HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

K THUT VIN THNG

(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa) Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2007

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

K THUT VIN THNG

Bin son : TS. NGUYN TIN BAN

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

CHNG 1: C S K THUT TRUYN DN

1.1. K thut iu ch v ghp knh 1.1.1. Cc phng php m ha v iu ch
M ha Trong cc h thng truyn dn s thng tin c chuyn i thnh mt chui cc t hp xung, sau truyn trn ng truyn. Khi , thng tin tng t (nh ting ni ca con ngi) phi c chuyn i vo dng s nh cc b bin i A/D. chnh xc ca chuyn i A/D quyt nh cht lng lnh hi ca thu bao. T hp s phi chi tit sao cho ting ni (hoc video) tng t c th c ti to m khng c mo v nhiu lon thit b thu. Hin nay, mong mun ca chng ta l gim khi lng thng tin s s dng tt hn dung lng mng. Cc b m ho c phn lm 2 loi chnh: m ho dng sng v m ho thoi (vocoder). Ngoi ra, cn c cc b m ho lai t hp c tnh ca 2 loi trn. Hnh 1.1 minh ho s khc nhau v cht lng thoi v cc yu cu tc bit i vi cc loi m ha khc nhau.
Cht lng thoi

Tuyt vi Cc b m ho li Tt Cc b m ho dng sng

Kh tt Cc b m ho thoi Km

16

32

64

Bit Rate (Kbit/s)

Hnh 1.1: Cc phng php m ho v mi quan h cht lng thoi/tc bit

M ho dng sng c ngha l cc thay i bin ca tn hiu tng t (ng thoi) c m t bng mt s ca gi tr c o. Sau cc gi tr ny c m ho xung v gi ti u thu. Dng iu tng t nh tn hiu c ti to trong thit b thu nh cc gi tr nhn c. Phng php ny cho php nhn c mc cht lng thoi rt cao, v ng tn hiu nhn c l bn sao nh tht ca ng tn hiu bn pht. 3

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

M ho thoi l b m ho tham s. Thay cho vic truyn tn hiu m t trc tip dng ca ng tn hiu thoi l truyn mt s tham s m t ng cong tn hiu c pht ra nh th no. Cch n gin gii thch s khc nhau gia hai phng php ny l s dng php n dng: nhc ang c chi v cc bn nhc th c cc nhc cng s dng. Trong m ho dng sng chnh nhng m thanh nhc ang chi c truyn i, cn trong m ho tham s th cc bn nhc c gi ti bn nhn. M ho tham s yu cu c mt m hnh xc nh r ng tn hiu thoi c to nh th no. Cht lng s mc trung bnh (m thanh ca thoi nhn c thuc loi tng hp) nhng mt khc cc tn hiu c th c truyn vi tc bit rt thp. B m ho lai gi mt s cc tham s cng nh mt lng nht nh thng tin dng sng. Kiu m ho thoi ny a ra mt s tho hip hp l gia cht lng thoi v hiu qu m ho, v n c s dng trong cc h thng in thoi di ng ngy nay. iu ch iu ch l mt k thut cho php thng tin c truyn nh s thay i ca tn hiu mang thng tin. iu ch c s dng cho c thng tin s v tng t. Trong trng hp thng tin tng t l tc ng lin tc (s bin i mm). Trong trng hp thng tin s, iu ch tc ng tng bc (thay i trng thi). Khi kt hp iu ch v gii iu ch c gi l modem. Trong truyn dn tng t c th s dng hai phng php iu ch theo bin v theo tn s
Sng mang

Tn hiu ang iu ch

Tn hiu c iu ch bin

Tn hiu c iu ch theo tn s
Hnh 1.2: iu ch theo bin v theo tn s

iu bin c s dng truyn ting ni tng t (300-3400 Hz). iu tn thng c s dng cho truyn thng qung b (bng FM), knh m thanh cho TV v h thng vin thng khng dy.

1.1.2. iu ch xung m PCM

Hin nay c nhiu phng php chuyn tn hiu analog thnh tn hiu digital (A/D) nh iu xung m (PCM), iu xung m vi sai (DPCM), iu ch Delta (DM), ... Trong thit b ghp knh s thng s dng phng php ghp knh theo thi gian kt hp iu xung m (TDM PCM).

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

chuyn i tn hiu analog thnh tn hiu digital dng phng php PCM, cn thc hin 3 bc nh hnh 1.3.

Ly mu
t

Lng t ho

M ho
1 0 t

Hnh 1.3: Qu trnh chuyn i A/D dng phng php PCM

Trc ht phi ly mu tn hiu thoi, tc l ch truyn cc xung tn hiu ti cc thi im nht nh. Bc th hai l lng t ho bin , ngha l chia bin ca xung mu thnh cc mc v ly trn bin xung n mc gn nht. Bc th ba m ho xung lng t thnh t m nh phn c m bit. Ly mu tn hiu analog Bin ca tn hiu analog l lin tc theo thi gian. Ly mu l ly bin ca tn hiu analog tng khong thi gian nht nh. Qu trnh ny ging nh iu ch bin , trong cc dy xung c chu k c iu ch bin bi tn hiu analog. Do vy cc mu ly c s gin on theo thi gian. Dy mu ny gi l tn hiu PAM (iu ch bin xung). thc hin qu trnh ly mu tn hiu bt k phi da vo nh l Nyquist, ni dung ca nh l c pht biu nh sau: Nu tn hiu gc l hm lin tc theo thi gian c tn ph gii hn t 0 n fmax khi ly mu th tn s ly mu phi ln hn hoc bng hai ln tn s ln nht trong tn hiu gc, ngha l: fm 2fmax. Mt yu t quan trng trong ly mu l pha pht ly mu cho tn hiu analog theo tn s no cho pha thu ti to li c tn hiu ban u. Theo nh l Nyquist, bng cch ly mu tn hiu analog theo tn s cao hn t nht hai ln tn s cao nht ca tn hiu th c th to li tn hiu analog ban u t cc mu . i vi tn hiu thoi hot ng bng tn 0,3 3,4 kHz, tn s ly mu l 8kHz p ng yu cu v cht lng truyn dn: pha thu khi phc tn hiu analog c mo trong phm vi cho php. Qu trnh ly mu tn hiu thoi nh hnh 1.4.

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Bin

(a)

0 Bin

(b)

Tm
t Bin +3 +2

(c)

+1 0 -1 -2 -3

Hnh 1.4: Qu trnh ly mu tn hiu thoi

(a) Th hin ng cong tn hiu thoi. (b) Dy xung iu khin hot ng b ly mu c chu k Tm = 125s. (c) Tn hiu u ra b ly mu (tn hiu iu bin xung- PAM) Lng t ho Lng t ho ngha l chia bin ca tn hiu thnh cc khong u hoc khng u, mi khong l mt bc lng t, bin tn hiu ng vi u hoc cui mi bc lng t gi l mt mc lng t. Sau khi c cc mc lng t th bin ca cc xung mu c lm trn n mc gn nht. C hai loi lng t ho bin : lng t ho u v lng t ho khng u. Lng t ho u Bin tn hiu c chia thnh nhng khong u nhau, sau ly trn cc xung mu n mc lng t gn nht. Qu trnh lng t ho u th hin nh hnh 1.5.

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Bin +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 t

Hnh 1.5: Qu trnh lng t ho u

Bc lng t u bng . Nh vy, bin ca tn hiu gm c 7 bc lng t v 8 mc (nh s t -3 +3). Mi quan h gia s mc lng t v s bc lng t nh sau: Tng s mc lng t = Tng s bc lng t + 1. Do phi ly trn n mc lng t gn nht, chnh lch gia bin xung lng t v gi tr tc thi ca xung ly mu s gy ra nhiu lng t Qd (xem hnh 1.6). Bin xung nhiu lng t lun tho mn iu kin sau:

Qd K + 2 2

Cng sut trung bnh nhiu lng t u c xc nh nh sau:

2 PQd = 12
T biu thc ny cho thy cng sut nhiu lng t ch ph thuc vo bc lng t m khng ph thuc vo bin tn hiu. i vi tn hiu mnh, t s:

S Tnhiu = s ln hn t s ny ca tn hiu yu. N Nhiu

Mun san bng t s ny gia tn hiu mnh v tn hiu yu phi s dng lng t ho khng u.
Bin Qd = nhiu lng t (Quantising distortion) +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 Qd Qd Qd Qd Qd t Qd Qd Qd

Hnh 1.6: Nhiu lng t

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Lng t ho khng u Lng t ho khng u da trn nguyn tc: khi bin tn hiu cng ln th bc lng t cng ln (hnh 1.7). Bin
+4 4 +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 3 2 1

Hnh 1.7: Qu trnh lng t ho khng u

Trong th d trn hnh 1.7 bin ca tn hiu analog c chia thnh 4 bc lng t, k hiu l 1, 2, 3, 4. Nh vy: 1 < 2 < 3 < 4 < ... Cc ng thng song song vi trc honh (t) gi l cc mc lng t, c nh s t 0 ti gc to . Cc xung ly mu ti cc chu k nTm (trong n=0,1,2,...) c ly trn n mc lng t gn nht. Mun lng t ho khng u c th s dng mt trong hai phng php: nn - dn analog hoc nn - dn s. Nn - dn analog Qu trnh nn - dn analog c thc hin bng cch t b nn analog trc b m ho u pha nhnh pht ca thit b ghp knh, trong min tn hiu thoi analog v t mt b dn analog trc b gii m u nhnh thu ca thit b ghp knh, cng trong min tn hiu thoi analog. Trong thit b ghp knh s ch to theo tiu chun Chu u s dng b nn - dn theo lut A. Cn theo tiu chun Bc M v Nht s dng b nn theo lut . c tuyn ca b nn lut A (s ph thuc in p u vo v u ra b nn) biu th bng biu thc

Ax 1 + ln A
Y=

0x

1 A

1 + ln Ax 1 + ln A

1 x 1 A

Trong x = 8

uV vi uV l bin in p u vo b nn, cnU0 l in p vo bo ho. U0

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T ly A = 87,6. c tuyn ca b nn lut biu th bng biu thc

ln (1 + x ) ln (1 + )
Y=

0 x 1

ln (1 x ) ln (1 + )

1 x 0

Theo khuyn ngh ca ITU-T ly = 255. T cc biu thc trn c th xy dng c cc ng cong th hin c tuyn b nn A v . c tuyn b nn phi i xng vi c tuyn b dn khng gy mo khi khi phc tn hiu. Dng ng cong c tuyn ca b nn v b dn nh hnh 1.8.
Bin ra
+1 c tuyn b nn

c tuyn b dn -1 +1

Bin vo

-1

Hnh 1.8: c tuyn b nn v b dn analog

Nhiu th nghim v lng t ho tn hiu thoi a ra kt lun: Mun t c t s:

S Tnhiu = khong 25 dB th s mc lng t u phi bng N Nhiu

2048. Nh vy mi t m cn c 11 bit (khng k bit du). V 211 = 2048 l s mc lng t ca bin dng hoc m ca tn hiu thoi. Sau khi nn, tn hiu thoi ch cn 128 mc. Nu k c bit du ch cn t m 8 bit. l l do ti sao phi thc hin nn tn hiu. Nn - dn s: B nn s c t trong min tn hiu s ca nhnh pht v b dn s c t trong min tn hiu s ca nhnh thu ca thit b ghp knh. c tuyn b nn v b dn s da trn c s ca b nn v b dn analog. Bng cch gn ng ho ng cong c tuyn b nn - dn analog theo lut A v thnh cc on thng gp khc. c tuyn ca b nn s lut A c tt c 13 on thng c dc khc nhau v ly tn l b nn s A = 87,6/13 c th hin trong hnh 1.9.

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Cc on thng c dc khc nhau, do vy trong cng mt on tn hiu khng b nn. Khi chuyn t on ny sang on khc th tn hiu b nn v khi bin cng ln s b nn cng nhiu. Tn(Tn hiu hiu y u u ra) ra
1
7 8 6 8 5 8 4 8 3 8 2 8 1 8

H G

on 13

F E D C

12

11

10

9 8

B A

x
1 128 1 64 1 32 1 16 1 8 1 4 1 2

-1

(Tn hiu Tn vo) uhiu u vo

6 5 4 3 2 on 1 -1

Hnh 1.9: c tnh bin b nn s A=87,6/13

xy dng c tnh bin ca b nn s cn tin hnh cc bc sau y: Trc x c trng cho bin chun ho ca tn hiu u vo b nn (-1 x 1 tng ng vi 4096 bc lng t u) v trc y c trng cho tn hiu u ra. Trn trc x chia theo khc logarit c s hai, na dng gm cc im 0,

1 1 , , 128 64

1 1 1 1 1 , , , , v 1; cn na m c chia ngc li. 32 16 8 4 2

Trn trc y chia thnh cc khong u nhau v na dng gm cc im 0,

1 2 3 , , , 8 8 8

4 5 6 7 , , , v 1 ; cn na m c chia ngc li. 8 8 8 8

10

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Tip nh du cc im c bit A, B, C, D, E, F, G v H, trong na dng ca ng c tnh, trong im H l im ct nhau ca on thng vung gc vi trc x ti im c x= 1 v on thng vung gc vi trc y ti im c y= 1. im G l im ct nhau ca on thng vung gc vi trc x ti im c x=1/2 v on thng vung gc vi trc y ti im c y=7/8, .... im A l im ct nhau ca on thng vung gc vi trc x ti im c x=1/128 v on thng vung gc vi trc y ti im c y=1/8. Ni hai im k nhau bng mt on thng. Nh vy na dng ca ng c tnh bin c tt c 8 on thng, mi on c c trng bng t m 3 bit. Trong mi on c chia thnh 16 mc, mi mc phn phi t m 4 bit. Na m ca ng c tnh bin c ly i xng vi na dng qua gc to O. Do 4 on gn gc to 0 c dc nh nhau (trong na dng c hai on OA v OB). Nh vy ton b ng c tnh bin c 13 on thng c dc khc nhau. Na m v na dng ca ng c tnh bin c phn phi t m 1 bt. Bt 0 tng ng vi na m ca ng c tnh bin v bt 1 tng ng vi na dng ca ng c tnh bin . Tm li, khi cha nn th tn hiu thoi c chia thnh 4096 mc, sau khi dng b nn A=87,6/13 th ch cn li 256 mc (tc l s bt trong mt t m gim t 12 xung 8). Chuyn i tn hiu digital thnh tn hiu analog Ti pha thu, tn hiu s PCM c chuyn i thnh tn hiu analog qua hai bc l: gii m v lc. Tng hp hai qu trnh x l ny gi l qu trnh chuyn i D/A v c biu din nh hnh 1.10.
1 0

Gii m

Lc
t

Hnh 1.10: Qu trnh chuyn i D/A

Gii m l qu trnh ngc li vi m ho. Trong gii m, bt u bng vic tch cc m nh phn 8 bit t tn hiu PCM (trong hnh 1.10 tng trng t m 3 bit). Tip theo, chuyn mi t m nh phn thnh mt xung lng t c bin tng ng vi s mc lng t ca t m . Hnh 1.11 minh ho gii m cc t m 3 bt. Tn hiu xung c lng t ho u pht c to li u thu bng cch gii m nh vy. Tn hiu xung sau khi gii m c bin chnh lch vi bin xung mu ti pha pht. Hin tng ny gi l mo lng t v pht sinh do lm trn bin khi lng t ho. 11

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Tn hiu PCM nhn c

011

11 0 6 3

1 01 5

011

0 01

01 0

3 1

Tn hiu xung lng t

2 t

Hnh 1.11: Qu trnh gii m

Sau , tn hiu xung lng t c a qua b lc thng thp. u ra b lc ny nhn c tn hiu analog l tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian nh ni suy gia cc mu k tip nhau nh hnh 1.12.

Tn hiu xung Lng t

Lc tn hiu analog

in p tng u ra b lc

Hnh 1.12: Qu trnh lc tn hiu t cc xung PAM

Cc phng php m ho mi PCM tn ti trong 1/4 thp k v cc cng ngh mi bt u thu ht s ch . Trong thp k cui, m ho thoi tinh vi tr ln hin thc nh s pht trin ca VLSI (mch tch hp rt ln). PCM ti 64 Kb/s khng cn l cng ngh duy nht na. Vic m ho 32 v 16 kbit/s c pht trin, v cc phng php vocoder cng c pht trin m ch yu cu 4.8 Kb/s v t hn. Chng ta c th bng mi cch t ti 800bit/s m vn nghe hiu c, nhng ti tc bit ny khng c kh nng nhn dng c li ni ca ngi ni. Cc phng php m ho mi gi ra rt nhiu li ch, v chng cho php cc nh khai thc tng gp 2 hay 4 ln dung lng truyn dn thoi trong mng ca h m khng cn phi lp t thit b truyn dn mi. Mt trong nhng phng php c th dng l iu ch xung m vi sai thch ng, ADPCM. ADPCM cho php truyn thoi vi cht lng gim ti thiu ti 32Kbit/s. Khuyn ngh ca ITU v ADPCM c gi l G.726. PCM vi sai (DPCM) Tn hiu c ly mu cho thy mc tng quan cao gia cc mu k cn. Hay ni cch khc, hai mu gn nhau l kh tng t nh nhau. Ngha l s c nhiu li ch nu m ho s 12

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

khc nhau gia cc mu k cn thay cho m ho gi tr tuyt i ca mi mu. Trn hnh 1.13 cho thy 4 bit c th c s dng thay cho 8 bit. y l tng n trong PCM vi sai (DPCM), y chnh xc vn c gi li mc d khng cn bng tn rng. DPCM u tin da trn bn quyn t 1952.
Gi tr mu tuyt i

5 4 3 2 1
Mu s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 t

lch gia cc gi tr mu 6 t Mu s 1 2 3 4 5

Hnh 1.13: PCM vi sai (DPCM)

PCM vi sai c nhc im l nu tn hiu u vo tng t m thay i qu ln gia cc mu, th n khng th c biu din bng 4 bit m s b ct. DPCM thch ng (ADPCM) PCM vi sai thch ng (ADPCM) t hp phng php DPCM v PCM thch ng. ADPCM c ngha l cc mc lng t ho c thch ng vi dng ca tn hiu u vo. Kch c ca cc bc lng t tng ln khi c lin tip dc ng trong tn hiu ko di. Trong hnh 1.14, s mu l 6 c th c m t bng 5 bc lng t ln thay cho 10 mu nh. Phng php ny c tn t kh nng thch ng y, tc l n to ra kh nng gim cc bc lng t.

13

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Mu s 1

Thi gian

Hnh 1.14: PCM thch ng

Trong m ho ADPCM, sau khi tn hiu vo tng t i qua m ho PCM thng thng, th lung cc mu 8 bit c gi tip ti b m ho ADPCM. Trong b m ho ny, mt thut ton ch vi 15 mc lng t c s dng gim di t 8 bit xung 4 bit. 4 bit ny khng biu din bin ca mu na, nhng nh c m ho vi sai m 4 bit vn cha thng tin cho php tn hiu gc s c ti to b thu. Mc ca mt mu c d on da trn mc ca mu ng trc. S khc nhau gia mu d on v thc t l rt nh v v vy c th m ho bng 4 bit. Nu c vi mu tip theo thay i ln, th cc bc lng t c thch ng nh m t trn.

1.1.3. K thut ghp knh

Ghp knh c s PCM-30 Phn trn trnh by nguyn l c bn ca phng php iu ch xung m PCM. By gi, chng ta s xem xt nhng nguyn l c s dng nh th no thit lp cc h thng truyn dn PCM thc t. Trc ht l xt n nguyn l ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian v n lm cho cc h thng truyn dn tn hiu thoi bng PCM c u im v mt kinh t. S nguyn l cc h thng PCM, qu trnh ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian thng c thc hin trc khi m ha dy xung, tc l cc mu ca tn hiu tng t ring c kt hp li trn mt ng truyn PAM chung. Theo phng php ny, thit b m ha c th c dng trong qu trnh ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian. y khng thc hin ghp tng xung mt m ghp tng t m PCM mt, cch ny thng c gi l ghp khe thi gian. Cc h thng PCM hu ht l cc h thng TDM. S b ghp knh PCM-30 nh hnh 1.15.

14

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

1 S

Ly mu

M ho

Ghp knh

Lp m -ng

u ra

Chn xung knh

B to xung pht XB v Bo hiu

30

Ly mu

B to xung thu Tch XB Tch knh Gii m -ng

30

30

Chn xung knh

Gii m

Hnh 1.15: B ghp knh PCM-30

S ny ghp 30 knh thoi, knh ng b v knh bo hiu thnh lung bit c tc bng 2048 kbit/s. i dy m tn c ni vo my u cui thu bao nh my in thoi, thit b truyn s liu v.v. Sau y phn tch hot ng ca b ghp tn hiu thoi. B sai ng S tch tn hiu thoi thu v pht ring bit. Ti nhnh pht c b lc thng thp hn ch bng tn ting ni t 300 n 3400 Hz, u ra b lc thng thp ni n mch ly mu. Mch ly mu l mt chuyn mch in t ng m theo chu k 125s, u ra nhn c cc xung mu c chu k bng 125s. B m ho bin i mi xung ly mu thnh 8 bit v khi ghp knh tn hiu thoi, tn hiu ng b v tn hiu bo hiu thnh mt khung c thi hn 125s. u ra cc mch ly mu u song song vi nhau, v vy xung ly mu ca cc knh c ghp theo thi gian v ln lt a vo b m ho. Trong b ghp knh PCM-30 dng b m ho nn s A= 87,6 v c tnh bin c 13 on. Dy xung ly t b to xung pht qua b chia to ra xung iu khin cc mch ly mu 8 kbit/s, iu khin cc b m ho v iu khin b ghp knh. Bo hiu t cc thu bao c a ti khi x l bo hiu. Ti y bo hiu c chuyn i thnh cc bit ghp vo khung tn hiu. Dy bit hai mc u ra khi ghp knh qua khi lp m ng chuyn thnh dy bit ba mc ri i ra ngoi. Ti nhnh thu ca b ghp knh PCM-30 tip nhn dy bit ba mc n v chuyn vo khi gii m ng chuyn thnh dy bit hai mc. Mt phn tn hiu u ra khi gii m ng, a vo khi tch xung ng b tch ra xung ng b v a ti khi to xung thu kch thch b chia xung v to ra cc khe thi gian ng b vi pha pht. Phn tn hiu cn li c a vo khi tch knh tch lung bit u vo thnh 30 knh thoi, knh bo hiu. Khi bo hiu chuyn cc bit bo hiu thnh tn hiu bo hiu ban u, chng hn bo hiu a tn, cc digit b s thu bao, xung iu khin r le v.v. Cc t m 8 bit ca 30 knh thoi a ti b gii m chuyn thnh cc xung lng t, qua b chn xung knh v b lc thng thp tch ra tn hiu thoi analog ca tng knh. Tn hiu analog qua b sai ng i vo my in thoi. B chn xung 15

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

knh l mt chuyn mch in t ng m theo tc v pha ca b ly mu pha pht. u vo b chn xung knh u song song vi nhau v mi b ch cho xung knh mnh i qua, tc l tch knh theo thi gian c thc hin ti y. Cu trc khung v a khung Cu trc khung v a khung ca b ghp PCM-30 nh hnh 1.16.

TMF=125s 16= 2ms

a khung a khung

16 khung 16 khung

F0 F1 F2 F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10 F11F12 F13F14 F15

TF=125s Khung
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 TS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 CH

Cc khung chn Si 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 Cc khung l Si 1 A S S S S S

Khung F0
b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8

0 0 0 0 SA S S

Ch thch: TS - khe thi gian CH- knh thoi

Hnh 1.16: Cu trc khung v a khung ca b ghp knh PCM-30

Khung c thi gian 125s c chia thnh 32 khe thi gian bng nhau v nh s th t t TS0 n TS31. Mi khe thi gian TS di 3,9s gm mt t m 8 bt. Mi khung gm c 256 bit v chu k lp li ca khung bng 8000 Hz. Cc khe TS0 ng u cc khung chn gm bit Si c s dng cho quc t (nu khng dng th ci t bng 1) v by bt cn li l t m ng b khung 0011011. Cc khe TS0 ng u cc khung l gm bit th nht Si dng cho mng quc t, nu khng s dng t Si= 1, bit th hai lun c logic 1 trnh phng to t m ng b khung, bit th ba dng cho cnh bo xa khi mt ng b khung, nm bit S cn li dnh cho quc gia. Khi trm u xa khng thu c t m ng b khung s t A=1 v truyn v trm gc. Mi a khung ko di trong 2 ms v cha 16 khung. Cc khung c nh s th t t F0 n F15, trong 8 khung mang ch s chn v 8 khung cn li mang ch s l. Khe thi gian TS16 ca khung F0 truyn t m ng b a khung vo v tr cc bit th nht n bit th t, bit th 6 truyn cnh bo xa khi mt ng b a khung (A=1), cc bit S dnh cho quc gia, nu khng s dng t S=1. Cc khe thi gian TS16 ca khung F1 n khung F15 dng truyn bo hiu. Bo hiu ca mi knh thoi c m ho thnh 4 bit a, b, c, d v ghp vo na khe thi gian TS16. Na bn tri truyn bo hiu ca cc knh thoi th nht n 15 v na bn phi truyn bo hiu cc knh thoi th 16 n 30 nh bng 1.1.

16

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Bng 1.1. Ghp tn hiu bo hiu ca 30 knh thoi Khe thi gian TS16 b1b2b3b4 a bc d Knh 1 Knh 2 Knh 3 Knh 4 Knh 5 Knh 6 Knh 7 Knh 8 Knh 9 Knh 10 Knh 11 Knh 12 Knh 13 Knh 14 Knh 15 b5b6b7b8 ab cd Knh 16 Knh 17 Knh 18 Knh 19 Knh 20 Knh 21 Knh 22 Knh 23 Knh 24 Knh 25 Knh 26 Knh 27 Knh 28 Knh 29 Knh 30

Khung 1 Khung 2 Khung 3 Khung 4 Khung 5 Khung 6 Khung 7 Khung 8 Khung 9 Khung 10 Khung 11 Khung 12 Khung 13 Khung 14 Khung 15

Nh vy phi c 16 khe thi gian TS16 trong mt a khung mi truyn bo hiu v ng b a khung. cng l l do ti sao mi a khung cha 16 khung. Nu cc bt a b c d khng dng cho bo hiu th t b=1, c=0 v d=1. Ngoi ra cng cn lu cm s dng t hp 0000 truyn bo hiu v n trng vi t m ng b a khung. Phng thc bo hiu trnh by trn y gi l bo hiu knh kt hp CAS. Ngoi phng thc bo hiu knh kt hp CAS, trong tng i in t s cn c phng thc bo hiu knh chung CCS, trong bo hiu ca cc knh thoi c truyn trn mt ng ring. in hnh ca CCS l h thng bo hiu s 7 (CCSS-7). Trong trng hp PCM-30 c s dng truyn s liu th bit Si trong khe thi gian TS0 l bit kim tra d vng CRC (xem bng 1.2).

17

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Bng 1.2. Chc nng cc bit trong TS0 ca mt a khung Bit 1 n bit 8 ca TS0 Si C1 0 C2 0 C3 1 C4 0 C1 1 C2 1 C3 E C4 E 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 3 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 0 A 4 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 5 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 6 0 S 0 S 0 S 0 S 0 S 0 S 0 S 0 S 7 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 8 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 S

Th t khung 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Bng 1.2. tm tt chc nng cc bit ca khe thi gian TS0 trong mi a khung 16 khung. Cng c th xem a khung gm 2 a khung con; a khung con th nht gm khung 0 n khung 7 v a khung con th hai gm khung 8 n khung 15. Bit Si trong cc khung chn ca mi a khung con l cc bit kim tra d chu trnh C1 C2 C3 C4 (CRC-4). Bit Si trong cc khung l ca a khung to thnh t m ng b a khung CRC-4, bt E trong khung 13 ch th li bit ca CRC4 ca a con th nht v bit E trong khung 15 ch th li bit ca CRC-4 ca a khung con th hai. Phn cp s cn ng b PDH Sau khi gii thiu v phng php ghp knh c s PCM-30, phn ny s trnh by v cc h thng ghp knh bc cao. Ghp knh bc cao l ghp nhiu lung s c tc thp to thnh mt lung s c tc cao hn. Thit b thc hin nhim v ni trn c gi l my ghp knh bc cao. PDH l mt trong nhng h thng ghp knh s bc cao thng dng. Trong mng thng tin PDH khng s dng ng b tp trung, ngha l tt c cc phn t trong mng khng b khng ch bi mt ng h ch. Mi thit b ghp knh hoc tng i trong mng ny c mt ng h ring. Chnh v vy m cc lung s do chng to ra c s chnh lch v tc bit. Chng hn tng i th nht a ra lung s (2048 kbit/s + 510-5); trong khi mt tng i khc li a ra lung s (2048 kbit/s - 510-5). Mun ghp cc lung s c tc bit khc nhau ny thnh mt lung s c tc cao hn th phi hiu chnh cho tc bit ca chng bng 18

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

tc bit ca ng h b ghp nh chn bit. Sau khi chn bit th cc lung s u vo b ghp xem nh ng b v tc bit, nhng pha ca chng khng ng b vi nhau. Kiu ghp nh vy c gi l ghp cn ng b (hnh 1.17).
Lung s 2Mbit/s c tc bit nh mc

Chn Bit

1
B chuyn mch

J- Cc bit chn Cc bit d liu u vo B to xung ng h

Tn hiu ra

B ghp

Chn Bit

Lung s 2Mbit/s c tc bit thp hn nh mc

Hnh 1.17: Nguyn tc ghp cn ng b

V tiu chun tc bit PDH, hin nay trn th gii c 3 tiu chun: Chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn. Sau y l c im chnh ca cc tiu chun ny. Tiu chun Chu u Chu u da trn tc bit c s 2048 kbit/s ghp xen bit thnh cc tc bit cao hn v gm c 4 mc. S hnh thnh cc mc theo tiu chun Chu u nh hnh 1.18a. Mc 1 (DS1): Ghp 30 knh thoi thnh lung 2048 kbit/s. Cc lung s c s ny c cung cp t thit b ghp knh PCM-30 hoc t tng i in t s. Mc 2 (DS2): Ghp 4 lung s c s thnh lung s mc 2 l 8448 kbit/s, gm 120 knh thoi. Mc 3 (DS3): Ghp 4 lung s mc 2 thnh lung s mc 3 l 34368 kbit/s, gm 480 knh thoi. Mc 4 (DS4): Ghp 4 lung s mc 3 thnh lung mc s 4 l 139268 kbit/s, gm 1920 knh thoi. Mc 5 (DS5): Ghp 4 lung s mc 4 thnh lung mc s 5 l 564992 kbit/s, gm 7680 knh thoi. Tiu chun Bc M Bc M s dng lung s c s 1544 kbit/s t thit b PCM-24 hoc t tng i in t s ghp xen bit thnh cc lung s c tc bit cao hn v gm c 4 mc. S hnh thnh cc mc theo tiu chun Bc M nh hnh 1.18b. Mc 1 (DS1): Ghp 24 knh thoi thnh lung 1544 kbit/s. Mc 2 (DS2): Ghp 4 lung s mc 1 thnh lung s mc 2 l 6312 kbit/s, gm 96 knh thoi. 19

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Mc 3 (DS3): Ghp 7 lung s mc 2 thnh lung s mc 3 l 44736 kbit/s, gm 672 knh thoi. Mc 4 (DS4): Ghp 6 lung s mc 3 thnh lung mc s 4 l 274716 kbit/s, gm 4032 knh thoi. Tiu chun ca Nht Bn Hai mc u tien theo tiu chun Nht Bn hon ton ging tiu chun Bc M v gm c tt c l 5 mc nh hnh 1.18b. Mc 1 (DS1): Ghp 24 knh thoi thnh lung 1544 kbit/s. Mc 2 (DS2): Ghp 4 lung s mc 1 thnh lung s mc 2 l 6312 kbit/s, gm 96 knh thoi. Mc 3 (DS3): Ghp 5 lung s mc 2 thnh lung s mc 3 l 32064 kbit/s, gm 480 knh thoi. Mc 4 (DS4): Ghp 3 lung s mc 3 thnh lung mc s 4 l 97728 kbit/s, gm 1440 knh thoi. Mc 5 (DS5): Ghp 4 lung s mc 4 thnh lung mc s 5 l 400352 kbit/s, gm 5760 knh thoi. ITU-T cng nhn 4 mc u tin theo tiu chun Chu u v 3 mc u tin theo tiu chun Bc M l cc mc truyn dn PDH quc t.

2048 kbit/s

8448 kbit/s

4 ITU-T

34368 kbit/s

139264 kbit/s

564992 kbit/s

Tiu chun Chu u

(a) 32064 kbit/s 3 97728 kbit/s 4 400352 kbit/s

5 1544 kbit/s 6312 kbit/s 7

Tiu chun Nht

44736 kbit/s

6 (b)

274176 kbit/s

Tiu chun Bc M

ITU-T

Hnh 1.18: Qui nh cc mc truyn dn PDH

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Phng php ghp C ba phng php ghp cc lung s l: - Ghp xen bit - Ghp xen byte - Ghp xen chu trnh Nhng trong PDH ch s dng k thut ghp xen bit. Sau y s trnh by phng php ghp ny. Hnh 1.19 m t qu trnh ghp xen bit bn lung s DS1 thnh lung s DS2. Th t ghp nh sau: Trc tin ghp xung ng b (XB), tip theo ghp bit th nht ca lung s DS1 th nht, bit th nht ca lung s DS1 th hai, bit th nht ca lung s DS1 th ba, bit th nht ca lung s DS1 th t. Sau ghp bit th hai cng theo trnh t trn. C ghp nh vy cho ht mt chu trnh 125s. n chu trnh sau trc ht phi ghp xung ng b v sau phi ghp tng bit theo th t trn. Trong 125s phi ghp ht s bit trong chu trnh c 4 lung vo. Nh vy th tc lung s u ra DS2 mi tng t nht gp 4 ln tc mt lung s u vo DS1.

DS-1#1

T DS-1#2

DS-1#3

DS-1#4

XB

DS-2 T

Hnh 1.19: Ghp xen bit bn lung s DS1 thnh lung s DS2

Khi ghp cc lung s PDH c tc bit thp thnh lung s c tc bit cao hn th cc thit b ghp thng hot ng theo kiu cn ng b. V cc lung s u vo b ghp c tc bit 21

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tc thi c th khc nhau vi tc bit danh nh cht t, nn ghp cc lung s u vo ny thnh lung s u ra c lin quan n qu trnh chn. Qu trnh ny hot ng nh sau: Khi thc hin ghp cc bit ca cc lung nhnh, trc ht cc bt ny c ghi ln lt vo nh trong cc b nh tng ng ca cc lung nhnh (di s iu khin ca ng h tch t dy xung vo, cn gi l ng h ghi). Sau cc bt ny c ly ra (di s iu khin ca ng h c ly t b to xung ca b ghp knh MUX) v a vo b MUX thc hin ghp xen bt. C dy bit c v y bit ghi u c a vo b so snh pha. Khi hai dy bit lch pha vi nhau t gi tr ngng t trc th xy ra qu trnh chn. Nhn c thng bo chn th khi iu khin chn s pht tn hiu iu khin chn, khi khi MUX s tin hnh chn bit vo v tr qui nh trong khung. Trong trng hp mt lung s u vo b nh c tc bit tc thi chm hn tc bt ng h c ca MUX s xut hin nh k mt s im b trng trong tn hiu u ra b nh m v gy ra li bit ti pha thu. Mun trnh li bit bt buc phi chn thm cc bit mang thng tin gi vo cc im b trng v truyn thng bo ti pha thu xo cc bit cc bt chn ny, nh vy gi l chn dng. Ngc li, nu tc tc thi ca lung s u vo b nh nhanh hn tc bit ng h c ca b MUX s xut hin nh k cc thi im m ti hai bit d liu c c bi mt bit ca ng h oc, gy ra li bit ti u ra b nh. Do , phi tch bit d liu c c sau ghp vo v tr qui nh trong khung v c thng bo gi ti pha thu pha thu khng xo bit d liu ny. y chnh l chn m. Chn c xem nh qu trnh lm thay i tc xung ca tn hiu s mc iu khin cho ph hp vi tc xung khc vi tc xung vn c ca n m khng lm mt thng tin. Phn cp s ng b SDH Cc c im chnh Nh trnh by trong phn trn, hin nay trn th gii tn ti 3 phn cp s cn ng b PDH (Chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn). Song cc phn cp s cn ng b ny khng c giao din tiu chun ho quc t nn khng p ng c nhu cu pht trin cc dch v vin thng trong giai on hin ti v tng lai. Ngoi ra qu trnh tch/ghp cc lung s trong h thng truyn dn cn ng b rt phc tp, yu cu thit b cng knh lm gim cht lng truyn dn v kh nng gim st, qun l mng cn km. H thng truyn dn ng b SDH c xem l giai on pht trin tip theo ca phn cp truyn dn cn ng b. SDH to ra mt cuc cch mng trong vic truyn cc dch v vin thng, th hin mt k thut tin tin c th p ng rng ri cc yu cu ca thu bao, nh khai thc cng nh cc nh sn xut, tho mn cc yu cu t ra cho ngnh Vin thng trong thi i mi. Trong tng lai, h thng truyn dn ng b s ngy cng c pht trin nh cc u im vt tri so vi h thng truyn dn cn ng b, c bit SDH c kh nng kt hp vi PDH trong mng li hin hnh, cho php thc hin vic hin i ho mng li theo tng giai on pht trin. Cc tiu chun ca SDH bt u hnh thnh t nm 1985 ti M. Khi u l n lc to ra mt mng giao tip quang c th hot ng vi tt c cc h thng truyn dn khc nhau ca 22

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

cc sn phm khc nhau (theo tiu chun Chu u hoc Bc M). Dn dn sau cc tiu chun ny c s dng rng ri c th x l cho mng hin ti v cho c cc loi tn hiu trong tng lai, cng nh cho c phng din khai thc v bo dng. Trong hon cnh , thng 2 nm 1985 cng ty BELLCORE l cng ty con ca cng ty BELL ti M ngh mt phn cp truyn dn mi nhm mc ch khc phc cc nhc im ca h thng cn ng b. Phn cp mi ny c tn l mng quang ng b (SONET). SONET da trn nguyn l ghp knh ng b, trong cp quang c s dng lm mi trng truyn dn. V sau cc tiu chun v giao din thit b cng c nghin cu, kt ni cc loi thit b khc nhau c tiu chun khc nhau m khng gy tr ngi khi p dng phn cp ng b SDH vo mng li hin ti. p ng yu cu cn phi lu n qu trnh t chc cc tn hiu bo dng, gim st, chuyn mch bo v t ng v c vn qun l mng li ca cc loi thit b khc nhau . ngh ca hng BELLCORE c Vin cc tiu chun quc gia Hoa K ANSI nghin cu v n nm 1988 ph chun SONET l tiu chun ca Hoa K. Cc tiu chun ca SONET c hnh thnh theo hai giai on. Giai on mt qui nh cc tiu chun v cc tc bit truyn dn (bng 1.3), khun dng tn hiu, cc thng s giao din quang v th t sp xp ti trng trong khung tn hiu. Giai on mt hon thnh vo nm 1988. Giai on hai ca SONET qui nh cc giao thc s dng cc knh nghip v vo vic iu hnh, qun l, bo dng, gim st v c hon thnh nm 1991. ng thi SONET cng gy c s ch v cng c nghin cu, pht trin ti Chu u.
Bng 1.3. Tc bit ca SONET Cc mc tn hiu quang (OC) OC-1 OC-3 OC-9 OC-12 OC-18 OC-24 OC-36 OC-48 Cc mc tn hiu ng b (STS) STS-1 STS-3 STS-9 STS-12 STS-18 STS-24 STS-36 STS-48 Tc bit (Mbit/s) 51,84 155,52 466,56 622,08 933,12 1244,16 1866,24 2488,32

Thng 11 nm 1988, trn c s tiu chun ca SONET v xt n cc tiu chun khc Chu u, Bc M v Nht Bn, ITU-T a ra tiu chun quc t v cng ngh truyn dn theo phn cp s ng b SDH dng cho truyn dn cp quang v vi ba. Cc tiu chun ca SDH c ITU-T ban hnh trong cc khuyn ngh sau y: G.702 G.707 G.708 - S lng mc trong phn cp s ng b - Cc tc bit ca SDH - Giao din nt mng SDH 23

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

G.709 G.773 G.774 G.782 G.784 G.803 G.825 G.957 G.958 M.30 - Cu trc ghp ng b - Giao thc ph hp vi giao din Q (Qun l h thng truyn dn) - M hnh thng tin qun l SDH - Cc kiu v cc c tnh ch yu ca thit b ghp SDH - Qun l SDH - Cu trc mng truyn dn SDH - iu khin rung pha v tri pha trong mng thng tin SDH - Cc giao din quang ca cc thit b v h thng lin quan n SDH - H thng truyn dn SDH s dng cho cp si quang - Cc nguyn tc qun l mng vin thng

M.3010- Nguyn l hot ng ca TMN Hin nay cc khuyn ngh G.707, G.708 v G.709 kt hp li thnh khuyn ngh G.70x. V tc bit ca SDH bao gm nh sau: STM-1 = STM-4 = STM-8 = 4 STM-1 8 STM-1 155,52 Mbit/s = 622,08 Mbit/s = 1244,16 Mbit/s

STM-12 = 12 STM-1= 1866,24 Mbit/s STM-16 = 16 STM-1= 2488,32 Mbit/s STM-64 = 64 STM-1= 9953,28 Mbit/s Cc tc bit STM-1, STM-4 v STM-16 trng vi cc tc bit STS-3, STS-12 v STS48 ca SONET. So vi PDH th SDH c cc u im c bn sau y: Giao din ng b thng nht. Nh giao din ng b thng nht nn vic ghp v tch cc lung nhnh t tn hiu STM-N n gin v d dng. ng thi trn mng SDH c th s dng cc chng loi thit b ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau. Ghp c cc loi tn hiu khc nhau mt cch linh hot. Khng nhng tn hiu thoi m c tn hiu khc nh ATM, B-ISDN v.v. u c th ghp vo trong khung SDH Dung lng cc byte dnh cho qun l, gim st v bo dng ln. Lm cho mng hot ng linh hot, tin cy cao v gim c chi ph rt ln cho vic qun l. Mng c kh nng p ng c tng lai, c ngha l cung cp cho nh khai thc mt gii php p ng c tng lai, cng vi kh nng cp nht phn mm v m rng c dung lng ca cc thit b hin c. C th thay th h thng SDH tng phn vo trong mng theo nhu cu ca dch v mi. B ghp SDH 24

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

B ghp SDH theo khuyn ngh G.709 ca ITU-T c cu trc nh trn hnh 1.20.
N 1 AUG 3 AU-4 VC-4 3 TUG-3 TU-3 VC-3 C-3 44736 kbit/s 34368 kbit/s 6312 kbit/s

STM-N

C-4

139264 kbit/s

AU-3

VC-3 7

7 TUG-2 TU-2 3 4 TU-12 VC-12 VC-2

Ghi ch: X l con tr Ghp knh ng chnh Sp xp

C-2

C-12

2048 kbit/s

TU-11

VC-11

C-11

1544 kbit/s

Hnh 1.20: Cu trc b ghp SDH ca ITU-T

Chc nng cc khi C-n (n=1,...,4) : Container mc n Container l mt khi thng tin cha cc byte ti trng do lung nhnh PDH cung cp trong thi hn 125s cng vi cc byte n (khng mang thng tin). VC-n : Container o mc n Container o mc n l mt khi thng tin gm phn ti trng do cc nhm khi nhnh (TUG) hoc Container mc n (C-n) tng ng cung cp v phn mo u tuyn (POH). POH c s dng xc nh v tr bt u ca VC-n, nh tuyn, qun l v gim st lung nhnh. Trong trng hp sp xp khng ng b cc lung nhnh vo VC-n th phi tin hnh chn bit. C hai loi VC-n l VC-n mc thp (n= 1; 2) v VC-n mc cao (n = 3; 4). TU-n : Nhm khi nhnh mc n Nhm khi nhnh mc n l mt khi thng tin bao gm mt Container o cng mc v mt con tr khi nhnh (TU-PTR) ch th khong cch t con tr khi nhnh n v tr bt u ca VC-3 hoc VC-n mc thp. TUG-n (n = 2; 3) : nhm cc khi nhnh mc n Nhm cc khi nhnh mc n c hnh thnh t cc khi nhnh (TU-n) hoc t nhm cc khi nhnh (TUG) mc thp hn. TUG-n to ra s tng hp gia cc Container o (VC) mc thp v Container o (VC) mc cao hn. AU-n : khi qun l mc n

25

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Khi qun l mc n (AU-n) l mt khi thng tin bao gm mt Container o mc n (VC-n) cng mc v mt con tr khi qun l (AU-PTR) ch th khong cch t con tr khi qun l n v tr bt u ca Container o (VC) cng mc. AUG : nhm cc khi qun l Nhm cc khi qun l (AUG) gm mt AU-4 hoc 3 AU-3. STM-N (N=1, 4, 16, 64) : module truyn ti ng b mc N Module truyn ti ng b mc N (STM-N) cung cp cc kt ni lp on trong SDH, bao gm phn ti trng l N AUG v phn mo u on (SOH) ng b khung, qun l v gim st cc trm lp v cc trm ghp knh. S khc nhau ch yu gia SONET v SDH c th thy mt cch r rng ti lung bc cao. Trong SONET lung bc cao l VC-3, trong khi bc cao ca SDH li da vo VC-4. S khc nhau ny to iu kin thun li cho truyn dn cc lung PDH ca Chu u v ca Bc M qua mng SDH. Tuy nhin, qu trnh phi hp hot ng ti bin gii lc a s s dng lp lung bc cao VC-4. Trong SONET, mt VC-3 c th ghp cc tn hiu STS-1. Nhng ITU-T khng qui nh tc bit STS-1 l tc bit thp nht ca SDH. ITU-T qui nh ba lp phng tin truyn dn chung cho c SONET v SDH bt ngun t module truyn dn ng b mc 1 (STM1) v hai mc tip theo l STM-4 v STM-16. Trong SDH, VC-3 c s dng truyn cc tc bit mc 3 l 34368 kbit/s; VC-4 c s dng ghp 3 VC-3 hoc 63 VC-12. VC-4 c xc nh l lp truyn dn tr gip cho cc lung ATM trong SONET v SDH. Ngoi ra, SDH tr gip chuyn ti VC-11 trn cc kt ni lp VC-12 bng gii php tng thch c bit.C hai phng php hnh thnh tn hiu STM-N. Phng php th nht qua AU-4 v phng php th hai qua AU-3. Phng php th nht c s dng ti Chu u v cc nc khc trong c Vit Nam. Phng php th hai c s dng ti Bc M, nht Bn v mt s nc khc. Tn hiu AU-4 c hnh thnh t mt lung nhnh 139264 kbit/s, hoc 3 lung nhnh 34368 kbit/s, hoc 63 lung 2048 kbit/s thc phn cp s PDH ca Chu u. AU-3 c hnh thnh t mt lung nhnh 44736 kbit/s, hoc 7 lung nhnh 6312 kbit/s, hoc 28 lung 1544 kbit/s. Cng c th s dng 63 lung 1544 kbit/s thay th cho 63 lung 2048 kbit/s ghp thnh tn hiu STM-1 qua TU-12, ..., AU-4. C th coi qu trnh hnh thnh STM-N bao gm hai bc c lp. Bc th nht hnh thnh module truyn dn ng b mc 1 (STM-1) t cc lung nhnh PDH. Bc th hai hnh thnh cc module truyn dn ng b bc cao mc N (STM-N), thc hin bng cch ghp xen byte cc module truyn dn ng b mc 1 (STM-1) hoc cc module truyn dn ng b mc thp hn STM-M (M<N). Phng php ghp knh SDH Trong h thng SDH tc bit c s thp nht l 155,52 Mbit/s, tng ng vi mc STM1. hnh thnh cc module truyn dn ng b bc cao mc hn STM-N, thc hin bng phng php ghp knh l ghp xen byte cc module truyn dn ng b mc 1 (STM-1). Qu trnh ghp knh SDH c chia ra lm hai giai on: Giai on 1: Hnh thnh mc STM-1 t cc lung nhnh PDH Sp xp cc lung nhnh PDH vo cc khung VC tng ng 26

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Ghp cc khung VC vo STM-1 Giai on 2: Hnh thnh mc STM-N t mc STM-1 hoc mc STM thp hn. Tuy nhin ch xt qu trnh ghp knh SDH c ly t cc lung nhnh PDH theo tiu chun Chu u. hiu r qu trnh ghp knh SDH, sau y s trnh by v cu trc khung SDH. Cu trc khung SDH Theo khuyn ngh G709, cc khung tn hiu trong SDH c t chc thnh khi thng tin c 9 dng n ct v c thi hn l 125s. Cu trc khung VC-3 v VC-4 Cu trc khung VC-3 v VC-4 nh hnh 1.21.

85 ct 9 dng 9 dng
P O H Vng ti trng P O H

261 ct

Vng ti trng

125s (a)

125s (b)

VC-3 POH

VC-4 POH
Hnh 1.21: Cu trc khung VC-3 (a) v VC-4 (b)

Khung VC-3 c trc 9 dng 85 ct. Ni mt cch khc l khung c 9 dng mi dng ghp 85 byte, mi byte ghp 8 bit. Khung VC-4 c trc 9 dng 261 ct, ngha l l khung c 9 dng mi dng ghp 261 byte, mi byte ghp 8 bit. Cu trc khung VC-3 v VC-4 gm 2 phn chnh: Phn th nht ghp cc byte POH t dng 1 n dng 9 thuc ct 1 dng cho qun l, gim st tuyn mc cao. (chc nng v v tr ca cc byte ny s c trnh by trong mc 2.4.2.5) Phn th hai l phn ti trng ghp cc lung nhnh PDH. Vi khung VC-3 c ghp t dng 1 n dng 9 thuc ct 2 n ct 85, i vi khung VC-4 c ghp t dng 1 n dng 9 thuc ct 2 n ct 261. Trnh t truyn cc byte trong khung l t tri sang phi v t trn xung di. Trnh t truyn cc bit trong mt byte l bit c trng s ln nht truyn i trc v bit c trng s b nht truyn sau cng. Nguyn tc truyn ny p dng cho mi loi khung tn hiu trong SDH. Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n, TU-n mc thp Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n, TU-n mc thp nh hnh 1.22. 27

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

TU-n V1 VC-n V5 26 V2 125s J2 26 V3 250s N2 26 375s K4 26 104 (a) 35 140 107 428 35 107 35 107 35 107 VC-11 VC-12 VC-2

V4

500s (b)

Hnh 1.22: Cu trc khung v a khung VC-n, TU-n mc thp

c im ca cc khung VC-n v TU-n mc thp l s byte rt t so vi VC-n v TU-n mc cao. V vy phi sp xp thnh a khung c 4 khung s dng mt s byte mo u tuyn v mt con tr. Cu trc a khung VC-n nh hnh 2.24a, gm 4 khung VC-n (mi khung VC-11 c 26 dng v 1 ct, mi khung VC-12 c 35 dng v 1 ct, mi khung VC-2 c 107 dng v 1 ct). Trong mi khung VC-n ca a khung VC-n gm c 2 phn: Phn th nht l cc byte POH c ghp vo dng 1, ct 1 dng cho qun l v gim st tuyn mc thp. Nh vy trong mi a khung VC-n mc thp c 4 byte VC-n POH, c k hiu l V5, J2, N2 v K4. Phn th hai l phn cn li trong mi khung VC-n dng sp xp cc lung nhnh PDH. Cu trc trc a khung TU-n nh hnh 1.22b, gm 4 khung TU-n. c hnh thnh bng cch thm con tr TU-n PTR vo trong a khung VC-n ( dng1, ct 1 trong mi khung VC-n). Nh vy trong mi a khung TU-n c con tr TU-n PTR gm 4 byte; k hiu l V1, V2, V3, V4. Cu trc khung STM-1 Cu trc khung STM-1 nh hnh 1.23. Khung STM-1 c 9 dng 270 ct, ngha l, khung c 9 dng mi dng ghp 270 byte, mi byte ghp 8 bit. Cu trc gm 3 phn: Phn th nht dng ghp cc byte RSOH v MSOH. Cc byte RSOH ghp t dng 1 n dng 3 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 dng cho qun l, gim st cc trm lp. Cc byte 28

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

MSOH ghp t dng 5 n dng 9 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 dng cho qun l, gim st cc trm ghp knh. Phn th hai dng ghp con tr khi nhnh AU-3 PTR hoc AU-4 PTR t ti dng 4 thuc ct 1 n ct 9 (c 9 byte). Phn th ba l phn ti trng c 9 dng 261 ct c s dng ghp 1 VC-4 hoc 3 VC-3 hoc 63 VC-12 v.v.
9 270 ct 261

RSOH

9 dng

AU-n PTR

Vng ti trng
MSOH

125s
Hnh 1.23: Cu trc khung STM-1

T cu trc ca khung STM-1 tnh c tc bit ca lung STM-1. VSTM-1 = 9 dng/khung 270 byte/dng 8 bit/byte 8000 khung/s = 15552104 bit/s Cu trc khung STM-N Khi ghp xen byte N tn hiu STM-1 to ra tn hiu STM-N th cu trc khung ca STMN nh hnh 1.24. = 155,52 Mbit/s

270N ct 9N 261N

RSOH

9 dng

AU-n PTR

Vng ti trng

MSOH

125s
Hnh 1.24: Cu trc khung STM-N

29

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

So vi kch thc ca khung STM-1 kch thc ca khung STM-N s tng N ln. Ngha l, c 9 dng (270 N) ct. Cu trc khung STM-N cng tng t nh cu trc khung STM-1, gm c 3 phn chnh: Phn th nht dng ghp cc byte qun l, gim st cc trm lp RSOH v cc trm ghp knh MSOH. Phn th hai dng ghp con tr khi nhnh AU-3 PTR hoc AU-4 PTR Phn th ba l phn ti trng.

1.2. Thng tin quang

Trong nhng nm gn y cng ngh thng tin quang pht trin rt nhanh. Thng tin quang c trin khai trong c mng ng di (lin tnh v quc t) v mng ni ht. Trong mng thng tin quang th mi trng truyn dn si quang v cp si quang ng vai tr ht sc quan trng. c tnh ca si quang v cp si quang nh hng rt ln n cht lng ca h thng. V vy cn nghin cu k lng v cu to, tnh cht v cc thng s ca si quang la chn, thit k, xy dng v bo dng tuyn thng tin cp si quang theo cc tiu chun v yu cu t ra. Mun hnh thnh mt tuyn thng tin quang, ngoi cp si quang phi c thit b thng tin quang. Thit b thng tin quang c cc b phn ch yu nh chuyn i m nhnh pht, b chuyn i m nhnh thu, chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang, chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in, cc knh nghip v, v.v. Chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang ch yu s dng cc ngun quang bng bn dn. Hin ti c 2 loi ngun quang ch yu, l diode pht x nh sng (LED) v laser diode (LD). Mi loi ngun quang ny c u im v nhc im ring v c ng dng vo tng tuyn thng tin quang c th. Chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in nh diode tch quang (PD). Trong thc t thng dng PIN diode hoc APD. Mi loi diode tch quang cng c c tnh ring v s dng thch hp cho mi tuyn c th. Ni cch khc, phi la chn ngun quang v diode tch quang khi thit k mt tuyn thng tin cp si quang no .

1.2.1. M hnh h thng thng tin quang

M hnh h thng thng tin quang nh hnh 1.25.

30

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Telephone Trm u cui Fax Trm lp Trm u cui

Telephone

MUX E/O

O/E

E/O

DEO/E MUX

Fax

Data

Data

TV

TV

Hnh 1.25: M hnh h thng thng tin quang

Chc nng cc phn t B ghp Mux: C chc nng chuyn tn hiu thoi analog thnh tn hiu s, chuyn tn hiu truyn hnh TV v tn hiu Fax thnh tn hiu s, chuyn tn hiu s liu data t dng tn hiu s u ra thit b truyn s liu thnh tn hiu s tng ng. Cc loi tn hiu ny c ghp thnh mt lng chung c tc bit cao a vo khi chuyn i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang (E/O). Khi E/O: Khi ny chuyn tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang. Mun vy phi dng ngun quang nh LED hoc laser diode c bc sng thch hp. Nu tn hiu s bm trc tip vo ngun quang th gi l iu ch cng quang. Nu tn hiu s v tn hiu quang t laser diode a vo mt b iu ch th gi l iu ch ngoi. iu ch ngoi c th l iu ch cng , iu ch bin , iu ch tn s hoc iu ch pha. Tn hiu quang u ra khi E/O a vo si quang truyn i xa. Trm lp: Trong hnh v l trm lp in. Ti y phi chuyn i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in (ti hng thu), ti to xung, khuch i xung v chuyn i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang (ti pha pht). Nu dng b lp quang th khng cn chuyn i quang - in - quang. Trm lp s dng trong trng hp hai trm u cui hoc xen/r vt qu c ly cho php. Thng thng khi s dng laser diode truyn qua si quang n mode th c ly l 60 - 80 km (ph thuc bc sng). Khi O/E: Khi ny c chc nng chuyn tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. Mun vy dng diode tch quang PIN hoc APD. Dng tch quang chnh l dy tn hiu s c a vo b khuch i nng cng sut tn hiu thu. Khi DEMUX: Khi ny tch lung tn hiu s u vo thnh cc knh tiu chun, sau gii m chuyn thnh tn hiu thoi, tn hiu truyn hnh TV v a n thit b thu bao. Cp si quang: Trong thng tin quang ch dng mt cp si quang. S si quang trong cp ph thuc dung lng ca tuyn v phng thc d phng. Mi h thng thng tin quang cn 2 si quang, mt si pht v mt si thu. Trong phng thc d phng 1 + 1 th mi h thng hot ng (2 si quang) c mt h thng d phng (2 si quang). 31

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

1.2.2. Cc loi cp si quang

Si quang l loi si in mi c ch s chit xut thp. Si c cu trc hnh tr ca vt liu in mi trong sut, gm li truyn nh sng v bao quanh li l v c ch s chit sut nh hn ch s chit sut ca li. iu ny nhm to ra iu kin nh sng truyn c trong li. V cn c tc dng bo v li. Vt liu c bn ch to li v v l Silica (SiO2). Thng dng Germani dioxide (GeO2) b sung vo Silica lm tng ch s chit xut ca li. Mun lm gim ch s chit xut ca v phi dng cht b sung l Fluorine. trnh try xc v v tng bn c hc, si quang thng c bao bc thm mt lp cht do tng hp. Lp v bo v ny s ngn chn cc tc ng c hc vo si, gia cng thm cho si, bo v si khng b nt do ko dn hoc xc do c xt b mt; mt khc to iu kin bc si thnh cp sau ny. Lp v bc ny c gi l lp v bc s cp. Cu trc y ca mt si quang cho vin thng nh hnh 1.26. Tu thuc tng loi si m c s phn b chit xut khc nhau trong li si. Nu chit xut phn b u th gi l si chit xut bc, nu phn b theo qui lut tng dn dn gi l si chit xut gradient. Kch thc ca si ph thuc loi si, loi th nht li c ng knh 2a = 50m gi l si a mode, loi th hai li c ng knh 2a 10m gi l si n mode. ng knh v d ca cc loi si u bng 125m.

Li

Lp v bc s cp

Hnh 1.26: Cu trc tng th ca si quang s dng trong vin thng Tng hp c phn b chit xut v kch thc ca li chia thnh ba loi si, l: Si a mode chit xut bc. Si a mode chit xut gradient. Si n mode (chit xut bc). Ngoi ra, khi phn loi theo cu trc vt liu si quang c chia thnh cc loi sau: Si thu tinh (loi si thng thng) Si li thu tinh v cht do. Si thu tinh nhiu thnh phn Si cht do 32

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Sau y s nghin cu chc nng cc thnh phn ca si thng thng. Li si ng vai tr ht sc quan trng, l mi trng truyn dn nh sng. ng knh li ln hay b v tr s cng nh phn b chit xut ca li nh hng trc tip n cht lng tn hiu thu. ng knh li ln (50 m) truyn nhiu mode (nhiu tia) nn gi l si a mode. Ngc li, nu ng knh li b ( 10 m) th truyn ch mt mode (mt tia) nn gi l si n mode. Tr s ca chit xut li (n1) phi ln hn tr s chit xut v (n2) to ra phn x ton phn ti tip gip li - v. iu ny c th hin trong hnh 1.27. Gi thit nh sng truyn t mi trng c chit xut ln sang mi trng c chit xut b. Trong hnh 1.27a tia ti hp vi php tuyn mt gc b hn gc ti hn, ngha l 0 < < c nn c tia khc x v gc khc x 0 < , < / 2. Theo qui tc Snell vit c: n1 sin = n2 sin , (1.1) Khi gc ti tng cho n khi tia khc x trng vi tip gip gia hai mi trng th gc ti = c gi l gc ti hn v gc khc x ,= / 2 (hnh 1.27b). V vy: sin c= n2/ n1 Khi r > c s xy ra phn x ton phn (hnh 1.27c). (1.2)

n1>n2 n2 n1

A B c B A C (b) (c) r r C

(a)

Hnh 1.27: Khc x v phn x ton phn ti tip gip li v v ca si a mode chit xut bc

Nh vy, iu kin xy ra phn x ton phn l: Cc tia sng phi truyn t mi trng c chit sut ln sang mi trng c chit sut nh hn. Gc ti ca tia sng phi ln hn gc ti hn. Cc nh lut phn x v khc x nh sng l nguyn l c bn p dng cho vic truyn tn hiu nh sng trong si quang. si quang, cc tn hiu nh sng c truyn da vo hin tng phn x ton phn. 1.2.2.1. Truyn nh sng trong si quang a mode Si quang a mode chit xut bc 33

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Mt ct ch s chit xut:
Loi si ny gi l si quang a mode chit xut bc. Si c c trng bi vng li ng nht c chit xut l hng s n1 v xung quanh n l v c chit xut l n2 < n1. Mt ct dc ca si v mt ct chit xut ca n c th hin tng ng trong cc hnh 1.28a v 1.28b. V mt ct chit xut c hnh bc thang nn gi l chit xut bc. Li si c ng knh 2a=50m, v si c ng knh d=125m.

r
d 2

a
a
d 2

n2

n1

(a)
Hnh 1.28: Si a mode chit xut bc

(b)

Khu s:
hiu r khu s (NA - Numerical Aperture) ca si, xem xt mt mt ct dc qua trc si quang chit xut bc nh hnh 1.29.

n1 >n2 na =1 na A m B C n2 m n1 m C l m

A B

l/ cos m

Hnh 1.29: Mt ct dc si chit xut bc

T ngun quang c 3 tia sng truyn n si quang. Ti u si cc tia sng i vo li si t mi trng c chit xut na=1. Mun tia sng truyn trong li si th gc ti ti tip gip li v v phi ln hn gc ti hn c. Mun vy th tia khc x ti u si phi nghing vi trc si mt gc m = / 2 - m b hn c = / 2 - c v gc ti ca tia t ngun quang i vo li si m phi b hn c. xc nh c v c cn p dng qui tc Snell: i vi cc tia khc x ti tip gip li - khng kh vit c: sin m = n1sin m = n1cos m Cc tia khc x ny truyn c trong li si nu tho mn iu kin phn x ton phn ti tip gip li - v, ngha l: sinm= sin c = n1sin c = n1cos c sin c = n2/ n1 34

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

cos c = (n12- n22)1/ 2/ n1 V vy: sin c = (n12- n22)1/ 2 Cc tia t ngun quang i vo li si c gc ti ln hn c khng truyn c trong li si. Gi tr c cng ln th cng sut nh sng ca cc tia truyn c trong li si cng ln. c l gc n nh sng, sin c c gi l khu s ca si quang, k hiu l NA. NA = sin c = (n12- n22)1/ 2 = n1 (2)1/ 2 trong : = (n1 (1.4).
2

(1.3)

n22)/

2n1 (n1- n2)/ n1 l lch tng i ch s chit xut li v v.

Mt tham s khc c lin quan n NA, l tn s chun ho V c xc nh theo

V=

2 a 2 a 2 2 (NA ) = n1 n 2

(1.4)

Trong : a l bn knh li si quang, l bc sng ca nh sng. V khu s c lin quan ti gc vo ln nht, cho nn n th hin s tip nhn nh sng v kh nng tp trung cc tia sng ca si. Ngoi ra, qua khu s cho php tnh c hiu qu ca qu trnh ghp ngun pht vo si quang.

Qu o truyn lan ca cc tia sng

Hnh 1.28a th hin qu o truyn lan cc tia sng trong li si. Do cu trc ca si nh trn nn s truyn lan nh sng c m t nh phn x ton phn bn trong lm cho cc tia sng khi truyn trong li c dng l nhng on thng gp khc. Mi tia l mt mode sng, nh vy trong si a mode chit xsut bc truyn c s lng ln cc tia. S lng mode truyn trong li si c xc nh theo biu thc N

V2 2

(1.5)

Trong : V l tn s chun ho c xc nh bi (1.4). Si quang a mode chit xut Gradient

Mt ct chit sut
Khc vi si a mode chit xut bc, si a mode chit xut Gradient c mt ct chit xut nh hnh 1.30b. Trong si quang chit xut Gradient, chit sut ca li khng ng u nh si a mode chit xut bc, m n gim dn t tm li ra ranh gii phn cch li - v theo chiu tng ca ca bn knh r. Cn chit xut v l mt hng s. Phn b chit xut ca si quang a mode chit xut Gradient nh biu thc (1.6).
2 r n1 1 2 a 1/ 2

Khi 0 r a

n(r) =

(1.6)
Khi a < r d/2

n2

Trong r l bn knh ca si quang; a l bn knh li si; n1 l chit sut ti trc li si; n2 l chit xut ca v; c gii thch ti biu thc (1.3). 35

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

r
d 2

a
a
d 2

n2

n1

(a)
Hnh 1.30: Si a mode chit sut Gradient

(b)

Khu s:
So vi si chit sut bc th vic xt khu s ca si chit xut gradient c phc tp hn. si Gradient, khu s NA ph thuc vo v tr mt ct ngang u li si. Ni mt cch khc, v chit sut ca si a mode Gradient ph thuc vo bn knh r ca si, do vy gc n nh sng max v khu s NA cng l hm ca bn knh. Xt v quang hnh hc th nh sng ti li si ti v tr r s lan truyn c trong li ch khi n trong khu s cc b NA(r) ti im . Khu s cc b NA(r) c xc nh nh biu thc (1.7).

[n (r ) n ]
2 2

2 1/ 2

NA (0 ) 1

NA(r) =
0

r a

Khi 0 r a (1.7) Khi a < r d/2

Vi NA(0) l khu s ti trc si v c xc nh nh biu thc (1.8). NA(0) = n (0 ) n 2

2

2 1/ 2

(1.8)

T biu thc (1.7) cho thy NA ca si Gradient gim t gi tr NA(0) (v ti li c r = 0) ti khng (v ti tip gip li - v r = a). Nh vy, cc tia sng i n li si quang gn tip gip li - v si quang phi song song vi tip gip ny th mi truyn c vo li.

Qu o truyn lan ca cc tia sng

Qu o cc tia sng truyn trong li si a mode Gradient nh hnh 1.30b. V ch s chit sut ca li si l ng cong Parabole nn cc tia sng i hng lin tc v to thnh ng cong hnh sin v ct nhau ti cc im cch u trn trc si. u im ni bt ca si a mode Gradient l rng bng tn ln hn si a mode ch s bc v tc truyn ca cc mode khc nhau trong li si hu nh c cn bng nh cu to mt ct ch s chit sut thch hp. S lng mode truyn trong li si c xc nh theo biu thc (1.9). N

V2 4

(1.9)

Trong : V l tn s chun ho c xc nh nh biu thc (1.4).

36

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

1.2.2.2. Truyn nh sng trong si quang n mode Trong si a mode chit xut bc tn sc mode c nh hng ln nht v lm hn ch kh nng truyn tn hiu. loi tr hon ton tn sc ny cn ch to si sao cho trong li ch truyn mt mode c bn nh hnh 1.31.

r
d 2

a
d 2

n2

n1

(b)
Hnh 1.31: Si n mode chit sut bc

(a)

iu kin truyn mt mode c bn trong si n mode l tn s chun ho V phi tho mn biu thc (1.10).

V=

2 a 2 2 n1 n 2 2,405

(1.10)

u im ca si n mode l bng tn ln hn so vi si a mode do khng c tn sc mode. Nhn t ch yu lm hn ch bng tn ca si n mode l tn sc sc th. Ngoi ra si n mode cn c cc u im khc nh: Suy hao thp, dung lng ln nn p ng c nhu cu truyn tn hiu bng rng trong tng lai. T biu thc (1.10) nu a, n1 v n2 c chn th s lng mode N ph thuc vo bc sng . Nu bc sng t c t gi tr no tr ln th trong li si ch truyn mt mode, ngc li nu bc sng nh sng b hn gi tr gii hn th trong li si truyn nhiu mode. Bc sng ti thiu m bo cho si quang hot ng n mode gi l bc sng ct (c). Khi nim v bc sng ct l rt quan trng i vi cc si n mode bi v n xc nh vng hot ng n mode ca si. Bc sng ct c xc nh theo biu thc (1.11).

c =

2 a 2 2 n1 n 2 2,405

(1.11)

Nu si c ng knh li 2a = 9m, NA= (n12- n22)1/2 = 0,11 th bc sng ct s l: c = 3,14 9m 0,11/ 2,045 = 1293 nm Mun t c tn s ct nh biu thc (1.12) th phi tng di bc sng cng tc ca ngun quang hoc gim ng knh li si hoc gim hiu s chit xut gia li v v (). Tuy nhin nu gim thp hn gii hn cho php th si rt nhy cm vi suy hao do un cong. T biu thc (1.10) cng xc nh c ng knh ca li si:

2a

n1 n 2
2

2,405

2 1/ 2

37

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Mc d ng knh li gim b hn 10 m nhng ng knh v vn phi m bo 125m bo v li si t cc tc ng c hc v gim nhy cm i vi suy hao do un cong. Cc ch tiu k thut ca si n mode tiu chun nh bng 1.4.
Bng 1.4. Cc ch tiu k thut ca si n mode tiu chun Cc tham s ng knh trng mode ng knh v lch tm gia li v v mo ca v Bc sng ct ca si Suy hao do un cong (qun 100 vng quanh ng si c bn knh 37,5mm ti 1550nm) Suy hao ti 1300nm Suy hao ti 1550nm Bc sng tn sc zero Gi tr tn sc ti 0 Tr s tn sc Vng =12851330nm Vng =12701340nm Vng =15251575nm ps/(nm.km) ps/(nm.km) ps/(nm.km) 3,5 6,0 20 n v m m m % nm dB dB/km dB/km nm ps/(nm.km) Gi tr danh nh 910 125 1 <2 1100<C<1280 <1 <1 <0,5 1295<0< 1322 0,095 Sai s 10% 3

1.2.2.3. Cc tham s truyn dn ca si quang Cc tham s truyn dn ca si quang gm suy hao, tn sc, rng bng tn, khu s v bc sng ct. y l nhng yu t rt quan trng, chng tc ng vo ton b qu trnh thng tin, nh c v khong cch v tc ca tuyn truyn dn cng nh xc nh cu hnh ca h thng thng tin quang. Nhng tham s ny c xem xt chi tit sau y. 1) Suy hao ca si quang Suy hao trong si quang l mt trong nhng thng s quan trng khi xc nh khong lp cc i v c biu th bng dB/km. Suy hao do cc yu t bn trong v bn ngoi gy ra. Suy hao ca si c xc nh bng t s gia cng sut quang u ra Pout ca si quang di L (km) vi cng sut quang u vo Pin. T s cng sut ny l hm ca bc sng, nu gi l h s suy hao th n c xc nh theo biu thc (1.12).

10 Pin log L Pout

[dB/km]

(1.12)

Trong qu trnh truyn tn hiu nh sng, bn thn si quang c suy hao v lm cho tn hiu yu i khi qua mt c li lan truyn no . Suy hao do cc yu t bn trong si quang bao gm: Suy hao do hp th Suy hao do tn x 38

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Trong cc suy hao trn y, suy hao do hp th c lin quan ti vt liu si bao gm hp th do tp cht, hp th vt liu v hp th vng hng ngoi v vng cc tm. Suy hao do tn x c lin quan ti c vt liu si v tnh khng hon ho v cu trc ca si. Nguyn nhn bn ngoi gy ra suy hao c th l do ghp ni, lp t v mi trng gy ra. Trn mt tuyn thng tin quang, cc suy hao ghp ni gia ngun pht quang vi si quang, gia si quang vi si quang v gia si quang vi u thu quang cng c coi l suy hao trn tuyn truyn dn. Bn cnh , suy hao cn do vi un cong (vi bn knh un cong rt nh) v un cong qu gii hn cho php. Un cong l khng th trnh khi trong iu kin hot ng hin ti cho c bn trong cp v ti cc hp cha mi hn. Vi un cong ch yu hoc do lc p vo b mt g gh ca v si hoc do on si bn trong cp. Ngoi ra s thay i nhit cng gy ra vi un cong. gim suy hao vi un cong ti mc nh nht l bc mt lp v c kh nng chu nn cho si. Khi c lc bn ngoi tc ng vo th v ny s b bin dng trc nhng si vn nh hng tng i thng. Khi si b cong qu mc th nh sng khng phn x ti tip gip li - v, m truyn vo v v gy ra suy hao. V l thuyt suy hao cng sut quang ti on si a mode b cong t l vi exp(R/ Rc), trong R l bn knh cong, Rc a/ (NA)2 = a/ 2n12 l bn knh cong ti hn, a l bn knh li si. Ti on cong c bn knh Rc suy hao l ng k, nhng suy hao dng hm m s gim rt nhanh khi cong gim. Trong si n mode suy hao un cong ph thuc vo phm vi m in t trng thm nhp vo v, v v vy ph thuc vo mt ct h s chit xut v bc sng. Suy hao do un cong chnh l trng m rng vo v v suy bin theo hm m theo khong cch bc x. Mt phng pha vung gc vi trc si. Tc pha ca mode dn bt k l thp hn tc pha ca cc sng phng trong v (c/n2). Nhng bn ngoi on cong tc pha tng theo khong cch bc x v t c c/n2. Trong si n mode si b un cong s nh hng n c tnh c hc nhiu hn nh hng n suy hao. Nu si b un cong thi qu th mt si pha ngoi b dn thm 0,2% v si b nt, cn mt si pha trong s b nn v gy. Mun ngn nga phi t si trong cp. 2) Tn sc ca si quang Hin tng tn sc lm ni rng xung nh sng theo thi gian v mo xung nh sng truyn dc theo si. Tn sc lm hn ch kh nng truyn tn hiu ca si hoc ni ng hn l hn ch bng tn cng tc v c ly truyn dn ca si. C cc loi tn sc ch yu sau y: Tn sc Mode, tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng dn sng. Tu loi si m tn sc no trong s cc tn sc ny vt tri. Tn sc mode ch ph thuc vo kch thc ca li si, n tn ti trong cc si a mode. Cc si n mode gn nh khng c tn sc mode m ch tn ti tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng dn sng (tng hai loi tn sc ny gi l tn sc sc th). Tn sc mode cn gi l tn sc gia cc mode. Nguyn nhn l trong si a mode c s khc nhau v tc nhm gia cc mode v do cc mode xut pht t u si ti cng mt thi im nhng n cui si khng ng thi. lch thi gian gia mode nhanh nht v mode chm nht c trng cho tn sc mode. Tn sc sc th (hay tn sc tng) gm c hai thnh phn, l: Tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng dn sng nh ni trn y. Tn sc vt liu l do chit xut ca vt liu ph thuc vo bc sng. Tn sc ng dn sng l do s ph thuc khng tuyn tnh ca hng s truyn lan vo tn s (bc sng) trong ng dn quang. 39

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

3) rng bng tn cng tc ca si Hin nay trn mt s tuyn thng tin quang cn s dng si a mode chit xut gradient. rng bng tn ca loi si ny b hn ch ch yu do tn sc mode hoc tn sc vt liu tu thuc vo bc sng ca ngun quang. Khi ngun quang l LED c c tnh ph rng v hot ng ti = 850 nm th tn sc vt liu ng vai tr ch yu. Ngc li, nu s dng laser diode c c tnh ph hp hn v hot ng ti = 1300 nm th tn sc mode li ng vai tr ch yu. rng bng tn cng tc ca si n mode ph thuc ch yu vo tn sc tng. 4) Khu s Khi nim khu s NA c trnh by trn. NA c xc nh theo cc biu thc (1.3) v (1.7). 5) Bc sng ct Khi nim bc sng ct c trnh by trn. Bc sng ct c xc nh theo biu thc (1.11).

1.2.3. My pht tn hiu quang

1.2.3.1. Cc loi ngun quang Ngun quang trong thit b thng tin quang l linh kin c kh nng chuyn i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang di bc sng truyn trong si quang. C hai loi ngun quang, l diode pht x (LED) v laser diode (LD). Sau y trnh by mt s khi nim lin quan n chc nng ca ngun quang. Nu trong nguyn t (hoc phn t) chuyn ng ca cc in t c gii hn trong mt phm vi hp c bng kch thc nguyn t, th trong cc cht rn ni chung v cht bn dn ni ring, cc in t ho tr c th chuyn ng t nguyn t nt mng tinh th ny n nguyn t nt mng tinh th khc v l s hu chung ca c mng tinh th. V cc mc nng lng ca in t ph thuc vo v tr tng i ca n so vi mng tinh th, m s in t li rt nhiu, do s cc mc nng lng ca cc in t ho tr trong ton mng tinh th l mt s v cng ln. Ngoi ra trong cht rn, cc nguyn t c phn b st nhau, cc lp v in t ca chng c bit l nhng lp pha ngoi che ph ln nhau v tng tc vi nhau rt mnh. S tng tc ny gy nn nhng dch chuyn v tr v lm tch cc mc nng lng in t ra thnh nhiu phn mc khc nhau. i vi cc cht bn dn, nhng vng nng lng cho php c ngn cch vi nhau bi tp hp cc gi tr nng lng vng cm. Thng thng rng vng cm ca cc cht bn dn in hnh khong 0,11,0 eV. Trong s cc vng nng lng cho php, vng trn cng dn y cc in t ho tr c gi l vng dn. Vng tip theo cn hon ton trng nhit 0K gi l vng cm v vng di cng gi l vng ho tr. V qu trnh vt l xy ra trong cc cht bn dn ch lin quan n cc in t vng ho tr hoc y vng dn do khi v gin nng lng ca bn dn ch n hai vng ny nh hnh 1.32.

40

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Vng dn Eg Vng cm Vng ho tr Hnh 1.32: S vng nng lng ca bn dn

nhit thp th bn dn tr thnh cht in mi. Khi nhit tng th bn dn tr thnh cht dn in. Bi v khi cc in t ca vng ho tr nhn c nng lng ln vt qua vng cm ln vng dn v tr thnh cc in t dn. Khi vng ho tr, ti ni in t va i khi s xut hin cc l trng nh hnh 1.33.
Nng lng cc in t

in t

E0
Vng dn

EC
Chuyn dch in t Vng cm

Mt cc in t

EV
L trng Vng ho tr

Mt cc l trng

Hnh 1.33: S phn b mt cc in t v l trng

Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh to cp in t v l trng bng nhit. Qu trnh xy ra khng ch do nung nng bn dn, m c th hnh thnh di tc dng cc dng kch thch khc. V d nh bng nh sng, dng in, bn ph bi cc in t v ion bn ngoi. Song song vi qu trnh trn, trong tinh th bn dn cn xy ra qu trnh ngc li gi l qu trnh ti hp in t-l trng, cc in t ca vng dn c th thc hin chuyn di t pht xung vng ho tr v chim ly cc mc nng lng t do . Cc thc nghim v quang ph u cho thy khi cc nguyn t hp th v bc x u hnh thnh ph vch. Hin tng ny c gii thch da vo mc nng lng ri rc tng ng vi cc trng thi ca nguyn t. K hiu E1 v E2 l hai mc nng lng ca mt nguyn t. y, E1 l nng lng trng thi nn v E2 l nng lng trng thi kch thch. Ti trng thi cn bng nhit th cc in t mc nng lng thp E1 (hnh 1.34a). Theo nh lut Planck th s dch chuyn gia hai trng thi ny c lin quan ti qu trnh hp th v pht x ca cc photon c nng lng h12= E2-E1. Bnh thng, h thng trng thi nn. Khi c mt nng lng h12 tc ng vo h thng th mt in t trng thi E1 s hp th nng lng ny v c kch thch ln trng thi E2 (hnh 1.34b). V y l trng thi khng bn vng nn in t s nhanh chng quay li trng thi ban u v s gii phng mt nng lng bng E2-E1. Hin tng ny gi l 41

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

pht x t pht (hnh 1.34c) v khi nng lng c gii phng di dng nh sng th gi l nh sng pht x t pht. Pht x ny ng hng, c pha ngu nhin. Mt s cht d dng pht sng, v mt s cht khc khng pht sng.

E2
Bc x t pht

Bc x cng bc

in t

nh sng

L trng

nh sng

E1 a) b) c) d)

Hnh 1.34: Biu mc nng lng v qu trnh pht x

Theo c hc lng t th bc sng nh sng khi pht x hoc hp th c xc nh theo biu thc sau y: E2-E1 = h12, 12 = (E2- E1)/ h Vy: Trong : = c/12 = hc/(E2-E1) h = 6,626 10-34 J.s l hng s Planck c = 3108 m/s l tc nh sng trong khng gian t do. Khi nh sng c nng lng bng E2 - E1 tc ng vo h thng trong khi in t ang trng thi kch thch th in t hp th nng lng nh sng ti buc n tr v mc nng lng E1v gii phng ra nng lng. Nng lng nh sng c gii phng ti thi im ny s ln hn nng lng nh sng pht x t pht v pha ca n l pha ca nh sng ti. Hin tng ny gi l pht x cng bc (hnh 1.34d). Bc sng pht x cng bc cng c xc nh theo biu thc (1.13). 1.2.3.2. Diode pht quang (LED) LED pht x mt (SLED) Diode pht x mt c cu trc d th kp c k hiu l DH SLED. Mt ct ngang ca DH SLED kiu chn nh hnh 1.35.
150m

(1.13)

50m

Lp tip xc Lp nn n-GaAs Vng hot tnh

p-GaAs
SiO

60m

Lp tip xc d t

Hnh 1.35: Mt ct ngang ca DH SLED kiu chn

42

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Lp hot tnh c b rng gn bng ng knh li si a mode v pha ni vi si quang khot mt h su chn u si quang gn lp hot tnh. Nh vy s hng c nhiu tia sng i vo li si, ng thi gim suy hao cng sut nh sng. Lp cch in SiO2 ph ln lp tip xc dng ch tr mt vng i din vi lp hot tnh tp trung mt dng qua lp hot tnh v s nng cao c hiu sut pht x. Lp tip xc dng t gn lp hot tnh s to nhit v m bo cho nhit ca ngun quang khng vt gii hn cho php. Nu nhit lp hot tnh vt qu phm vi cho php s gy ra ba hu qu l bc sng bc x thay i theo nhit , h s lng t bn trong gim do tng tc ti hp khng bc x khi nhit tng, gim tui th ca LED. Qua tnh ton v thc nghim thy rng cng sut pht ca LED gim 50% nu nhit trong phng tng ti 900C 1000C. LED ch to t GaAlAs v InGaAsP th nhit nh ca tip gip phi duy tr thp hn 600C 700C. Hnh 1.36 minh ho nguyn l hot ng ca LED.
V

Lp hot tnh p hoc

Hng ro d th L trng in t Hng ro d th Lp hot tnh P N

Vng dn Vng cm Vng ho tr

Ti hp

Pht x t pht

Hnh 1.36: Nguyn l hot ng ca LED

LED gm o mt cc ht ti in, bc x t pht v pht nh sng vo si. LED s dng ngun phn cc thun, tc l cc dng ca ngun ni vi lp tip xc dng. Khi c dng bm qua LED th cc in t t di ho tr nhy ln di dn. Di tc ng ca in trng phn cc thun, cc in t t lp N chuyn dch vo lp hot tnh, cn cc l trng t lp P chuyn dch vo lp hot tnh. Cc cp in t l trng ti hp vi nhau v bc x photon. 43

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

LED pht x cnh (ELED) Diode pht x cnh c cu trc d th kp c k hiu l DH ELED v c cu to nh hnh 1.37. Cng sut quang c truyn dc theo lp hot tnh nh phn x bn trong ti cc tip gip d th v i ti mt bn ca diode. Lp hot tnh c qui nh bi lp tip xc v rnh su cui lp hot tnh. Nh vy m lp hot tnh c thu ngn nhng kch thc ca chip li khng qu b. T hp th ca lp hot tnh gim do lp ny rt mng. Cng sut quang b hp th ln nht xy ra ti di bc sng ngn. Nh vy m thu hp b rng ph so vi LED pht x mt. rng ph gim t 35nm xung 25nm ti bc sng 0,9m v t 100nm xung 70nm ti 1,3m. nh sng u ra ca DH ELED c dng hnh chp elip, gc m theo chiu ng l 300 v theo chiu ngang l 1200. Gc pht x nh vy s ghp ni ELED vi si a mode c hiu qu hn so vi SLED v cng c th phng vo si n mode mt cng sut quang ng k. So vi SLED th ELED kh to nhit hn. Nhng so vi laser diode th ELED d ch to hn, hot ng n gin hn, tin cy cao hn v r hn. V vy n c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng m tin cy v gi thnh c u tin hn cht lng.
350m

Lp tip xc v to nhit Au 3m 2m 0,05m 2m 3m Lp nn n-GaAs 300 1200 150m 50m

Hnh 1.37: S cu trc ca diode pht x cnh

Cc lp bao gm: Lp cch in; p+-GaAs; P-Ga0,6Al0,04As; Lp hot tnh nGa0,9Al0,1As; N- Ga0,6Al0,4As; n-GaAs Cc tham s ca LED Cc tham s c bn ca LED nh bng 1.5.

44

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Bng 1.5. Cc tham s ca LED Gii bc sng 800 nm 850nm Ga Al As 30 60 0,5 4,0

Cc tham s Vt liu lp hot tnh rng ph, nm Cng sut pht, mW Cng sut phng vo si, mW: - a mode 2a = 50m SLED ELED n mode ELED Dng iu khin, mA Thi gian tng sn xung, ns SLED ELED Tn s iu ch, GHz Tui th, 106 h

Bc sng 1300nm Ga In As P 50 150 0,4 0,6

0,01 0,05 0,05 0,13 50 150 4 14 2 10 0,08 0,15 1 10

0,015 0,035 0,03 0,06 0,003 0,03 100 150

2,5 10 0,1 0,3 50 100

1.2.3.3. Laser diode c khoang cng hng Fabry- perot Laser diode c cu trc d th kp nh LED, nhng c kh nng khuch i. t c mc ch ny thng dng khoang cng hng Fabry - Perot, bng cch mi nhn hai u d th kp thnh hai gng phn x nh hnh 1.38a. Cu trc ny ca laser diode c vit tt l FP-LD. Khong cch hai gng trong Laser diode Fabry-Perot l L. Cc gng ny c c kh nng to ra hi tip tch cc, tc l s quay li ca cc photon kch thch trong vng hot tnh s kch thch nhiu photon hn. nh sng i ra ngoi qua hai gng phn x. Xt iu kin khuch i trong laser diode Fabry-Perot: mt sng truyn t gng bn tri ti gng bn phi, nh hnh 1.38b. Ti gng bn phi, sng ny s phn x v tip tc truyn nh th. Dng sng ny gi l sng ng. trong bung cng hng ch c sng vi bc sng n nh th n phi l sng ng. Yu cu vt l ny c th c vit nh biu thc 2L/ =N Trong : L- khong cch hai gng N- s nguyn. tho mn iu kin cng hng, hai gng phn x phi cch nhau mt qung l L bng s nguyn ln na bc sng. Qu trnh pht x ca FP-LD c thc hin khi mt vi bc sng cng hng nm trong ng cong khuch i c h s khch i ln hn suy hao nh hnh 1.38c. (1.14)

45

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Vng hot tnh Gng Vng hn ch Vng hn ch

L

Gng

(a)

(b)

Khuch i/Tn hao

Tn hao

Cng sut u ra (mW)

N+2 N+1 N N-1 N-2

(c)

(nm)

(nm)

(d)

Hnh 1.38: Laser diode Fabry-Perot: (a) Cu to ca khoang cng hng; (b) Hnh thnh sng ng trong khoang cng hng; (c) ng cong tn hao-khuch i; (d) Ph pht x ca FP-LD

1.2.3.4. My pht tn hiu quang Chc nng chuyn i in-quang ca my pht quang c th hin trong hnh 1.39.

Tn hiu vo

B lp m

B iu khin

IP

Ngun quang

Tn hiu quang ra

Hnh 1.39: S khi my pht tn hiu quang

B lp m c chc nng chuyn m ng thnh m thch hp vi hot ng ca ngun quang v ng truyn. B iu khin chuyn in p tn hiu n cc thnh dng bm Ip cho ngun quang. Nu dng Ip t gi tr cc i th cng sut pht ca ngun quang cng t gi tr cc i. Ngc li, khi Ip cc tiu th cng sut pht ca ngun quang gn bng zero. y l phng thc iu ch cng bc x ca ngun quang.

1.2.4. My thu tn hiu quang

1.2.4.1. Cc loi photodiode
Nguyn tc tch quang 46

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Trong thit b thng tin quang s dng hai loi diode tch quang (PD), l PIN diode v diode quang thc (APD). Trc khi phn tch chi tit cc loi, cn hiu r nguyn tc chung v tch quang. C hai loi PD u da vo tip gip p-n phn cc ngc. Khi nh sng chiu vo PD c bc sng trong khng gian t do b hn bc sng ct c xc nh theo biu thc

c (m ) =

1,24 [eV.m] , E g [eV]

(1.15)

trong Eg l rng di cm, th bn dn s hp th cc photon. Hp th mt photon s kch thch mt in t trong di ho tr nhy ln di dn v li trong di ho tr mt l trng. Nh vy mi photon c hp th s to ra mt cp in t - l trng. Tuy nhin biu thc (1.15) ch l iu kin cn cho tch quang. iu kin tch quang l cc cp in t-l trng c to ra do hp th photon s khng ti hp trc khi hnh thnh dng in qua mch ngoi (hnh 1.40). Khng phi tt c photon c hp th trong diode tch quang u tham gia vo s hnh thnh p ng ca diode. Cn ch l, khc vi laser diode hot ng trong mt di bc sng rt hp, cn PD li hot ng trong di bc sng rt rng. Di cm l mt tham s ch cht ca PD. Nh nhn xt trn l silic khng s dng cho laser diode, v c di cm gin tip. Nhng silic li c th s dng ch to PD hot ng trong di bc sng ti ca s th nht ca si quang. Mt im khc nhau c bn na gia LD v PD l PD c nh thin ngc. Do cng sut quang thu rt b nn khng lm nng PD, do vic ch to cc PD di dng mch tch hp quang in rt d dng.

1.2.4.2. Diode tch quang p-n

Diode tch quang p-n nh hnh 1.40. V +

p nh sng ti

_ _ _

+ + + +

n Engoi ETX

(a)

Hnh 1.40: Diode tch quang p-n

Tip xc P-N khng c in p phn cc Trong vng bn dn n nng in t cao hn nng l trng; trong vng bn dn p nng l trng cao hn nng in t. V vy ti vng ln cn tip gip p- n xut hin hin tng khuch tn cc ht ti in: l trng khuch tn t vng p sang vng n v cc n t khuch tn t vng n sang vng p. Dng khuch tn hng t p sang n. Cc in t khuch tn qua tip gip s ti hp vi cc l trng trong vng p v hnh thnh cc ion m trong vng p ln cn vi tip gip. Cc l trng khuch tn qua tip gip s ti hp vi in t trong vng n v hnh 47

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

thnh cc ion dng trong vng n ln cn vi tip gip. v hai pha ca tip gip xut hin hai khi in tch c nh tri du v gi l vng in tch khng gian hay vng ngho (nng cc ht ti in khng ng k). dy vng ngho ny khong 1m. Hai khi in tch tri du to ra in trng tip xc (ETX) c vc t cng in trng hng t cc in tch dng c nh sang cc in tch m c nh. Tip xc P-N phn cc ngc Do vng ngho hu nh trng rng cc ht ti in nn c in tr ln hn cc vng nm bn ngoi vng ngho. Do ngun phn cc ngc (V) to ra trn vng ngho mt in trng ngoi (Engoi) c tr s gn bng V v chiu ca vc t cng in trng ngoi trng vi chiu vi vc t cng in trng tip xc. in trng tng ny to ra trn tip gip p-n mt hng ro th ngn tr s khuch tn ca cc ht ti in a s qua tip gip. Ngc li, cc ht ti in thiu s tri qua tip gip d dng to ra dng in ngc hay cn gi l dng ti. Do nng cc ht ti in thiu s thp nn dng in ngc nhanh chng t gi tr bo ho. Khi c nh sng ti nh sng i vo PD qua lp p rt mng, qua vng ngho c hnh thnh ti tip gip p-n v tip tc truyn vo lp n. Cc photon b hp th sut chiu dc ca PD. Cng nh sng gim theo hm m khi truyn qua cc lp bn dn. Trong diode tch quang iu kin quan trng kch thch cc in t nhy ln di dn l hp th photon t nh sng u vo hoc tng nhit . Hu ht nh sng i vo bn dn s c hp th trong diode tch quang, nu diode tch quang c di. Tuy nhin ch c hp th photon xy ra trong lp ngho mi c vai tr quan trng. Hiu qu ca hp th photon trong vic to ra dng tch quang c nh gi theo h s lng t v p ng R.

1.2.4.3. Diode tch quang p-i-n

Cu to v hot ng Diode tch quang p-i-n da trn cu trc ca ca PD p-n bng cch xen vo gia lp p v lp n mt lp bn dn thun i nh hnh 1.41. Vng ngho trong diode tch quang p-i-n bao gm ton b lp i. Trong vng ngho hnh thnh mt hng ro th ngn cn cc ht ti in a s i vo vng ngho. in trng ny c to ra nh cc khi in tch c nh nm v hai pha ca tip gip gia lp i vi cc lp p v n. Cc l trng v cc in t trong lp i c hnh thnh khi vng ngho hp th photon. u im quan trng ca p-i-n diode l ci thin c p ng tn s do in dung ca diode CD rt b . t c iu ny nh xen thm lp i. gii thch vn ny, s dng biu thc xc nh in dung ca mt t in phng song song: C = 0 r(A/ d), trong 0 l hng s in mi ca khng gian t do, r l hng s in mi tng i ca mi trng gia hai m t in, A l din tch ca m t in, d l khong cch hai m t in. Mt khc p ng tn s cng ph thuc vo thi gian chuyn dch ca cc ht ti in qua vng ngho. Vng ngho m rng ca p-i-n diode lm chm thi gian chuyn dch. Vng ngho cng rng th thi gian chuyn dch cng di. in trng trong vng ngho ca p-i-n diode yu hn in trng trong cu trc diode p-n. Tuy nhin cu trc p-i-n diode c p ng nhanh nht so vi cc diode khc.

48

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

V +
+ + + +

nh sng ti

_ _ p _ GaAs _

i
InGaAs

n
GaAs

w1 E

w2

x
Hnh 1.41: Cu to ca diode tch quang p-i-n

Cn c mt s u im khc ca p-i-n diode so vi diode p-n. Th nht, hu nh ton b photon i vo vng ngho u c hp th ti v rt t photon i ti lp n. Nh vy gim c hp th photon trong cc vng bn ngoi vng ngho v hn ch ko di sn sau ca p ng. Lung dng trong cc vng n v p ch yu l do khuch tn, trong khi dng chnh trong vng ngho l dng tri c iu khin bi in trng. Hu ht lung dng u di dng dng tri nhanh, nn p ng thi gian ca p-i-n diode c ci thin hn so vi diode tch quang p-n. Mun nhn c p ng tn s trn 50 GHz, lp i v mt ct ngang phi b. Nhng mt ct ngang hp s gp kh khn khi a nh sng vo PD. Diode tch quang p-i-n gim c nh hng ko di sn sau ca xung v p ng tn s tt hn so vi diode tch quang p-n nn c s dng trong thit b thng tin quang. i vi p-i-n diode cng c th s dng cu trc d th. Nhng khc vi cu trc d th ca laser diode, p-i-n diode cu trc d th hot ng trong mt di rng ca bc sng. V vy vic ch to p-i-n diode d th hot ng n mode l khng cn thit. Di cm ca lp i phi thit k sao cho c phi ln hn bc sng ca tn hiu quang 1,55m, nh vy th diode tch quang s c s dng cho mi trng hp. Tp m trong p-i-n diode Tp m n (shot noise) nhy ti a ca PD c xc nh bi in p ngu nhin v thng dng dng xy ra ti u ra PD khi c hoc khng c tn hiu quang. Tr trung bnh ca dng tch quang l Iph, thng dng ngu nhin quanh tr s trung bnh ny gi l tp m n. Cng c th gii thch chi tit hn nguyn nhn gy ra tp m n nh sau. Tp m n trong cc mch in do s lng cc ht ti in i qua mt im ring bit trong mch l hm ngu nhin ca thi gian gy ra. Trong tch quang, s cp in t - l trng c to ra do hp th photon cng l hm ngu nhin ca thi gian, do s lng ht ti in qua mch bn ngoi cng ngu nhin. Loi tp m n ny c xem nh qu trnh Poisson ng nht hoc khng ng nht ph thuc vo dng iu ch c s dng trong h thng thng tin quang. Trung bnh bnh phng ca tp m n Ish2 t l vi tr trung bnh dng tch quang I v rng bng tn ca diode tch quang f . V vy: 49

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

<ish>2 = 2e I f e = in tch ca in t Tp m dng ti Dng u ra diode tch quang xut hin ngay c khi khng c tn hiu quang hay cn gi l dng ti Id. Trung bnh bnh phng ca tp m dng ti c xc nh theo biu thc <id>2 = 2e Id f Tp m nhit Tp m nhit cn gi l tp Johnson hoc tp m Nyquist l do chuyn ng ngu nhin ca cc in t t do qua mch in. S lng cc in t l v cng ln v v vy tp m nhit l mt qu trnh ngu nhin Gauss. Qua thc nghim xc minh c mt ph ca tp m nhit phn b u trn trc tn s trong min xa cc tm. Nu in tr l R[], ti nhit Kelvin T v B l rng bng tn my thu th tr trung bnh bnh phng ca tp m nhit l: (1.17) (1.16)

I th

4 kTf R

(1.18)

Trong k = 1,38 10-23 J/ K l hng s Boltzmann.

1.2.4.4. Diode quang thc (APD)

Cu to v qu trnh thc APD c cu to nh hnh 1.42.
V +

nh sng ti E

p+

n+

x Min hp th Min nhn Hnh 1.42: APD v phn b in trng bn trong

nh sng i vo APD qua lp p+ rt mng. Hu nh ton b hp th photon u xy ra trong vng ngho l bn dn p pha tp nh. Cng nh trong p-i-n diode, in trng trong vng ngho ca APD iu khin cc l trng v in t chuyn ng ngc hng vi nhau. Di tc 50

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

ng ca in trng phn cc ngc, cc l trng trong lp ny hng ti lp p+, cn cc in t hng ti lp n+. in p phn cc ngc t ln PD gn vi mc nh thng zener to ra in trng ln (hay min tng tc) ti tip gip p - n+. Khi cc in t v l trng qua min in trng ln ny s c tng tc, va p mnh vo cc nguyn t ca bn dn v to ra cc cp in t - l trng th cp thng qua qu trnh ion ho do va chm. Cc ht ti in th cp qua min in trng ln li c tng tc v chng c ng nng to ra cc cp in t - l trng mi v.v. chnh l hiu ng thc, hay cn gi l hiu ng nhn. Qu trnh ny lm tng dng in bn ngoi v cng chnh l tng nhy ca APD . Hnh 1.43 minh ho qu trnh nhn trong min tng tc. T hnh v cho bit t mt cp in t - l trng ban u, hiu ng nhn to ra su cp khc. C th nh ngha h s ion ho ca cc in t e v ca l trng h l xc sut ca mt va chm gia mt ht ti in c tng tc v mt nguyn t bn dn sinh ra mt cp in t l trng. H s ion ho tng rt nhanh khi cng in trng tng. S ph thuc ca M vo nhit c th hin trong hnh 1.44. H s nhn M c o nh l hm ca in p nh thin V:

M=

1 [1 (V I ph R) / VB ]n

(1.19)

Trong Iph l dng tch quang trung bnh, R = RS + Rth l tng in tr ni tip RS v in tr gia tng do nhit Rth, VB l in p nh thng.

hf

Hnh 1.43: Qu trnh nhn Mt s ng cong in hnh ca M(V) nh hnh 1.44. 51

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

H s nhn M t cc i khi s dng cc vt liu c ln. Tuy nhin thit b nh vy c p ng tn s chm. Trong thc t APD c thit k tho mn tiu chun p ng tn s. iu ny c th thc hin nu hoc cc in t hoc cc l trng chim u th trong min tng tc. Mong mun k 0. T hnh 1.44 thy rng i vi APD yu cu rt nghim ngt c v n nh ngun nh thin v nhit ca mi trng. M

1000

T=3400K T=3200K T=3000K T=2730K

100

10

100

200

300

400

Hnh 1.44: S thay i ca M khi V v nhit thay i Tp m trong APD Hiu ng nhn ch xy ra i vi dng tch quang v dng ti nhng khng khuch i tp m nhit. Thnh phn b mt ca dng ti chy dc mt ngoi ca diode cng khng c khuch i. V vy tp m ch yu trong APD l tp m n c khuch i. Tp m ny c xc nh nh sau: <ish>2 = M2[2e F (RP) f] (1.20) Trong : F- H s tp m, M- H s nhn, R- p ng ca APD v P- Cng sut nh sng u vo APD.

1.2.4.5. Cc tham s ca diode tch quang

1) H s lng t H s lng t ca diode tch quang c nh ngha nh sau: = S lng in t trn mch ngoi/ S lng photon ti V Iph/e l s lng in t i qua mch ngoi ca diode tch quang trong mt giy do hp th photon ti, cn P0/ hf l s lng photon ti trong mt giy nn c vit li nh sau:

I ph / e I ph hc hc = =R P0 / hf P0 e e

(1.21)

Mun nhn h s lng t cao phi c cc iu kin sau y: 52 Phn x nh sng ti b mt diode tch quang l cc tiu.

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Hp th trong lp ngho l cc i Trnh ti hp cc ht ti in trc khi chng c tp trung li.

H s lng t 0,8 hoc ln hn c th t c v c th ti u ti mt bc sng bng cch thay i b dy lp n- . 2) p ng Dng tch quang Iph tng tuyn tnh vi cng sut quang ti P. T s Iph trn P gi l p ng R ca diode tch quang :

R=

I ph e e = = P hf hc

(1.22)

Trong e l in tch ca in t, l h s lng t, l bc sng ca nh sng ti, h l hng s Plank v c l tc nh sng trong khng gian t do. p ng c o bng A/W, A/ W hoc nA/ nW v.vp ng thng c th hin bng th nh hnh 1.45. Nhng ng cong ny l gi tr gii hn, tuy nhin p ng cng ph thuc vo kch thc ca thit b, v chng phn x v cc yu t khc. Mt khc p ng cn ph thuc vo cc c tnh ca bn dn cu thnh diode. Ti u vo my thu ca h thng thng tin quang c mc cng sut quang rt thp nhng dng tch quang vn t l tuyn tnh vi cng sut quang. V vy c p ng R v h s lng t u l hm ca m khng ph thuc vo mc cng sut quang. i vi cc laser mnh s c hin tng bo ho v dn ti ph thuc khng tuyn tnh ca p ng vo cng sut quang. R

L tng

Thc t
Hnh 1.45: p ng ph thuc vo bc sng Trong trng hp l tng p ng tng tuyn tnh vi bc sng v nng lng ca mt photon gim khi bc sng tng v sau gim t ngt xung zero ti = c. p ng thc t khc vi p ng l tng, v h s hp th t n l hm ca bc sng. Bc sng ct pha trn c xc nh bi di cm, trong khi bc sng ct pha di ph thuc vo h s hp th. 3) rng bng tn p ng ca APD c cu trc n+ - p -i - p+ nh hnh 1.42 c chia lm ba phn: (a) Thi gian dch chuyn ca in t qua min tri (ttr)e = w2/ vse (b) Thi gian yu cu ca qu trnh nhn tA (c) Thi gian dch chuyn ca l trng cui cng c to ra trong min tng tc ti ra ca khng gian tri (ttr) = w2 / vsh. 53

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Phn (b) v (c) c trng cho tr b sung vo thi gian p ng ca diode khng c hiu ng thc. rng bng tn b hn ch cn tr vic s dng APD trong cc h thng tc bit rt cao. Thi gian tr tA l hm ca ca h s ion ho k. Khi k = 0 th hiu ng nhn tin trin ph thuc thi gian dch chuyn ca in t qua min tng tc (ttr=wA/vse). Gi thit wA << w2. Khi k > 0 th hiu ng nhn c s tham gia ca c in t v l trng, thi gian tA c xc nh theo biu thc sau y:

tA

Mkw A v se

(1.23)

p ng thi gian ton b l:

(w 2 + Mkw A ) (w 2 + w A ) + v se v sh

(1.24)

rng bng tn c xc nh theo biu thc f(-3dB) 0,44 / (1.25) Biu thc (1.23) mt ln na cho bit ti sao phi tm kim vt liu c k 0 ch to APD trong cc in t khi u hiu ng thc. Tm li khi tc bit cao hn 2-5 Gbit/s s dng APD khng c li.

1.2.4.6. My thu tn hiu quang

Trong my thu tn hiu quang ca h thng IM-DD, nh sng t si quang chiu vo b tch sng quang. Do u ra b tch quang nhn c tn hiu in. Sau tn hiu in qua cc bc x l tip theo khi phc li tn hiu ban u nh u vo my pht. S khi ca my thu quang in hnh nh hnh 1.46. B tch sng quang l PIN hoc APD thc hin chuyn i cng sut quang u vo thnh tn hiu in. B khuch i iu chnh thc hin bin i dng tch quang thnh tn hiu in p vi mc ph hp. Sau khi khuch i tn hiu qua b cn bng hiu chnh hm truyn t ca b khuch i. B lc y gii hn bng tn ca my thu trong phm vi yu cu i vi ph tn hiu v nh ra p ng tn s ca my thu nhm ti u ho cht lng my thu (lm gim ti thiu tp m pht ra t b tch sng v khuch i). Xung ng h (clock) c ly t b tch ng h, thc hin bng cch trch ly ra t lung d liu s chung v c dng ti to li tn hiu s trong mch quyt nh. Tn hiu s n cc u ra b quyt nh c a vo b gii m chuyn thnh m ng lng cc tng ng.
Tn hiu vo Tch sng quang

Khuch i iu chnh

B cn bng

B lc

B quyt nh

B gii m

D liu ra

B tch ng h

clock

Hnh 1.46: S khi b thu quang in hnh trong h thng truyn dn s 54

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

1.3. Thng tin v tuyn 1.3.1. Cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn
Cc phng thc a truy nhp v tuyn c s dng rng ri trong cc mng thng tin di ng. Phn ny gii thiu tng quan cc phng php a truy nhp s dng trong thng tin v tuyn. M hnh ca mt h thng a truy nhp c cho hnh 1.47.

Hnh 1.47. Cc h thng a truy nhp a) cc u cui mt t v b pht p, b) cc trm di ng v cc trm gc Thng thng mt h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn c nhiu trm u cui v mt s cc trm c nhim v kt ni cc trm u cui ny vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn hiu t cc trm u cui n mt trm khc. Cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin di ng mt t l cc my di ng cn cc trm u cui trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh l cc trm thng tin v tinh mt t. Cc trm kt ni cc trm u cui vi mng hoc chuyn tip cc tn hiu t cc trm u cui n cc trm khc l cc trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t hoc cc b pht p trn v tinh trong cc h thng thng tin v tinh. Do vai tr ca trm gc trong thng tin di ng mt t v b pht p v tinh cng nh my di ng v trm mt t ging nhau cc h thng a truy nhp v tuyn nn trong phn ny ta s xt chng i ln cho nhau. Trong cc h thng thng tin a truy nhp v tuyn bao gi cng c hai ng truyn: mt ng t cc trm u cui n cc trm gc hoc cc trm pht p, cn ng khi theo chiu ngc li. Theo quy c chung ng th nht c l ng ln cn ng th hai c gi l ng xung. Cc phng php a truy nhp c chia thnh bn loi chnh: a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access). a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access). 55

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access). a truy nhp phn chia theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Access). Cc phng php a truy nhp c bn ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau to thnh mt phng php a truy nhp mi. Cc phng php a truy nhp c xy dng trn c s phn chia ti nguyn v tuyn cho cc ngun s dng (cc knh truyn dn) khc nhau. Nguyn l ca ba phng php a truy nhp c bn u tin c cho hnh 1.48. Mi knh ngi s dng v tuyn trong h thng v tuyn t ong mt t hay mt tram u cui trong h thng thng tin v tinh a trm s dng mt sng mang c ph nm trong bng tn ca knh vo thi im hot ng ca knh. Ti nguyn dnh cho knh c th c trnh by dng mt hnh ch nht trong mt phng thi gian v tn s. Hnh ch nht ny th hin rng ca knh v thi gian hot ng ca n (hnh 1.48). Khi khng c mt quy nh trc cc sng mang ng thi chim hnh ch nht ny v gy nhiu cho nhau. trnh c can nhiu ny cc my thu ca trm gc (hay cc phy thu cu cc trm pht p trn v tinh) v cc my thu ca cc trm u cui phi c kh nng phn bit cc sng mang thu c. t c s phn bit ny cc ti nguyn phi c phn chia: Nh l hm s ca v tr nng lng sng mang vng tn s. Nu ph ca sng mang chim cc bng tn con khc nhau, my thu c th phn bit cc sng mang bng cch lc. y l nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA: Frequency Division Multiple Access, hnh 1.48a). Nh l hm v tr thi gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ln lt cc sng mang cng tn s theo thi gian v phn tch chng bng cch m cng ln lt theo thi gian thm ch c khi cc sng mang ny chim cng mt bng tn s. y l nguyn l a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA: Time Division Multiple Access; hnh 1.48b). Nh l hm ph thuc m ca cc nng lng sng mang. My thu thu ng thi cc sng mang cng tn s v phn tch chng bng cch gii m cc sng mang ny theo m m chng c pht. Do mi knh hay ngun pht c mt m ring nn my thu c th phn bit c sng mang thm ch tt c cc sng mang ng thi chim cng mt tn s. M phn bit knh hay ngun pht thng c thc hin bng cc m gi tp m (PN: Pseudo Noise Code). Phng php ny c gi l a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA: Code Division Multiple Access; hnh 1.48c). Vic s dng cc m ny dn n s m rng ng k ph tn ca sng mang so vi ph m n c th c khi ch c iu ch bi thng tin hu ch. y cng l l do m CDMA cn c gi l a truy nhp tri ph (SSMA: Spread Spectrum Multiple Access). Nh l hm ph thuc vo khng gian ca cc nng lng sng mang. Nng lng sng mang ca cc knh hay cc ngun pht khc nhau c phn b hp l trong khng gian chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. V cc knh hay cc ngun pht ch s dng khng gian c quy nh trc nn my thu c th thu c sng mang ca ngun pht cn thu thm ch khi tt c cc sng mang khc ng thi pht v pht trong cng mt bng tn. Phng php ny c gi l phng php a truy nhp theo khng gian (SDMA: Space Division Multiple Access). C nhiu bin php thc hin SDMA nh: 1. S dng lp tn s cho cc ngun pht ti cc khong cch ln trong khng gian chng khng gy nhiu cho nhau. Phng php ny thng c gi l phng php ti s dng tn s v khong cch cn thit cc ngun pht cng tn s khng gy 56

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

nhiu cho nhau c gi l khong cch ti s dng tn s. Cn lu rng thut ng ti s dng tn s cng c s dng cho trng hp hai ngun pht hay hai knh truyn dn s dng chung tn s nhng c pht i hai phn cc khc nhau. 2. S dng cc anten thng minh (Smart Anten). Cc anten ny cho php tp trung nng lng sng mang ca ngun pht vo hng c li nht cho my thu ch nh v trnh gy nhiu cho cc my thu khc.

Hnh 1.48. Nguyn l a truy nhp a) a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s (FDMA); b) a truy nhp phn chia theo thi gian (TDMA); c) a truy nhp phn chia theo m (CDMA) 57

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Cc phng php a truy nhp ni trn c th kt hp vi nhau. Hnh 1.49 cho thy cc cch kt hp ca ba phng php a truy nhp u tin.

Hnh 1.49. Kt hp ba dng a truy nhp c s thnh cc dng a truy nhp lai ghp

1.3.2. H thng truyn dn vi ba s

1.3.2.1. Gii thiu chung
Sng v tuyn in c bc sng di mt mt n c mi-li-mt c gi l sng vi ba. Sng vi ba c dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc, cng ngh v ng dng thc t i sng. Thng tin vin thng v truyn thng qung b cng c dng nhiu dn n ti nguyn mi trng ngy cng qu gi. Hnh thc truyn tin da trn mi trng khng gian m v nh vy n chu tc ng nhiu bi mi trng. S chng cho, xung t sng mang tn hiu gia cc h thng thng tin khc nhau yu cu phi c s bo v ca chnh mnh v qun l ngy cng khoa hc, cht ch ca nh nc. Mt trong cc phng tin thng tin v tuyn quan trng ca x hi loi ngi l h truyn thng tin im ti im trn mt t, ngy nay gi l h thng vi ba s. Do c im truyn sng trc tip t im pht ti im thu nn n cn c tn l thng tin tm nhn thng. So vi cc h thng truyn dn khc, h thng truyn dn vi ba s c rt nhiu hn ch do mi trng truyn dn l mi trung h v bng tn hn hp. Truyn dn vi ba s c thc hin di tn t 1 GHz n vi chc GHz, trong khi truyn dn quang c thc hin tn s vo khong 2.106 GHz (nu coi =1500 nm) v th bng tn truyn dn vi ba s rt hp so vi quang. Mt s c tnh quan trng cn ch i vi truyn dn vi ba s l: 58

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

- Cht lng tn hiu khi truyn dn vi ba chu tc ng rt ln ca cc iu kin kh hu thi tit nh ma, gi, my m, bo, tuyt, - Cc ngun nhiu thin nhin, v tr nh sm st, bo t cng lm nhiu thng tin. - Tc ng ca cc loi nhiu in t do sn xut cng nghip v giao thng vn ti nh hn in, cc thit b in nh la, xe t, cc loi thit b dn dng, - nh hng ca a hnh i vi sng truyn ca ng truyn vi ba s gia cc trm truyn dn nh ni, i, sng, bin, nh cao tng, - S suy hao cng sut tn hiu kh ln trong mi trng truyn dn . - S can nhiu ln nhau gia cc knh thng tin v tuyn v cc h thng thng tin khc nhau . - iu kin d dng i vi s xm nhp chim knh tri php v an ton v bo v b mt thng tin l v cng kh khn . Tuy nhin phng thc truyn dn vi ba s cng c cc u im m cc loi phng thc truyn dn khc khng th c c, v d nh: - H thng c kh nng linh hot, nhanh chng p ng phc v thng tin cho khch hng mi lc mi ni v mi dch v . Nhu cu di ng s khng ngng tng trong tng lai. - Vic trin khai hay tho g h thng truyn dn rt c ng, khi khng cn thit c th nhanh chng chuyn sang lp t v tr khc ca mng vin thng. - Gi c h thng v u t ban u thp. u im ny cho php cc nh khai thc pht trin mng vin thng nhanh chng cc vng c s h tng vin thng cha pht trin vi vn u t thp nht. Ngoi cc u im trn thng tin v tuyn l phng tin thng tin duy nht cho cc chuyn bay vo v tr, thng tin o hng, nh v .... pht huy c cc u im v khc phc cc nhc im ca truyn dn vi ba s, cc nh thit k thit b v h thng truyn dn vi ba s phi s dng cc bin php cng ngh x l s v cc cng ngh v tuyn hin i.

1.3.2.2. Hin tng pha inh

Mt nh hng rt nguy him cc ng truyn dn vi ba s l pha inh. T l thuyt truyn sng ta bit phainh l hin tng thng ging tht thng cu cng in trng im thu. Nguyn nhn pha inh c th do thi tit v a hnh lm thay i iu kin truyn sng. Khi xy ra pha inh trong truyn dn vi ba s, ti im thu cng sng thu c lc mnh lc yu thm ch c lc mt thng tin. Pha inh nguy him nht l pha inh nhiu tia xy ra do my thu nhn c tn hiu khng phi ch t tia i thng m cn t nhiu tia khc phn x t cc im khc nhau trn ng truyn dn. Cc h thng truyn dn vi ba s phi c trang b cc h thng v thit b chng pha inh hu hiu. Ngi ta chia hin tng pha inh thnh pha inh phng v pha inh la chn tn s. Pha inh phng l mi quan tm i vi h thng dung lng nh bng tn hp. Pha inh la chn tn s cn quan tm cho h thng truyn dn dung lng cao, bng tn rng. Pha inh nhiu tia gy ra hu qu xu nht do nhiu tia sng i qung ng khc nhau cng n im thu vi hiu ng la chn lm mo bin v mo thi gian tr sut rng bng tn ca knh truyn . Nhng s mo ny to nn s giao thoa du hiu S.I.S ln hn so vi tng ca tp m nhit ca tn hiu thu . 59

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Khng mt loi pha inh no c th tin on c mt cch chnh xc bi s bin i ca chng tu thuc vo iu kin khng kh. Kinh nghim cho thy iu kin kh hu v a hnh l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra pha inh m tt c kh nng pha inh ch c th xc nh bng thng k. Ni cch khc l ch c th da vo l thuyt xc sut tnh ton kh nng h thng vi ba s s ngng hot ng vi s phn trm chc chn trong nm v pha inh. Trong phm vi ny s phn trm dung sai l qu ln. Ngi ta nghin cu v xut mt s k thut nhm ci thin thi gian gin on thng tin. Pha inh phng Pha inh phng xut hin thng xuyn l do chm tia sng truyn i b cong. Chm tia sng cc ngn c th b chuyn hng do s thay i ch s khc x ca khng kh (hng s in mi). H s k = 4/3 c dng tnh ton truyn sng iu kin p sut tiu chun. Ti tia sng c cong bng mt phn t ca cong mt t thc . Bn knh qu t hiu dng k= Bn knh tht ca qu t Khi hai an-ten pht v thu c t trong iu kin tiu chun, ton b cng tn hiu s nhn c bi my thu. Khi mt khng kh thay i th ch s khc x cng thay i khc vi iu kin chun lm cho chm tia sng c th cong ln hay cong xung ph thuc ch s k . Khi k nh hn 4/3 thng gi l khc x thp hay iu kin di chun tia sng c hng cong ln. Khi k ln hn 4/3 thng gi l khc x cao hay iu kin trn chun tia sng c hng cong xung . Vic ph thuc nghim ngt ca s cong mt trong hai loi trn c th gy ra s suy gim ng k cng trng tn hiu thu dn ti lm hng dch v. Ni chung th hu nh loi tia sng xut hin cong ln pha trn an-ten thu. i vi tia cong xung, chm khng cong qu, mt s nng lng ca chm c phn x t vt cn, s pha inh bng rng c so snh vi s quan h hp bng tn sng cc ngn l pha inh phng hoc pha inh khng la chn. Tuy nhin nu s nng lng c phn x t vt cn v n nhiu vi nng lng ng trc tip th pha inh l la chn tn s. Tng t i vi chm tia cong ln, nng lng khng ti my thu khc vi ng trc tip, khi chm tia cong xa xut hin pha inh phng .
k < 4/3 a

k > 4/3 b

Tia sng cong ln (a) Pha inh la chn tn s Pha inh nhiu ng kh quyn

Tia sng cong xung

(b)

Hnh 1.50: Hin tng tia sng cong

Khi cc iu kin kh quyn l cc lp vi s tn ti cc mt khc nhau, s dn c th xut hin. Nu s tp hp cc lp lm sao cho cc chm tia sng cc ngn khng b by m ch b 60

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

lm lch hng th nng lng sng cc ngn c th i ti an-ten thu bng nhiu ng khc so vi ng trc tip. S thu nhn nhiu ng gy ra pha inh do hai sng thu c him khi cng pha. Nu chng n hon ton tri pha, c t giy mt cng sut thu c th ln n 30 dB hoc hn, l iu tr ngi (hnh 1.51).

2 1 3 4

ng 1 trc tip ; ng 2,3 lch ; ng 4 phn x .

Hnh 1.51: Cc ng sng t pht n thu.

Pha inh nhiu tia phn x t mt t S phn x t mt t to thnh s thu nhiu ng tia sng n s l tr ngi khi cc sng thu c ngc pha. Khi phn x t v pha inh kh quyn xut hin ng thi c th xy ra pha inh su ti 40 dB. Nu nhng tc ng sa li khng c tin hnh th thng tin c th ngng tr. Pha inh nhiu tia l pha inh la chn tn s, do s ngc pha lm mt thng tin ngha l cc tia sng i cc qung ng khc nhau na bc sng . iu lu l pha inh s khng phi xut hin cng mt lc vi mi tn s RF .

1.3.2.3. Nhiu v phn b tn s

1) Vn nhiu Khi tn ti cc h thng thng tin v tuyn tng t v s chng c th gy can nhiu ln nhau. Ni chung c nhng vn sau cn phi quan tm : - Can nhiu h thng s n h thng s. - Can nhiu h thng tng t n h thng s. - Can nhiu h thng s n h thng tng t. H thng s c tnh chng nhiu cao hn h thng tng t cng tnh nng, vn l nhiu t h thng s n cc b phn tng t ca h thng. hot ng chnh xc th yu cu t s sng mang trn nhiu C/I phi t 15dB 20dB tu theo k thut iu ch. mch phc hp, c nhiu dng nhiu khc nhau, phn t mang tin phi gi C/I t 15 n 20 dB c khi pha inh, ngha l mc knh nhiu thp hn ngng thu ca knh b tp m 15 20dB, thc t iu ny phn cho anten, lc, ghp ni, 2) Cc ngun nhiu v tp m C ba loi ngun nhiu chnh : t knh phn cc cho, knh ng phn cc ln cn v s thu tn s on ngc hng vi on b nhiu. 61

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

+ Knh phn cc cho : c dng cng tn s nhm tng ph tn v hiu nh dng li tn s mang. Bnh thng s phn bit hai sng l tho mn, khi b suy yu pha inh th mc nhiu cng knh s tng. + Nhiu knh ln cn : xy ra gia cc h thng cng hot ng trn mt vng nhng khng chung ng v a im trm ; hai h trn mt vng khng chung ng cng trm ; hai h chung ng . nh hnh 1.52. Mi ngun tp m lm tng t s li v gim d tr pha inh phng. vt qua suy gim, duy tr c ch tiu BER th phi tng mc cng sut pht, ngha l tng mc cng sut thu. Nhiu t cc knh ln cn hoc nhiu t knh cao tn ln cn cng cc tnh c quan h cht ch n vic chn khong cch gia cc knh.
V H Nhiu phn cc cho f1 f1 f1 Nhiu bc x ngc

S
f1

f2

Nhiu knh ln cn cng phn cc

Nhiu v tinh hay h khc

Nhiu vt on
Hnh 1.52: Mt s dng nhiu vi ba s

3) Phn b tn s chng nhiu cn b tr bng tn hp l, CCIR khuyn ngh : h s ph hiu dng t nht l 2bit/s/Hz v tc bt phi bng hoc hn rng bng tn RF, khng ph thuc phn cc, vo tn s s dng li hoc cu hnh h thng. Vic chn bng tn c tc dng ln n c tnh ca thit b. Cc bng tn ca thit b vi ba s c nhng rng buc bi c im nu trn, n cn b rng buc bi yu t tnh kh dng ca ph t do, s phn b tn s v cc iu l qun l khc. Bng tn c chia thnh na bng tn thp v na bng tn cao v phn phng v ra bng ZS. Khong cch cc tiu gia hai na bng XS c quyt nh bng cch xt n nhiu ca knh ln cn v khong cch cc tiu gia tn s pht v thu (YS). Khong cch tn s thng c xc nh tiu chun ho theo tc u hiu rs ca h thng. Vic s dng phn cc ng v ngang trong h thng s c th dng ti tn nh nhau, cc tn hiu thu tch bit nhau thc hin theo phn bit i vi phn cc cho ca an-ten. S khc nhau ny cng c th xy ra trong s 62

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

phn b xen nhau, cc sng mang c th lch i bng rng na knh. Lc ny dng cc b lc loi tr sng khng mong mun. Hnh 1.53 biu din phn chia bng tn RF.
Na bng tn thp XS YS Na bng tn cao

ZS f1 f2 fn f0 f,1 fn
Hnh 1.53: Phn b bng tn

i vi cc anten c tng ch cao, cc h thng s lm vic vi cng tn s sng mang c th khai thc trn mt s hng c gc hng thp n 600 hoc nh hn. V d, theo khuyn ngh 497-2CCIR c th phn b tn s v tuyn theo : Na bng tn di fn = (f0 295 + 35n) MHz Na bng tn trn fn = (f0 + 21 + 35n) MHz vi + + + n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v 6. f0 fn

tn s trung tm bng RF thuc thit b. tn s tm ph sng mang th n thuc mt na bng thp.

fn tn s tm ph sng mang th n thuc mt na bng cao. fn = (f0 295 + 28n) MHz fn = (f0 + 7 + 28n) MHz

Nu h lm vic tc 34Mbit/s th theo khuyn ngh 497-2CCIR : Na bng tn di Na bng tn trn

n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.

1.3.2.4. Mt s bin php bo m cht lng truyn dn vi ba s

Cc k thut s dng chng li cc nh hng ca pha inh phng v pha inh la chn tn s nhiu ng (sng) l phn tp khng gian hay phn tp tn s, cc b cn bng t thch nghi hiu chnh cc bin i tn hiu thu trong knh do ng truyn gy ra. Phn tp khng gian cng kt hp cc b kh giao thoa phn cc giao nhau nhm nng cao cht lng trong lc c pha inh la chn. Thi gian gin on thng tin phi gim sao cho cc ch tiu cht lng ca tuyn hay h thng c th c tho mn. 1) Phn tp theo khng gian nh ngha phn tp theo khng gian l truyn dn ng thi mt tn hiu, mt knh v tuyn trn hai anten (hay nhiu hn) thu hay pht. Nh tn gi, ngi ta dng hai anten t cch nhau mt khong cch no pht hay thu mt tin c truyn t ngun ti ch. Khong cch gia cc anten c chn sao cho tn hiu thu c ring bit khng tng quan nhau. Thc t khng bao gi t c h s tng quan bng 0 thm ch rt thp song iu ny khng lm gim li ch ca phn tp. Cc tn hiu thu c ca h thng phn tp khng gian phi c t hp li nh hnh 1.54. S tin hnh vic ny bng cch dng mt b t hp cng sut cc i nhm cc i ho cc tn hiu thu c lm san phng p tuyn tn s bin hay p ng tn s thi gian tr nhm ca 63

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

tn hiu tng hp hay dng mt chuyn mch BB ph hp, la chn tn hiu c BER thp. Nu b chuyn i c khi ng bng b o t s li bit nhanh nht th loi t hp ny rt hu hiu.

Rx 1
S liu vo f S liu ra

Tx

Rx 1

Chia tch chiu ng an-ten

Hnh 1.54: Phn tp khng gian

B t hp

Cc phn tch cho thy s ci thin tin cy ca h thng (hay gim thi gian gin on do pha inh) nm trong gii h s 10 n 200. S ci thin c tng cng bng s tng tn s, d phng pha inh t an-ten cch nhau theo chiu ng v gim di ca on ng truyn. Khong in hnh cc an-ten t nht l 200 ln bc sng (v d : bng 6GHz th cch > 10m) Biu thc h s ci thin :
= T Td

Vi T v Td l thi gian c v khng c phn tp. Phn tp khng gian ci thin ng truyn qua mt t vi cc phn x mt t khng ng k c th gn ng bng cng thc Vigant:

S 2 f 10 ( F V ) / 10 d : hiu qu ca chuyn mch phn tp. IS = 1, 2 10

S : khong cch cc tm an-ten (5 S 15) m f : tn s GHz F : su pha inh V : khc nhau h s li an-ten d : di on truyn dn Gn y s t c li vi an-ten t ngang hai bn thp thay t ng. Trong trng hp ny mi an-ten c gc ngng (elevation) khc nhau v n gii thch ti sao thng c gi l phn tp gc mc du s khc nhau gc ngng c th gia chng khc 10 tr ln m s khc nhau v nhn cng tn hiu thu trong mi trng pha inh nhiu ng (i ca sng) nhm nhn s ci thin c ngha thc tin. Vic nghin cu vn cn tip tc trong lnh vc ny. Phn tp khng gian l la chn th nht cho bo v h thng. N r v khng m rng bng tn nh phn tp tn s. 2) Phn tp theo tn s 64

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

S bo v h thng t c ca loi phn tp tn s, s hot ng hiu qu ca cc my v tuyn m chng hot ng trn cng anten thu v pht, hnh 1.55. Thng tin c pht ra ng thi trn hai my pht c tn s lm vic khc. Chng c ghp chung ng dn sng ti anten v bc x vo khng gian (thng khc cc tnh). Ti u thu thng tin c anten chn lc qua ng sng v b lc chia tch hai ng sng mang cho hai my thu ring. B tng hp bo m cho tn hiu u ra ln nht. Nu hai tn s ca my pht rng, pha nh la chn tn s c tc dng thp c hai ng v ci thin tt thng tin. S sai khc tn s l 2% l tt, 5% rt tt. Ngha l 6GHz n t nht l 120Mhz. Nhc im l bng tn rng. S tnh ton cho thy ci thin l 10 so vi 0. Theo CCIR bo co 338 h s ci thin xp x : vi f : khong cch f (GHz)

80 f 10 f 2d

F / 10

F : su pha inh (dB) f : tn s sng mang (GHz) (2 f 11) d : khong hop km (30 d 70)

S liu vo

Tx1

f1
f2

Rx 1 S liu ra

Tx2

Rx2

B t hp
Hnh 1.55: Phn tp theo tn s Phn tp theo tn s v theo khng gian cho cc trng hp xy ra pha inh, nhiu ng v cng cao. ci thin tt, k thut chuyn mch hitless c s dng. Chm bit thu c ti bng tn gc c to li tng bit, nu li b pht hin, dng b nh n hi quyt nh chuyn mch ti lung bit khng li. y l phng php chuyn mch khng li bt hoc hitless. trnh s c truyn dn ngi ta tin hnh thm cu hnh d phng nng (Hot standby). 3) Cc b cn bng thch ng trung tn Ngi ta bit c dng sng trung tn bng thng b thay i nghim trng khi c pha inh nhiu ng sng. Mt s tn s trong ph sng mang b suy gim qu nghim trng hn cc tn s khc. Kt qu iu ny dn n mo bng tn gc dn ti li v hng ng truyn. Cc b cn bng thch ng IF lm gim ti thiu iu ny. iu ny rt quan trng, n cn thit xem xt li iu kin truyn sng tn ti gia cc anten thu pht. Kh quyn to ra cc ng sng D1 v D2 c di khc nhau.

d = D1 D2 =
V d : h1 = 60 m ; h2 = 500m ; D = 50 km th

2 h 1h 2 D
d = 1, 2 m

65

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

t=

qung dng sng 1,2 = = 4 ns tc d truyn 3.10 8

Thi gian i ca hai ng sng khc nhau iu ny tng ng f = 1/t = 250 MHz. Nu tng hp th vc t hai ng truyn thi gian khc nhau, n c gi tr max nu cng pha v bng 0 nu ngc pha. Tuy nhin thc t t khi nh vy.

D1 h2 D2 h1

D Hnh 1.56: Lan truyn nhiu tia sng khc nhau gy mo ph Nh v d ny th s cng pha v khc pha mi 250Mhz. Tt c cc im trn ng cong tun hon s c pha khc nhau t 0 1800. ng cong gi l ng xicloit . Thng th tn hiu tng hp tng hn tn hiu ng truyn trc tip ring r l 6dB. Gi s trung tn cho gii iu ch in hnh 56Mhz, ch mt phn ng cong tun hon c tnh bng trung tn gii iu ch (hnh 1.57a).
Bin RF1 RF1 RF1

RF2 RF1 + RF2

6dB RF2 1/2
RF1

RF2

RF2

o rng

RF1

RF2 t 1/ 3/2 (Tn s)

logic km tra

a)

b)

Hnh 1.57: ng cong mo ph v chng mo ph (do pha inh) S gii iu tt nht khi bng trung tn ri vo gia vng bin ln nht ca ng cong, ngc li th xu v xu nht khi bng trung tn ri vo vng khe ng cong . Pha inh bin ng nn kh khn t c ti u cho gii iu ch .

66

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Ngi ta dng cc loi b cn bng thch ng s iu chnh cho hin tng ny chng pha inh ci thin s khng phng ca p ng qua bng IF. C loi b cn bng nghing (Slope) v cn bng cu vng (Hump) (hnh 1.57b). 4) Cc b cn bng ngang thch ng bng gc Mt phng php khc c th chng mo ti bng tn gc . S hot ng b cn bng ngang c th c gii thch tt nht bng xem p ng xung knh mo so snh vi p ng xung knh l tng, trong c ct ngang khng cn bng ti lc ngng du hiu. p ng xung knh mo c s bin dng v m ti cc im ni c th l im ct khng hay ni cch khc l hiu ng vng mo tr. Mc tiu ca b cn bng bng gc l ti thiu ho nhiu giao thoa du hiu (ISI) do iu kin truyn sng ngha l b cn bng ngang cng bc im ct khng ng ni n cn xut hin . Sau tnh ton thnh lp c ton b s khi b cn bng ngang bng gc trn c s cc mch logic.

1.3.2.5. H thng truyn dn vi ba s

S khi tng qut ca mt h thng truyn dn vi ba s c cho hnh 1.58.

Hnh 1.58: S khi h thng vi ba s

Vai tr ca cc khi chc nng trong s hnh 1.58 nh sau. a/ Pha pht * Khi K v giao din ng s c cc chc nng sau: + Phi khng vi ng s + Khuych i v cn bng cp ng truyn s 67

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

+ Bin i m ng vo m my + Ti sinh tn hiu s + Khi phc xung ng h * Khi x l s bng gc pht: + Ghp thm cc thng tin iu khin v qun l ng truyn + Mt m ho cc thng tin quan trng + M ho knh chng li + Ngu nhin ho tn hiu s trc khi a ln iu ch * Khi iu ch v bin i nng tn: + iu ch sng mang bng tn hiu s chuyn i tn hiu s ny vo vng tn s cao thun tin cho vic truyn dn + i vi cc my pht i tn vi iu ch thc hin trung tn khi bin i nng tn cho php chuyn tn hiu trung tn pht vo tn s v tuyn trc khi pht. * Khi khuych i cng sut: + Khuych i cng sut pht n mc cn thit trc khi a pht vo khng trung. b/ Pha thu: * Khuych i tp m nh: + Khuych i tin hiu thu yu trong khi khuych i rt t tp m * Bin i h tn, khuych i trung tn v gii iu ch : + i vi my thu i tn trc khi gii iu ch tn hiu thu c bin i vo trung tn thu nh khi bin i h tn. Trong qu trnh bin i h tn do xut hin tn s nh gng nn khi bin i h tn thng lm thm nhim v trit tn s nh gng. + i vi cc my thu i tn sau bin i h tn l khuych i trung tn. Nhim v ca khi chc nng ny l khuych i, lc nhiu knh ln cn v cn bng thch ng vng tn s cng nh cn bng tr nhm cc phn t ca knh truyn dn . + Gii iu ch tn hiu thu phc hi tn hiu s * X l s bng tn gc thu: + Thc hin cc chc nng ngc vi khi x l s bng gc pht nh: Gii ghp xen Gii m knh Gii ngu nhin Phn lung cho lung s chnh v lung s iu khin qun l ng truyn Cn bng thch ng vng thi gian gim thiu nh hng ca phainh * Khuych i v giao din ng s: + Khuych i tn hiu s n mc cn thit trc khi a ra ngai my + Bin i m my vo m ng + Phi khng vi ng s 68

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

c/ Giao din mi trng truyn dn: + L h thng anten-phi v cc thit b siu cao tn cho php cc my thu v my pht giao tip vi mi trng truyn dn v tuyn.

1.3.3. H thng thng tin di ng

1.3.3.1. Cc c im chnh ca thng tin di ng
Cng ngh thng tin v tuyn pht trin vi nhng bc di t in bo, pht thanh v tuyn v truyn hnh ti vic s dng tri ph cho in thoi di ng. Vn p ng s tng trng v dung lng m khng cn tng ph v tuyn c gii quyt bng cch gim cng sut ca trm thu pht v tuyn BTS ch phc v mt vng nh (Cell) v ph sng mt vng rng bng cch t nhiu cell lin tip nhau. Mi cell c n nh mt phn nh ca ton b ti nguyn ph tn s c n nh. Cc cell t xa nhau c th s dng cng cng mt tn s, l xut x ca tn mng t ong Cellular. Nh kh nng s dng li tn s ny m mng cellular c dung lng ln hn. Th h u tin ca cc h thng t ong l cc h thng Analog c hng NTT s dng ti Tokyo vo nm 1977. Mng Analog NMT c s dng ti chu u vo nm 1981, mng AMPS c s dng ti Bc M vo nm 1983. Vo cui nhng nm 80 th h u tin ca h thng Cellular da trn cc k thut bo hiu analog t ra li thi. Nhng tin b v cng ngh mch tch hp cho php cc k thut m ho tin tin c s dng, cho php tng hiu qu s dng ph v tuyn. Thm vo vin thng s cho php s dng m ho sa sai cung cp mt phng thc chng li nhiu, vn gy nhiu kh khn cho h thng analog. Ngoi ra cc h thng s cho php ghp cc loi s liu khc nhau v iu khin hiu qu mng li. S trin khai ton cu ca h thng thng tin cellular s bt u vo u nhng nm 90. chu u l GSM, h thng ny thng nht tiu chun trc c dng chu u nh h thng NMT bn o Scandinavia, h thng C-450 c v cc h thng khc nh TACS v R2000. H thng GSM t oc hai mc ch l ci thin cng ngh truyn dn v cung cp mt tiu chun thng nht. bc M l h thng DAMPS (tiu chun IS 136), Nht l h thng PDC, ngoi ra cui nhng nm 90 xut hin h thng CDMA (tiu chun IS-95). Ngoi nhim v phi cung cp cc dch v nh mng in thoi c nh thng thung, cc mng thng tin di ng phi cung cp cc dch v c th cho mng di ng m bo thng tin mi lc, mi ni. m bo cc chc nng ni trn cc mng thng tin di ng phi m bo mt s c tnh c bn sau: 1. S dng hiu qu bng tn c cp pht t c dung lng cao do s hn ch ca di tn v tuyn s dng cho thng tin di ng. 2. m bo cht lng truyn dn yu cu. Do truyn dn c thc hin bng v tuyn l mi trng truyn dn h, nn tn hiu d b nh hng ca nhiu pha inh. Cc h thng thng tin di ng phi c kh nng hn ch ti a cc nh hng ny. Ngoi ra tit kim bng tn mng thng tin di ng ch c th s dng cc Codec tc thp. Cc Codec ny phi c thit k theo cng ngh c bit t c cht lng truyn dn cao. 69

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3. m bo an ton thng tin tt nht. Mi trng truyn dn v tuyn l mi trng rt d b nghe trm v s dng trm ng truyn nn cn phi c bin php c bit m bo an ton thng tin. m bo quyn li ca ngi thu bao cn gi b mt s nhn dng thu bao v kim tra tnh hp l ca mi ngi s dng khi h truy nhp mng. chng nghe trm cn mt m ho thng tin ca ngi s dng. mt s h thng thng tin di ng ngi ta s dng mt kho nhn dng b mt ring lu b nh an ton. h thng GSM th SIM-Card c s dng. Ngi thu bao cm th ny vo my di ng ca mnh v ch c ngi ny c th s dng n. Cc thng tin lu gi SIM-Card cho php m bo an ton thng tin. 4. Gim ti a rt cuc gi khi thu bao di ng chuyn t vng ph ny sang vng ph khc. 5. Cho php pht trin cc dch v mi, nht l cc dch v phi thoi. 6. mang tnh ton cu phi cho php chuyn mng quc t. 7. Cc thit b cm tay phi gn nh v tiu th t nng lng.

1.3.3.2. Cc cng ngh s dng trong thng tin di ng

Cng ngh FDMA Cng ngh FDMA l cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo tn s. Ph tn s qui nh cho lin lc di ng c chia thnh 2N di tn s k tip, cch nhau mt di tn phng v. Mi di tn c gn cho mt knh lin lc. N di tn dnh cho lin lc hng ln, sau mt di tn phn cch l N di tn k tip dnh cho lin lc hng xung . c im: mi MS oc cp pht i knh lin lc sut thi gian thng tuyn. Nhiu giao thao do tn s cc knh ln cn nhau l rt ng k BTS phi c b thu pht ring lm vic vi mi MS trong t bo. H thng FDMA in hnh l h thng di ng AMPS (Advanced mobile phone system) . Cng ngh TDMA Cng ngh TDMA l cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo thi gian. Ph tn s quy nh cho lin lc di ng c chia thnh di tn lin lc, mi di tn lin lc ny c dng chung cho N knh lin lc, mi knh lin lc l mt khe thi gian trong chu k 1 khung. Tin tc c t chc di dng gi, mi gi c bt ch th u gi, th ch cui gi, cc bt ng b, cc bt bo v v cc bt d liu . c im: Tn hiu ca thu bao c truyn dn s. Lin lc song cng mi hng thuc di tn lin lc khc nhau. Gim nhiu giao thao, gim s my thu pht BTS. Fading v tr truyn dn l nhng vn k thut rt phc tp, ngoi ra ISI (giao thao cc k hiu) hay mt ng b cng l nhng vn cn gii quyt. H thng TDMA in hnh l h thng di ng GSM (Global System for Mobile communication). Cng ngh CDMA Cng ngh CDMA l cng ngh a truy cp phn chia theo m. Mi MS c gn mt m ring bit v k thut tri ph tn hiu gip cho cc MS khng gy nhiu ln nhau trong iu kin cng mt lc dng chung di tn s.

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c im: di tn tn hiu rng hng trm Mhz, s dng k thut tri ph phc tp. K thut tri ph cho php tn hiu v tuyn s dng c cng trng rt nh v chng pha inh hiu qu hn FDMA hay TDMA. Vic cc thu bao MS trong t bo dng chung tn s khin cho thit b truyn dn v tuyn n gin, vic thay i k hoch tn s khng cn l vn phc tp, chuyn giao tr nn mm do hn, iu khin dung lng trong t bo rt linh hot. H thng CDMA cng p dng k thut nn s nh TDMA, nhng vi tc bit thay i theo tch cc thoi, nn tn hiu thoi c tc bit trung bnh nh hn.

1.3.3.3. Cu trc v cc thnh phn ca h thng GSM

H thng GSM c th chia thnh ba phn chnh : h thng BSS, h thng mng chuyn mch NSS v h thng vn hnh v bo dng O&M (hnh 1.59). Um Abis A

BSC HLR
SM

VLR MSC
PSTN,ISDN CSPDN PSPDN PLMN

ME

BTS BSC BTS EIR AuC

Station

Base Station Subsystem

Network Subsystem

Hnh 1.59: Cu trc tng qut ca h thng GSM

BTS (Base Transceiver Station) : Trm thu pht gc BSC (Base Station Controller) : B iu khin trm gc MSC (Mobile Service Switching Center) : Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch v di ng HLR (Home Location Register) : B ghi dch nh v thng tr EIR (Equipment Identity Register) : B nhn dng thit b AuC (Authentication Center) : Trung tm nhn dng VLR (Visitor Location Register) : B ghi nh v tm tr ISDN (Intergrated Services Digital network) : mng s t hp a dch v PSPDN (Packet Switching Public Digital network) : mng chuyn mch gi cng cng PSTN (Public Switching Telephone Network) : Mng chuyn mch thoi cng cng PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) : mng di ng mt t cng cng) a s cc chc nng c bit ca h thng GSM c thc hin bi h thng cc trm pht BSS trong vic lin lc vi thit b u cui mobile. H thng BSS c chia thnh hai khi chc nng : Trm pht BTS v b iu khin trm pht BSC. Mt mng GSM dung lng cao thng 71

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thng c hng ngn BTS. BTS cung cp chc nng v tuyn thu pht v bo hiu cho s tng tc vi cc phn t khc ca mng. Vng ph sng ca mt BTS gi l mt Cell. BSC thc hin chc nng chuyn mch v iu khin cc knh v tuyn cho h thng BSS. BSC n nh knh v tuyn trong ton b thi gian thit lp mt cuc gi v gii phng ti nguyn khi cuc gi kt thc. Chc nng di ng ch trong ni vng h thng BSS c thc hin bi BSC. Cc chc nng ny lm cho cu trc ca BSC cao hn ca BTS. Thng thng mi BSC iu khin hng chc BTS. Khi chuyn m TCE kt hp vi BSS chuyn i tn hiu thoi c trng GSM thnh dng m dng trong mng in thoi c nh thng thng. V tr ca b chuyn m TCE c th t ti hai v tr tu thuc vo c trng c th ca h thng : t ti v tr ca BSC hoc v tr ca MSC. V tr t c ngha i vi gi thnh truyn dn bi v tn hiu gia BTS v b chuyn m l 16 Kbit/sec. Ti b chuyn m, tn hiu 16 Kbit/sec c chuyn i thnh 64 Kbit/sec qua MSC ti mng thoi c nh. Vic chuyn mch gia cc thu bao c thc hin bi trng chuyn mch trong MSC. Mt MSC kt ni vi cc mng khc nh l mng thoi c nh PSTN, mng ISDN, mng s liu gi PSPDN. Mt b s liu logic c gi l b ng k d liu ch cha ng cc thng tin lin quan n vic ng k ca mi thu bao nh cc dch v v v tr ca thu bao. c th nh tuyn cc cuc gi ti, cc thng tin a ch ca vng khch c cha trong HLR. Mt ngn hng gi liu l b ng k d liu khch VLR ph trch vic ghi ch cc ng k yu cu v thng tin v tr ca cc thu bao c tr trong vng phc v ca n. Thm vo mt b nhn thc thit b EIR c s dng ngn cn vic s dng trm hoc cc my mobile cm tay khng c php. Mt cuc gi ti my MS c nh tuyn ti tng i MSC cng trong mng di ng cng cng mt t PLMN ca thu bao. Bng cch s dng cc thng tin cha trong HLR v VLR cuc gi c nh tuyn ti MSC m thu bao ang . Trong khi thu bao ang trong mng ch th tng i MSC ch v MSC cng l ging nhau.

1.3.3.4. Giao din v tuyn

Mt trong nhng mc ch sm nht trong s nghin cu pht trin ca h thng GSM l xc nh mt giao din m cho php cc nh khai thc (Operator) xy dng mng li ca mnh t cc phn t mng ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau, v cho php xy dng mng li c cht lng cao vi gi c hp l. Mt trong cc giao din quan trng nht l giao din v tuyn : giao din Abis gia BTS v BSC, giao din A gia BSC v MSC. Tt c cc giao din ny c dng cho vic truyn dn cc thng tin ca ngi s dng cng nh iu khin bo hiu. Thm vo c mt vi giao din gia MSC, VLR, HLR.

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Hnh 1.60. Cu trc khung v a khung

Giao din v tuyn bao gm hai bng tn s song cng 25 Mhz cho c ng ln v ng xung (Uplink v downlink), gii bng tn l 890-915 MHz v 935-960 MHz (hnh 1.60). Cng ngh a truy nhp phn chia theo tn s FDMA c ng dng cho mi sng mang c rng bng tn l 200 KHz. V phng din thi gian mi sng mang c ghp vo 8 khe thi gian lin tip (s dng cng ngh a truy nhp theo thi gian TDMA). Mt chu k nhc li lin tip ca mi khe thi gian gi l mt khung TDMA. Thng tin bo hiu v s liu ca ngi s dng c bo v chng li cc iu kin li trn giao din v tuyn bng cch s dng m sa li (m xon) v an xen. S liu c m ho khi c a vo cc Burst, m ho v iu ch s dng kho dch ti thiu Gauss (iu ch tn s GMSK) qua giao din v tuyn. V mt logic cc knh lu lng c t hp ca cc khe thi gian trong cc khung TDMA lin tip, thc hin iu khin lin kt chm SACCH v cc khe thi gian ri trong mt a khung 26 (Hnh 1.61).

Hnh 1.61. T chc ca cc Burts, khung TDMA v a khung

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ng ln (uplink) chm 3 khe thi gian so vi ng xung. Vic ny l mt chi tit rt quan trng cho vic thit k MS ch vic pht v thu khng bao gi cng mt thi gian khng ging nh cc h thng Cellular analog. iu ny n gin cho vic thit k bi v vic cn thit cch ly gia cc mch thu v pht l gim i. Thm vo thu v pht, vic gim st ca cc Cell ln cn c yu cu cho mc ch chn la Cell. MS RX 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

MS TX 7 0 1 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 3 4 5 6

Gim st

Hnh 1.62. Hot ng ca MS trong ch thoi hoc s liu s dng mt khe thi gian

Hnh 1.62 cho thy s hot ng ca mt MS trong trng thi truyn thoi hoc s liu. Trong v d ny khe thi gian 2 c s dng cho vic thu v pht. Vic pht c th sm hn mt cht m bo thi gian n chnh xc ti BTS. Vic gim st ca cc cell ln cn c thc hin trong khong thi gian gia vic thu v pht theo khung TDMA. Trnh t ny c tip tc lp li trong ton b thi gian din ra cuc gi tr khung ri trong a khung 26. Trong ton b khung ri, MS thc hin vic ng b vi cc Cell ln cn.

1.3.3.5. M ho knh v iu ch
truyn dn s ngi ta thng o cht lng ca tn hiu thu c bng t s li bt (BER). BER ni ln bao nhiu bt trong tng s bt thu c mc li. T s ny cng nh cng tt. Tuy nhin do ng truyn dn lun lun thay i nn ta khng th gim hon ton xung khng, ngha l phi cho php mt lng li nht nh. c th ci thin t s li bt BER ngi ta dng cc phng php m ho knh. Thng thng m ho knh c th pht hin li v chng mc no sa c li. M ho knh phi tr gi l thm s bt kim tra, tc l lm tng lng thng tin truyn trn ng truyn. Trong thng tin di ng s dng hai phng php m ho c bn l m khi v m xon. m ho khi ta b sung mt s bt kim tra vo mt s bt thng tin nht nh, cc bt kim tra ch ph thuc vo cc bt thng tin khi bn tin. m xon, b m ho to ra khi cc bt thng tin m ha khng ch ph thuc vo khi bn tin hin thi, m cn ph thuc vo cc bt ca cc khi trc. Cc m khi thng c s dng khi c bo hiu nh hung theo khi, chng hn v tuyn di ng mt t tng t khi s liu c pht i theo khi. N cng thng c s dng pht hin li khi thc hin ARQ (yu cu t ng pht li). M ho xon lin quan nhiu hn n sa li, chng hn khi khng c phng tin ARQ. 74

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C hai phng php u c s dng GSM, trc ht mt s bt thng tin c m ho khi to nn mt khi thng tin kim tra. Sau tt c cc bt ny c m ho xon to nn cc bt c m ho.C hai bc trn u c p dng cho c ting v s liu mc d cc s m ho chng hi khc nhau. L do s dng m ho kp v ta mun sa li nu c th (m ho xon) v sau c th nhn bit c (m ho khi) xem liu thng tin c b hng n mc khng dng c hay khng.

1.3.3.6. Cc th h thng tin di ng

Mng thng tin di ng t bo (Cellular) tri qua 3 th h: 1G, 2-2.5G v 3G (hnh 1.63). H thng th h th nht 1G l cc h thng di ng tng t, c thit k truyn ti thoi. Th h 2 (2-2.5G) s dng cng ngh s. H thng th h 3 (3G) p ng ng k phn thiu ht ca cc tiu chun th h hai hin c, c v loi hnh dch v v tc truy nhp. H thng di ng s hin ti c thit k ti u cho thng tin thoi, trong khi h thng 3G ch trng n kh nng truyn thng a phng tin.

Hnh 1.63: Xu th pht trin mng thng tin di ng

Thng tin di ng th h th nht H thng th h th nht, xut hin vo cui nhng nm 70 u nhng nm 80, dng k thut iu tn (FM) tng t, trong c h thng AMPS l h thng ng ch nht. AMPS s dng cng ngh FM truyn dn thoi v bo hiu s cho thng tin iu khin. Cc h thng th h th nht khc gm c: + AMPS bng hp (NAMPS): c a vo s dng nm 1982, y l tiu chun tng t thnh cng nht. H thng c trin khai kh nhiu nc trn th gii. + H thng TACS: ban u c ginh ring cho Anh v cng da trn AMPS. Ch tiu TACS ban u c m rng thnh ETAC. ETAC ch yu c trin khai khu vc Chu Thi Bnh Dng. + H thng thoi di ng Bc u (NMT-900): l h thng tng t xut hin u tin, c a vo Thu in v Na Uy nm 1979.

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Tt c cc h thng Cellular th h th nht trn u dng a truy nhp phn tn (FDMA), mi knh c gn cho mt bng tn s duy nht trong mt nhm cell. Thng tin di ng th h th hai Hin ti c bn cng ngh di ng th h 2-2.5 ang cng tn ti: GSM, CdmaOne, TDMA v PDC, trong GSM l ph bin nht. Sau y l mt s c im chnh ca cng ngh ny. Vo nm 1982, CEPT (Confrence Eroupenne des Postes et des Tlcommunication) thnh lp Nhm c trch v thng tin di ng GSM (Group Spcial Mobile). Nm 1989, Vin Tiu chun Vin thng Chu u (ETSI - Eropean Telecommunication Standards Institute) a ra cc tiu chun k thut ca GSM. Hin ti, nhm 3GPP (3G Partnership Project) ang tin hnh xy dng tiu chun mng 3G cho chu u. H thng GSM cho php ti 8 ngi dng cng chia s mt bng tn v tuyn 200 KHz bng vic gn ln lt cc khe thi gian cho mi ngi dng. GSM s dng bng tn 900 MHz v 1800 MHz trn ton th gii ngoi tr Bc M (bng tn 1900 MHz). Sp ti, bng tn 450 MHz v 850 MHz s c s dng. K t khi i vo hot ng, h thng GSM cung cp dch v nhn tin SMS (Short Message Service), y l dch v chuyn mch gi phi kt ni vi gii hn ca bn tin nh hn 160 k t. Vic truyn s liu c th c thc hin bng phng thc chuyn mch knh CSD (Circuit Switched Data) vi tc 14,4 Kb/s. Gii hn v tc truyn s liu dn ti s cn thit ra i tiu chun truyn s liu tc cao qua chuyn mch knh HSCSD (High Speed Circuit Switched Data) v dch v chuyn mch gi v tuyn GPRS (General Packet Service). HSCSD cho php tc truyn s liu cao hn CSD (ln ti 57,6 Kb/s), nhng n cng ging nh CSD l phi da trn phng thc chuyn mch knh. V vy, s dng cng ngh ny khng mang li hiu qu cao khi truyn lu lng c tc bit thay i. Hn na, HSCSD cn s dng vi knh v tuyn (ti 4 knh). Nhc im ny ca HSCSD khin cho ch c t nh khai thc s dng cng ngh ny. Hu ht cc nh khai thc s dng cng ngh GPRS. GPRS tun th phng php iu ch v tuyn, bng tn, cu trc khung ca GSM v c thit k da vo mt s nguyn tc sau: - Lin tc: cho php gi v nhn d liu bt c lc no - Tc bt cao: bng tn thc tng ng vi tc kt ni ca Modem Dial-up. - Ci thin vic s dng ngun ti nguyn v tuyn: nhiu ngi s dng chia s cc knh v tuyn. - Cp knh v tuyn ring bit cho kt ni i (Uplink) v n (Downlink) - Duy tr ng thi dch v truyn s liu v dch v thoi T u nm 2002, mt cng ngh mi c tn l EDGE (Enhanced Data Rate for Global Evolution) c trin khai M. Cng ngh ny ci tin GPRS bng cch p dng phng php iu ch v tuyn mi, lm tng bng tn ln 3 ln so vi GPRS. Thng tin di ng th h th ba c nhiu n lc quc t a ra mt chun 3G ton cu. C 2 h thng xut chnh cho 3G c hip hi Vin thng quc t ITU (International Telecommunication Union) xem xt: UMTS ca chu u: bao hm 2 h thng khc bit c lin quan ti phng php iu ch: 76

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- CDMA tri ph trc tip: CDMA bng rng, cn c gi l song cng phn chia tn s FDD (Frequence Division Duplex). - CDMA-TDD: song cng phn chia thi gian TDD (Time Division Duplex). Cdma2000 ca Bc M (v mt s nc chu ): CDMA a sng mang, l th h mi pht trin t cng ngh cdmaOne. Mc d c s dng trong th h 3G, nhng cng ngh EDGE ch c xem nh l bc pht trin chuyn tip t cng ngh GSM ln 3G m thi.

1.3.3.7. Cc dch v trong h thng GSM

Dch v s liu cng nh thoi trong GSM thng thng l chuyn mch knh. Mt giao din v tuyn tc 12 kbit/sec (13 kbit/sec cho thoi) sau khi thc hin sa sai t tc 22.8 kbit/sec. Mt tc ti a cho ngi s dng l 9.6 kbit/sec gia my cm tay MS v MSC. Cc dch v thoi c bn Bn cnh dch v thoi c bn rt quen thuc cho php thit lp cuc gi gia hai thu bao di ng, gia thu bao di ng v thu bao c nh, ... mng di ng GSM hin nay c kh nng cung cp cc dch v b sung kh phong ph nh - Cc dch v nhn dng thu bao CLIP, CLIR, MCID. - Cc dch v chuyn thoi CFU, CFB, CFNR. - Dch v chuyn tip cuc gi CT. - Dch v cuc gi ch CW. - Cc dch v cuc gi ba bn 3PTY v cuc gi hi ngh CONF. - Cc dch v hn ch cuc gi BAOC, BOIC, BAIC. - Dch v hon tt cuc gi n thu bao bn CCBS. - Dch v gi cuc gi HOLD. - Dch v thng bo thi gian cuc gi AOC. - Dch v bo hiu t ngi s dng n ngi s dng UUS. Cc dch v b sung nu ch n thun ni ln kh nng sn sng p ng cc yu cu v mt dch v ca mng di ng. Trong tng trng hp c th vic thc hin cc dch v ny cn b nh hng bi mt s yu t khc nh kh nng k thut v qun l ca mng ch, hn ch do chuyn vng, hn ch do chng loi v th h thit b s dng. Cc dch v d liu Tiu chun GSM nh ngha cc chc nng u ni vi cc mng PSTN, ISDN, mng s liu gi PSPDN, mng s liu chuyn mch knh CSPDN v cc mng truy nhp trc tip (ETS 94a). Vic u ni vi PSTN c thc hin qua Modem t trong chc nng u ni MSC. Chc nng ny c thc hin rng ri trong cc sn phm ca cc nh sn sut tng i MSC v my cm tay MS. Vic kt ni vi mng s liu gi thng c thc hin bi Modem ti b bin i khng ng b (asynchronous packet assembler and disassembler -PAD). Tnh ch li ca thit b u cui khng ng b lm tng trng vic s dng ca cc dch v khng ng b cp trn v lm cho cc dch v ng b tr nn li thi. Thm vo cc dch v ny, truy nhp bng hp narrowband tr thnh dch v s liu quan trng trong GSM. 77

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Thun li ca cuc gi s liu GSM-ISDN l thi gian thit lp u ni t u cui ti u cui. Trong vic u ni hon ton s ISDN, khng cn thit cho vic thit lp quan h modem, iu ny lm gim ng k thi gian thit lp cuc gi. Trong thc t thit lp quan h modem c th thc hin trong khong t 134 dn 17 giy, trong khi thit lp mt u ni ISDN s dng mt b Adapter chuyn i thng thng ch trong khong 4 giy. Cng vi bo hiu trong GSM, vic thit lp cuc gi trong PSTN trong khong 22 giy, trong khi thit lp u ni s liu GSMISDN ch khong 10 giy. Nh vy thi gian cho thit lp cuc gi c th c xem xt c gim ng k. ISDN cng cho php s khc nhau gia mt vi dch v s liu hoc thoi s dng mt s thu bao. Thm vo cc dch v s liu l dch v Fax nhm 3 s dng cng knh mang vi cc dch v s liu c cung cp. Khuyn ngh ca ITU-T c s dng trong ton b qu trnh thit lp u ni, truyn dn cung cp u ni t u cui ti u cui. Vic yu cu thi gian thc ca giao thc facsmile lm cho tnh nng khng cn sa li ca GSM thm tin cy. y l l do ti sao vic thc hin ca dch v facsmile c trin khai vi cc dch v kiu trong sut (transparent mode). Kiu trong sut m bo thi gian tr c nh vi nhiu loi bt li tc khc nhau, trong khi kiu khng trong sut (non transparent) m bo tc bt li thp vi thi gian tr truyn dn thay i. Trong u ni vi mng s liu, vic tr thay i c chp nhn. Mt dch v s liu khc hon ton vi cc dch v s liu nu trn l dch v bn tin ngn SMS. N l mt loi dch v gi cho php thu v pht ca cc bn tin c kch c ln ti 160 k t. Cc bn tin c truyn gia my u cui MS v trung tm nhn tin. Chc nng ca trung tm nhn tin ny nh l mt server cha v chuyn hng cho bn tin n tn khi bn tin c th phn pht n ngi nhn. Vic truyn ca bn tin ti hoc t mt MS ri c thc hin thng qua knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH. Trong khi MS ang c mt cuc gi c thit lp, bn tin c truyn song song trn mt knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH. Do vn i hi ca bo hiu vic truyn mt bn tin ngn ch din ra trong khong thi gian vi giy. Dch v bn tin ngn SMS c s dng rng ri thng bo cho ngi s dng bn tin Voice-mail n. Hin nay theo khuyn ngh ca ETSI 95n cho php kt ni ti 255 bn tin. S pht trin thm nhiu cc ng dng thng minh trong h thng GSM ang din ra nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, mt vi ng dng nh cc dch v thng tin v giao thng, chng khon khng th c cung cp vi mt tc s liu thp t cc knh iu khin nh trn. V vy, mt dch v v tuyn gi GSM cho php truyn d liu vi tc cao ang c cc nh khai thc di ng GSM hng ti. Ngoi ra dch v nhn tin qung b ti cc Cell c s dng chuyn pht ng thi mt bn tin no ti nhiu ngi s dng trong mt vng ph sng nht nh. Tuy vy bn tin ny khng th c thu nhn trong khi cuc thoi hoc s liu ang din ra. Kch c cc i ca cc bn tin l 88 byte v 15 bn tin c th c kt hp.

1.3.4. H thng thng tin v tinh

Nhu cu thng tin in thoi i khong cch xa ti cc im khc nhau trn tri t i hi loi ngi khng ngng pht minh sng to . Vo nhng nm 1960 khi con ngi phng thnh cng v tinh nhn to bay quanh qu t, mt phng tin thng tin v tuyn sng cc ngn mi xut hin v tr thnh thng mi. Lc ny ngi ta t trn trm v tinh cc thit b thu pht v tuyn thu sng t mt im trn mt t v pht tr li nhiu im khc hay thng tin chuyn 78

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

tip hai chiu. thng tin tt ch c mt vi di tn s c s dng v gi l ca s tn s v tr nh l bng C (tn s khong 3,7 n 6,5 GHz) hay bng Ku (11 n 18 GHz). Cc loi v tinh thng tin c sp xp trn cc qu o khc nhau bay vng quanh qu t. Ngi ta chia ra s loi qu o v tinh : v tinh qu o nghing elp, v tinh qu o cc, v tinh a ng b hay qu o xch o (hnh 1.64). Cc v tinh a ng b c chu k quay vng c ng b vi tri t hoc bi ca n. Qu o a tnh l mt s a ng b duy nht c nh v trn xch o qu t . V tinh ti qu o a tnh c cao v tc c nh khi quan st t mt v tr trn mt t. Thi gian i mt vng ca v tinh l 23 gi 56 pht 4,1 giy v cao ca n l 35.765 km tc 3,073 km/s. Qu o Elip quo a cc

Qu o xch o
Hnh 1.64: Cc qu o v tinh thng tin

V tinh qu o elip ly tm qu t l mt trong hai tiu im ca hnh elp, cao vin im khong 35.600 km, cao cn im khong 3.960 km, chu k quay di 12 gi. Vi vng nhn thy l 8 gi, ni chung ba v tinh c th ph sng trm quanh tri t. Cc v tinh qu o qu t tm thp LEOS, c cao 850 km, quay vng ht 100 pht, c bng tn v tuyn lm vic 1-2 GHz phc v cho PCN thun tin. Vi cc mc ch thng tin khc nhau rt nhiu v tinh nhn to c phng ln cc qu o quanh qu t, lm nn mng v tinh thng tin dy c v bo m thng tin ton cu nhanh chng, thun li v tin cy (hnh 1.65).

79

Chng 1. C s k thut truyn dn

Hnh 1.65: Mt s v tinh thng tin th gii

Cc phng php truy nhp trong thng tin v tinh c pht trin khng ngng: - a truy nhp chia tn s (FDMA). - a truy nhp chia thi gian (TDMA). - a truy nhp chia m (CDMA). Cc lnh vc dng v tinh l: H in thoi v tinh trn bin INMARSAT (1979). H thng tin ca t chc INTELSAT.

- Cc h thng thng tin khu vc (vng ph sng hp). Ngoi ra cn cc dch v truyn thng mi H thng IDR (Intermediate Rate) c tc iu ch trung bnh. H thng IBR (Intelsat Business Service) dch v thng mi Intelsat.

Cc h thng tin hai chiu c thng mi ho pht trin SAT v Internet. - H Vista c mt vi knh thoi tng t, anten ng knh 4mt. - H VSAT Vitnam (VNPT/VTI) dng FDMA-DAMA.

80

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

CHNG 2: C S K THUT CHUYN MCH

Cc h thng chuyn mch c ngha c bit quan trng i vi mng vin thng. Cc nh qun l h thng vin thng khi a ra nhng quyt nh chin lc pht trin mng thng da trn mt s tiu ch nh tin cy, mm do cng nh chc nng p ng c ca h thng chuyn mch trong mng m h ang qun l. Nng lc ca h thng chuyn mch l nhn t quyt nh cho php tr li cc cu hi nh: h thng c kh nng cung cp cc dch v nh th no, gi thnh dch v c tho mn ngi s dng hay khng? Cng ngh chuyn mch gn lin vi cng ngh mng. Cc mng in thoi trc y s dng cng ngh chuyn mch knh. Xu hng hin nay l xy dng cc mng hi t da trn chuyn mch gi, cung cp c dch v thoi v s liu mt cch mm do. Trong chng ny s trnh by nhng c im quan trng nht ca c hai h thng chuyn mch knh v gi.

2.1. Chuyn mch knh

2.1.1. Tng i chuyn mch s
Vo khong thp nin 60 ca th k 20, xut hin th h tng i in t s l s kt hp gia cng ngh in t vi k thut my tnh. Tng i in t s u tin iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn c gii thiu ti M vo nm 1965. Sau , hng lot cc tng i in t s thng mi ra i. Cc th h tng i u tin s dng h thng chuyn mch s, song cc mch giao tip thu bao vn l Analog. Sau hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch s u a ra cc cu hnh h tr cho cc dch v mi nh ISDN, dch v cho mng thng minh, v cc tnh nng mi tng thch vi s pht trin ca mng li. Ngy nay, s bng n ca mng Internet tc ng mnh m n cng nghip vin thng v xu hng hi t cc mng my tnh v truyn thng tr thnh mt bi ton mang tnh thi s. Mt mng c th cho php truyn thng bng rng vi cc loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi. Tc cao v m bo cht lng phc v (QoS) tr thnh nhng vn cp thit cn phi gii quyt. Cc h thng chuyn mch in t s cng phi dn thay i theo hng ny cng vi cc ch tiu k thut v giao thc mi.

2.1.1.1. Phn cp cc h thng tng i

Thng thng cc h thng chuyn mch c phn cp trong mng. ITU-T khuyn ngh 35 cp cho mt quc gia, tuy nhin hin nay ang c xu hng gim s cp mng n nh hn v mt ng b. Sau y l mt v d v phn cp cc h thng tng i: - Tng i ni ht (lp 5). N c giao din trc tip vi cc thu bao v u ni ti tng i lin tnh (Toll) qua cc ng trung k. Cc tng i ny c chc nng ghi thng tin cc thu bao. - Tng i qu giang v lin i, lin tnh (lp 4). Hu ht tt c cc tng i lp 5 u u ni ti tng i lin tnh. Cc tng i qu giang chuyn mch cc lu lng trung k ti tng i lin tnh cp cao hn. Dch v iu hnh cc c th cung cp bi cc tng i ny. 81

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

- Tng i lin tnh (lp 3). Tng i lin tnh s cp c th trc tip phc v cc tng i lp 4 v lp 5 ph thuc vo trin khai cc ng trung k. Ni cch khc, nu trong iu kin bnh thng cc ng trung k b ht, th lu lng t cc lp tng i thp hn c th n thng lp 3. Cc tng i lp 3 c kh nng lu tr, sa i, tin bin dch, bin dch hoc bin i m cc con s nhn c cng nh l tm tuyn hiu qu nht ti cc tng i cp cao hn. - Tng i lin vng (lp 2). C chc nng nh mt trung tm chuyn mch lin tnh v c th nm trong s cc tng i lp 1. - Tng i ca quc t (lp 1). Cc tng i ny truy nhp trc tip ti cc tng i ca ca cc nc khc. N cng cung cp tr gip iu hnh quc t. u im ca mng phn cp l n cung cp mt c ch tm tuyn ng hiu qu qua mng. Nhc im l nu cc tng i lin tnh hay lin vng c s c th mt vng rng ln s b cch ly. C th d phng mt vi hng thay th nhng chng cng khng th ti dch v.

2.1.1.2. Cu trc chc nng ca tng i k thut s

Chc nng chnh ca h thng tng i l chuyn mch. Trng chuyn mch ca tng i k thut s SPC c cu to t nhiu phn t chuyn mch v c iu khin bi phn mm theo chng trnh ghi sn. Cc ma trn chuyn mch c sp xp nh th no l do thit k ca nh sn xut, nhng u da trn cc phn t chuyn mch c bn l n v chuyn mch theo thi gian (T) hay chuyn mch khng gian (S). M hnh n gin nht ca mt trng chuyn mch ch ra trn hnh 2.1.

Li vo

Trng chuyn mch Cc b /k B x l trung tm

Li ra

Hnh 2.1. M hnh h thng chuyn mch n gin

Nhim v quan trng nht ca trng chuyn mch l thc hin qu trnh u ni cho mt u vo ti mt u ra (tuyn s liu, khe thi gian, ) di s iu khin ca b x l trung tm. V mt vt l, trng chuyn mch c th c cc cu trc ghp hp TS, ST, STS,TST, TSSST, TTT. Tuy nhin, cu trc ghp TST ang s dng ph bin nht v hiu qu kinh t, cc ch tiu k thut, dung lng v mt s u im khc. Ti trng chuyn mch, cc ma trn chuyn mch tng S c cu to t cc phn t logic AND hoc phn t 3 trng thi di s iu khin ca cc b vi x l cc b, cn cc chuyn mch tng T l cc b nh truy xut ngu nhin (RAM) v cng c iu khin bi cc b vi x l cc b. Trn hnh 2.1 ch th hin mt cch n gin vn iu khin trng chuyn mch. Trn thc t ti cc tng i qu trnh iu khin thng phn cp thnh nhiu mc, th hin c cu iu khin phn tn ti cc b x l bn trong. Mt s h thng chuyn mch dung lng nh 82

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

thng s dng c cu iu khin tp trung, c th hiu l ton b hot ng iu hnh h thng nm trong mt nhm b x l duy nht. Cc b x l cp thp c iu khin bi cc b x l cp cao v thng thng c mt b hoc nhm b x l lp thnh trung tm x l, c trch nhim qun l v iu hnh ton b h thng chuyn mch s. C th m rng khi nim v h thng chuyn mch s bng vic xt thm cc khi chc nng theo hng phc v cho thu bao v cc ng dy trung k (hnh 2.2). Cc module trung k (TM) v thu bao (LM) l nhng khi hp nht ca h thng chuyn mch. Chng i din cho cc ng dy thu bao hoc nhm trung k ging nhau trn mt l mch in, gi l thit b ng dy hoc thit b trung k, v c u ni ti trng chuyn mch qua giao din iu khin.

Li vo
Module ng dy Module trung k

Li ra Trng chuyn mch Cc b /k B x l trung tm

Module ng dy Module trung k

Hnh 2.2 M hnh h thng chuyn mch c cc module ng dy v trung k

Cc h thng chuyn mch s s dng nhiu cch khc nhau kt ni cc ng dy thu bao trong module ng dy. Mt vi h thng chuyn mch s cho php kt cui khng ch mt ng dy trn mt module ng dy m cn cho php nhm nhiu ng kt cui ti mt module ng dy. Cc kiu kt ni ny u c u im v c nhc im. Nu mt module ng dy nhiu ng c cht lng km, n c th nh hng ti mt s ng dy trong module . Tuy nhin, trong trng hp mt thit b ng dy hng, th c th d dng ci t li sang thit b ng dy mi nu module gm nhiu ng dy thu bao. Tng t i vi vic s dng cc trung k trn module trung k. Trong cc h thng chuyn mch hin i c th thm vo cc phn t module ng dy hay trung k m khng phi lp mi h thng. iu ny cho php d dng pht trin v cung cp cc dch v mi. Tc dng ca tng thit k ny l m bo cho h thng tin cy nht nh khi h thng hon ton hot ng t ng. Hng pht trin tip theo tp trung vo phn iu khin h thng. Ti y pht trin cc khi nim x l phn tn trong mi trng h thng chuyn mch s (hnh 2.3). Trn hnh v c th thy rng b iu khin tp trung c thay th bng cc b x l iu khin phn tn, thm vo l b x l iu khin module ng dy v trung k.

83

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

Li vo
Module ng dy Module trung k

Li ra I C Trng chuyn mch I C

Module ng dy Module trung k

Cc b /k B x l trung tm

Cc b /k

Hnh 2.3 M hnh h thng chuyn mch c cc b iu khin cc b

Nhim v iu khin h thng chuyn mch c phn b cho hng lot cc b x l iu khin cc khi chuyn mch cng nh l cc nhm module thu bao v trung k. B x l trung tm iu khin hot ng ca cc b iu khin ny. Kiu kin trc ny rt mm do v cho php xy dng cc tng i c dung lng khc nhau nh qu trnh tng s lng b x l iu khin mng. V d, mt tng i nh c th cu hnh ch mt b x l iu khin ton b, trong khi cu hnh ca tng i ln hn c th c vi b x l iu khin cc b. Kh nng x l ca b vi x l iu khin trung tm, cc b vi x l iu khin mng v kch thc mng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh dung lng ti a ca h thng. trng chuyn mch ca tng i hot ng c hiu qu, cc knh tn hiu s thng c ghp li c lung tc cao nht v ng nht cho tt c cc li vo c tc khc nhau. Thut ng ch lung tc cao l Highway (HW). Tc HW c th bng bao nhiu l tu thuc vo tng tng i c th. Chnh v vy, trc khi i vo trng chuyn mch chnh, thng thng h thng tng i c cc mch giao tip IC vi cc chc nng ghp knh, ghp lung, tp trung lu lng hoc tng t nh vy. hon tt cc khi nim c bn v mt tng i in t s, ta xem xt thm cc khi chc nng dch v h thng, trong quan trng nht l khi chc nng bo hiu. S h thng tng i vi cc khi chc nng dch v th hin trn hnh 2.4. Mc ch ca cc mch iu khin dch v l cung cp m mi quay s, chung, v cc chc nng lin quan khc. Trong h thng chuyn mch s hin i mi mt module ng dy hoc trung k hoc nhm module c th u ni ti mt mch iu khin phc v. Cc mch phc v to ra cc tn hiu c bn kt ni cc h thng tng i trong mng cng nh thc hin chc nng iu hnh trong mng ni chung.

84

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

Li vo

SC

SC

Li ra

Module ng dy Module trung k

I C

Trng chuyn mch

I C

Module ng dy Module trung k

Cc b /k B x l trung tm

Cc b /k

Hnh 2.4: M hnh h thng chuyn mch in hnh

Chc nng cc khi trong m hnh h thng tng i trn hnh 2.4 c th nh sau. Khi chc nng chuyn mch Gm cc trng chuyn mch khng gian v thi gian, thc hin nhim v chuyn thng tin t mt tuyn u vo ti mt tuyn u ra. Khi chc nng iu khin trung tm Gm cc b vi x l thc hin cc nhim v iu khin phc v cho u ni s liu qua trng chuyn mch, vn hnh v bo dng h thng tng i in t s. Khi chc nng cc b iu khin L cc b vi x l thc hin x l mc thp hn b x l trung tm (c gi l x l th cp), h tr cc chc nng x l ti cc khi thit b theo lnh iu khin t b x l trung tm. Khi giao tip IC Lm nhim v giao din gia tc thp v tc cao, chun ho cc lung s liu trc khi a vo trng chuyn mch. Ngoi ra, IC cn m nhim vic truyn s liu iu khin ti cc khi thit b khc. Khi module ng dy v trung k m nhim vai tr giao din vi mng thoi bn ngoi v thc hin qu trnh bin i cc tn hiu tc khc nhau thnh dng tn hiu tiu chun trc khi a chng ti trng chuyn mch. Mch phc v SC Cung cp cc chc nng bo hiu cho ton h thng, bao gm bo hiu cho ng dy thu bao v bo hiu cho ng dy trung k. Ngoi cc chc nng lit k trn, cn mt chc nng na rt quan trng ca tng i in t s l vn hnh v bo dng h thng (O&M). Tng i hot ng 24/24 gi v lin tc trong nhiu nm, i hi n nh ngn hn v di hn cho h thng. Chnh v vy, chc nng vn hnh v bo dng t ng c khai thc trit vi rt nhiu phng php kim tra v khi phc li a dng, phong ph gip cho h thng c an ton v tin cy.

85

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch 2.1.2. Chuyn mch thi gian k thut s
Trong trng hp tng qut, khi c yu cu chuyn mch cho cc khe thi gian khc ch s th phi ng dng trng chuyn mch thi gian. Nh chng ta bit cc mu thng tin thoi cn phi chuyn i trong mt khong thi gian gi l khe thi gian TS. Khe thi gian c coi l v tr nm gi trn trc thi gian. Cc khe thi gian ca mt cuc gi c xut hin nh k v ghp nhau lin tip theo cc ch s to thnh khung PCM. V d, khung PCM tc c s E1 c 32 khe thi gian vi di khung l 125 microsec v mi khe thi gian c di xp x 3,9 microsec. Trc khi xem xt trng chuyn mch thi gian k thut s chng ta cn hiu r khi nim trao i khe thi gian TSI. Trao i khe thi gian c ngha l trao i v tr trn trc thi gian hay chnh xc hn l tr trn trc thi gian. Qu trnh trao i khe thi gian ch xut hin trn cng mt khung v tr ln nht khng vt qu di ca khung l 125 microsec.

2.1.2.1. Cu trc trng chuyn mch thi gian

Cu to ca chuyn mch tng T bao gm 02 thnh phn chnh l b nh thoi S-Mem (Speech Memory) v b nh iu khin C-Mem nh trn hnh 2.5. Chc nng c bn ca S-Mem l nh tm thi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong mi khe thi gian pha u vo to tr thch hp theo yu cu. N c gi tr t nh nht l 1TS v ln nht l (n-1)TS. Nu vic ghi cc tn hiu PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian pha u vo ca tng chuyn mch T vo S-Mem c thc hin mt cch tun t th c th s dng mt b m nh phn modulo n cng vi b chn rt n gin iu khin. Lu rng khi tn hiu ng h phi hon ton ng b vi cc thi im u ca TS trong khung tn hiu PCM s dng trong h. B nh C-Mem c chc nng iu khin qu trnh c thng tin lu m ti S-Mem. B nh C-Mem c n nh, bng s lng khe thi gian trong khung tn hiu PCM s dng. Trong thi gian mi TS, C-Mem iu khin qu trnh c mt nh tng ng trong S-Mem. Nh vy hiu qu tr ca tn hiu PCM c xc nh mt cch chnh xc bi hiu s gia cc khe thi gian ghi v c b nh S-Mem.

86

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

TS 3

HW vo
0

Add

S-MEM
0
TS 7

n
R/W

HW ra

Local controller
Selector 1

R
Clock
TS count

C-MEM
0
7(3)

R/W

Selector 2

n Data

Trung tm iu khin
Hnh 2.5 Trng chuyn mch thi gian tn hiu s

Tnh khng gian trong chuyn mch thi gian xut hin trong qu trnh kt ni cho mt cuc gi no . Thng thng vic chuyn ni dung thng tin trong cc khe thi gian l c nh i vi mt cuc gi. Khi , ni dung nh chim dng trong b nh iu khin cng l c nh, v nh vy n mang tnh khng gian.

2.1.2.2. iu khin trao i khe thi gian

Nguyn l iu khin trao i khe thi gian trong chuyn mch thi gian T s c trnh by qua v d sau y. Gi s c yu cu chuyn mch phc v cho cuc ni gia TS#3 ca lung tn hiu PCM u vo vi TS#7 ca lung tn hiu PCM u ra ca chuyn mch tng T trn hnh 2.5. Cn c yu cu chuyn mch, h thng iu khin trung tm CC ca tng i s to cc s liu iu khin cho tng T. thc hin iu ny CC s np s liu v a ch nh phn nh s 3 ca T-Mem vo nh s 7 ca C-Mem, sau CC giao quyn iu khin cc b cho chuyn mch tng T trc tip thc hin qu trnh trao i khe thi gian theo yu cu chuyn mch. Tip theo, qu trnh m t c xc nh v d theo di, chng ta kho st t thi im bt u TS#0 ca khung tn hiu PCM. Qu trnh ghi thng tin PCM cha trong cc khe thi gian pha u vo vo b nh S-Mem c thc hin mt cch ln lt v ng b nh hot ng phi hp gia b m khe thi gian TS-Counter v b chn a ch Selector1. C th l khi bt u khe thi gian TS#0, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n thit lp trng thi 0 to t hp m nh phn tng ng vi a ch m nh phn nh 0 ca S-Mem. B chn a ch Selector1 c s dng iu khin c hay ghi b nh S-Mem (RAM), trong trng hp ny n chuyn m a ch ny vo bus a ch Add ca S-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi 87

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

W, do vy t hp m tn hiu PCM cha trong khe thi gian TS#0 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo nh 0 ca S-Mem. Kt thc thi gian TS#0 cng l bt u TS#1 song ng h li tc ng vo TS-Counter lm cho n chuyn sang trng thi 1 to a ch nh phn cho nh s 1 ca SMem. Selector1 chuyn s liu ny vo bus a ch ca S-Mem, ng thi to tn hiu iu khin ghi W do t hp m tn hiu PCM trong khe thi gian TS 1 ca lung s u vo c ghi vo nh 1 ca S-Mem. Qu trnh xy ra tng t i vi cc khe thi gian TS2, TS3, v tip theo cho ti khe thi gian cui cng TSn ca khung. Sau tip tc lp li cho cc khung tip theo trong sut thi gian thit lp cuc ni yu cu. ng thi vi qu trnh ghi tn hiu vo S-Mem, C-Mem thc hin iu khin qu trnh c cc nh ca S-Mem a tn hiu PCM ra vo cc khe thi gian thch hp theo yu cu. C th din bin qu trnh xy ra nh sau. Bt u khe thi gian TS7, tn hiu ng h tc ng vo TS-Counter lm n chuyn trng thi to m nh phn tng ng a ch nh s 9 ca C-Mem. B chn a ch Selector2 chuyn s liu ny vo Bus a ch ca C-Mem ng thi to tn hiu iu khin c R cho b nh CMem, kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 9 ca C-Mem c a ra ngoi hng ti Bus a ch c pha u vo ca Selector1. V ni dung ca nh s 7 C-Mem cha a ch nh phn ca nh s 3 ca S-Mem do vy b chn a ch Selector1 chuyn a ch ny vo Bus a ch ca SMem, ng thi n to c tn hiu iu khin c R ca S-Mem. Kt qu l ni dung cha trong nh s 3 ca S-Mem c a ra ngoi vo khong thi gian ca khe thi gian TS7, ngha l thc hin ng chc nng chuyn mch yu cu cho trc. Qu trnh tip tc lp li nh trn vi chu k 125 microsec vi cc khung tip theo cho ti khi kt thc cuc ni. Nh vy, c th nhn thy rng trng chuyn mch thi gian gy tr cho tn hiu. tr ln nht ca mt knh l n-1 khe thi gian. C hai phng thc iu khin cho trng chuyn mch thi gian s. Phng thc th nht l iu khin u ra SWRR ( Sequence Write Random Read) hay cn gi l Ghi vo tun t c ra c iu khin. Phng thc th hai l iu khin u vo RWSR ( Random Write Sequence Read) hay cn gi l phng thc Ghi vo c iu khin c ra tun t. Dung lng ca trng chuyn mch thi gian s ph thuc vo tc x l ghi, c ca cc b nh truy xut ngu nhin. Thng thng cc khi chuyn mch thi gian c x l song song tng dung lng v gim tc ghi c.

2.1.3. Chuyn mch khng gian k thut s 2.1.3.1. Cu trc tng chuyn mch khng gian
Mt chuyn mch khng gian k thut s bao gm mt ma trn TDM vi cc h thng PCM u vo v u ra, c iu khin bi b iu khin cc b. truyn bt k khe thi gian no trong h thng PCM n khe thi gian ra tng ng, to thch hp ca ma trn chuyn mch khng gian phi c kch hot trong sut thi gian hot ng ca khe thi gian ny m bo rng s chuyn hng khng gian tn hiu c hon tt. Trong sut thi gian ca cuc gi (cc mu tn hiu thoi cch nhau 125 microsec) tip im ny c s dng, sau tip im s phc v cho cuc ni khc. Tnh chu k ny s c iu khin bi mt vi phng php n gin thng qua b iu khin cc b. Tng chuyn mch khng gian S d trn cc ma trn tip im chuyn mch c kt ni theo hng v ct (hnh 2.6). Cc hng u vo v cc tip im chuyn mch c tip ni vi cc tuyn PCM u vo. Cc ct u ra v cc tip im chuyn mch c tip ni vi cc tuyn 88

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

PCM u ra. Cc tip im chuyn mch ny c th l cc linh kin bn dn logic s khng nh ( v d cng AND ). Cc tip im c iu khin bi mt b nh u ni ( Connection Memory ) hay cn gi l b nh iu khin ( Control Memory ) nm trong khi iu khin cc b. Mi b nh iu khin c s ngn nh bng s khe thi gian ca tuyn PCM u vo. Nh vy mi tip im chuyn mch trong mi ct c gn mt a ch duy nht, v a ch cho php tc ng m tip im. S bit nh phn trong mt ngn nh iu khin cn phi nh s ht a ch cc tip im. Vi ma trn nh trn hnh 2.6, tng s a ch l n + 1. Khi , s bit cn thit trong mt ngn nh CM phi ln hn hoc bng log2(n+1). Nu c n tuyn u vo v m tuyn u ra th ta cn c ma trn n x m. Thng thng ma trn chuyn mch l vung (n x n). Mi b nh u ni c ni ti b gii m a ch. B gii m ny thc hin gii m thng tin a ch c t CM iu khin tip im trn ct tng ng vi a ch . Qu trnh iu khin chuyn mch bao gm vic c ni dung nh trong khong thi gian ca TS cn chuyn qua v s dng cc a ch la chn tip im thng qua b gii m DEC. Qu trnh ghi/c b nh c iu khin thng qua b chn Selector vi tn hiu ng h ly t b cung cp thi gian c s ng b vi tn hiu ca tuyn PCM. Cc s liu ghi vo b nh iu khin CM trn c s thng tin s liu t b iu khin trung tm CC. Tn hiu a ch Add t b chn Selector s tr n cc a ch m s liu iu khin cn truy xut ng b vi tuyn PCM u ra trn ct.

PCM ra 0 1 2 PCM 0 1 2 m

Ma trn u ni Hng u vo Ct u ra

vo

3 n

Bus iu khin
Local controler Add
R/W
Selector DEC

Local controler

Local controler

Local controler

B iu khin u ni

Clk

TS counter

Data

Hnh 2.6 Nguyn l chuyn mch khng gian k thut s

Nh vy, trng chuyn mch khng gian khng gy tr v mt thi gian, nhng c th gy nn hin tng Blocking khi c nhiu hn mt khe thi gian u vo cng mun u ni ti 1 khe 89

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

thi gian u ra. Dung lng ca trng chuyn mch khng gian ph thuc vo s tuyn u vo v u ra cng vi dung lng knh ( khe thi gian ) trn mi tuyn. Tnh thi gian trong trng chuyn mch khng gian c l gii trn thc t ca cc tip im , n ch thc s ng trong khong thi gian nh trc ti cc khe thi gian.

2.1.3.2. iu khin trng chuyn mch khng gian

C 2 phng php iu khin trng chuyn mch khng gian k thut s l iu khin theo ct (u ra) v iu khin theo hng (u vo). Vic iu khin c thc hin bng cch s dng cc b ghp knh v tch knh logic s. B ghp knh logic s l mt thit b tch hp cho php n u vo kt ni vi 1 u ra tu thuc vo a ch nh phn t trn ng iu khin (hnh 2.7a). Cn b tch knh logic s th c cu trc ngc li (hnh 2.7b). Dung lng ca chuyn mch khng gian c th m rng bng cch ghp knh theo thi gian cho cc u vo, nhng qu trnh gia tng dung lng ny b hn ch bi tc hot ng ca cc mch logic. Mt gii php khc cho tc ca cc phn t logic l s dng phng php ghp song song, tuy nhin phng php ny s lm phc tp hn trong qu trnh iu khin v lm gim tin cy ca h thng.

1 2 N

(A)

...
MUX

...
MUX CM-2 CM-N

...
MUX

Li vo

CM-1

2 Li ra (B)

1 2 N
DEMUX

CM-1 CM-1 CM-N DEMUX DEMUX

Li vo

2 Li ra

Hnh 2.7 Cu trc ca trng chuyn mch khng gian thc t

Cc trng chuyn mch khng gian thc t thng c cu trc module m nhim tng phn lu lng ca ton b tng i. Nhng ma trn qu ln s khng thc hin c trn mt bng mch in ngay c khi dng cc chip VLSI. Tnh hiu qu kinh t ca tng i s y hng thit k cc chuyn mch khng gian s theo module. Cc module thng dng nht thng s

90

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

dng ma trn 8x8 v 16x16. Ma trn 64x64 cng c s dng song hn ch hn. cu hnh cc ma trn chuyn mch ln, cc module s c ghp lin thng vi nhau.

2.1.4. Chuyn mch ghp

Trn y trnh by cu trc chc nng ca cc trng chuyn mch thi gian v khng gian s. Nhc im ln nht ca trng chuyn mch thi gian l tr, cn ca trng chuyn mch khng gian l s tc nghn cng c ch ra. p ng yu cu thc t v m rng dung lng tng i, trong c cu trng chuyn mch ca h thng tng i in t s ngi ta s dng qu trnh ghp cc trng chuyn mch. V mt vt l, phn h chuyn mch s gm mt s module c s, trn c cha trng cc chuyn mch S v T c cu trc ghp hp vi nhau. Cc kiu ghp c th l TS, ST, STS, TST. Sau y l mt s m hnh v d.

2.1.4.1. Khi chuyn mch T-S

Khi chuyn mch T-S bao gm mt trng chuyn mch thi gian trn u vo v mt trng chuyn mch khng gian trn u ra (hnh 2.8). Trn cu hnh ny thng thng cc trng chuyn mch thi gian u vo thc hin theo phng thc ghi vo tun t c ra c iu khin. Trn ma trn chuyn mch khng gian thc hin theo phng thc iu khin u ra. Vi khi chuyn mch T-S ny, cc chuyn mch thi gian s chuyn ni dung thng tin gia cc khe thi gian u vo v u ra mong mun, trong khi chuyn mch khng gian kt ni cc tuyn vo v ra.

Chuyn mch T
TS3 TS10

Chuyn mch S
TS11

IT#0

IT#1 S IT#2
TS7 TS11 TS10

IT#3

Hnh 2.8 V d v m hnh chuyn mch ghp TS

c im ca khi chuyn mch T-S l mc d cho php tng dung lng ln hn so vi chuyn mch mt tng T nhng vn tc nghn vn c th xy ra trn cc khe thi gian tng ng ti pha tng chuyn mch khng gian S.

2.1.4.2. Khi chuyn mch S-T

Cu trc ca khi chuyn mch ghp S-T ging nh khi chuyn mch ghp T-S, ngoi tr chuyn mch khng gian kt ni cc tuyn u vo vi u ra trc khi thc hin trao i ni dung thng tin trong cc khe thi gian ti u ra (hnh 2.9).

91

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch Chuyn mch S

TS10

Chuyn mch T
TS11 TS3

OT#0

OT#1 S OT#2
TS11 TS10 TS7

OT#3

Hnh 2.9 V d v m hnh chuyn mch ghp ST

Khi chuyn mch S-T cho php tng dung lng ln hn so vi chuyn mch mt tng, tuy nhin vn tc nghn ti pha tng chuyn mch khng gian S vn cha th khc phc c.

2.1.4.3. Khi chuyn mch S-T-S

Khi chuyn mch ghp S-T-S kt hp cc chuyn mch khng gian S qua trng chuyn mch thi gian T gim thiu tc nghn xy ra trong mng chuyn mch. Kiu chuyn mch ny thng c s dng trong nhng nm u ca cng ngh in t, khi cc b x l tc cao c gi thnh rt t v kh ch to. Khi chuyn mch S-T-S i xng thng c cu hnh iu khin cho tng S1 u vo theo phng thc iu khin theo hng ( u vo) v tng S2 iu khin theo ct ( u ra).

2.1.4.4. Khi chuyn mch T-S-T

Cu hnh chuyn mch T-S-T rt c a chung khi tin b khoa hc k thut p dng vo cng ngh ch to tng i. Theo l thuyt Clos, khi thc hin ghp cc trng chuyn mch trung gian th s khe thi gian trung gian ti thiu qua tng S l 2N-1, trong N l s khe thi gian trn u vo ca tng T1 hay trn u ra ca tng T2. Hnh 2.10 l v d m hnh chuyn mch T-S-T.

Tng T1
TS3 TS10

Tng S

TS11

Tng T2
TS3

IT#0

OT#0

IT#1 S IT#2
TS7 TS11 TS10

OT#1

OT#2
TS7

IT#3

OT#3

Hnh 2.10 V d v m hnh chuyn mch ghp TST

Khi chuyn mch T-S-T cng ging nh cc kiu ghp khc u nhm mc ch tng dung lng v gim tc nghn. Tuy nhin, khi ghp hp cc trng chuyn mch s lm phc 92

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

tp ha vn iu khin. ng thi, tin cy ca ton b h thng cng s gim xung khi c nhiu khi thit b hot ng song song v cn ng b vi nhau.

2.2. Chuyn mch gi 2.2.1. Nguyn l chuyn mch gi

K thut chuyn mch knh c ng dng rng ri trong cc mng vin thng trong khong thi gian di, tuy nhin n cng th hin kh nhiu nhc im nh tc c nh, u cui cn kh dng v cng tc , ti nguyn ginh ring, ... khc phc nhng nhc im ny, k thut chuyn mch gi ra i. K thut chuyn mch gi ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong cc mng truyn s liu trc y v ngy nay l mng hi t NGN, cho php truyn ti khng ch d liu, m c ting ni, video, v.v. Khi nim c trng cho mng chuyn mch gi l kin trc mng (Topology). Topology cp n phng cch u ni cc thit b bng cc ng thng tin. Mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc thnh phn c bn sau (hnh 2.11): trm (station), nt mng (node) v cc ng truyn dn (link).

Nt CM1
Nt CM 2

Nt CM 6

Nt CM 3

User E
Nt CM 4 Nt CM 5

User A

Hnh 2.11: Mng chuyn mch gi

Cc trm c th l my tnh hoc cc thit b u cui khc, c chc nng to v thu s liu. Nt mng l mt h thng chuyn mch hay nh tuyn, thc hin cc chc nng phn gi (nt gc), hp gi (nt ch), chuyn mch, lu tm v chuyn tip cc gi tin (cc nt trung gian). Cc lin kt ng vai tr l ng truyn thng tin gia cc nt. Mi trm trong mng chuyn mch gi c u ni vi mt nt mng. Mng khng lin quan n ni dung thng tin c trao i gia cc trm. Mc ch ca n ch l chuyn s liu t trm ny n trm khc (t ngun ti ch). Mng chuyn mch gi c c im l lu lng truyn s liu thng c yu cu trao i tin nhanh, v do thi gian truyn tin rt ngn (<1s). Vi thi gian truyn tin ngn nh vy th k thut chuyn mch knh l khng thch hp bi v thi gian thit lp v gii phng knh c th lu hn rt nhiu so vi thi gian truyn tin. 93

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

Trong k thut chuyn mch gi, cc bn tin cn truyn c chia ct thnh cc thnh phn nh gi l gi tin. Mi gi li c a thm phn iu khin mng c th nh tuyn gi n ch theo yu cu. Nguyn tc chuyn mch l ti tng nt gi c nhn, lu tm v chuyn tip ti nt tip theo cho n khi n ch cui cng. Nhn chung, cc bc cn thit truyn thng tin i t ngun n ch nh sau: - Bc 1: Phn on gi pha pht - Bc 2: nh tuyn cc gi - Bc 3: Ti hp gi pha thu Tu thuc vo giao thc truyn thng m c th c nhiu mc phn chia bn tin thnh cc gi vi chiu di khc nhau. Ngoi nhng thng tin c ct t bn tin, gi cn c chn thm cc phn u (tiu ) v ui phc v cho vic nh tuyn qua mng. Hnh 2.12 minh ho giao thc ct gi.

Bn tin c di L
Bn tin

Gi tin
u Trng tin ui
Hnh 2.12: Nguyn l ct mnh v to gi

2.2.2. Chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni

Trong mng chuyn mch gi cc gi tin c chuyn qua mng t nt ny ti nt khc theo nguyn l lu m v pht chuyn tip. Mi nt sau khi thu mt gi s tm thi lu gi mt bn sao ca gi vo b nh m cho ti khi pht chuyn tip gi ti nt tip theo hay ti trm ca ngi s dng. Chuyn mch gi c th p ng c yu cu hot ng truyn tin mt cch nhanh chng, k c khi c s thay i mu lu lng hoc c s hng hc mt phn hay nhiu tnh nng khc ca mng. K thut chuyn mch gi s dng hai phng php tiu biu chuyn cc lung gi t ngun n ch l lc d liu (Datagram) v mch o (Virtual Circuit). Trong phng php chuyn gi theo lc d liu (hnh 2.13), mi gi c truyn c lp vi cc gi khc, khng lin quan g n gi c truyn trc . Gi thit rng trm A c 3 bn tin 1, 2, 3 cn gi n B. Trm A truyn s liu n nt 4. Nt 4 thc hin phn gi, v nh tuyn cho tng gi. n c nt 6 ni vi trm B, nt 4 c th to tuyn gi qua nt 5 hoc 3. V d, gi 1 qua nt 3, cn hai gi 2 v 3 qua nt 5. Nh vy ngha l cc gi khng c chuyn trn cng mt tuyn, v do c th n ch khng theo th t. Ti nt ch (nt 6) cc gi tin c sp xp li theo th t gi n trm B. Nu mt trong cc gi c li hay mt th vic truyn coi nh khng thnh cng.

94

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

Nt CM1
Nt CM 2

Nt CM 6

Nt CM 3

User B
Nt CM 4 Nt CM 5

User A

Hnh 2.13. Phng php lc d liu (Datagram) Phng php datagram ch s dng pha chuyn thng tin, khng c thit lp v gii phng k ni. Do vy giao thc thng tin ca datagram cn c tn gi l giao thc phi kt ni (Connectionless). Trong phng php chuyn gi theo kiu mch o (hnh 2.14), trc khi gi c chuyn i th c mt gi gi l c hiu (TAG) c gi t nt gc, trong c a ch nt gc. C hiu ny s chy qua cc nt, i n u n t hng chim kt ni qua nt . Khi ng i c chim, v d t A qua 5 n B, n gi tn hiu cng nhn chim (ACK) n nt gc. Sau , cc gi s liu c gi mt cch tun t t nt gc n nt ch theo tuyn ng c thit lp.
Nt CM1
Nt CM 2

Nt CM 6

Nt CM 3

User B
Nt CM 4 TAG Nt CM 5 ACK

User A

Hnh 2.14. Phng php mch o (Virtual Circuit)

95

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

Tuyn ng chim (v d t A qua 4, 5, 6 n B) c coi nh c nh trong sut thi gian kt ni. Kiu truyn tin ny ging vi chuyn mch knh, v do vy c gi l mch o hay knh o. Trong mi gi, ngoi phn s liu thc cn c thm phn nhn dng lin kt knh o c s dng cho mc ch ch tuyn. c im chnh ca k thut mch o l tuyn gia cc trm c thit lp chuyn s liu, nhng khng c ngha l ng ny c ginh ring nh trong chuyn mch knh. Mi gi c th c lu tm ti tng nt, sp hng v chuyn ti nt tip theo nu cn. Ti cng mt thi im, mi trm c th c mt hoc nhiu mch o kt ni ti mt hoc nhiu trm khc trong mng. Th tc truyn thng tin theo kiu mch o gm 3 pha: thit lp kt ni, chuyn thng tin v gii phng kt ni. Do vy, giao thc truyn thng trong trng hp ny cn c gi l giao thc hng kt ni (Connection Oriented). S khc nhau gia datagram v mch o l trong phng php mch o, nt khng phi thc hin nh tuyn cho tng gi, m n ch thc hin nh tuyn mt ln duy nht cho tt c cc gi. Nu hai trm d nh trao i s liu trong mt khong thi gian di th phng php mch o c nhiu u im hn so vi datagram. Trc tin l mng c th cung cp cc dch v lin quan n mch o gm c sp xp v iu khin li. Sp xp cp n vic khi cc gi c chuyn trn cng mt tuyn th chng s n ch theo th t nh khi pht t nt gc. iu khin li l mt dch v bo m rng khng nhng cc gi n ch theo ng th t m cn n chnh xc. V d nu gi trong th t t nt 4 khi n nt 6 c li th nt 6 s yu cu nt 4 pht li gi . u im na l v s dng mch o nn cc gi c chuyn nhanh hn v khng cn th tc nh tuyn cho tng gi. u im ca datagram l khng c pha thit lp, do vy khi trm gi s liu ngn th datagram s phn pht nhanh hn. Datagram mm do hn v khi mt phn ca mng c s c th n s t nh tuyn li trnh tc nghn.

2.2.3. Cc c im ca chuyn mch gi u im ca chuyn mch gi so vi chuyn mch knh: - Hiu qu s dng ti nguyn cao hn v mt lin kt n gia nt v nt c th s dng ng cho nhiu gi ti cng mt thi im. - Hai trm vi tc khc nhau c th thng tin oc vi nhau. - Khi lu lng tng nhiu, trong chuyn mch knh mt s cuc gi s b t chi, nhng trong chuyn mch gi cc gi vn c th c nhn, c lu tm v khi lu lng gim cc gi s c truyn i. - Trong chuyn mch gi d s dng c tnh u tin, cc gi c sp hng ti nt, nt c th truyn gi c mc u tin cao trc cc gi c mc u tin thp. Kch thc gi Mt vn gp phi trong chuyn mch gi l kch thc gi c s dng trong mng. C mt mi quan h cht ch gia kch thc gi v thi gian truyn dn (hnh 2.15). Ta kho st mt v d: - Gi thit mt mch o t trm X n trm Y qua cc nt a v b. - Bn tin M gm 30 Octet (cn gi l 30 byte), to thnh 1 gi tin - Thm 3 octet thng tin iu khin gi l tiu c gn u gi. - Nu ton b bn tin M c gi nh mt gi n 33 octet, th gi u tin c truyn t X n a.
96

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

- Khi nhn c tt c cc gi th n c chuyn t a n b. Nu nt b nhn c y tt c cc gi th nt b chuyn tip n Y. - Tng thi gian truyn bng 99 Octet thi gian (33 Octet x 3). By gi, gi s rng bn tin M chia lm hai gi, trong - Mi gi gm 15 Octet s liu thc, - Thm 3 octet tiu . Trong trng hp ny nt a c th bt u pht gi th nht ngay khi gi n trm X m khng cn ch gi th hai n, nh vy c s chng ln thi gian truyn, nn tng thi gian truyn trong trng hp ny bng 72 Octet thi gian.

1 Gi

2 Gi

10 Gi

1 Data Data 1 2 2 Data 2 Data Data 1 4 4 Data 2 Data 1 6 Data 6 Data 2 7 7 6 5 5 5 4 3 3 3 2 1 1

8 8 9 9 10 10

10

Hnh 2.15. nh hng ca kch thc gi n thi gian truyn 97

Chng 2. C s k thut chuyn mch

Nu chia M lm 5 gi th cc nt trung gian s truyn gi sm hn v thi gian truyn s rt ngn li cn 63 Octet thi gian. Nhng nu chia M lm 10 gi th thi gian truyn s li tng ln v mi gi s liu tht cn phi km theo tiu . Nu phn chia gi qu nh th t s tiu /s liu trong gi s tng ln, v do vy thi gian truyn cng tng theo. Nh vy, c th thy rng phi thit k gi sao cho c di thch hp m bo truyn gi nhanh nht.

98

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

CHNG 3: C S K THUT MNG IP V NGN

3.1. C s k thut mng IP
Ngy nay giao thc IP c s dng rng ri trn phm vi ton cu cho kt ni mng vin thng. Mng s dng giao thc IP loi b ranh gii gia dch v s liu v thoi. Trc y chng ta phi xy dng cc mng ring l da trn cc giao thc khc nhau. Do , kh nng kt ni gia cc h thng l rt kh khn. Giao thc IP c lp vi lp lin kt d liu. Ngha l lp 2, chng ta c th dng ATM, Frame Relay, LAN hoc PPP. iu ny cho php truyn gi tin IP gia hai im m gia chng l cc lin kt lp 2 bt k. Mng IP c xy dng da trn cc tiu chun ton cu ca IETF. Do , thit b ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau c th d dng tng hot. Hin nay, nu ni ti tiu chun truyn thng ph bin nht th chnh l giao thc IP.

3.1.1. B giao thc TCP/IP

TCP/IP l b giao thc c pht trin bi cc cc d n nghin cu cp cao (ARPA) ca b quc phng M. Ban u n c s dng trong mng ARPANET. Khi cng ngh mng cc b pht trin, TCP/IP c tch hp vo mi trng iu hnh UNIX v s dng chun Ethernet kt ni cc trm lm vic vi nhau. n khi xut hin cc my PC, TCP/IP li c chuyn mang sang mi trng PC, cho php cc my PC chy DOS v cc trm lm vic chy UNIX c th kt ni trn cng mt mng. Hin nay, TCP/IP c s dng rt ph bin trong mng my tnh, m in hnh l mng Internet. TCP/IP c pht trin trc m hnh OSI. Do , cc tng trong TCP/IP khng tng ng hon ton vi cc tng trong m hnh OSI (hnh 3.1). Chng giao thc TCP/IP c chia thnh bn tng: giao din mng (network interface), lin mng (internet), giao vn (transport) v ng dng (application).

Hnh 3.1. M hnh OSI v TCP/IP

99

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN 3.1.1.1. Tng ng dng

Tng ng dng cung cp cc dch v di dng cc giao thc cho ng dng ca ngi dng. Mt s giao thc tiu biu ti tng ny gm: FTP (File Transfer Protocol): y l mt dch v hng kt ni v tin cy, s dng TCP cung cp truyn tp gia cc h thng h tr FTP. Telnet (TERminaL NETwork): Cho php cc phin ng nhp t xa gia cc my tnh. Do Telnet h tr ch vn bn nn giao din ngi dng thng dng du nhc lnh tng tc. Chng ta c th nh lnh v cc thng bo tr li s c hin th. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol): Trao i cc ti liu siu vn bn h tr WEB. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Truyn th in t gia cc my tnh. y l dng c bit ca truyn tp c s dng gi cc thng bo ti mt my ch th hoc gia cc my ch th vi nhau. POP3 (Post Office Protocol): Cho php ly th in t t hp th trn my ch. DNS (Domain Name System): Chuyn i tn min thnh a ch IP. Giao thc ny thng c cc ng dng s dng khi ngi dng ng dng ny dng tn ch khng dng a ch IP. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol): Cung cp cc thng tin cu hnh ng cho cc trm, chng hn nh gn a ch IP. SNMP (Simple Network Managament Protocol): c s dng qun tr t xa cc thit b mng chy TCP/IP. SNMP thng c thc thi trn cc trm ca ngi qun l, cho php ngi qun l tp trung nhiu chc nng gim st v iu khin trong mng.

3.1.1.2. Tng giao vn

Tng giao vn chu trch nhim chuyn pht ton b thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin trnh. Ti tng ny c hai giao thc l TCP v UDP, mi giao thc cung cp mt loi dch v giao vn: hng kt ni v phi kt ni. Giao thc TCP TCP l giao thc hng kt ni, u cui ti u cui. N l giao thc c tin cy v cung cp nhiu ng dng mng. Giao thc TCP cung cp cho ta nhiu hnh thc x l truyn tin ng tin cy. V c bn TCP c th hot ng pha trn phm vi rng ca nhng dy h thng truyn tin t ng kt ni h thng ti mng chuyn mch gi. Giao thc IP cng phn mnh hoc nhm li tng phn TCP c i hi hon thnh vic vn chuyn v phn chia thng qua nhiu mng v kt ni lin tip nhiu cng li vi nhau. TCP thc hin mt s chc nng nh sau. Chc nng u tin l nhn lung d liu t chng trnh ng dng; d liu ny c th l tp vn bn hoc l mt bc nh. TCP chia lung d liu nhn c thnh cc gi nh c th qun l. Sau gn mo u vo trc mi gi. Phn mo u ny c cha a ch cng ngun v cng ch. Ngoi ra, n cn cha s trnh t chng ta bit gi ny nm v tr no trong lung d liu.

100

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Sau khi nhn c mt s lng gi nht nh, TCP s gi xc nhn. V d, nu s lng gi c quy nh l 3 th pha thu s gi xc nhn cho pha gi sau khi nhn c 3 gi. u im ca vic lm ny l TCP c kh nng iu chnh vic gi v nhn cc gi tin. Giao thc UDP UDP (User Datagram protocol) l mt giao thc truyn thng phi kt ni, c dng thay th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu ca ng dng. UDP khng cung cp s tin cy, n gi gi tin vo tng IP nhng khng c s m bo rng gi tin s n c ch ca chng. UDP c trch nhim truyn cc thng bo t tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, nhng khng cung cp cc c ch gim st v qun l. UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s cng nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chay trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng dng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn. K thut iu khin lung v li Trong tng giao vn c 2 vn k thut quan trng l iu khin lung v iu khin li. iu khin lung nh ngha lng d liu m ngun c th gi trc khi nhn mt xc nhn t ch. Trong trng hp c bit, giao thc tng giao vn c th gi mt byte d liu v i xc nhn trc khi gi byte tip theo. Nhng nu lm nh vy, qu trnh gi s din ra rt chm. Nu d liu phi i qua on ng di th ngun s trng thi ri trong khi i xc nhn. Trong mt trng hp c bit khc, giao thc tng giao vn c th gi tt c d liu n c m khng quan tm ti xc nhn. Lm nh vy s tng tc truyn, nhng c th lm trn ngp trm ch (trm ch khng x l kp). Bn cnh , nu mt phn d liu b mt, b nhn i, sai th t hoc b hng th trm ngun s khng bit. TCP s dng mt gii php nm gia hai trng hp c bit ny. N nh ngha mt ca s, t ca s ny ln b m gi v ch gi lng d liu bng kch thc ca s. K thut ny gi l k thut ca s trt (sliding window). Hay ni mt cch khc, thc hin iu khin lung, TCP s dng giao thc ca s trt. Hai trm hai u kt ni TCP u s dng mt ca s trt. Ca s ny bao ph phn d liu trong b m m mt trm c th gi trc khi quan tm ti xc nhn t trm kia. N c gi l ca s trt do c th trt trn b m khi trm gi nhn c xc nhn. Ngoi iu khin lung, TCP cn h tr iu khin li. N l k thut m bo tnh tin cy cho TCP. iu khin li gm cc c ch pht hin phn on b hng, b mt, sai th t hoc nhn i. N cng gm c ch sa li sau khi chng c pht hin. Pht hin li trong TCP c thc hin thng qua vic s dng ba cng c n gin: tng kim tra, xc nhn v thi gian ch (time-out). Mi phn on c cha mt trng tng kim tra pht hin phn on li. Nu phn on li, n s b TCP pha nhn b i. TCP s dng phng php xc nhn thng bo s nhn cc gi ti ch m khng li. Khng c xc nhn gi hng trong TCP. Nu mt phn on khng c xc nhn trc khi ht gi th n c xem nh b hng hoc b mt trn ng i. C ch sa li trong TCP rt n gin. TCP ngun t mt b nh thi cho mi phn on c gi i. B nh thi c kim tra nh k. Khi n tt, phn on tng ng c xem nh b hng hoc b mt v s c truyn li. 101

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN 3.1.1.3. Tng lin mng

Tng lin mng trong chng giao thc TCP/IP tng ng vi tng mng trong m hnh OSI, cho php kt ni nhiu mng vi cc cng ngh khc nhau qua mng li s dng giao thc IP (hnh 3.2).

Hnh 3.2. Kt ni lin mng s dng giao thc IP

Chc nng chnh ca tng mng l nh a ch lgic v nh tuyn gi ti ch. Giao thc ng ch nht tng lin mng chnh l giao thc lin mng (IP Internet Protocol). Ngoi ra cn c mt s giao thc khc nh ICMP, ARP v RARP. Sau y s trnh by khi qut v cc giao thc ny. Giao thc IP IP l mt giao thc phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N cung cp dch v chuyn gi n lc ti a. N lc ti a y c ngha IP khng cung cp chc nng theo di v kim tra li. N ch c gng chuyn gi ti ch ch khng c s m bo. Nu tin cy l yu t quan trng, IP phi hot ng vi mt giao thc tng trn tin cy, chng hn TCP. Giao thc ICMP Nh trnh by trn, IP l giao thc chuyn gi phi kt ni v khng tin cy. N c thit k nhm mc ch s dng c hiu qu ti nguyn mng. IP cung cp dch v chuyn gi n lc nht. Tuy nhin n c hai thiu ht: thiu iu khin li v thiu cc c ch h tr; IP cng thiu c ch truy vn. Mt trm i khi cn xc nh xem router hoc mt trm khc c hot ng khng. Mt ngi qun l mng i khi cn thng tin t mt trm hoc router khc. Giao thc thng bo iu khin lin mng (ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol) c thit k b p hai thiu ht trn. N c i km vi giao thc IP.

3.1.1.4. Tng truy nhp mng

Tng truy nhp mng i khi cn c gi l giao din mng. N cung cp giao tip vi mng vt l (thng thng tng ny bao gm cc driver thit b trong h thng vn hnh v cc card giao din mng tng ng trong my tnh. Chc nng ca tng ny l iu khin tt c cc thit b phn cng, thc hin giao tip vt l vi cp hoc vi bt k mi trng no c s dng cng nh l kim sot li d liu phn b trn mng vt l. Tng truy nhp mng khng nh ngha mt giao thc ring no c, n h tr tt c cc giao thc chun (standard) v c quyn (proprietory), v d nh Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X25, Frame Relay, ATM,

102

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN 3.1.2. a ch IP

mc ng dng, chng ta c th coi mt lin mng l mt mng n l kt ni cc trm vi nhau. mt trm truyn thng vi trm khc, chng ta cn mt h thng nh danh ton cu. Ni cch khc, chng ta cn t tn duy nht cho mi trm. H thng nh danh ny ch c s dng ti tng ng dng, khng th s dng tng mng v trn mng cn c cc thc th khc gn ti, chng hn router. Mt lin mng c to nn t s kt hp ca cc mng vt l (LAN hoc WAN) kt ni vi nhau qua cc router. Khi mt trm truyn thng vi mt trm khc, gi d liu c th di chuyn t mt mng vt l ny n mng vt l khc bng cch s dng cc router ny. Ngha l vic truyn thng ti mc ny cng cn c mt h thng nh danh ton cc. Mt trm phi c th truyn thng vi mt trm bt k m khng phi lo lng v mng vt l phi i qua. Ngha l ti tng ny, mt trm cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton cc. Hn na, nh tuyn ti u v hiu qu, mi router cng phi c nh danh duy nht v ton cc ti tng ny. S hiu nhn dng c s dng tng lin mng ca b giao thc TCP/IP c gi l a ch lin mng hay a ch IP. i vi phin bn IPv4, a ch ny l mt s nh phn 32 bt, c thc thi trong phn mm, dng nh danh duy nht v ton cc mt trm hoc mt router trn lin mng. Cc a ch IP l duy nht theo ngha mi a ch nh danh mt v ch mt thit b (trm hoc router) trn lin mng. Hai thit b trn lin mng khng th c cng a ch IP. Tuy nhin, mt thit b c th c nhiu a ch IP nu chng c kt ni ti nhiu mng vt l khc nhau. Cc a ch IP l ton cc theo ngha h thng nh a ch ny phi c tt c cc trm mun kt ni ti lin mng chp nhn. Mi a ch IP gm 4 byte, nh ngha hai phn: a ch mng (NetID) v a ch trm (HostID). Cc phn ny c chiu di khc nhau tu thuc vo lp a ch. Cc bt u tin trong phn a ch mng xc nh lp ca a ch IP.
11000000 00000001 00000010 00000011

192 . 1 . 2 . 3
Hnh 3.3: K php du chm thp phn

d c v d nh, cc a ch IP thng c biu din di dng du chm thp phn. Trong cch biu din ny, cc byte c tch ring v biu din di dng thp phn, vit cch nhau bi du chm (hnh 3.3).

3.1.2.1. Cc lp a ch IP
a ch IP c chia lm 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Chiu di phn a ch mng v phn a ch trm ca cc lp l khc nhau. Cu trc ca cc lp c ch ra trong hnh 3.4. Cc bit u tin ca a ch IP c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A; 10 - lp B; 110 - lp C; 1110 - Lp D v 1111 - lp E).

103

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Lp A 0
a ch mng (7 bt)

a ch trm (24 bt)

Lp B Lp C

1 0 1 1 0

a ch mng (14 bt) a ch mng (21 bt)

a ch trm (16 bt) a ch trm (8 bt)

Lp D Lp E

1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1

a ch multicast (28 bt) Cha s dng (28 bt)

32 bt

Hnh 3.4. Cc lp a ch IP

a ch Lp A Trong a ch lp A, byte u tin c dng nh ngha a ch mng. Tuy nhin bt u tin phi lun lun bng 0, 7 bt cn li nh ngha cc mng khc nhau. Ngha l s mng c a ch IP lp A rt hn ch. V l thuyt c th c 27 = 128 mng lp A. Tuy nhin trn thc t ch c 126 mng v c 2 mng c dnh ring cho cc mc ch c th. Trong mt mng a ch lp A, 24 bt c s dng nh danh a ch trm. Ngha l v l thuyt c th c ti a 224 = 16.777.216 trm. Tuy nhin cng c hai a ch c bit (phn a ch trm gm ton bt 0 hoc ton bt 1) c s dng lm cc a ch c bit. Ngha l thc t ch c ti a 16.777.214 trm trong mt mng lp A. Cc a ch lp A c thit k cho cc t chc c s lng my tnh cc ln kt ni vo mng. Tuy nhin, khng mt t chc no c s lng my ln nh vy do rt nhiu a ch b lng ph. a ch Lp B Trong a ch lp B, 2 byte u c dng nh ngha a ch mng v 2 byte sau nh ngha a ch trm. Tuy nhin, hai bt u tin trong phn a ch mng lun lun l 10, nn ch c 14 bt nh ngha cc mng khc nhau. Ngha l c nhiu mng lp B hn lp A. S mng lp B l 214 = 16.384. Trong mt mng lp B, 16 bt c s dng nh danh trm, ngha l v l thuyt mi mng c th c ti a 216 = 65.536 trm. Tuy nhin cng c hai a ch c bit nn thc t mt mng lp B ch c ti a 65.534 trm. Cc a ch lp B c thit k cho cc cng ty c va, nhng cng ty c s lng my tnh tng i ln. Tuy nhin cng ging nhng mng lp A, nhiu a ch IP b lng ph v rt t cng ty c s lng my tnh ln nh vy. a ch Lp C Trong a ch lp C, 3 byte u c dng cho phn a ch mng v 1 byte cui c dng cho phn a ch trm. Tuy nhin, 3 bt u tin trong phn a ch mng lun lun l 110, nn 104

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

ch cn 21 bt nh ngha a ch mng. S mng lp C ln hn s mng lp A, B v bng 221 = 2.097.152 mng. Mt mng lp C v l thuyt c th c ti a 28 = 256 trm. Tuy nhin thc t ch c th c ti a 254 trm do c hai a ch c s dng cho cc mc ch c bit. a ch lp C c thit k cho cc cng ty nh, nhng cng ty ch c t trm ni vo mng. a ch Lp D a ch lp D c nh ngha cho truyn a hng (multicasting). Trong lp ny, khng c phn a ch mng v a ch trm. 4 bt u lun lun bng 1110 nh ngha a ch lp D, 28 bt cn li nh ngha a ch a hng (multicast). a ch Lp E Lp E c d phng s dng cho cc mc ch c bit. Khng c phn a ch mng v a ch trm. 4 bt u tin bng 1111 nh ngha lp E.

3.1.3. a ch cng v socket

Mc d c mt s cch thc hin truyn thng tin trnh-ti-tin trnh, nhng cch thng dng nht l thc hin thng qua m hnh khch-ch (client-server). Mt tin trnh trn my cc b, c gi l khch, cn mt dch v t mt ng dng trn trm xa, c gi l ch. Cc h iu hnh hin nay h tr c mi trng a ngi dng v a chng trnh. Mt my xa c th chy nhiu chng trnh ng dng cng lc, ging nh nhiu my cc b c th chy mt hoc nhiu chng trnh khch cng lc. truyn thng, chng ta cn xc nh: Trm cc b, Tin trnh cc b Trm xa Tin trnh xa Trm cc b v trm xa c xc nh s dng a ch IP. xc nh cc tin trnh, chng ta cn mt s hiu nhn dng th hai, l s cng. Trong TCP/IP, s cng l mt s nguyn nm trong khong t 0 n 65535 (s 2 byte). Chng trnh khch t xc nh n bng mt s cng c chn ngu nhin. Cng ny c gi l cng ngu nhin. Chng trnh ch cng phi t xc nh bng mt s cng. Tuy nhin, cng ny khng th c chn ngu nhin. Nu my ch xa chy mt tin trnh ch v ly mt s ngu nhin l s cng, th ng dng my khch mun truy nhp v s dng dch v trn my ch s khng bit c s cng cn s dng. Tt nhin, mt gii php c th l gi mt gi c bit yu cu s cng ca mt ng dng ch c th, tuy nhin cch ny lm tng lu lng mng. TCP/IP chn cch s dng cc s cng thng dng cho cc ng dng ch. Mi tin trnh khch phi bit s cng ca tin trnh ch tng ng. Nh vy, a ch IP v s cng ng vai tr khc nhau trong vic chn ch cui cng ca d liu. a ch IP ch xc nh trm trong s nhiu trm khc nhau. Sau khi trm c chn, s cng xc nh mt tin trnh trn trm c th . Cc s cng c chia thnh ba vng: thng dng, ng k v ng. Cng thng dng nm trong khong t 0 n 1023. Nhng cng ny c gn v gim st bi IANA. 105

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Cng ng k nm trong khong t 1024 n 49151, khng do IANA gn v iu khin. Chng ch c th c ng k vi IANA trnh trng lp. Cng ng nm trong khong t 49152 n 65535 c th c s dng bi mi tin trnh. Chng cn c gi l cc cng ngu nhin. thit lp mt kt ni cn c hai s hiu nhn dng: a ch IP v s cng. S kt hp a ch IP v s cng c gi l a ch socket. s dng dch v chng ta cn mt cp a ch socket: a ch socket khch v a ch socket ch. a ch socket khch nh danh duy nht ng dng khch. a ch socket ch nh danh duy nht ng dng ch. Bn thng tin ny l mt phn ca tiu IP v tiu TCP. Tiu IP cha a ch IP; tiu TCP cha a ch cng.

3.1.4. nh tuyn trong mng IP 3.1.4.1. Khi nim v nh tuyn

nh tuyn l qu trnh xc nh ng i chuyn ti thng tin trong lin mng t ngun n ch. N l mt chc nng c thc hin tng mng. Chc nng ny cho php router nh gi cc ng i sn c ti ch. nh gi ng i, nh tuyn s dng cc thng tin v Topology ca mng. Cc thng tin ny c th do ngi qun tr thit lp hoc c thu thp thng qua cc giao thc nh tuyn. Tng mng h tr chuyn gi cui-ti-cui c gng nht (best-effort) qua cc mng c kt ni vi nhau. Tng mng s dng bng nh tuyn IP gi cc gi t mng ngun n mng ch. Sau khi quyt nh s dng ng i no, router tin hnh vic chuyn gi. N ly mt gi nhn c giao din vo v chuyn tip gi ny ti giao din ra tng ng (giao din th hin ng i tt nht ti ch cho gi). Trong mt lin mng, mi mng c nh danh bi mt a ch mng v router s dng cc a ch mng ny nhn bit ch. Router s dng a ch mng nhn dng mng ch (LAN) ca mt gi tin trong mt lin mng. Hnh 3.5 minh ha ba a ch mng c dng nhn din cc phn on kt ni ti router.

Hnh 3.5 nh tuyn gi tin theo a ch mng v a ch trm

106

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Khi nh tuyn d liu t ngun n ch, router thng chuyn tip gi t mt lin kt d liu (mng) ny n mt lin kt d liu khc, s dng hai chc nng c bn l xc nh ng i v chuyn mch.

3.1.4.2. nh tuyn tnh v nh tuyn ng

Cc tuyn tnh c ngi qun tr cp nht v qun l mt cch th cng. Trong trng hp tp mng thay i, ngi qun tr phi cp nht li cc tuyn tnh cho ph hp. nh tuyn ng hot ng khc vi nh tuyn tnh. Sau khi ngi qun tr nhp cc lnh cu hnh khi to nh tuyn ng, thng tin v tuyn s c cp nht t ng mi khi nhn c mt thng tin mi t lin mng. Cc thay i v tp mng c trao i gia cc router. Ti sao nh tuyn tnh nh tuyn tnh c mt s ng dng hu ch. nh tuyn ng c khuynh hng truyn t tt c cc thng tin v mt lin mng. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp v l do an ton, chng ta c th mun che du mt s phn ca lin mng. nh tuyn tnh cho php chng ta ch r thng tin mun tit l. Trong trng hp ch c mt ng i duy nht ti mng, th ch mt tuyn tnh ti mng l . Loi mng ny c gi l mng ct (stub network). Cu hnh nh tuyn tnh cho mt mng ct trnh c lu lng cp nht nh tuyn ng. S cn thit ca nh tuyn ng Mng hnh 3.6 s thch ng khc nhau i vi cc thay i v tp mng, tu thuc vic n s dng nh tuyn tnh hay nh tuyn ng. nh tuyn tnh cho php cc router nh tuyn gi tin t mng ny ti mng khc da trn cc thng tin c cu hnh th cng. Trong v d ny, Router A lun gi lu lng c ch l Router C qua Router D. Router A tham chiu ti bng nh tuyn ca n v da theo cc thng tin tnh chuyn tip gi ti Router D. Router D cng thc hin cc cng vic tng t v chuyn tip gi ti Router C. Router C chuyn gi ti trm ch. Nu ng i gia Router A v Router D b li, Router A khng khng th chuyn gi ti Router D thng qua tuyn tnh thit lp ny. Nh vy, truyn thng vi mng ch khng th thc hin c cho n khi Router A c cu hnh li chuyn gi qua Router B. y chnh l mt nhc im ca nh tuyn tnh.

Hnh 3.6: nh tuyn ng v kh nng thay th tuyn hng khng

nh tuyn ng hot ng linh hot hn. Theo bng nh tuyn ca Router A, gi c th ti ch ca n qua Router D. Tuy nhin, cn c mt ng i sn c khc ti ch, l i qua 107

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Router B. Khi Router A nhn ra rng lin kt ti Router D b li, n iu chnh bng nh tuyn v ng i ti mng ch s qua Router B. Khi lin kt gia Router A v D c khi phc, Router A c th mt ln na thay i bng nh tuyn chuyn ng i ti ch l qua Router D. Cc giao thc nh tuyn ng cng c th chuyn lu lng t cng mt phin lm vic qua nhiu ng i khc nhau trong mng c hiu sut cao hn. Tnh cht ny c gi l chia s ti (load sharing). S thnh cng ca nh tuyn ng ph thuc vo hai chc nng c bn ca router: Duy tr bng nh tuyn, Chia s tri thc cho cc router khc di dng cc cp nht nh tuyn. nh tuyn ng da vo cc giao thc nh tuyn chia s tri thc gia cc router. Giao thc nh tuyn nh ngha mt tp lut m router s dng khi lin lc vi cc router k cn. Xc nh khong cch trn cc ng i mng Khi mt gii thut nh tuyn cp nht bng nh tuyn, mc ch chnh ca n l xc nh u l thng tin tt nht lu trong bng nh tuyn. Mi gii thut nh tuyn xc nh thng tin tt nht theo cch ca ring n. Gii thut to ra mt s, c gi l gi tr metric, cho mi ng i qua mng. Thng th gi tr metric cng nh th ng i cng ti u. C th tnh ton cc metric da trn mt c tnh n l ca ng i; hoc cng c th tnh cc metric phc tp hn bng cch kt hp nhiu c tnh. Cc metric c s dng ph bin gm: chiu di ng i, tin cy, tr nh tuyn, bng thng, ti, gi truyn thng. Hu ht cc gii thut nh tuyn u thuc mt trong 3 loi sau: Gii thut vect khong cch (distance vector). Gii thut trng thi lin kt (Link State). Gii thut lai.

Gii thut nh tuyn vect khong cch xc nh hng (vect) v khong cch ti bt k mt lin kt no trn lin mng. Giao thc nh tuyn vect khong cch gi nh k cc bn sao ca mt bng nh tuyn t mt router ti cc router hng xm (router ni trc tip). Nhng cp nht u n ny gia cc router truyn t cc thay i v tp mng. Gii thut trng thi lin kt (cn c gi l gii thut ng i ngn nht) to li chnh xc tp ca ton b lin mng (hoc t nht mt phn ca lin mng m Router ni ti). Cc gii thut nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, cn c gi l gii thut ng i ngn nht trc (SPF), duy tr mt c s d liu phc tp v thng tin tp. Trong khi gii thut vct khong cch c cc thng tin khng c th v cc mng xa v khng c hiu bit v cc router xa, th gii thut nh tuyn trng thi lin kt duy tr cc thng tin y v router xa v cch chng c kt ni vi nhau. Cc gii thut trng thi lin kt da trn vic s dng cc cp nht trng thi lin kt. Mi khi tp trng thi lin kt thay i, cc router u tin bit c s thay i ny gi mt thng tin mi ti cc router khc hoc ti mt router ch nh (ni cc router khc c th s dng cp nht).

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Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN 3.1.4.3. Giao thc nh tuyn

Ngy nay, mt lin mng c th ln n mc mt giao thc nh tuyn khng th x l cng vic cp nht cc bng nh tuyn ca tt c cc router. V l do ny, lin mng c chia thnh nhiu h thng t tr (AS - Autonomous System). H thng t tr l mt nhm cc mng v router chu mt quyn lc qun tr chung. N i khi cn c gi l vng nh tuyn (routing domain). nh tuyn bn trong mt h thng t tr c gi l nh tuyn trong. nh tuyn gia cc h thng t tr c gi l nh tuyn ngoi. Mi h thng t tr c th chn mt giao thc nh tuyn trong thc hin nh tuyn bn trong h thng. Tuy nhin, thng ch c mt giao thc nh tuyn ngoi c chn thc hin nh tuyn gia cc h thng t tr. Hin nay c nhiu giao thc nh tuyn trong v ngoi ang c s dng. Tuy nhin, tiu biu nht v ph bin nht l giao thc nh tuyn trong (OSPF) v mt giao thc nh tuyn ngoi (BGP). OSPF c th c s dng cp nht cc bng nh tuyn bn trong mt h thng t tr. BGP c th c s dng cp nht cc bng nh tuyn cho cc router ni cc h thng t tr vi nhau.

3.2. Mng th h mi NGN

Mng thng tin ton cu hin nay c nhng bc pht trin mnh m song ch tp trung vo 2 lnh vc dch v ch yu l truyn thoi v truyn s liu, tng ng vi n l 2 c s h tng mng PSTN (thoi) v Internet (s liu). Ngoi ra cn mt s mng cung cp dch v khc nh mng di ng mt t (PLMN), truyn hnh cp (CATV). Mi h thng ny c mng li truyn ti v truy nhp ring, nhng u phi s dng chung mng li chuyn mch v ng trc cp quang quc gia, iu ny gy ra nhiu phc tp trong h thng qun l vin thng, gim hiu sut phc v, tng chi ph vn hnh bo dng. NGN (Next Generation Network) l mt gii php mng nhm nng cao kh nng cung cp dch v ca cc mng hin nay c th truyn a dch v trn nn tng chuyn mch gi, hnh thnh mt c s h tng mng vin thng duy nht s dng chung mng li cho nhiu mng truy nhp khc nhau. Mc ch ca NGN l cung cp a dch v thng minh trn c s hi t thoi v s liu, di ng v c nh theo m hnh dch v client/server.

3.2.1. S cn thit phi chuyn i sang mng th h sau

Mng PSTN hin ti da trn nn tng cng ngh TDM v h thng bo hiu s 7 (CCS7). V c bn mng ny vn c kh nng cung cp tt cc dch v vin thng bnh thng nh thoi hay Fax vi cht lng kh n nh. Song nhu cu ca bn thn nh cung cp dch v ln khch hng ngy cng tng lm bc l nhng hn ch khng th khc phc c ca mng hin ti. Ngy nay th trng vin thng trong nc v th gii ang trong cuc cnh tranh quyt lit do vic xa b c quyn nh nc v m ca t do cho tt c cc thnh phn kinh t. Cc nh cung cp dch v ang phi ng trc sc p gim gi thnh ng thi tng cht lng dch v. S xut hin v pht trin bng n ca dch v Internet dn n nhng thay i t bin v c s mng buc cc nh cung cp dch v phi thay i t duy. Di y l mt s hn ch ca mng hin ti. a. Cng nhc trong vic phn b bng thng

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Mng PSTN da trn cng ngh TDM trong ng truyn c phn chia thnh cc khung c nh l 125s. Mi khung c chia thnh cc khe thi gian (Timeslot). Knh c s c tnh tng ng vi mt khe thi gian l 64Kb/s. iu ny dn n mt s bt li, v d nh i vi nhiu loi dch v i hi bng thng thp hn th cng khng c, hay nh i vi cc dch v c nhu cu bng thng thay i th TDM cng khng th p ng c. Cuc ni TDM c phn b lng bng thng c nh (Nx64Kb/s) v cc khe thi gian ny c chim c nh trong sut thi gian din ra cuc ni dn n lng ph bng thng. Chuyn mch gi qun l bng thng mm do theo nhu cu dch v nn hiu qu s dng bng thng cao hn rt nhiu. b. Kh khn cho vic t hp mng Trc y cc loi dch v vin thng khc nhau nh thoi, d liu hay video c cung cp trn cc mng tch bit nhau. N lc t hp tt c cc mng ny thnh mt mng duy nht c thc hin t nhng nm 80 vi m hnh mng ISDN bng hp. M hnh ny vn da trn nn cng ngh TDM v gp phi mt s kh khn nh tc thp, thit b mng phc tp. tng mng ISDN bng rng da trn nn cng ngh ATM c a ra song c v nh qu s v t i vi ngi tiu dng. V li ATM cng khng linh hot khi hot ng tc thp. Gii php IPoverATM nghe c v hp l hn. c. Kh khn trong vic cung cp dch v mi Trong mng PSTN ton b phn thng minh ca mng u tp trung cc tng i. Dch v mi mun c trin khai phi bt u t tng i. iu ny dn n s thay i phn mm v i khi c phn cng ca tng i rt phc tp v tn km. Ngoi ra, nhu cu ca khch hng khng ngng tng v nhiu loi dch v mi khng th thc hin trn nn mng TDM. d. u t cho mng PSTN ln, gi thit b cao, chi ph vn hnh mng ln, khng linh hot trong vic m rng h thng, vn u t tp trung ti cc trung tm chuyn mch iu ny dng nh qu r rng. u t cho cc thit mng PSTN rt ln (so vi mng IP). Cc tng i thng rt t, u t c cc. Chi ph nhn cng cho vic vn hnh bo dng mng rt cao. Cc chc nng phn cng v phn mm u tp trung ti tng i nn rt kh khn khi cn thay i. Mng c nhiu cp gy phc tp trong vic phi hp h thng bo hiu, ng b v trin khai dch v mi. Ngoi ra, vic thit lp trung tm qun l mng, h thng tnh cc hay chm sc khch hng cng rt phc tp. e. Gii hn trong pht trin mng Cc tng i chuyn mch ni ht u s dng k thut chuyn mch knh, trong cc knh thoi u c tc 64Kb/s. Qu trnh bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi lin h cht ch vi c cu chuyn mch. Ngy nay, nhng li ch v mt kinh t ca thoi gi ang thc y s pht trin ca c mng truy nhp v mng ng trc t chuyn mch knh sang gi. V bi v thoi gi ang dn c chp nhn rng ri trong c mng truy nhp v mng ng trc, cc tng i chuyn mch knh ni ht truyn thng ng vai tr cu ni ca c hai mng gi ny. Vic chuyn i gi sang knh phi c thc hin ti c hai u vo v ra ca chuyn mch knh, lm pht sinh nhng chi ph ph khng mong mun v tng thm tr truyn dn cho thng tin, c bit nh hng ti nhng thng tin nhy cm vi tr ng truyn nh tn hiu thoi. Nu tn ti mt gii php m trong cc tng i ni ht c th cung cp dch v thoi v cc dch v tu chn khc ngay trn thit b chuyn mch gi, th s khng phi thc hin cc 110

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

chuyn i khng cn thit na. iu ny mang li li ch kp l gim chi ph v tng cht lng dch v (gim tr ng truyn). V cng l mt bc quan trng tin gn ti ci ch cui cng l mng NGN f. Khng p ng c s tng trng nhanh ca cc dch v d liu S tht l ngy nay dch v Internet pht trin vi tc chng mt, lu lng Internet tng vi cp s nhn theo tng nm v trin vng s cn tng mnh vo nhng nm sau trong khi lu lng thoi c nh dng nh c xu hng bo ha thm ch gim mt s nc pht trin. Internet thm nhp vo mi gc cnh ca i sng x hi vi nhiu tng rt ngon mc nh: o to t xa, y t t xa, chnh ph in t hay tin hc ha x hi, v.v... Cc mng cung cp dch v s liu ni chung v Internet ni ring nu khng ci tin v p dng cng ngh mi th r rng s khng th p ng c nhng nhu cu ngy cng tng ny. Vi yu cu v thay i cng ngh mng nh trn, mng th h sau NGN c gii thiu v ng dng mt s quc gia. Thc tin trin khai cho thy cng ngh mng mi ny p ng y cc yu cu v k thut v kinh doanh k trn. V vy, mng vin thng Vit nam khng c s la chn no khc l cn phi chuyn dn sang mng th h sau s dng cng ngh gi.

3.2.2. Nguyn tc t chc mng NGN

Khi nim NGN v s hi t cng ngh Cho ti nay, mc d cc t chc vin thng quc t v cc nh cung cp thit b vin thng trn th gii u rt quan tm v nghin cu v chin lc pht trin NGN, nhng vn cha c mt nh ngha c th v chnh xc no cho mng NGN. Do nh ngha mng NGN nu ra y khng th bao hm ht mi chi tit v mng th h sau, nhng c th c coi l khi nim chung nht khi cp n NGN. Khuyn ngh Y.2001 ca ITU-T ch r: Mng th h sau (NGN) l mng chuyn mch gi c kh nng cung cp cc dch v vin thng v to ra ng dng bng thng rng, cc cng ngh truyn ti m bo cht lng dch v v trong cc chc nng dch v c lp vi cc cng ngh truyn ti lin quan. N cho php truy nhp khng gii hn ti mng v l mi trng cnh tranh gia cc nh cung cp dch v trn cc kiu dch v cung cp. N h tr tnh di ng ton cu cho cc dch v cung cp ti ngi s dng sao cho ng nht v m bo. Nh vy, NGN c th hiu l mng c h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, trin khai cc dch v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng (hnh 3.7). Nhng kh nng v u im ca NGN bt ngun t s tin b ca cng ngh thng tin v cc u im ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi v truyn dn quang bng rng.

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Hnh 3.7: S hi t gia thoi v s liu, c nh v di ng trong mng th h sau Nguyn tc t chc mng tn dng ht li th em n t qu trnh hi t cng ngh v pht huy ti a hiu sut s dng trong mi trng a dch v, mng NGN c t chc da trn nhng nguyn tc c bn sau: - Mng c cu trc n gin; - p ng nhu cu cung cp cc loi hnh dch v vin thng phong ph v a dng; - Nng cao hiu qu s dng, cht lng mng li v gim chi ph khai thc, bo dng; - D dng tng dung lng, pht trin dch v mi; - C linh hot v tnh sn sng cao, nng lc tn ti mnh; - Vic t chc mng da trn s lng thu bao theo vng a l v nhu cu pht trin dch v; khng t chc theo a bn hnh chnh m t chc theo vng mng hoc vng lu lng. Cc c im ca mng NGN Vi nhng nguyn tc xy dng c bn nh trn, mng NGN c bn c im chnh:

1. Nn tng l h thng mng m; 2. L mng dch v thc y, nhng dch v phi thc hin c lp vi mng; 3. L mng chuyn mch gi, da trn mt b giao thc thng nht; 4. L mng c dung lng ngy cng tng, tnh thch ng cao v nng lc p
ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Trc ht, do p dng c cu m m:
-

Cc khi chc nng ca tng i truyn thng c chia thnh cc phn t mng c lp, cc phn t phn theo chc nng v pht trin mt cch c lp. Giao din v giao thc gia cc b phn phi da trn cc tiu chun tng ng.

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Vic phn tch lm cho mng vin thng vn c dn dn i theo hng mi, nhng nh kinh doanh c th cn c vo nhu cu dch v t t hp cc phn t khi t chc mng li. Vic tiu chun ha giao thc gia cc phn t c th thc hin ni thng cc mng c cu hnh khc nhau. Tip n, mng NGN l mng dch v thc y, vi c im:
-

Chia tch dch v vi iu khin cuc gi; Chia tch cuc gi vi truyn ti.

Mc tiu chnh ca chia tch l lm cho dch v thc s c lp vi mng, thc hin mt cch linh hot v c hiu qu vic cung cp dch v. Thu bao c th t b tr v xc nh c trng dch v ca mnh, khng quan tm n mng truyn ti dch v v loi hnh u cui. iu lm cho vic cung cp dch v v ng dng c tnh linh hot cao. NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, giao thc thng nht. T trc n nay, cc mng vin thng, mng my tnh hay truyn hnh cp tn ti v cung cp dch v mt cch ring bit. Nhng my nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh IP, ngi ta mi nhn thy l cc mng trao i thng tin ny cui cng ri cng tch hp trong mt mng IP thng nht, l xu th m ngi ta thng gi l dung hp ba mng. Giao thc IP lm cho cc dch v ly IP lm c s c th thc hin ni thng cc mng khc nhau; con ngi ln u tin c c giao thc thng nht m ba mng ln u c th chp nhn c; t c s vng chc v mt k thut cho h tng c s thng tin quc gia (NII). Giao thc IP thc t tr thnh giao thc ng dng vn nng v bt u c s dng lm c s cho cc mng a dch v, mc d hin ti vn cn th bt li so vi cc chuyn mch knh v kh nng h tr lu lng thoi v cung cp cht lng dch v m bo cho s liu. Tc i mi nhanh chng trong th gii Internet c to iu kin bi s pht trin ca cc tiu chun m s sm khc phc nhng thiu st ny. NGN l mng c dung lng ngy cng tng v tnh thch ng cao, c nng lc p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Vi vic s dng nn chuyn mch gi v cu trc m, NGN c kh nng cung cp rt nhiu loi hnh dch v, c bit l cc dch v yu cu bng thng cao nh truyn thng a phng tin, truyn hnh, gio dc, V vy dung lng mng phi ngy cng tng p ng nhu cu ngi s dng, ng thi mng NGN cng phi c kh nng thch ng vi nhng mng vin thng tn ti trc n nhm tn dng c s h tng mng, dch v v khch hng sn c.

3.2.3. Cc cng ngh nn tng cho NGN 3.2.3.1. Cng ngh truyn dn
Mt vn quan trng khi trin khai NGN l cc cng ngh p dng trn mng li phi sn sng. Trong cu trc mng th h mi, truyn dn l mt thnh phn ca lp truy nhp v truyn dn. Trong vng hai thp k va qua, cng ngh quang chng minh c l mt phng tin truyn ti thng tin hiu qu trn khong cch ln, v hin nay n l cng ngh ch o trong truyn dn trn mng li. Cc ci tin trong k thut ghp knh theo bc sng nng cao ng k hiu qu kinh t v truyn ti trn mng cp quang. 113

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Mt s im mnh ca h thng truyn dn trn cp quang c th k n l: - Hin nay trn 60% lu lng thng tin truyn i trn ton th gii c truyn trn mng quang; - Cng ngh truyn dn quang SDH cho php to ng truyn dn tc c cao (n*155 Mb/s) vi kh nng bo v ca cc mch vng c s dng rng ri nhiu nc v Vit Nam; - Cng ngh WDM cho php s dng rng bng tn rt ln ca si quang bng cch kt hp mt s tn hiu ghp knh theo thi gian vi di cc bc sng khc nhau v c th s dng c cc ca s khng gian, thi gian v di bc sng. WDM cho php nng tc truyn dn ln ti 5 Gb/s, 10 Gb/s v 20 Gb/s. Nh vy, c th ni cng ngh truyn dn ca mng th h mi s l SDH, WDM vi kh nng hot ng mm do, linh hot, thun tin cho khai thc v iu hnh qun l. Cc tuyn truyn dn SDH hin c v ang c tip tc trin khai rng ri trn mng vin thng l s pht trin ng hng theo cu trc mng mi. Cn tip tc pht trin cc h thng truyn dn SDH v WDM, hn ch s dng cng ngh PDH. Ngoi ra, c th nhn thy rng th trng thng tin v tin trong khu vc c s pht trin mnh trong nhng nm gn y v s cn tip tc trong nhng nm ti. Cc loi hnh dch v v tinh rt pht trin nh: DTH tng tc, truy nhp Internet, cc dch v bng rng, HDTV, Ngoi cc ng dng ph bin i vi nhu cu thng tin qung b, vin thng nng thn, vi s s dng kt hp cc u im ca cng ngh CDMA, thng tin v tinh ngy cng c xu hng pht trin c bit trong lnh vc thng tin di ng v thng tin c nhn. Mt vn quan trng l ngy nay IP tr thnh giao din hon thin thc s cho cc mng li NGN. V vy cc mng truyn dn phi ti u cho iu khin lu lng IP. Mt gii php c tnh thuyt phc hin nay l hi t cc lp d liu v cc lp quang trong mng li. Vic hi t ny mang li mt s li th nh cung cp cc dch v tc cao, bo v dng thng tin lin tc cho mng quang vi chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS.

3.2.3.2. Cng ngh truy nhp

Trong xu hng pht trin NGN s duy tr nhiu loi hnh mng truy nhp vo mt mi truyn dn chung nh: - Mng truy nhp quang, - Mng truy nhp v tuyn, - Mng truy nhp cp ng s dng cc cng ngh ADSL, HDSL, - Cc mng truy nhp bng rng. Nhn chung l phi a dng ho cc phng thc truy nhp, c v tuyn v hu tuyn. Xu hng hin nay l tch cc pht trin v hon thin em vo ng dng rng ri cc cng ngh truy nhp tin tin nh truy nhp quang, truy nhp WLAN, truy nhp bng rng, c bit l trin khai rng hnh thc truy nhp ADSL v h thng di ng 3G.

3.2.3.3. Cng ngh chuyn mch

Chuyn mch cng l mt thnh phn trong lp mng truyn ti ca NGN. So vi hnh thc chuyn mch TDM trc y th cng ngh chuyn mch trong NGN c nhng thay i ln. 114

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Mng th h mi da trn nn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, cho php hot ng vi nhiu tc v c kh nng cung cp nhiu loai hnh dch v khc nhau. S la chn cng ngh chuyn mch cho NGN c th l IP, ATM hay MPLS. Tuy nhin, nhng nghin cu hon thin v cng ngh MPLS gn y ha hn cng ngh ny s l cng ngh chuyn mch ch o trong NGN. Bn cnh , mt cng ngh khc l chuyn mch quang cng ang c nghin cu v ch to th nghim. Trong tng lai s c cc chuyn mch quang phn chia theo khng gian, theo thi gian hay theo di bc sng. Hy vng l cc chuyn mch quang tc cao s sm c ng dng trong thc t. Sau y l nhng nt khi qut v c im cng ngh, cc u nhc im cng nh l kh nng ng dng ca tng loi cng ngh chuyn mch nhc n trn. IP S pht trin v ph bin ca IP l mt thc t khng ai c th ph nhn. Hin nay lng dch v ln nht trn cc mng ng trc trn thc t u l t IP. Trong cng tc tiu chun ha cc loi k thut, vic bo m tt hn cho IP tr thnh trng im ca cng tc nghin cu. IP l giao thc chuyn tip gi tin, trong vic chuyn gi tin c thc hin theo c ch phi kt ni. IP nh ngha c cu nh s, c cu chuyn tin, c cu nh tuyn v cc chc nng iu khin mc thp. Gi tin IP cha a ch ca bn gi v bn nhn. a ch IP l s nh danh duy nht trong ton mng v mang y thng tin cn cho vic chuyn gi tin ti ch. C cu nh tuyn c nhim v tnh ton ng i ti cc nt trong mng. Do vy, cc thit b nh tuyn phi c cp nht thng tin v topo mng, nguyn tc chuyn tin (nh trong BGP) v phi c kh nng hot ng trong mi trng mng nhiu cp. Kt qu tnh ton ca c cu nh tuyn c lu trong cc bng chuyn tip (forwarding table) cha thng tin v chng tip theo c th gi gi tin ti hng ch. Da trn cc bng ny, b nh tuyn chuyn cc gi tin IP ti ch. Phng thc chuyn tin truyn thng l theo tng chng mt. cch ny, mi nt mng thc hin vic tnh ton chuyn tip gi tin mt cch c lp. Do vy, yu cu kt qu tnh ton cc thng tin nh tuyn ti tt c cc nt phi nht qun vi nhau. S khng thng nht ca kt qu s dn n vic chuyn gi tin sai hng, iu ny ng ngha vi vic mt gi tin. Kiu chuyn gi tin theo tng chng hn ch kh nng ca mng. V d, vi phng thc ny, nu cc gi tin chuyn ti cng mt a ch i qua cng mt nt th chng s c truyn qua cng mt tuyn ti im ch. iu ny khin cho mng khng th thc hin mt s chc nng khc nh nh tuyn theo ch, theo dch v. Tuy nhin, phng thc nh tuyn v chuyn tin ny nng cao tin cy cng nh kh nng m rng ca mng. Giao thc nh tuyn ng cho php mng phn ng li vi s c bng vic thay i tuyn khi router bit c s thay i v topo mng thng qua vic cp nht thng tin v trng thi kt ni. Vi cc phng thc nh CDIR (Classless Inter Domain Routing), kch thc ca bn tin c duy tr mc chp nhn c, v do vic tnh ton nh tuyn u do cc nt t thc hin, mng c th m rng m khng cn bt c thay i no. Tm li, IP l mt giao thc chuyn mch gi c tin cy v kh nng m rng cao. Tuy nhin, vic iu khin lu lng rt kh thc hin do phng thc nh tuyn theo tng chng. Mt khc, IP cng khng h tr cht lng dch v (QoS). ATM 115

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Cng ngh ATM da trn c s ca phng php chuyn mch gi nhanh, trong thng tin c nhm vo cc gi tin c chiu di c nh v ngn. Cc chuyn mch ATM cho php hot ng vi nhiu tc v dch v khc nhau. ATM c hai c im quan trng. Th nht, ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l t bo (cell). Cc t bo nh vi tc truyn ln s lm cho tr truyn v bin ng tr gim nh i vi cc dch v thi gian thc, ng thi cng s to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng hn. Th hai, ATM c kh nng nhm mt vi knh o thnh mt ng o nhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng. nh tuyn trong ATM khc vi IP mt s im. ATM l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni. Kt ni t im u n im cui phi c thit lp trc khi thng tin c gi i. ATM yu cu kt ni phi c thit lp thng qua bo hiu. Mt khc, ATM khng thc hin nh tuyn ti cc nt trung gian. Tuyn kt ni xuyn sut c xc nh trc khi trao i d liu v c gi c nh trong sut thi gian kt ni. Trong qu trnh thit lp kt ni, cc tng i ATM trung gian cung cp cho kt ni mt nhn. Vic ny thc hin hai iu: dnh cho kt ni mt s ti nguyn v xy dng bng chuyn t bo ti mi tng i. Bng chuyn t bo ny c tnh cc b v ch cha thng tin v cc kt ni ang hot ng i qua tng i. iu ny khc vi thng tin v ton mng cha trong bng chuyn tin ca b nh tuyn IP. Qu trnh chuyn t bo qua tng i ATM cng tng t nh vic chuyn gi tin qua b nh tuyn. Tuy nhin, ATM c th chuyn mch nhanh hn v nhn gn trn t bo c kch thc c nh (nh hn ca IP), kch thc bng chuyn tin nh hn nhiu so vi ca b nh tuyn IP, v vic ny c thc hin trn cc thit b phn cng chuyn dng. Do vy, thng lng ca tng i ATM thng ln hn thng lng ca b nh tuyn IP truyn thng. IP over ATM K thut ATM, do c cc tnh nng nh tc cao, cht lng dch v v iu khin lu lng nn c s dng rng ri trn mng ng trc IP. Khi yu cu tnh thi gian thc trn mng li cao, IP over ATM l k thut c th c ngh n. C th ni MPLS chnh l s ci tin ca IP over ATM, cho nn vic nhn li mt cht v k thut ny y cng l iu cn thit. IP over ATM l k thut kiu xp chng, n xp IP (lp 3) ln trn ATM (lp 2). Do giao thc ca hai tng hon ton c lp vi nhau, gia chng phi nh mt lot giao thc na (nh NHRP, ARP,) mi m bo ni thng. iu hin nay trn thc t c ng dng rng ri. Nhng trong tnh trng mng li c m rng nhanh chng, cch xp chng cng gy ra nhiu vn cn xem xt li. Trc ht, vn ni bt nht l trong phng thc xp chng, khi cn thit lp, bo dng hay g b lin kt gia cc im nt, s vic phi lm (nh s VC, lng tin iu khin) s tng theo cp s nhn (bnh phng ca s im nt). iu ny c th gy nn nhiu phin phc, nht l khi mng li ngy cng rng ln th chi phi kiu s lm cho mng tr nn qu ti. Th hai l, phng thc xp chng s phn ct c mng li IP over ATM ra lm nhiu mng logic nh (LIS), cc LIS trn thc t u l trong mt mng vt l. Gia cc LIS dng b nh tuyn trung gian lin kt, iu ny s nh hng n vic truyn nhm gi tin gia cc LIS khc nhau. Mt khc, khi lu lng rt ln, nhng b nh tuyn ny s gy hin tng nghn c chai i vi bng rng. Hai im nu trn lm cho IP over ATM ch c th thch hp cho mng tng i nh nh mng x nghip, khng th p ng c nhu cu ca mng ng trc 116

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Internet trong tng lai. Trn thc t, c hai k thut IP v ATM ang tn ti vn yu km v kh nng m rng thm. Th ba l, vi phng thc chng xp, IP over ATM vn khng c cch no m bo QoS thc s. Vn th t l c hai k thut IP v ATM t ban u u c thit k ring l, khng xt g n k thut kia, iu ny lm cho s ni thng gia hai bn phi da vo mt lot giao thc phc tp, cng vi cc b phc v x l cc giao thc ny. Cch lm nh th c th gy nh hng khng tt i vi tin cy ca mng ng trc. Cc k thut MPOA (Multiprotocol over ATM a giao thc trn ATM), LANE (LAN Emulation M phng LAN), cng chnh l kt qu nghin cu gii quyt cc vn , nhng cc gii thut ny u ch gii quyt c mt phn cc tn ti, nh vn QoS chng hn. Phng thc m cc k thut ny dng vn l phng thc chng xp, kh nng m rng vn khng . Hin nay xut hin mt loi k thut IP over ATM khng dng phng thc xp chng, m dng phng thc chuyn mch nhn, p dng phng thc tch hp. K thut ny chnh l c s ca MPLS. MPLS Xt t gc cc nh thit k mng th s pht trin nhanh chng v m rng khng ngng ca Internet cng vi s tng vt v s lng cng nh tnh phc tp ca cc loi hnh dch v dn dn lm cho mng vin thng hin ti khng cn kham ni. Mt mt, cc nh khai thc than phin kh kim c li nhun, nhng mt khc th thu bao li ku ca l gi c qu cao, tc qu chm. Th trng bc bch i hi c mt mng tc cao hn vi gi c thp hn. y l nguyn nhn cn bn ra i mt lot cc k thut mi, trong c k thut chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS. Bt k k thut ATM tng c coi l nn tng ca mng s a dch v bng rng (BISDN), hay l IP t thnh cng ln trn th trng hin nay, u tn ti nhng nhc im kh khc phc c. S xut hin ca MPLS gip chng ta c c s chn la tt p cho cu trc mng thng tin tng lai. Phng php ny dung hp mt cch hu hiu nng lc iu khin lu lng ca thit b chuyn mch vi tnh linh hot ca b nh tuyn. Hin nay cng c nhiu ngi tin tng mt cch chc chn rng MPLS s l phng n l tng cho mng ng trc trong tng lai. MPLS tch chc nng ca IP router lm hai phn ring bit: chc nng chuyn gi tin v chc nng iu khin. Phn chc nng chuyn gi tin, vi nhim v gi gi tin gia cc router, s dng c ch hon i nhn tng t nh ATM. Trong MPLS, nhn l mt s c di c nh v khng ph thuc vo lp mng. K thut hon i nhn v bn cht l vic tm nhn ca mt gi tin trong mt bng cc nhn xc nh tuyn ca gi v nhn mi ca n. Vic ny n gin hn nhiu so vi vic x l gi tin theo kiu thng thng, v do vy, ci thin c kh nng ca thit b. Cc router s dng k thut ny c gi l LSR (Label Switch Router). Phn chc nng iu khin ca MPLS bao gm cc giao thc nh tuyn lp mng vi nhim v phn phi thng tin gia cc LSR, v th tc gn nhn chuyn thng tin nh tuyn thnh cc bng nh tuyn cho vic chuyn mch. MPLS c th hot ng c vi cc giao thc nh tuyn Internet khc nh OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) v BGP (Border Bateway Protocol). Do MPLS h tr vic iu khin lu lng v cho php thit lp tuyn c nh, vic 117

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

m bo cht lng dch v ca cc tuyn l hon ton kh thi. y l mt im vt tri ca MPLS so vi cc nh tuyn c in. Ngoi ra, MPLS cn c c ch chuyn tuyn nhanh (fast rerouting). Do MPLS l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni, kh nng b nh hng bi li ng truyn thng cao hn cc cng ngh khc. Trong khi , cc dch v tch hp m MPLS phi h tr li yu cu dung lng cao. Tuy nhin, kh nng phc hi ca MPLS m bo cung cp dch v ca mng khng ph thuc vo c cu khi phc li ca lp vt l bn di. Bn cnh tin cy, cng ngh MPLS cng khin cho vic qun l mng c d dng hn. Do MPLS qun l vic chuyn gi tin theo cc lung, cc gi tin thuc mt lp chuyn tip FEC c th c xc nh bi mt gi tr ca nhn. Nh , trong min MPLS, cc thit b o lu lng mng c th da trn nhn phn loi cc gi tin. Lu lng i qua cc tuyn chuyn mch nhn (LSP) c gim st mt cch d dng dng RTFM ( Real Time Flow Measurement). Bng cch gim st lu lng ti cc LSR, nghn lu lng s c pht hin v v tr xy ra nghn c th c xc nh nhanh chng. Tuy nhin, gim st lu lng theo phng php ny khng a ra c ton b thng tin v cht lng dch v (v d nh tr t im u n im cui trong min MPLS). Tm li, MPLS l mt cng ngh chuyn mch IP c nhiu trin vng. Vi tnh cht c cu nh tuyn ca mnh, MPLS c kh nng nng cao cht lng dch v ca mng IP truyn thng. Bn cnh , thng lng ca mng s c ci thin mt cch r rt. Tuy nhin, tin cy l mt vn thc tin c th khin vic trin khai MPLS trn mng Internet b chm li.

3.2.4. Cc t chc v hng pht trin NGN

Trn th gii c nhiu t chc quc t v vin thng, mi t chc li a ra cc b tiu chun ring cho mnh, do vy khi pht trin NGN cng c nhiu tng khc nhau c a ra bi nhiu t chc khc nhau. M hnh ca ITU Cu trc mng th h sau NGN nm trong m hnh cu trc thng tin ton cu GII (Global Information Infrastructure) do ITU a ra. M hnh ny gm 3 lp chc nng nh sau (hnh 3.8): Cc chc nng ng dng; Cc chc nng trung gian bao gm: Chc nng iu khin dch v, Chc nng qun l; Cc chc nng c s bao gm: Cc chc nng mng (gm chc nng truyn ti v chc nng iu khin), Cc chc nng lu tr v x l, Cc chc nng giao tip ngi my.

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Truyn thng v ni mng thng tin Cung cp dch v x l v lu tr thng tin phn tn

Cu trc

Giao din chng trnh ng dng Giao din chng trnh c s

Cc chc nng ng dng

Cc chc nng trung gian

Cc chc nng c s Chc nng iu khin Chc nng truyn ti

Cung cp dch v truyn thng chung

Chc nng iu khin Chc nng truyn ti

Cc chc nng giao tip ngimy

Cc chc nng x l v lu tr

Hnh 3.8: Cc chc nng GII v mi quan h gia chng Mt s hng nghin cu ca IETF Theo IETF cu trc h tng mng thng tin ton cu cn c mng truyn ti s dng giao thc IP vi bt c cng ngh lp no. Ngha l IP cn c kh nng truyn ti kt hp vi cc mng truy nhp v ng trc s dng cc giao thc kt ni khc nhau. i vi mng truy nhp, IETF c IP trn mng cp v IP trn mi trng v tuyn. i vi mng ng trc, IETF c hai giao thc chnh l IP trn ATM v IP vi giao thc im ni im PPP trn nn mng phn cp s ng b SONET/SDH. M hnh IP over ATM xem IP nh mt lp trn lp ATM v nh ngha cc mng con IP trn nn mng ATM. Phng thc tip cn ny cho php IP v ATM hot ng vi nhau m khng cn thay i giao thc. Tuy nhin phng thc ny khng tn dng ht kh nng ca ATM v khng thch hp vi mng nhiu router v khng t hiu qu cao. IETF cng l t chc a ra nhiu tiu chun v MPLS. Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS l kt qu pht trin IP Switching s dng c ch hon i nhn nh ATM truyn gi tin m khng cn thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn ca IP. M hnh ca MSF MSF (Multiservice Switch Forum - din n chuyn mch a dch v) a ra m hnh cu trc mng chuyn mch a dch v (hnh 3.9) bao gm cc lp: Lp thch ng Lp chuyn mch Lp iu khin Lp ng dng Ngoi ra trong m hnh ca MSF cn c lp qun l l mt lp c bit xuyn sut cc lp thch ng, chuyn mch v iu khin. Trong cn phn bit chc nng qun l vi chc nng iu khin. Lp iu khin c nhim v kt ni cung cp cc dch v thng sut t u cui ti u cui vi bt c loi giao thc v bo hiu no.

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Lp ng dng

Cc giao thc, giao din, API bo hiu/IN tiu chun

Lp iu khin

B iu khin IP/MPLS

B iu khin
Voice/SS7

B iu khin
ATM/SVC

...
Lp

Lp chuyn mch

Multiservice

Chuyn mch lai ghp

qun l

Lp thch ng
TCP/IP Video Voice TDM FR ATM

...

Cc giao thc , giao din m rng

Cc giao din logic v vt l tiu chun

Hnh 3.9: Cu trc mng chuyn mch a dch v M hnh ca ETSI ETSI vn ang tip tc tho lun v m hnh cu trc mng th h sau NGN. Vi mc tiu cung cp tt c cc dch v vin thng truyn thng v cc dch v mi bao gm: PSTN/ISDN, X25, FR, ATM, IP, GSM, GPRS, IMT2000, ETSI phn chia nghin cu cu trc mng theo cc lnh vc: Lp truyn ti trn c s cng ngh quang Mng li dung lng cao trn c s cng ngh gi IP/ATM iu khin trn nn IP Dch v v ng dng trn nn IP Qun l trn c s IT v IP Theo phn lp ca ETSI th NGN c 5 lp chc nng. Cc ng dng t nh khai thc mng c cung cp cho khch hng thng qua cc giao din dch v. Cc giao din dch v c phn thnh 4 loi: giao din dch v thoi, giao din dch v s liu, giao din dch v tnh cc v giao din dch v ch dn (hnh 3.10).

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Cc nh khai thc mng v cc ng dng i vi khch hng
Giao din dch v thoi Giao din dch v s liu Giao din dch v tnh cc Giao din dch v ch dn

Chc nng mng thng minh c bn Chc nng mng c bn Chc nng chuyn ti mng

Hnh 3.10: Cu trc chc nng mng NGN theo ETSI

3.2.5. S tin ha ln NGN v cc vn cn quan tm

Mc tiu tin ti NGN S tin ha ca mng vin thng ln NGN nhm t c cc mc tiu sau: Cung cp a loi hnh dch v vi gi thnh thp, ng thi m bo thi gian a dch v mi ra th trng c rt ngn. Gim chi ph khai thc mng v dch v. Nng cao ti a hiu qu u t. To ra nhng ngun doanh thu mi, khng ph thuc vo ngun doanh thu t cc dch v truyn thng. Yu cu chung khi xy dng NGN Vic xy dng mng NGN cn m bo cc yu cu c bn sau y: Trnh lm nh hng n cc chc nng cng nh vic cung cp dch v ca mng hin ti. Tin ti cung cp dch v thoi v s liu trn cng mt h tng thng tin duy nht. ng thi phi h tr cc thit b khch hng ang s dng. Mng phi c cu trc n gin, gim thiu s cp chuyn mch v chuyn tip truyn dn nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng, cht lng mng li v gim chi ph khai thc bo dng. Cu trc t chc mng khng ph thuc vo nh gii hnh chnh. Cu trc chuyn mch phi m bo an ton, da trn chuyn mch gi. H thng qun l mng, dch v phi c tnh tp trung cao. Vic chuyn i phi thc hin theo tng bc v theo nhu cu ca th trng. Hn ch u t cc k thut phi NGN cng lc vi vic trin khai v hon thin cc cng ngh mi. Phi bo ton vn u t ca nh khai thc. 121

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Xc nh cc giai on cn thit chuyn sang NGN. C cc sch lc thch hp cho tng giai on chuyn hng vic trin khai NGN c n nh v an ton. L trnh chuyn i Qu trnh chuyn i t mng hin ti sang NGN c th c thc hin thng qua cc bc sau: u tin gii quyt phn ti lu lng Internet cho tng i chuyn mch ni ht. m bo cung cp dch v truy nhp bng rng ti cc thnh ph ln trc. To c s h tng thng tin bng rng pht trin cc dch v a phng tin, phc v cc chng trnh tin hc ha v chnh ph in t ca quc gia. u tin thc hin trn mng lin tnh trc nhm p ng nhu cu v thoi v tng hiu qu s dng cc tuyn truyn dn ng trc. Mng ni tnh thc hin c trng im ti cc thnh ph c nhu cu truyn s liu, truy nhp Internet bng rng. Lp t cc thit b chuyn mch th h mi, cc my ch phc v cc dch v a phng tin cht lng cao. Cc hng pht trin NGN Ni chung vic xy dng NGN c th c nhn di hai gc ca hai nh khai thc dch v khc nhau: cc nh cung cp dch v truyn thng (ESP Established Service Provider) v nh cung cp dch v mi (ISP Internet Service Provider hoc ASP Application Service Provider). Tu vo hin trng ca mng hin ti v quan im ca nh khai thc m c th chn mt trong hai hng pht trin NGN: xy dng mng hon ton mi v xy dng trn c s mng hin c. i vi cc nh cung cp dch v truyn thng, hng pht trin c th l t chc li mng c nng lc x l cc dch v bng rng, gim s lng cc phn t mng xp chng nhm ti u ha mng PSTN. Mt khc cn tng bc trin khai cc cng ngh v dch v ca mng th h mi, khi u bng vic trin khai VoIP mc qu giang x l lu lng Internet, kt ni lu lng mng di ng v cc lu lng khng th d bo trc (s liu). Vic nh hng chuyn mch qu giang sang NGN c tin hnh ng thi vi vic lp t cc cng tch hp VoIP, thit b iu khin cng phng tin MGC hot ng theo cc giao thc chuyn mch mm nh MEGACO, MGCP, SIP, SIGTRAN, BICC, Song song vi vic trin khai cng ngh l phi xy dng mt mng ng trc duy nht, nng lc truyn ti cng lc nhiu loi hnh lu lng s pht sinh khi cung cp cc dch v NGN. i vi cc nh cung cp dch v ISP hoc ASP, do c sn h tng chuyn mch gi nn cc nh khai thc ny rt thun li trong vic xy dng mng NGN. Khi tin hnh trin khai mng th h sau h c th lp t cc b iu khin cng phng tin MGC, cc server truy nhp mng NAS (Network Access Server) v cc server truy nhp bng rng BRAS (Broadband Remote Access Server), ng thi s dng cc giao thc bo hiu SIP, H.323, SIGTRAN, cho VoIP v cc giao thc mi b sung cho mng. Nh vy c th thy rng c nhiu gii php c a ra nhm p ng nhu cu ca cc nh khai thc mun chuyn t mng truyn thng sang mng th h sau. Cc ESP c xu hng xy dng NGN da trn c s mng hin ti, cn cc ISP/ASP thun li hn khi pht trin NGN theo quan im th hai l xy dng mng hon ton mi. Song d xy dng mng theo xu hng 122

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

no th vic pht trin mng u phi da vo nhu cu mi ca khch hng thu ht v gi khch hng. iu ny cng c ngha l cc nh khai thc s trin khai mng NGN theo hng p ng cho nhu cu pht trin dch v ca khch hng. Cc vn cn quan tm khi trin khai NGN Mc d vic tin ti NGN c khng nh l tt yu, trong qu trnh trin khai vn cn nhiu vn cn quan tm nghin cu v cn nhc c th a ra gii php chuyn i thch hp. Trc ht, cc nh khai thc dch v vin thng phi xem xt mng TDM m h tn rt nhiu chi ph u t quyt nh xy dng mt NGN xp chng hay thm ch thay th cc tng i truyn thng bng nhng chuyn mch cng ngh mi sau ny. Mt s la chn hp l c th l gim cc cp chuyn mch, c bit l cc tng i ni ht v chuyn dn cc loi thu bao sang thnh thu bao NGN. Cc nh khai thc cn tm ra phng php cung cp cc dch v mi cho khch hng ca h trong thi k qu trc khi cc mng ca h chuyn sang NGN mt cch y . Vn ln cn nhc ti khi chuyn sang cng ngh gi l phi h tr dch v thoi qua IP v hng lot cc dch v gi tr gia tng khc trong khi c ch best effort phn phi cc gi tin khng cn p ng na. Mt thch thc cn bn l m rng mng IP theo nhiu hng, nhiu kh nng cung cp dch v trong khi vn gi c u th gn nh ca mng IP. Mt kha cnh khc l quy m mng phi ln cung cp cho khch hng nhm chng li hin tng tc nghn c chai trong lu lng ca mng li. Vic tng s lng cc giao din m cng lm tng nguy c mt an ninh mng. Do vic m bo an ton thng tin mng chng li s xm nhp tri php t bn ngoi tr thnh vn sng cn ca cc nh khai thc mng. Ngoi ra, khi m rng mng phi m bo p ng cc yu cu v tin cy, ng thi cc dch v trin khai phi c ti u ho trong vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn mng. Vn cng khng km phn quan trng l phi pht trin cc gii php qun l thch hp cho NGN trong mi trng a nh khai thc v a loi hnh dch v. Mc d cn mt nhiu thi gian v cng sc trc khi h thng qun l mng c trin khai nhng mc tiu ny vn c gi tr v s mang li nhiu li ch nh gim thiu cc chi ph vn hnh, khai thc v qun l mng.

3.2.6. Kin trc phn lp mng NGN theo m hnh Call Server
Cho n nay NGN vn l xu hng pht trin mi, cha c mt khuyn ngh chnh thc no ca ITU v cu trc NGN. Cc hng khai thc v cung cp thit b vin thng a ra mt s m hnh khc nhau. Cc din n, hip hi v t chc vin thng khc cng ang c gng tin ti nhng nguyn tc v chun chung cho mng NGN. T cc m hnh ny c th thy cu trc mng vin thng th h sau c c im chung l bao gm cc lp chc nng sau: lp truy nhp v truyn dn, lp truyn thng v lp iu khin. Nu xem xt t gc kinh doanh v cung cp dch v th cn c thm lp ng dng dch v. Trong mi trng pht trin cnh tranh th s c rt nhiu thnh phn tham gia kinh doanh trong lp ng dng dch v ny. Ngoi ra, trong m hnh cu trc mng cn c lp qun l l mt lp c bit xuyn sut bn lp trn. Kt ni gia cc lp chc nng l cc giao din lp trnh m API (hnh 3.11).

123

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Lp ng dng
Giao din m API

Lp iu khin Lp qun l
Giao din m API

Lp truyn thng
Giao din m API

Lp truy nhp v truyn dn

Hnh 3.11: Cu trc mng th h sau (t gc dch v)

3.2.6.1. Lp truy nhp v truyn ti

+

Phn truy nhp Vi truy nhp v tuyn c cc h thng thng tin di ng GSM hoc CDMA, truy nhp v tuyn c nh, v tinh. Trong tng li cc h thng truy nhp khng dy s pht trin rt nhanh nh truy nhp hng ngoi, bluetooth hay WLAN (802.11). Vi truy nhp hu tuyn, hin nay c cp ng v xDSL ang c s dng. Tuy vy trong tng lai truyn dn quang DWDM, PON s dn chim u th, th trng ca xDSL v modem s dn thu nh li. Lp truy nhp cung cp cc kt ni gia thu bao u cui v mng ng trc qua cng giao tip thch hp. NGN cng cung cp hu ht cc truy nhp chun cng nh khng chun ca cc thit b u cui nh: truy nhp a dch v, in thoi IP, my tnh PC, tng i ni b PBX,

Phn truyn ti Ti lp vt l cc cng ngh truyn dn quang nh SDH, WDM hay DWDM s c s dng. Cng ngh ATM hay IP c th c s dng trn mng li m bo QoS. Cc router c s dng bin mng li khi lu lng ln. Khi lu lng nh switchrouter c th m nhn lun chc nng nhng router ny. Lp truyn ti c kh nng h tr cc mc QoS khc nhau cho cng mt dch v v cho cc dch v khc nhau. Lp ng dng s a ra cc yu cu v nng lc truyn ti v n s thc hin yu cu .

3.2.6.2. Lp truyn thng

Lp truyn thng gm cc thit b l cc cng phng tin MG (Media Gateway) nh:

124

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

+

Cng truy nhp: AG kt ni gia mng li v mng truy nhp, RG kt ni mng li v mng thu bao nh. Cng giao tip: TG kt ni mng li vi mng PSTN/ISDN, WG kt ni mng li vi mng di ng.

Lp ny chu trch nhim chuyn i cc loi mi trng (FR, PSTN, LAN, v tuyn, ) sang mi trng truyn dn gi c p dng trn mng li v ngc li.

3.2.6.3. Lp iu khin
Lp iu khin bao gm cc h thng iu khin m thnh phn chnh l Softswitch cn gi l MGC hay Call Agent, c kt ni vi cc thnh phn khc nhau nh SG, MS, FS, AS kt ni cuc gi hay qun l a ch IP. Lp iu khin c nhim v kt ni cung cp cc dch v truyn thng t u cui n u cui vi bt k loi giao thc bo hiu no. Cc chc nng qun l v chm sc khch hng cng c tch hp trong lp iu khin. Nh c giao din m nn c s tch bit gia dch v v truyn dn, iu ny cho php cc dch v mi c a vo nhanh chng v d dng. Hin nay lp iu khin vn rt phc tp, kh nng tng thch gia cc thit b ca cc hng l vn cn quan tm. Cc giao thc, giao din bo hiu v iu khin kt ni rt a dng, cn cha c chun ho v ang tip tc pht trin. Do vy, cn c thi gian xem xt v quan tm n tnh tng thch ca cc loi giao din v giao thc khi la chn thit b mi.

3.2.6.4. Lp ng dng
Lp ny gm cc nt thc thi dch v (thc cht l cc server dch v), c chc nng cung cp cc ng dng cho khch hng thng qua lp truyn ti. Cc dch v cung cp c th l dch v mng thng minh IN, dch v tr tin trc, dch v gi tr gia tng Internet, v.v. H thng ng dng v dch v mng ny lin kt vi lp iu khin thng qua cc giao din m API. Nh giao din m ny m cc nh cung cp c th trin khai nhanh chng cc dch v trn mng. Lp ng dng cung cp cc dch v c bng thng khc nhau v nhiu mc . Mt s dch v s thc hin lm ch vic iu khin logic ca chng v truy nhp trc tip ti lp ng dng, cn mt s dch v khc s thc hin iu khin t lp iu khin.

3.2.6.5. Lp qun l
Lp qun l l mt lp c bit xuyn sut cc lp t kt ni cho n ng dng. Ti lp qun l ngi ta c th khai thc hoc xy dng mng qun l vin thng TMN nh mt mng ring theo di v iu phi cc thnh phn mng ang hot ng. Cc chc nng qun l c ch trng l qun l mng, qun l dch v v qun l kinh doanh. 3.2.7. Chc nng v hot ng ca cc phn t mng NGN khng phi l mng hon ton mi c xy dng t u. Trong cu trc vt l ca NGN cn c cc thnh phn m bo vic kt ni vi cc mng hin hnh v tn dng cc thit b vin thng hin c nhm t c hiu qu khai thc ti a. Cc phn t chnh trong mng th h sau c th thy r trn hnh 3.12.

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Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Hnh 3.12: Cc thnh phn chnh trong mng th h sau C rt nhiu thit b k thut c ch ra trn hnh v, song y s ch cp n nhng thit b th hin r nt s tin tin ca NGN so vi mng vin thng truyn thng. C th nhng thit b c trnh by trong phn ny l cng phng tin (MG), b iu khin cng phng tin (MGC), cng bo hiu (SG), my ch phng tin (MS) v my ch ng dng/c tnh (AS/FS).

3.2.7.1. Cng phng tin - MG

Cng phng tin (Media Gateway - MG) l thit b chuyn i giao thc ng khung v truyn ti t loi mng ny sang mt nh dng yu cu ca mt loi mng khc, thng thng l t dng chuyn mch knh sang dng gi. Thc t, n chuyn i gia cc m truyn trong mng IP (truyn trn RTP/UDP/IP) vi m ho truyn trong mng SCN (PCM, GSM). Vic chuyn i ny c iu khin bng Softswitch. MG thc hin vic m ho, gii m v nn d liu. Cc hot ng ny c thc hin bi cc b x l tn hiu s DSP. Ngoi ra, MG cn tp hp d liu cho vic tnh cc v h thng chm sc khch hng (kh nng cung cp h s, h tr nhanh cuc gi c trong thi gian thc v phi thi gian thc) hay pht hin ngng d liu nu yu cu. MG h tr cc giao thc nh tuyn chnh nh OSPF, IS-IS, BGP. Ty theo v tr v chc nng, ngi ta phn ra nhiu loi cng phng tin khc nhau:
-

MG trung k (TG - Trunking Gateway): kt ni cc chuyn mch thuc PSTN/ISDN ti phn li NGN; MG truy nhp (AG - Access Gateway) kt ni gia mng li NGN vi mng truy nhp; MG dn c (RG - Regidental Gateway): Kt ni mng li NGN vi mng thu bao nh dn;

126

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

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MG truy nhp di ng (WAG Wireless Access Gateway): cho php cc khch hng ca mng di ng 3G kt ni ti NGN; MG trung k di ng (WG Wireless Gateway): cho php mng di ng 3G kt ni ti NGN; MG bo hiu (SG Signalling Gateway): chuyn i tn hiu bo hiu s 7 gia mng chuyn mch knh v mng gi.

Yu cu chnh i vi MG l phi cung cp cht lng thoi tt, c th l phi m bo tr v t l mt gi thp. Nhng trong trng hp di thng quan trng hn cht lng th vic nn d liu li l mt c tnh quan trng. MG cung cp tp hp cc codec thoi nh G723.1, G711, G729, G726, GSM v cc h tr cn thit khc cho php la chn cc yu cu v cht lng thoi v gii thng. Thm vo , cc c tnh nh kh ting vng v b m jitter cng nhm ci tin cht lng thoi v tin nghi ngi dng. MG h tr lp khong lng v to cc nhiu nn gim khi lng ti trong mng. Mt yu cu gn nh bt buc i vi MG l tnh m. iu ny cho php kt ni MG vi cc phn t mng khc nh MGC s dng cc giao thc chun nh MGCP, MEGACO/H.248 hay SIP. Vic s dng cc giao thc chun cho php nh iu hnh t ph thuc nht vo cc nh cung cp v thun tin trong vic thay th cc phn t mng. Ngy nay cc Media Gateway h tr IPv4, nhng chng c th pht trin h tr IPv6 l chun c mong i cho tng lai. Vn quan trng khc l tnh bo mt. Ngi dng khng c nhn thc s khng th s dng MG. Trong thit b Media Gateway s dng cc giao thc nhn thc nh PAP, CHAP hay IPSec. linh hot ca cc Gateway l mt yu cu quan trng, bi v n cho php nh iu hnh mng m rng mng nu cn thit. Ngoi ra, tin cy cng l mt yu t khng th thiu i vi cc thit b MG.

3.2.7.2. B iu khin cng phng tin - MGC

B iu khin cng phng tin (Media Gateway Controller - MGC) l thnh phn chnh ca h thng Softswitch. N a ra cc quy lut x l cuc gi, cn MG v SG s thc hin cc quy lut . MGC iu khin SG thit lp v kt thc cuc gi. Ngoi ra n cn giao tip vi h thng OS v BSS. MGC chnh l cu ni gia cc mng c c tnh khc nhau, nh PSTN, SS7, mng IP. N chu trch nhim qun l lu lng thoi v d liu qua cc mng khc nhau. N cng c gi l Call Agent do chc nng iu khin cc bn tin. Call Agent thc hin iu khin cuc gi lin quan ti m hnh cuc gi, chuyn giao tn hiu v iu khin cng phng tin. N phi cung cp mt giao din ph hp vi Application Server c th iu khin dch v v chnh sch. Cc Call Agent phi hp tc hot ng vi nhau thc hin mt cuc gi c bn. Truyn thng gia cc MGC c thc hin bi cc giao thc chun nh BICC hay SIP-T. Ngoi ra, Call Agent cng cho php cc u cui IP kt ni trc tip s dng cc giao thc in hnh nh SIP hay H.323 (hnh 3.13). Softswitch thc hin vic nh tuyn v nh s c bn, bo hiu s 7, thu thp d liu lu lng, bo dng h thng, iu khin qu ti, ghi s liu cc, c chc nng iu khin mng, cung cp cc dch v mng thng minh v dch v mng IP. MGC kt hp cng MG, SG v cc thnh phn khc nh MS, FS, AS kt ni cuc gi hay qun l a ch IP. 127

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Hnh 3.13: Vai tr v v tr ca Call Agent trong m hnh mng th h mi Yu cu chnh i vi cc MGC l tnh m, c ngha l cho php s dng cc giao thc chun v giao din lp trnh ng dng m. Tnh nng ny m bo tnh c lp ca cc nh cung cp i vi s pht trin ca dch v v cho php s dng dch v ba bn. Tuy nhin, hin nay cc giao thc chun v giao din lp trnh ng dng cha hon thin m bo tng thch hon ton.

3.2.7.3. Cng bo hiu - SG

Cng bo hiu (Signalling Gateway - SG) to ra chic cu ni gia mng bo hiu SS7 vi mng IP di s iu khin ca Media Gateway Controller (MGC). SG lm cho MGC ging nh mt nt SS7 trong mng bo hiu SS7. Nhim v ca SG l x l thng tin bo hiu. Cng bo hiu m nhim cc chc nng sau:
-

Cung cp vic lin kt bo hiu gia mng TDM v mng gi. Ph thuc vo loi bo hiu s dng (ISUP, ISDN, V5.2, ...), SIGTRAN c s dng hiu qu (m bo thi gian thc) v tin cy (h tr khng mt gi v jitter trong mng gi). Vi thoi v bo hiu c nhn trn cng mt knh, chc nng SG thng c tch hp trn MG. Vi ISUP quasi-associated (s dng STP) th SG l thit b c lp.

3.2.7.4. My ch phng tin - MS

My ch phng tin (Media Server - MS) l thnh phn la chn ca Softswitch, c s dng x l cc thng tin c bit. MS cung cp chc nng tng tc gia ngi gi v cc ng dng thng qua thit b vin thng, v d n c th tr li cuc gi, pht thng bo, c th, cung cp cc lnh thoi nh s dng cng ngh nhn dng ting ni. MS phn pht dch v thoi v 128

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

video trn mng gi, nh cu hi ngh (nu dch v ny khng c MG h tr), thng bo (cc thng bo n gin do MG gi), IN v mt s tng tc ngi dng. Chc nng MS c th c tch hp trong Softswitch hoc MG. Cc chc nng ny c th l bt buc hoc la chn. C hai nhm chc nng chnh l:
-

Cc chc nng ti nguyn phng tin nh tch tone, tng hp thoi, phng tin nhn dng ting ni, ... Cc chc nng iu khin phng tin nh nhc, ghi bn tin, v.v.

Trn th trng, MS l nhng thit b c iu khin bng SIP, MGCP hoc H.248/Megaco v l gii php ca SRPs (Service Resource Point) h tr cho IN. Mt Media Server phi h tr phn cng DSP vi hiu sut cao nht.

3.2.7.5. My ch ng dng/c tnh AS/FS

My ch c tnh (Feature Server FS) l mt server lp ng dng cha mt lot dch v ca doanh nghip. Chnh v vy n cn c gi l my ch ng dng thng mi (Application Server). My ch c tnh xc nh tnh hp l v h tr cc thng s dch v thng thng cho h thng a chuyn mch. Gia Softswitch v FS c th s dng cc giao thc chun hoc giao din chng trnh ng dng m API. V hu ht cc AS/FS t qun l cc dch v v truyn thng qua mng IP nn chng khng rng buc nhiu vi Softswitch v vic phn chia hay nhm cc thnh phn ng dng. Mc tiu chnh ca my ch ng dng l iu khin v qun l cc ng dng mt cch hiu qu, kinh t v nhanh chng. N cho php a ra cc dch v mi khng cn cp nht phn mm Softswitch trong thi gian ngn. Mt dch v mi c th c pht trin bi bn thn cc nh khai thc mng. Cc my ch ng dng iu khin tt c cc logic v kt ni ng dng. Phn mm my ch ng dng c th n gin ho vic kt ni cc h thng web mi, cc h thng t trong cc v tr khc nhau v cc h thng k tha thng qua web client. Sau y l mt s tnh nng c bn ca cc my ch ng dng. Tnh nng chung
-

Server ng dng phi cung cp s tch hp Web h tr giao din Web cho ngi qun l, khai thc v bo tr.

Tnh nng xc thc v bo mt

-

iu khin cc phn t mng thc hin xc thc, cp php v cc kh nng tnh ton cho cc dch v c cung cp; Tr gip c ch ng k, c th l yu cu ng k SIP hoc H.323; Cung cp cc dch v bo mt nh m ho hay xc thc m bo truy cp bo mt ti cc dch v.

Tnh nng truyn thng

-

Truyn thng vi cc ng dng trong hoc ngoi; Truyn thng vi cc my ch iu khin ti nguyn mng bn ngoi.

Tnh nng cung cp d liu 129

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

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Cung cp c s d liu thu bao v dch v; Qun l giao dch trn c s ca cc lut ACID. Ni chung, nh qun tr giao dch hoc b gim st c thit k nhn thc khi nim ACID.

Tnh nng hot ng, qun l v iu khin

-

Qun l dch v, bao gm cc phn t lin quan n kim ton, c tnh dch v, Qun l h thng, bao gm cc phn t lin quan n hot ng, qun l v khai thc cc my ch ng dng (v d nh qun l cnh bo, gim st c tnh, bt gi v khi phc h hng, ). Qun l thi gian vng i dch v, bao gm tr gip s trin khai dch v, cung cp dch v, thu dch v, kch hot v gii kch hot dch v, xc nh phin bn ca dch v,

Tnh nng thc hin dch v

-

Tr gip thc hin a ng dng hay a trng hp ca cng ng dng; Mi trng tr gip thc hin dch v, bao gm tp cc kh nng c lp dch v truy cp cc h thng bn ngoi thng qua cc giao thc, giao din chng trnh ng dng qun l cc phin dch v, truy cp dch v, cc s kin v khai bo, ng nhp v tng tc logic dch v,

Nh vy, my ch ng dng s l nn cng ngh thng tin, ng vai tr kin to dch v trong mng thng minh nhm m rng tnh nng ca chng bao ph cc tnh hung mi ca mng. Cc giao din gia my ch ng dng v mi trng kin to ng dng c th c cung cp trn c s cc cng c nh ngn ng CPL. S thc hin ng dng s c thi hnh sau khi np m ng dng (m thng c phin dch) trn mi trng server ng dng. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy, my ch ng dng phi h tr ngn ng kch bn c s dng. 3.2.8. iu khin kt ni trong mng NGN Trong chng trc trnh by v cu trc mng v cc thit b k thut cu thnh nn mng NGN. Ni dung ca chng ny s gii thiu cc vn lin quan n kt ni v iu khin kt ni trong mng NGN thng qua cc giao thc khc nhau. cc thit b trong mng c th phi hp hot ng vi nhau cn phi s dng rt nhiu giao thc, tuy nhin y s ch trnh by nhng giao thc tiu biu lin quan n vn bo hiu v iu khin cc thit b k thut nu trn.

3.2.8.1. Vai tr ca iu khin kt ni trong NGN

Trong cu trc mng NGN chc nng iu khin kt ni c tch ring thnh mt lp v y ln nm trn lp truyn ti v di lp ng dng/dch v. Lp iu khin kt ni c t chc thnh mt cp cho ton mng nhm gim s cp mng v tn dng ti a nng lc x l cuc gi ca cc thit b th h mi vi mc tiu gim chi ph u t. Lp iu khin c nhim v thng nht cc tiu chun kt ni gia cc nh cung cp dch v v nh cung cp mng cng nh l gia cc nh cung cp mng thnh vin, nhm m bo thng sut vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng n ngi s dng. 130

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Vi cc chc nng iu khin lp truyn ti, truy nhp v cung cp cc dch v mng NGN, lp iu khin bao gm nhiu module nh: iu khin kt ni ATM, iu khin kt ni IP/MPLS, (hnh 3.14). Cc thit b ca lp truyn ti v truy nhp c iu khin v kt ni thng qua giao din API. Cc ng dng v dch v cho khch hng c iu khin bng cc server c lp vi mng truyn ti. Cc b iu khin nh IP/MPLS Controller, ATM/SVC Controller, Voice/SS7 Controller c t tng ng vi v tr ca cc nt Core ti cc vng lu lng chnh.
Feature AIN or CS-x

COPS ISDN xDSL ATM Access Router

SIP Controllers BICC or SIP

Controllers PTS SS7 SS7

SS7

POTS ISDN xDSL ATM Access Gateway Trunk Gateway NB

NB

Mng li ATM/IP/MPLS

PSTN

Hnh 3.14: Kt ni v iu khin cc phn t trong mng NGN Vic t chc kt ni cc mng hin thi (PSTN, PLMN, Internet, ) c thc hin thng qua cc cng Media Gateway (MG). Giao thc iu khin s dng l MGCP hoc Megaco/H.248. Cc thit b Softswitch hay MGC trn mng c kt ni vi nhau qua knh bo hiu BICC hoc SIP. Trn hnh 3.15 minh ha cu trc lp iu khin bo hiu v cc giao thc lin quan trong gii php mng NGN ca Siemens.

131

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

SG

H thng qun l mng Corba, SNMP, API,PINT BICC Sigtran

SG

SS7

link

C7/IP Sigtran

C7/IP Sigtran

SS7

link

Softswitch
MGC STP

Softswitch
MGC

H.248/Megaco Sigtran

H.248/Megaco

Sigtran

STP

PSTN

PSTN

MG

Mng IP (ATM, MPLS)

MG

ATM ISDN xDSL

Nt truy nhp, MG Nt truy nhp, MG Knh Trung k Knh Trung k

ATM ISDN xDSL

Hnh 3.15: Cu trc v cc giao thc iu khin bo hiu trong mng NGN

3.2.8.2. Hot ng ca h thng da trn chuyn mch mm

Vi chc nng chuyn mch v iu khin cuc gi, softswitch l thnh phn chnh trong mng th h sau NGN. Mt cch n gin, chng ta c th hiu softswitch l h thng chuyn mch da trn phn mm, thc hin c y cc chc nng ca cc tng i in t truyn thng. Ngoi ra, softswitch cn cho php lin kt gia cc mng IP, Mobile v PSTN truyn thng, iu khin v chuyn mch lu lng hn hp thoi-d liu-video. Softswitch l h thng mm do, tch hp c c chc nng ca tng i ni ht hoc tandem vi chc nng tng i doanh nghip (PBX). Tuy nhin, khc vi mng chuyn mch knh da trn cc tng i in t, lu lng cuc gi trong mng chuyn mch mm khng i qua softswitch, cc u cui trao i d liu vi nhau thng qua cc thit b ca lp truyn thng. M hnh h thng M hnh ti thiu ca h thng da trn chuyn mch mm cho trn hnh 3.16. T hnh v c th thy cc khi c bn ca h thng bao gm: chuyn mch mm (softswitch hay MGC Media Gateway Controller), cng kt ni SS7/IP, cc cng phng tin MG (Media Gateway), khi tnh cc, h thng qun l, cc my ch ng dng v thnh phn cui cng khng th thiu l mng li chuyn mch gi. Theo thut ng chuyn mch mm th chc nng chuyn mch vt l c thc hin bi cng phng tin Media Gateway (MG), cn x l cuc gi l chc nng ca b iu khin cng phng tin Media Gateway Controller (MGC).

132

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

H thng Qun l H thng Tnh cc

Cc ng dng Mng bo hiu SS7 Chuyn mch mm

MGCP IP ATM Media Gateway Mng gi

(Packet Network)

Megaco T D M Media Gateway

T D M

IP ATM

Hnh 3.16. M hnh ca h thng da trn chuyn mch mm Nh trn hnh v ta cng thy r trong chuyn mch mm cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng l cc module ring bit nhau, phn mm x l iu khin cuc gi khng ph thuc vo phn cng chuyn mch vt l cng nh mi trng li truyn thng tin. Cn i vi mng truyn thng th tt c cc thnh phn u tch hp trong mt thit b phn cng. Nh vy, mng chuyn mch mm l mng x l tp trung v mt logic nhng ti nguyn phn tn, chuyn mch cuc gi c thc hin trn nn mng chuyn mch gi v to ra nhiu u th vt tri so vi mng truyn thng. Cc u im c bn ca mng chuyn mch mm c th k n nh sau. Th nht, chuyn mch mm cho php c mt gii php phn mm chung i vi vic x l cuc gi. Phn mm ny c ci t trn nhiu loi mng khc nhau, bao gm c mng chuyn mch knh v mng gi (p dng c vi cc dng gi v mi trng truyn dn khc nhau). Th hai, do phn mm iu khin c th chy trn cc h iu hnh v mi trng my tnh chun, cho php tit kim mt cch ng k chi ph trong vic pht trin v ng dng cc phn mm x l cuc gi. Th ba, chuyn mch mm cho php cc phn mm thng minh ca nh cung cp dch v c th iu khin t xa thit b chuyn mch t ti tr s ca khch hng. y l mt yu t quan trng trong vic khai thc tim nng ca mng trong tng lai. Cc chc nng MGC MGC hay Softswitch l trung tm ca mng NGN. N c nhim v to cu ni gia cc mng c c tnh khc nhau bao gm PSTN, SS7 v IP. Khc vi tng i truyn thng, trong MGC tt c cc chc nng iu khin hay chuyn mch u do phn mm m nhim. Cc chc nng chnh ca MGC c th hin trn hnh 3.17.

133

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Hnh 3.17. Cc chc nng chnh ca MGC Nhim v ca tng thc th chc nng c th nh sau: AS-F (Application Server Function) l thc th thi hnh cc ng dng, c nhim v chnh l cung cp cc logic dch v v thi hnh mt hay nhiu ng dng/dch v. MS-F (Media Server Function) cung cp cc dch v tng cng cho x l cuc gi. N hot ng nh mt server x l cc yu cu t AS-F hoc MGC-F. MGC-F (Media Gateway Control Function) cung cp logic cuc gi v tn hiu bo hiu x l cuc gi cho mt hay nhiu Media Gateway. CA-F (Call Agent Function) l mt phn chc nng ca MGC-F. Thc th ny c kch hot khi MGC-F thc hin vic iu khin cuc gi. IW-F (Interworking Function) cng l mt phn chc nng ca MGC-F. N c kch hot khi MGC-F thc hin cc bo hiu gia cc mng bo hiu khc nhau. R-F (Routing Function) cung cp thng tin nh tuyn cho MGC-F. A-F (Accounting Function) cung cp thng tin dng cho vic tnh cc. SG-F (Signaling Gateway Function) dng chuyn cc thng tin bo hiu ca mng PSTN qua mng IP. MG-F (Media Gateway Function) dng chuyn thng tin t dng truyn dn ny sang dng truyn dn khc. Ch rng CA-F v IW-F l hai chc nng con ca MGC-F. Ring thc th Inter-operator Manager c nhim v lin lc, trao i thng tin gia cc MGC vi nhau. T ngha ca cc thc th chc nng c th thy MGC m nhim cc cng vic sau y: 134

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

iu khin cuc gi, duy tr trng thi ca mi cuc gi trn mt Media Gateway; iu khin v h tr hot ng ca Media Gateway, Signaling Gateway; Trao i cc bn tin c bn gia 2 MG-F; X l bn tin SS7 (khi s dng SIGTRAN); X l bn tin lin quan QoS; Pht hoc nhn bn tin bo hiu; nh tuyn (bao gm bng nh tuyn, phn tch s v dch s); Tng tc vi AS-F cung cp dch v hay c tnh cho ngi s dng; C th qun l cc ti nguyn mng (port, bng tn, ). Trn y ch l nhng chc nng c bn nht. Ngoi ra, ty thuc vo nhu cu thc t m MGC cn c th c b sung thm nhng chc nng khc na. Qu trnh x l cuc gi hiu r hn hot ng ca h thng da trn chuyn mch mm, sau y trnh by khi qut cc bc x l cuc gi trong trng hp thu bao gi i l thuc mng in thoi truyn thng PSTN. Cc trng hp khc th hot ng ca chuyn mch mm cng s tng t. C th cc bc x l cuc gi c thc hin nh sau: (1) Khi c mt thu bao (thuc PSTN) nhc my v chun b thc hin cuc gi th tng i ni ht qun l thu bao s nhn bit trng thi nhc my ca thu bao. SG ni vi tng i ny thng qua mng SS7 cng nhn bit c trng thi mi ca thu bao. (2) SG bo cho MGC trc tip qun l mnh thng qua CA-F, ng thi cung cp tn hiu mi quay s cho thu bao. Ta gi MGC ny l MGC ch gi. (3) MGC ch gi gi yu cu to kt ni n MG ni vi tng i ni ht ban u nh MGC-F. (4) Cc con s quay s ca thu bao s c SG thu v chuyn ti MGC ch gi. (5) MGC ch gi s dng nhng s ny quyt nh cng vic tip theo s thc hin. C th l cc s ny s c chuyn ti chc nng R-F v R-F s s dng thng tin lu tr ca cc my ch nh tuyn cuc gi. Trng hp u cui ch cng loi vi u cui gi (u l thu bao PSTN):
-

Nu thu bao b gi cng thuc MGC ch gi, tin trnh thc hin tip bc (7), Cn nu thu bao b gi thuc s qun l ca mt MGC khc, tin trnh thc hin theo bc (6).

(6) MGC ch gi s gi yu cu thit lp cuc gi n mt MGC khc. Nu MGC cha phi l ca thu bao b gi (ta gi l MGC trung gian) th n tip tc chuyn yu cu thit lp cuc gi n MGC khc na cho n khi n ng MGC b gi. Trong qu trnh ny, cc MGC trung gian lun phn hi li MGC gi yu cu n n. Cc cng vic ny c thc hin bi CA-F. (7) MGC b gi gi yu cu to kt ni vi MG ni vi tng i ni ht ca thu bao b gi (MG trung gian). (8) ng thi MGC b gi gi thng tin n SG trung gian, thng qua mng SS7 xc nh trng thi ca thu bao b gi. 135

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

(9) Khi SG trung gian nhn c bn tin thng bo trng thi ca thu bao b gi (gi s l ri) th n s gi ngc thng tin ny tr v MGC b gi. (10) MGC b gi gi phn hi v MGC ch gi thng bo tin trnh cuc gi. (12) MGC b gi gi thng tin cung cp tn hiu hi m chung cho MGC ch gi, qua SG ch gi n thu bao ch gi. (13) Khi thu bao b gi nhc my th qu trnh thng bo tng t nh cc bc trn: qua nt bo hiu s 7, qua SG trung gian n MGC b gi, ri n MGC ch gi, qua SG ch gi n thu bao thc hin cuc gi. (14) Kt ni gia thu bao ch gi v thu bao b gi c hnh thnh thng qua MG ch gi v MG trung gian.. (15) Khi kt thc cuc gi th qu trnh s din ra tng t nh thit lp cuc gi. Lu x l cuc gi c minh ha trn hnh 3.18.

136

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Nhc my, nhn s

IAM

IAM CRCX OK

Invite

CRCX OK IAM ACM IAM ACM ANM

Rung chung

Ringback tone

ACM

ACM

183

MDCX OK ANM ANM

200 ACK

ANM

Nhc my tr li

m thoi
SS7 SIGTRAN MGCP

Thng tin thoi

m thoi

SIP

Hnh 3.18. Lu x l cuc gi trong chuyn mch mm C th nhn thy, cng ging nh trong chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch mm phi thit lp kt ni trc khi thc hin m thoi. Trong chuyn mch knh, knh bo hiu v knh thoi l hai knh khc nhau nhng cng truyn n mt im x l trn cng kt ni vt l (knh bo hiu c thit lp trc, sau knh thoi mi c thit lp). Cn i vi chuyn mch mm th hai knh ny khng ch l ring bit m chng cn c truyn trn hai kt ni khc nhau: thng tin bo hiu c truyn qua SG v thng tin thoi c truyn qua MG.

3.2.8.3. Mt s giao thc iu khin bo hiu in hnh

H thng chuyn mch mm c kin trc phn tn. Cc chc nng bo hiu v x l bo hiu, chuyn mch v iu khin cuc gi c thc hin bi cc thit b nm phn tn trong cu hnh mng. c th to ra cc kt ni gia cc u cui nhm cung cp dch v cho ngi s 137

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

dng, cc thit b ny phi trao i cc thng tin bo hiu vi nhau. Cch thc trao i thng tin bo hiu c quy nh bi cc giao thc bo hiu. Cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin chnh s dng trong mng NGN l:
-

H.323; SIP (Session Initiation Protocol); SIGTRAN (Signaling Transport); MGCP (Media Gateway Control Protocol); Megaco/H.248; BICC (Bearer Independent Call Control).

Cc giao thc ny c hai t chc khc nhau xy dng v pht trin l IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) v ITU (International Telecom Union). C th phn cc giao thc trn thnh hai loi l: giao thc ngang cp (H.323, SIP) v giao thc ch t (MGCP, Megaco). Tng giao thc c vai tr khc nhau trong vic thit lp cuc ni, chng cng c nhng th mnh v im yu khc nhau. Giao thc ngang cp H323, SIP c s dng trao i thng tin bo hiu gia cc MGC, gia MGC v cc Server. Giao thc ch t MGCP, Megaco l giao thc bo hiu iu khin gia MGC v cc Gateway (trong MGC iu khin Gateway). SIGTRAN l giao thc bo hiu gia MGC v Signaling Gateway. BICC l giao thc m bo truyn thng gia cc server (hay MGC). Mi giao thc s nh ngha cc thit b phn cng, ngn xp giao thc, cc loi bn tin, lnh cng nh th tc thit lp, duy tr v gii phng kt ni khc nhau. Hnh 3.19 cho thy v tr v mi quan h gia cc giao thc bo hiu v iu khin trong mng NGN. Giao thc H.323 phin bn 1 v 2 h tr H.245 trn nn TCP, Q.931 trn nn TCP v RAS trn nn UDP. Cc phin bn 3 v 4 ca H.323 h tr thm H.245 v Q.931 trn nn UDP. Giao thc SIP h tr c TCP v UDP. Trong mng NGN cc cuc gi thoi u l cc cuc gi VoIP.

138

Chng 3. C s k thut mng IP v NGN

Hnh 3.19: V tr v mi quan h gia cc giao thc trong mng NGN

139

Thut ng vit tt

THUT NG VIT TT
T vit tt AAA A/D ADSL AG AS ATM B-ISDN BRAS BW CAS CATV CCS CGI COPS CPL CS DNS DSLAM DTE FR FS FTP GE GK GSM GW HTML HTTP IETF 140 T y Authentication/Authorization/ Accouting Server Analog-Digital Converter Asymmetric Digital Subcriber Line Access Gateway Application Server Asynchoronous Transfer Mode Broadband-ISDN Broadband Remote Access System Bandwidth Channel Associated Signalling Cable Television Common Channel Signalling Common Gateway Interface Common Open Policy Service Call Processing Language Call Server Domain Name System Digital Subcriber Line Access Multiplex Data Terminal Equipment Frame Relay Feature Server File Transfer Protocol Gigabit Ethernet Gatekeeper Global System for Mobile Communication Gateway Hyper Text Markup Language Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Internet Engineering Task Force ngha My ch nhn thc/cho php/ thanh ton B chuyn i tng t-s ng dy thu bao s khng i xng Cng truy nhp My ch ng dng Phng thc truyn giao khng ng b ISDN bng rng H thng iu khin truy nhp bng rng Bng thng Bo hiu knh lin kt Truyn hnh cp Bo hiu knh chung Giao din cng chung Dch v chnh sch m chung Ngn ng x l cuc gi My ch cuc gi H thng tn min B ghp knh truy nhp ng dy thu bao s Thit b u cui s liu Phng thc chuyn khung My ch c tnh Giao thc truyn file Ethernet Gigabit B gi cng trong mng H.323 H thng truyn thng di ng ton cu Cng phng tin Ngn ng nh du siu vn bn Giao thc truyn siu vn bn Lc lng c nhim v k thut

Thut ng vit tt
Internet IP ISDN ISP ITU ITU-T LAN MCU MG MGC MGCP MIME MS NGN N-ISDN OSI PBX PC PLMN POTS QoS RAS RFC RSVP RTP RTSP SAP SDH SDP SG SIGTRAN SIP SS7 Internet Protocol Integrated Services Digital Network Internet Service Provider International Telecommunication Union ITU Telecommunication Standadization Sector Local Area Network Multipoint Control Units Media Gateway Media Gateway Controller Media Gateway Control Protocol Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension Media Server Next Generation Network Narrow-ISDN Open System Interconnection Private Branch Exchange Personal Computer Public Land Mobile Network Plain Old Telephone Service Quality of Service Registration, Admission, Status Request For Comments Resource Reservation Protocol Real Time Protocol Real Time Streaming Protocol Session Advertisement Protocol Synchronuous Digital Hierarchy Session Description Protocol Signalling Gateway Signaling Transport Session Initiation Protocol Signalling System No 7 Giao thc Internet Mng (s) a dch v tch hp Nh cung cp dch v Internet Lin minh vin thng quc t Lin minh vin thng quc t - Tiu ban chun ha vin thng Mng ni ht Khi iu khin a im trong mng H.323 Cng phng tin Thit b iu khin cng phng tin Giao thc iu khin cng phng tin Giao thc th in t My ch phng tin Mng vin thng th h sau ISDN bng hp Kt ni h thng m Tng i c quan My vi tnh c nhn Mng di ng mt t Dch v thoi truyn thng Cht lng dch v ng k, Chp nhn v Trng thi Yu cu kin (IETF) bnh lun Giao thc lu tr ti nguyn mng Giao thc thi gian thc Giao thc kim sot lung d liu Giao thc qung co trong phin kt ni Phn cp s ng b Giao thc m t cc phin kt ni a phng tin Cng bo hiu Giao thc chuyn i bo hiu Giao thc khi to phin H thng bo hiu s 7 141

Thut ng vit tt
TCP TDM TG TMN UDP WDM WG WLAN XML Transmission Control Protocol Time Division Multiplexing Trunking Gateway Telecommunication Managament Network User Datagram Protocol Wave Division Multiplexing Wireless Gateway Wiless Local Area Network Extensible Markup Language Giao thc iu khin truyn dn Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian Cng giao tip Mng qun l vin thng Giao thc d liu ngi s dng Ghp knh theo bc sng Kt ni mng li vi mng di ng Mng LAN khng dy Ngn ng nh du m rng - l ngn ng phn mm dng trong thng mi in t v tm kim cc Web

142

Mc lc

MC LC
CHNG 1: C S K THUT TRUYN DN ...................................................3 1.1.K thut iu ch v ghp knh ............................................................................3 1.1.1. Cc phng php m ha v iu ch ........................................................3 1.1.2. iu ch xung m PCM ..............................................................................4 1.1.3. K thut ghp knh ...................................................................................14 1.2.Thng tin quang ..................................................................................................30 1.2.1. M hnh h thng thng tin quang............................................................30 1.2.2. Cc loi cp si quang ..............................................................................32 1.2.3. My pht tn hiu quang ...........................................................................40 1.2.4. My thu tn hiu quang .............................................................................46 1.3.Thng tin v tuyn ..............................................................................................55 1.3.1. Cc phng php a truy nhp v tuyn ..................................................55 1.3.2. H thng truyn dn vi ba s ....................................................................58 1.3.3. H thng thng tin di ng .......................................................................69 1.3.4. H thng thng tin v tinh ........................................................................78 CHNG 2: C S K THUT CHUYN MCH.............................................81 2.1.Chuyn mch knh..............................................................................................81 2.1.1. Tng i chuyn mch s .........................................................................81 2.1.2. Chuyn mch thi gian k thut s...........................................................86 2.1.3. Chuyn mch khng gian k thut s .......................................................88 2.1.4. Chuyn mch ghp....................................................................................91 2.2.Chuyn mch gi ................................................................................................93 2.2.1. Nguyn l chuyn mch gi ......................................................................93 2.2.2. Chuyn giao hng kt ni v phi kt ni ................................................94 2.2.3. Cc c im ca chuyn mch gi..........................................................96 CHNG 3: C S K THUT MNG IP V NGN .........................................99 3.1.C s k thut mng IP........................................................................................99 3.1.1. B giao thc TCP/IP .................................................................................99
143

Mc lc

3.1.2. a ch IP ................................................................................................ 103 3.1.3. a ch cng v socket............................................................................ 105 3.1.4. nh tuyn trong mng IP....................................................................... 106 3.2.Mng th h mi NGN ..................................................................................... 109 3.2.1. S cn thit phi chuyn i sang mng th h sau ............................... 109 3.2.2. Nguyn tc t chc mng NGN.............................................................. 111 3.2.3. Cc cng ngh nn tng cho NGN ......................................................... 113 3.2.4. Cc t chc v hng pht trin NGN ................................................... 118 3.2.5. S tin ha ln NGN v cc vn cn quan tm.................................. 121 3.2.6. Kin trc phn lp mng NGN theo m hnh Call Server ..................... 123 3.2.7. Chc nng v hot ng ca cc phn t mng ..................................... 125 3.2.8. iu khin kt ni trong mng NGN...................................................... 130 THUT NG VIT TT ........................................................................................ 140

144

K THUT VIN THNG

M s: 412KVT260
Chu trch nhim bn tho TRUNG TM O TO BU CHNH VIN THNG 1