USE OF SERIES AND SHUNT CAPACITORS IN TRANSMISSION LINES

Instructed By: Mr.Jayendra R.G. Name : Index No : Field : Liyanagama S. K. 050249N EE

Date of Per : 29.05.2007 Date of Sub : 12.06.2007

Calculations:
Series Capacitive Reactance Per Unit Compensation of the Line = Inductive Reactance Series Capacitive Reactance = 1/ jC Inductive Reactance = jL

Per Unit Compensation of the Line =

1 ( jC ) 1 ( j 2fC ) = jL j 2fL

Sample Calculation C = 12 F L = 0.15 H f = 50 Hz Series Capacitive Reactance Inductive Reactance =

1 = j 265.26 j 2 50 12 10 6

= j 2 50 0.15 = j 47.12
265.26 = 5.63 47.12

Per Unit Compensation of the Line =

Capacitance ( F ) 6 12 18 24 30

Series Capacitive Reactance() -j530.52 -j265.26 -j176.84 -j132.63 -j106.1

Per Unit Compensation of the Line 11.26 5.63 3.72 2.81 2.25

Power Received (W) 7 19 30 41 39

Power received Vs series capacitive reactance 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 200 400 600 series capacitive reactance

Power(W)

power received Vs per unit compensation 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 5 10 15 Per unit compensation

power(W)

power received Vs shunt capacitance 45 40 Power received(W) 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 20 Shunt Capacitance 40

Discussion:
Effect of Power Factor on the Power Systems The ratio between the real power and the apearent power is defined as the power factor of an AC electric power system. The real power is the capacity of the circuit for performing work in a particular time. The apearent power is the product of the voltage and the current in the circuit. Also the low power facter causes for the loss of the system and it will increase the cost for energy. Energy losses in transmission lines increase with increasing current. Where a load has a power factor lower than 1, more current is required to deliver the same amount of useful energy. Power companies therefore require that industrial and commercial customers maintain the power factors of their respective loads within specified limits or be subject to additional charges. Electric utilities must maintain a high Power Factor on their distribution system for efficiency. They will typically bill customers for a low Power Factor or they may bill on kVA demand, which Power Factor will affect. Most utilities that bill a Power Factor penalty require a user to maintain a 95% Power Factor to avoid penalty.

Usefulness of Shunt Capacitors in Improving the Power Factor of the Load Inductive components of a power system draw a leading reactive power from the supply. It lags by 90 degrees to the active power. As well as the capacitive component of the power system leads by 90 degrees to the active power. The directions of the above two components are in opposite to each other. When the current lags the voltage because of having a lot of electric induction motors, it will cause for a lagging reactive power. To reduce this effect, we should consume either leading reactive power at the receiving end or supply lagging reactive power from the system. The leading reactive power can be achieved by adding shunt capacitors to the receiving end. Some industrial sites, this would consist of a capacitor bank in the form of several parallel capacitors at the power input to the device.

Effect of series and shunt capacitance Shunt Connection: This method is the most common method to connect the capacitors to power factor correction. The voltage rating of the capacitor is same as the system voltage. Series Connection: This method is not a common method to connect capacitors as well as it has some disadvantages. In a short circuit condition the capacitor should be able to withstand the high current. Also since there is an inductive part in the circuit, it may have occurred resonance condition for some capacitance values. This cause for a very low impedance and a high current will go through the circuit. Other Methods Available to Improve the Power Factor Synchronous Motor An unloaded synchronous motor can be used to improve the power factor. It is started and connect to the electrical network. It operates at full leading power factor and puts apearent power onto the network as required to support a systems voltage or to maintain the system power factor at a specified level. The condensers installation and operation are identical to large electric motors. Its principal advantage is the ease with which the amount of correction can be adjusted; it behaves like an electrically variable capacitor. Filters If there are harmonics in the waveform caused by switched mode power supplies, the capacitors are not connected directly to the supply lines. The simplest way to control the harmonic current is to use a filter. It is possible to design a filter that passes current only at line frequency (e.g. 50 or 60 Hz). This filter removes the harmonic current, which means that the non-linear device now looks like a linear load. At this point the power factor can be brought to near unity, using capacitors or inductors as required. This filter requires large-value high-current inductors, however, which are bulky and expensive.