ha hc
2SO
2
(k) + O
2
(k)

2SO
3
(k) H = -192kJ
a. Khi tng nhit ca bnh phn ng cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn
dch v pha nghch, v phn ng thun ta nhit.
b. Khi tng p sut chung ca hn hp cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn
dch v chiu thun v sau phn ng c s gim th tch.
c. Khi tng nng kh oxi cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn dch v
pha thun.
d. Khi gim nng kh sunfur cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s
chuyn dch v chiu nghch.
7.13 thu c nhiu amoniac, hiu qu kinh t cao c th dng cc bin php
k thut sau y:
- Tng nng N
2
v H
2
.
- Tng p sut chung ca h ln khong 100 atm, v phn ng thun c
s gim th tch kh.
- Dng nhit phn ng thch hp khong 400 -450
0
C v cht xc tc
tng tc phn ng to thnh NH
3
. Ch rng cht xc tc khng
lm chuyn dch cn bng.
- Tn dng nhit ca phn ng sinh ra sy nng hn hp N
2
v H
2
233
- Tch NH
3
ra khi hn hp cn bng v s dng li N
2
v H
2
cn d.
7.14 a. Khi tng nhit cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn sang chiu
nghch. Bi v phn ng thun ta nhit.
b. Khi tng p sut chung cn bng ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn sang
chiu thun. Bi v sau phn ng thun c s gim th tch kh.
c. Khi thm kh tr agon v gi p sut khng i th nng ca hai kh
u gim, tuy nhin tc phn ng thun s gim nhanh hn v do cn bng
ha hc ca phn ng s chuyn sang chiu nghch.
d. Khi thm cht xc tc khng lm chuyn dch cn bng ha hc.
7.15 nh gi tc ng ca p sut cn so snh s bin i ca th tch kh
trc v sau phn ng. Nu sau phn ng c s gim th tch th p sut tng lm
cn bng chuyn dch theo chiu thun v ngc li, p sut khng c nh hng
ti cn bng ca cc phn ng khng thay i th tch kh.
a) 3O
2
(k) O
3
(k)
Phn ng (a) c s gim th tch, cn bng chuyn theo chiu thun khi p sut tng.
b) H
2
(k) + Br
2
(k) 2HBr(k)
Phn ng (b) khng c s thay i th tch, cn bng khng ph thuc vo p sut.
c) N
2
O
4
(k) 2NO
2
(k)
Phn ng (c) c s tng th tch, cn bng chuyn theo chiu nghch khi p sut tng.
7.16 Cc hot ng ca con ngi ang lm tng hm lng CO
2
trong kh
quyn. Nh cn bng ny trong t nhin iu tit, chuyn sang chiu thun cho
nn lm chm qu trnh nng ln ton cu.
7.17 p n B.
Tng nhit ca h lm cn bng chuyn sang chiu thun.
7.18 Nc clo dn dn b mt mu theo thi gian, khng bo qun c lu l do
qu trnh phn hy HClO
Cl
2
(k) + H
2
O(l)

HOCl + HCl (1)

234
2HClO

2HCl + O
2
(2)
Phn ng (2) lm cho [HClO] gim, cn bng ha hc ca phn ng (1) chuyn
dch theo chiu thun, clo s phn ng vi nc cho n ht, do nc clo
khng bn.
7.19 Sn xut vi trong cng nghip v th cng u da trn phn ng ha hc:
CaCO
3
(r)

CaO(r) + CO
2
(k), H = 178kJ
a. Cc c im ca phn ng ha hc nung vi:
- Phn ng thun nghch.
- Phn ng thun thu nhit.
- Phn ng thun ca cht rn c to ra mt cht kh.
b. Nhng bin php k thut nng cao hiu sut nung vi:
- Chn nhit thch hp.
- Tng din tch tip xc ca cht rn (CaCO
3
) bng cch p nh
vi n kch thc thch hp.
- Thi khng kh nn (trong cng nghip) hay chn hng gi thch
hp tng nng kh oxi cung cp cho phn ng t chy than,
ng thi lm gim nng kh cacbon ioxit.
7.20 A(x) + B(x) 2C(x) H > 0
- Phn ng trn khng c s thay i v s mol kh trc v sau phn
ng, do p sut khng c nh hng n s chuyn dch cn bng.
- Phn ng thun thu nhit, do tng nhit lm cn bng chuyn
sang chiu thun.
- Tng nng cc cht A v B hay gim nng C cng lm chuyn
dch cn bng sang chiu thun.
7.21
a. So snh cc c im ca hai phn ng ha hc:
235
Phng trnh ha hc Ging nhau Khc nhau
C(r)+H
2
O (k) CO(k)+ H
2
(k);
H = 131kJ (1)
Phn ng thun
nghch
- Phn ng thun thu
nhit.
- Sau phn ng thun
tng th tch kh.
2SO
2
(k)+O
2
(k)
V
2
O
5
2SO
3
(k);
H = -192kJ(2)
Phn ng thun
nghch
- Phn ng thun ta
nhit.
- Sau phn ng thun
gim th tch.
- Cn cht xc tc.
b. Cc bin php k thut lm tng hiu sut sn xut.
- i vi phn ng (1) : Tng nhit , tng nng ca hi nc.
- i vi phn ng(2) : Nu gim nhit cn bng chuyn sang chiu
thun, tuy nhin nhit thp tc ca phn ng thp lm cho qu
trnh sn xut khng kinh t. Ngi ta chn nhit thch hp, dng cht
xc tc V
2
O
5
v tng p sut chung ca phn ng.
7. 22 t x l s ln tng ca p sut. Theo bi ra ta c
2
1
v
v
= 64 = x
3
x = 4.
7.23 Chn p n C.
7.24 th a biu din s bin i tc phn ng thun theo thi gian.
th b biu din s bin i tc phn ng nghch theo thi gian.
v v
a. b.
t(thi gian) t(thi gian)
th c biu din trng thi cn bng ha hc.
236
v

c,
t(thi gian)
7.25 loi b Fe
2+
, trong mt phng php n gin, r tin, ngui ta dng oxi
khng kh oxi ha Fe
2+
thnh hp cht Fe
3+
(c tan trong nc nh) ri lc
thu nc sch. tng tc ca phn ng oxi ha Fe
2+
ngi ta s dng gin
ma. Nc ngm sau khi ht ln b cha c qua gin ma vi mc ch tng
din tch tip xc ca nc vi oxi khng kh.
7.26 Nam cc l ni lnh nht Tri t. Nhit vng ny c th xung hng
chc di khng. nhit , cc phn ng ha hc phn hy thc n hu
nh khng xy ra. iu ny gii thch v sao qua hng trm nm, nhng cc
thc n trong nhng hp vn trong tnh trng tt, c th n c. gim
tc phn ng phn hy thc n, ngi ta bo qun thc phm bng cch p
hay dng t lnh.
7.27 Trong phng th nghim, tng tc ca mt s phn ng ha hc, ngoi
cc bin php nh tng nng , nhit , s dng cht xc tc..., ngi ta cn
dng my khuy. My khuy l mt thit b cho php tng tc khuch tn ca
cc cht tham gia phn ng, do tng kh nng tip xc ca cc cht v tng tc
phn ng ha hc. Ngi ta thng dng my khuy trong trng hp cc cht
phn ng cn c trn l cc cht lng khc nhau, hay cht lng v cht rn.
7.28 Dy thp c qun thnh hnh l xo tng b mt tip xc ca dy thp
vi oxi. Mu than nng c tc dng khi mo phn ng. Than chy cung cp
nhit, nng nhit ca dy thp n nhit chy. Dy thp chy trong oxi km
theo hin tng ta nhit mnh, cc ht st t oxit (Fe
3
O
4
) nng bn tung te.
237
Do , y bnh cn c mt lp nc mng nhm bo v bnh thy tinh trnh b
nt, v.
7.29 iu khin cc phn ng ha hc theo hng c li nht cho con ngi,
trc ht cn bit r c im ca phn ng ha hc:
Phn ng mt chiu hay thun nghch?
Phn ng thu hay ta nhit?
Phn ng c s tng hay gim th tch kh?
Phn ng cn cht xc tc?
Phn ng ng th (cng trng thi rn, lng, kh) hay d th?
Cn c vo c im ca phn ng tc ng theo hng tng tc phn
ng, chuyn dch cn bng theo chiu c li nht.
7.30 Gii
Gi V
200
l tc phn ng 200
0
C
Vy V
210
= 2V
200
V
220
= 2V
210
= 2.2V
200
= 2
2
.V
200

V
230
= 2V
220
= 2.2V
210
= 2 x 2 x 2V
200
= 2
3
.V
200

V
240
= 2V
230
= 2.2V
220
= 2 x 2 x2 V
210
= .2.2.2.2V
200
= 2
4
.V
200

Vy tc phn ng tng 2
4
= 16 ln.
F. THNG TIN B SUNG
1. Liu lng oxi trn tri t c ht khng?
Hng ngy, ngi, vt, cy c... u ht vo mt lng oxi v thi CO
2
.
Hy c ly mt ngi trng thnh lm th d, mi ngy anh ta th ra trn di
400 lt CO
2
. Liu lu di, c lc no lng oxi trong khng kh dng ht v th
gii ch cn li CO
2
hay khng?
Vo nm 1898, nh vt l hc ngi Anh l Kenvin t ra lo lng: "Do s
pht trin ca cng nghip v dn s gia tng, 500 nm sau, lng oxi trn mt t s
b s dng ht v loi ngi s dit vong?". Lc , Kenvin ch xem xt vn t
238
mt pha: tiu hao oxi v sn sinh CO
2
, nhng cn pha khc l tiu hao CO
2
v sinh
ra O
2
.
Nh khoa hc Thy S Cheniba lm th nghim sau: Cho l cy xanh
vo nc ri di nh mt tri. Khng lu sau, t cc l cy thot ra nhiu
bng kh nh. Khi Cheniba dng ng nghim nh thu kh thot ra ri cho mt que
dim tt vo, que dim bng chy mnh lit. Cn c vo ng cho rng
chnh l oxi v ch c oxi mi duy tr s chy.
Sau Cheniba lin thi kh CO
2
vo nc. ng nhn thy, khi lng CO
2
thi qua cng nhiu th cc bng kh t l cy xanh thot ra cng mnh. T ,
Cheniba kt lun: "Di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri, l cy xanh hp th CO
2
v thi ra kh oxi".
Nh vy, ng c, rng bin mnh mng c n du mt b mt sau y:
"Di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri, cht dip lc ca cy c hp th CO
2
trong
khng khi, CO
2
s cng vi nc do r cy ht ln ha hp thnh tinh bt, ng,
ng thi thot ra O
2
, ngi ta gi qu trnh ny l quang hp". Theo tnh
ton, c 3 cy ln mi ngy hp th va ht kh CO
2
do ngi ln th ra. Mi
nm, cc loi cy xanh trn ton th gii hp th n hng vn tn CO
2
.
Cn c mt tc nhn khc kh thy hn, l t . Ch n cn bng ha
hc:
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
Cc loi t b gi ma mi mn, lu ngy b phong ha nh ngi ta
thng ni: Nc chy mn. Nh CaCO
3
trong vi di tc dng ca CO
2
v nc s ha tan CaCO
3
, sau c nc ma cun i vo sng ri ra bin.
Di tc dng ca nhit li to thnh CaCO
3
v lng xung y bin to thnh
lp nham thch mi. Hng nm do s phong ha c th tiu tn t 40 n 70 triu
tn CO
2
. Ngi ta tnh ton v thy rng kh nng iu chnh lng CO
2
trong
kh quyn ca bin v cc i dng l rt ln, c th ln n hng trm triu tn
CO
2
trong mt nm.
239
Nh vy, th gii nht nh s khng bin thnh mt th gii y CO
2
.
Theo kt qu o c ca my trm nm tr li y, hm lng CO
2
trong bu kh
quyn c tng ln, nhng tng chm. Vic tng hm lng CO
2
l mt nguy c
lm cho Tri t nng ln, gy ra nhng bin i bt thng v kh hu. Cc kt
qu quan st cho bit trong 100 nm va qua, nhit trung bnh ca Tri t
tng 0,6
0
C. Sp ti lc cc c dn Bc Cc phi s dng t lnh v iu ha nhit
, nu nh tnh hnh khng c ci thin.
V vy nu ta khng ch coi trng vic bo v mi trng, hm lng CO
2
trong kh quyn cao vt qu gii hn nht nh, iu s tn hi ln cho con
ngi. Nhng trn bo ln gn y nh Katrina M, bo Sao Mai Trung Quc
l mt s cnh bo nghim khc ca thin nhin i vi s ph hy mi trng ca
con ngi. Cng c Kyoto quy nh duy tr mc thi CO
2
ngang vi nm 1997.
Tuy nhin thc hin c iu khng phi d dng, ngui ta c tnh chi ph
cho nc M duy tr lng CO
2
thi ra kh quyn nh 1997 l bng khong 2%
GDP nm, tc l trn 200 t USD, iu ny ng ngha vi vic phi ng ca
nhiu nh my gy nhim, hng lot cng nhn tht nghip, li nhun ca nh
u t st gim... . chnh l l do ln nht m nc M, cho n thi im hin
ti (2006) vn cha ph chun cng c Kyoto.
2. Cht xc tc l g ?
1. Xc tc
Cht xc tc l nhng cht lm tng tc phn ng ha hc, nhng khng b
tiu hao sau phn ng.
C nhiu cch phn loi xc tc, da trn cc tiu ch khc nhau.
Nu da vo chc nng xc tc, c th chia xc tc thnh nhng loi sau:
- Xc tc axit - baz.
- Xc tc oxi ha - kh
- Xc tc lng chc...
Cn nu da vo trng thi phn tn ca xc tc, c th chia xc tc thnh
- Xc tc ng th (cht phn ng v cht xc tc cng pha)
240
- Xc tc d th (cht phn ng v cht xc tc khc pha)
Cc cht xc tc trn th gii c gi tr thng mi khong 5 t USD/nm (1997),
to ra mt lng hng ha khong 5000 t USD, tc l bng khong 1/2 tng thu
nhp quc dn ca nc giu nht th gii l Hoa K.
2. Xc tc - trong cng nghip ha hc v c
Trong cng nghip Ha hc v c c ba quy trnh xc tc c p dng
quy m ln, l:
- Tng hp amoniac (NH
3
).
- Oxi ha amoniac thnh cc oxit ca nit sn xut axit nitric
(HNO
3
).
- Oxi ha kh sunfur thnh anhiric sunfuric sn xut axit sunfuric
(H
2
SO
4
).
a. Tng hp amoniac (NH
3
).
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3
; H = - 92kJ
Ngi ta tm kim mt cht xc tc hot ng tt v n nh chuyn h
n trng thi cn bng nhit thp nht c th. Trong khong nhng nm
1905 - 1910, cc nh ha hc nh Haber, Bosch v Miltasch ti phng th nghim
BASF c nhng c gng bn b tm cht xc tc thch hp. Cc kt qu
nghin cu cho thy mt s kim loi c hot tnh xc tc nh wonfam, urani, st,
ruteni v osimi. Tuy nhin bn ca cc cht xc tc k trn khng cao. Sau
nhiu nm nghin cu vi cc qung st, ngi ta t c tin b vt bc
vi mt loi qung st n t vng Gallivare Thy in. Phn tch thnh phn
ca loi xc tc ny, thy rng c mt t oxit nhm v oxit kali. T ngi ta
cho rng Al
2
O
3
v K
2
O l nhng cht tr xc tc cho st. Bt u t nm 1914,
loi xc tc Fe/ Al
2
O
3
v K
2
O c s dng quy m ln nc c. Loi xc
tc ny cho n nay vn cn c s dng.
b. Oxi ha amoniac
4NH
3
+ 5O
2
4NO + 6H
2
O
241
Bng pht minh u tin v xc tc cho phn ng oxi ha NH
3
l do
Kuhlman nm 1938. Cht xc tc c s dng l mui bch kim (Pt). ng dng
cng nghip u tin ca xc tc ny phi ch n khi ngi ta sn xut c
amoniac c sch cao. bo v xc tc nhit cao, ngi ta s dng
hp kim ca Pt vi 10% Rh, vt liu ny tt hn nhiu so vi Pt nguyn cht.
Ngi ta dt xc tc thnh li, ng knh si l 0,06mm, vi 1050 l /cm
2
.
c. Xc tc oxi ha lu hunh ioxit.
2SO
2
+ O
2
2SO
3

Phn ng oxi ha SO
2
l mt cng on trong qu trnh sn xut axit H
2
SO
4
.
Trc y ngi ta dng xc tc Pt trn cht mang. Tuy nhin loi xc tc ny rt
d b ng c bi cc hp cht ca asen. Ngy nay, xc tc cho phn ng oxi ha
SO
2
c iu ch bng cch lm nng chy V
2
O
5
trong oxit ca kim loi kim.
242
Mc lc
LI NI U....................................................................................................4
Chng 1 ..........................................................................................................6
NGUYN T.....................................................................................................6
A. TM TT L THUYT.................................................................................6
B. BI TP C LI GII ..............................................................................10
C. BI TP T LUYN .................................................................................14
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM..........................................................................16
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP..............................................19
F. MT S THNG TIN B SUNG...............................................................28
Chng 2..........................................................................................................31
BNG TUN HON CC NGUYN T HA HC ..............................31
V NH LUT TUN HON...................................................................31
A. TM TT L THUYT...............................................................................31
B. BI TP C LI GII...............................................................................35
C. BI TP T LUYN..................................................................................41
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM..........................................................................43
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP..............................................46
F. THNG TIN B SUNG...............................................................................67
Chng 3..........................................................................................................69
LIN KT HA HC....................................................................................69
A. TM TT L THUYT...............................................................................69
B. BI TP C LI GII...............................................................................73
C. BI TP T LUYN..................................................................................77
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM..........................................................................78
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP..............................................83
F. THNG TIN B SUNG.............................................................................101
Chng 4 ........................................................................................................103
A. TM TT L THUYT.............................................................................103
B. BI TP C LI GII.............................................................................115
C. BI TP T LUYN................................................................................117
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM........................................................................127
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP............................................130
F. THNG TIN B SUNG.............................................................................140
Chng 5........................................................................................................144
NHM HALOGEN.......................................................................................144
243
A. TM TT L THUYT.............................................................................144
B. BI TP C LI GII.............................................................................146
C. BI TP T LUYN................................................................................150
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM........................................................................154
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP............................................156
F. THNG TIN B SUNG.............................................................................174
Chng 6 ......................................................................................................178
NHM OXI - LU HUNH........................................................................178
A. TM TT L THUYT.............................................................................178
B. BI TP C LI GII.............................................................................180
C. BI TP T LUYN................................................................................183
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM........................................................................186
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP............................................188
F. THNG TIN B SUNG.............................................................................205
Chng 7 .......................................................................................................207
TC PHN NG V CN BNG HA HC..................................207
A. TM TT L THUYT ............................................................................207
B. BI TP C LI GII.............................................................................211
D. BI TP TRC NGHIM........................................................................222
E. P N V HNG DN GII BI TP............................................229
F. THNG TIN B SUNG.............................................................................238
Mc lc...........................................................................................................243
244