mBbjeB<'

B j he" cena
} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

^BÀh w≈ofc
ı À≥Õ≥. t‚¤{£fÒ M.A.,RBPP..
ªflÛ w≈ofc (•»n)
ÀTz¶≥N h≥’„ºœI m˜∞≈ h„Úo,
ÀTz¶≥N.

‘’RπN:
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh
∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
4, œ{—≥ ‘À‚m®i⁄fi 3’º ‘ÀŒ, ¯J’≥k„ ,
{ºœ¤ & 625 001.
¬m≥Ò : 722453

∆”≈‡N ’J´e¬f≥c:&
¢∞mœ—®i eœÕ®iTÕfi
‚of≥ mÛ‚mhfi
‚of≥ ‘Õ®>h„ ∑ÒX™™·‡
14, mflÀ™ iD®iB ‘ÀŒ,
{ºœ¤ &625 001.
Ph. (0452) 733697

–À„ mÛ‚^ & ¬{ 2000 ¢œ‰ K.15

 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
–ÒWœ¤

{S≥h≥¢f´hÈfi ¶≥Õh´hÈfi ∑‰®h∏

ÄhÈfi FœIflÀ } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨œf ∆À∞ioBÀ≥—
j“Bº ’™’BÛ„ h∞D® ‘h≥p’º ¶„‰º. j—¬’
∑flÄ [Œ’≥®h‚m‡Õº.
∑flÀ‚ ^BÀhBœÀB À®h w≈ofoÒ ºœ∏
‘h≥ßN m™BÀ„ ¶‰fi. ∑flÃœ‰® h∞D –™®ifi
ÙŒ’c } ¤≥H‡¤ …G˜„ ¬Àc”≈ ‘mD’ºÕÒ
} ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜Ò ∆œ{‚^, ‘k≥∞hp, jRf
∑‰®h∏fi wef’∞DÕÒ ∆P–h{≥e ¢N’≥c.
j—¬’ ∑œÀ ÙŒ } ¤≥H‡¤ ^i–h Ä j—‰≥fi.
∑flÄ ¬{±fi wJ{≥h } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨œføfi
∑‰®ef Ähœ⁄øfi h∞ifi wc’BœÀøfi æßNfi
jÒmº F”kffi.

À≥Õ≥. }r‚¤{ßffi.
 mÛ‚^œ¤
¶{º ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh
∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hBÛÒ k≥cm≥h
"‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ{≥‘‰≥' jÒI ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤
‘{≥¨ m≥Õ^BÀhBœÀ ‘’R˜N’Û„ Th
{ez”≈fœÕe¬I≥fi. ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨
wz’≥c {ºœ¤˜Ò ¬O≥Û ı{fl
¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ
∆W®e¤SBÛ—≥„ ¬{1 –À„ ¬{ 31,2000
’œ¤ ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ ’i‚^hp ¶ÕBÀ‚m‡Õ—. ∆ÀÒ ‘À≥Õc”≈f≥h
‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ m≥œ_œf À≥»‘{≥¨f≥h ‘h≥ßÕ’chp {‡N{„‰≥{„
∆œ—’Œfi Th jRÀ≥h ^oflº ‘h≥pÈfi ’ß∏fi Ä ‘’R˜Õ m‰c
¬’ßN¬h≥p ¢NBÀ—c.
∆ ¬’ßN¬h≥È®e∏´h ÀTJh h≥’„ºœI m˜∞≈
h„Úo˜Ò ªflÛ w≈of¤≥h m£f≥∞Pf’Œfi, ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤
∑¤≥{≥f∏fi, ¶⁄À{fflÛ ^¤≥∏fi, ‘S‘À≥ ¬m≥ÒI m‰ }≥ªBf´hœ⁄
‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ m≥œ_˜„ mœÕBÀ’Œ{≥— h¢Ac ı À≥Õ≥.
t‚G¤{£fÒ ∆’chp ∑flÃ…œ— ≈I‚m≥h mœÕBºp⁄≥chp. ∆’chp
¬{Ò¬{±fi ∑º ¬m≥ÒI m‰ Ähœ⁄ mœÕBÛÕ ı{fl ¶≥fe
X’≥Thœ⁄ ¬’ßNe¬I≥fi.
∑flÄ ‘’R’¤ ‘m≥ŒÈÀ¢ ‘h≥NBº j´hœ⁄
◊®h‚mNBÛf ‚of≥ mÛ‚mhfi {∞Dfi ‚of≥ ‘Õ®>®h„ ∑ÒX™™·‡
[oœ{f≥⁄c m.iN’≥. ’kflÛ ‘Ofm≥‰Ò ∆’chÈ®i j´h⁄º ¶ÒPœf
‘Ào¢Bº® ‘h≥pe¬I≥fi.
∑flÃœ‰ ¬¶cBÛf≥h DTP „ ’™’œ{BÀ’Œfi, ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤
…Gœf hfi‚·‡Õc mfÒm≥‡™∞i ‘h≥ßN ’flÀ’Œ{≥—, ı k´iÀ≥o
hfi‚·™¤≥ [oœ{f≥⁄c ÛŒ. T.R. t¬¤H DME., ∆’chÈ®ifi j´hp
¶ÒPœf ‘Ào¢Bº® ‘h≥pe¬I≥fi.
∑fl¶∞m£®i wÀ¤n ‘h≥NBÀ ¶„[p⁄´hÈ®i j´h⁄º
¶ÒPœf [oBÀ≥®ie¬I≥fi.
j´hp –À„ É≥— ∑flÀ Ãœ‰ j´hœ⁄ ’¨¶ÕBºeÒI
w”k≥cfc ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ m≥Àh{‰´hÈ®i
∆c‚m£®eÒ¬I≥fi.
∑‚^BÀhfi ¬{Ò¬{±fi ‘m≥…¬’≥N ¢⁄´h k≥Ò¬I≥chp
À´hp ¬{‰≥— hŒBº®hœ⁄ j´hÈ®i ∆W‚Gœ’BÀ≥„ ∆NBÀ
mÛ‚G„ ¬kc®h‚mNfi jÒmœÀ ‘Ào¢Bº® ‘h≥pe¬I≥fi.
jÒDfi À´hp ¶„wÀ¤œ’ ¬’ß™
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp m£˜„
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
{ºœ¤ & 1.
4 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

} ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥
mBbjeB<'
B j cele

1. p/ p/ mBbjeB<B'j cele $
p/ p/ mBbjeB<B'j cele $$
2. mfbg oqMg¾gBk lt je§ cele
mg&lg kgnBc Ü/s mBbjeB<B'j cele $
mfbg psngBc KÇ laka ¾cg cele
maB¾lBccg HB/na ltBm mBbjeB<B'j cele (p/p/) $$
3. keBb/cg Yt<CgB¾ mmBjmmBj ks&@B¾
Ingmg ¤ laka mBbjeB<B'j cele $
0b/cg nsBkkg /q, OsB/&/Bc PgBkkg mq
psilgjg HB/na ltBm mBbjeB<B'j cele (p/p/) $$

1 Of Of } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥,
Of Of } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥.
2 ¬}≥n ¬À3_rW® æ ¤≥£ {≥À≥
}roº i‰fi Û3‘f } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥.
¬}≥n ‘O±fi h2™3 ‘À≥‘h≥ ¶– {≥À≥
‘}≥flÀfi– m2»‘‰≥ æX } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥ (Of Of)
3 h≥ f– M4_`Ò }}c }}c ‘hoeÒ
h4±}r g ‘À≥‘h≥ } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥.
L f– ‘‰®i ¬f, ‘À4»offi Or2®i ¬}
‘Oh3ºŒ m2»‘‰≥ æX } ¤≥H‡¤ {≥À≥ (Of Of)

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 5

mÕ2fl 1 h"B¾ 1 m≥Õfi 1

‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ j“Bºhp & ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ …GÎ
[˜c j“Bº®hp
(TiÛf≥h mfÒmNBÀ‚ ‘mDmœ’)
∆OrÎ & Dpg¾g

D∆ Ew F
∑
R
Ô
G
[
T
◊

Sj J≠ AÙ >•
(∆oÀ≥h mfÒmNBÀ‚ ‘mDmœ’)

+
cŒ
’ \ |
cK „± „Ú

W° Q D² Dd
•⁄ ∆fi ∆S

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

6 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥

∆h¤¬{Pf ‘{» j“Bº®hp

Ù^Î & Ahg¾g
h2 h4
k K i I U
h h3 @
afl h @ k ¤>.
k 2 O1 2 A
; : p P }
k O
Õ ∏> À ¶ m
Õ Õ2 Õ3 Õ4 ∏
' {> " f> [ ¤> { ‰> C ’
À À2 À3 À4 ¶
l J L ⁄ o I O — ¾ }
m m2 m3 m4 {
h S
H _fl
y O
Y b
c E
f ¤ ‰ ’ ‹
/ ¥ j u n C
b ƒ M ∆
_ } S ⁄ b
< w m ∑ u Ô N [ ½ ◊

ÀÎÎ & l¾g¾g ([˜c ‘{» j“Bº®hp)

k h ke h≥ @ e 2 ¯ kg i
kt Á ks ‘h kq ¬h ka‘h≥ kf ¬h≥
k= ®Œ k¥ ®K k ®± k ®Ú kw œh‘
kr‘h⁄ k² hfi
kd hS

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 7

mÕ2fl 2 h"B¾ 2 m≥Õfi 2

g ¤ ¶≥Ò
æ lt ˚
∆Tfl D£B¾ ¶≥´hp
ºTfl lg£B¾ ˚´hp
mXÀ  hBmlBb ^BÀhfi
’ci3 bBjig ’i‚^
‘h≥‡F kaB'Í m‰‚mfi
m™2F hØÍ ’≥≈‚^
‘h2≥p‘k KaBN;s ho
¬h4c IqBj QN
s4B äBl t’c
h’≥‡3 kbeB[ hÀn
À3≥c oeBj ’≥k„
^XF hgBmÍ ¢¶≥
O F pBbÍ ¢œÕ
hp‘Ofi kBNpsBc h≥eÀfi
M4® YtBk m≈
‘À3≥‘⁄≥ oaNa hß
‘À3≥X‘h≥ oaBmka Àœ‰
¶≥® ¾eBk Ì®i
h≥fl keB¾ h≥º
S≥B ueBl œh
À3≥B oeBl m„
¤≥ß jeBC h≥N
k≥cm≥Æ ;eBjhe» ¶≥∞h≥…
¬{‘O cqps ¬{œk
Sro ug& mpR
O2≥‡3 PeB[ {¤fi
h»‘‰≥ kB/na h≥»
‘m≥p‘⁄≥ haBNNa mJfi
}≥p meBN ‘¶„
Àflº3 lB¾og ∆o≈
m4≥B YeBl k≥Àfi
’B‘À≥ bBlla ‘k≥„
m‘Õ≥ h'a ∆fiT

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

8 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
‘S≥hp uakBN [¤„
Û3‘’≥ Üba ¢⁄®i
À4 ‘¤≥ OBbja ¬h≥¢„
}Bº mBllg [ßœ{
TBº £Bllg ‘m≥»
…G ÓÅ j“Bº
h2µOr KBppg ^ß
‘À3≥ ‘¤≥ oaBbja eJ’Ò
O ‘∏≥ pBbCa ’≥…mÒ
º3®3‘¶≥ ogBi¾a ’…
¬¤≥®3 jfBi ¬¶≥»
{‘h≥3 cia ÀP
‘¤´i3 jsBUig k≥ffi
m_rB h<gBl m‡N
h^X khgBm mŒBÛ,mÏt

mÕ2fl3 h"B¾3 m≥Õfi 3

}´®‘f≥ mBUBK/a jß
¬f≥® /fBk ÙÒD
˙3 ü ∑¤ßN
˙2fl þB¾ ÌÒD
k≥c ;eBj ¶≥Òi
m≥Ï” heB}B; °flº
¬}≥ mf wD
}≥B meBl ≠“
w‡ EB' j‡N
‘¶≥  ¾aBb ÙÒmº
‘À3X osBm mBº
¢®3f≥c ÖBi/eBj mÛ‘—≥ÒD
m3≥c yeBj mÒ>¤ßN
¬Àc lqBj mÛÒ ÌÒD
‘k≥ B3 ;aBbBo mÛ—≥Òi
m2flÀ3c HB¾oBj mÛœ—flº
‘}≥’p mabBN mÛ—≥D
}BÀc mBllBj mÛ¬—“
∆Õ2≥c D"eBj mÛ‘—‡N
Ù®˚X ABkím mB‘À≥Òmº
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 9
QX öBm ∑Œmº
˙X ñBm –‚mº
kRX ;÷Bm ¶≥∞mº
‘m≥fl¶≥X haB¾¾Bem °fimº
}≥‡ meB' ∆Dmº
©c xBj j“mº
∆˛ DX jßmº
¶’B ¾bBl ‘À≥ß∫ØD
¬}≥n mfbg ÃD
}}c mmBj w˜¤fi
‘‰®i nsBkkg ∑‰‡kfi
¬h≥™ kfÆ ¬h≥™
¬f≥h⁄ QX /fkN öBm 21
˙3f⁄ ˙X ü/N ÑBm 32
˙2¶⁄ kRX þ¾N ;÷Bm 43
k≥¤⁄ ‘m≥fl¶≥X ;ejN haB¾¾eBm 54
m≥Ïk⁄ }≥‡ heB};N meB' 65
¬}≥’⁄ ©c mfbN xBj 76
}≥À⁄ ∆˛ melN DX 87
wÕ⁄ ¶’B E'N ¾bBl 98
‘¶≥ ’⁄ ¬}≥n ¾aBbbN mfbg 109
‘k≥ À3⁄ ¬}≥n ;aBboN mfbg 114
Ù®˚}⁄ }}c ABkímN mmBj 1019
}≥Õ⁄ }}c me'N mmBj 1060

mÕ2fl 4 h"B¾ 4 m≥Õfi 4

¬h≥fl kfB¾ f≥c
‘h≥‘h3≥ kaia jÀ∞i
h‘h3≥ kia ≠Ò
e‘}≥/¬h≥¶® @ma/kf¾Bk j‚m™
¬h≥‡ kfB' j´¬h
‘h2≥‚3‘m3≥ KaByya j‚‘m≥“º
‘h≥h3‘‰flÀ kainsB¾l jÀ—≥„
h≥‘f≥ ke/a jÒ—
eB‘h @Blks jBÀœ—
eB‘h≥ @Blka j ’⁄n
¬h≥‘¶ kf¾s jº

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

10 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
g ¤¬{H
¤ jcqB<
¶≥Ò ¤¬{H
‘{≥c ¶≥  ¤¬{H
caBj ¾eBb jcqB<
jÒ ‘mfc ¤¬{H
æ ¬h≥Î?
lt kf¾g?
˚ f≥c?
‘À≥c ¶≥  h≥‘f≥?
laBj ¾eBb ke/a?
[Ò ‘mfc jÒ—?
∆Tfl {≥∏nfl
D£B¾ ceCbgB¾
¶≥´hp {≥∏’chp
∆fi‘¤ Sro ‘‰i3B‘À≥ ¬}B‘À
DBcjs ug& nsigBlla mqBlls
j´hp mpR ∆Œe„ ∑Œ®eIº.
ºTfl ¬h≥‡ O≥o‘f≥?
lg£B¾ kfB' pe&/a?
˚´hp j´¬h ¬m≥edchp?
∆Tfl ∆^„ ¬h4c O≥o‘f≥.
D$B¾ DhgBn IqBj pe&/a.
¶≥´hp j´hp Q‡™∞i‚ ¬m≥e¬I≥fi.
∆Xefl ∆^‰^„ ¬h4c O≥o‘f≥.
DBm@B¾ DhgnhgBn IqBj pe&/a.
j„‰≥Œfi À´hp À´hp Q‡™∞i‚ ¬m≥e¬I≥fi
ºfi‘¤ ’ci3fi eB‘h {≥∏nfl?
lgBcjs bBjigBc @Blks ceCbgB¾?
[´hp ’i‚G„ jBÀœ— {≥∏’chp?
¬f≥® ‘m≥p‘⁄≥ eB‘h≥?
/fBk haBNNa @Blka?
ÙŒ mJfi j ’⁄n?

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 11
eB‘h ‘m≥p⁄≥fl m‘O?
@Blks haBNNeB¾ hps?
jBÀœ— mJ´hp ¬’ßNfi?
’B3f≥c ‘h2≥‚3‘m3≥ ∆’fl?
bBo/eBj KaByya DbB¾?
w≈ofc j‚‘m≥“º ’Œ’≥c?
’B3f≥c ‘¶≥  h4≥N® ∆’fl
bBo/eBj ¾aBb Ie'gBk DbB¾
w≈ofc ÙÒmº {£®i ’Œ’≥c.
Sro ‘À3X}r h4≥N® Scfim4fi
ug& osBmmg Ie'gBk uBjc B YBc
mpR mBº {£®iB ‘À≥Õ®hfi.

mÕ2fl 5 h"B¾ 5 m≥Õfi 5

j‘¶≥ S¾a ∑’Ò
∑‘¶≥ F¾a ∑’p
jÎfl S¾gB¾ ∑’chp
∑‘f≥ F/a ∑º
∑¬f F/q ∑œ’
jÎ S¾g ∑’c
‘À‘¶≥ ls¾a ∆’Ò
Û‘¶≥ Ѿa ∆’p
‘ÀÎfl ls¾gB¾ ∆’chp
B‘f≥ l
B /a Ƽ
B¬f lB /q ∆œ’
‘ÀÎ ls¾g ∆’c
∑‘f≥ ∆fi‘¤ ¬h4c
F/a DBcjs IqBj
∑º j´hp QN.
j‘¶≥ ‘{≥c m4»
S¾a caBj YB/
∑’Ò jÒ ÀfiG
∑‘¶≥ ‘{≥c ‘m4»fl
F¾a caBj YsB/¾ B
∑’p jÒ À´œh

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

12 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
jÎ ¬h≥Î?
S¾g kf¾g?
∑’c f≥c?
‘ÀÎ ∆fi‘¤ ¬m3≥
ls¾g DBcjs yf
∆’c j´hp ÀflœÀ.
‘ÀÎfl ¬h≥Î?
ls¾gB¾ kf¾g?
∆’chp f≥c?
‘ÀÎfl ‘{≥c ˛´h3˜ºfl.
ls¾gB¾ caBj XBUi¹lgB¾
∆’chp jÒ ≈¬¶eÀchp.
Û‘¶≥ ‘À≥c ˛´h3Ûf≥?
Ѿa kaBj XBUiÑ/e?
∆’p [Ò ≈¬¶eÛf≥?
Û‘¶≥ ‘{≥c ‘m4»Î ˛´h3Û.
Ѿa caBj YsB/¾g XBUiÑ.
∆’p jÒ À´œh˜Ò ≈¬¶eÛ.
∆XeÎ } ¤≥H‡o ∑h3¤≥X®f≥?
DBm@¾g mBbjeB<B'& FijeBmBk/e?
j„‰≥Œfi } ¤≥H‡o h∞eI≥ch⁄≥?
‘À´‘h≥ } ¤≥H‡o h⁄≥»
lsBUka mBbjeB<B'& kNeB/
∆’chÈ®i } ¤≥H‡o ‘Àoøfi.
ºfi‘¤ ∆fi‘m3≥ ¬À3≥i3® LoX
lgBcjs DBcya ofigBk 0&Bm
[´hp ∆fi{≥ hœÕ®i‚ ¬m≥˜Œ®eI≥p.
‘À´‘h ¬m3≥ h≥» h≥fi ‘h¤o‘f≥?
lsBUks yf keB/ keBc ksj&/a?
∆’chÈœÕf ∆‚m≥ jÒ— ¬’œ‰ ‘k»eI≥c?
‘ÀÎ {‘h3≥ ¢¶o‘f≥.
la¾g cia Ö¾&/a
∆’c ‘¶kn ‘¶»eI≥c.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 13
3
∆fi‘¤ ¬m ≥ }ch≥Œ h≥fi }≥o‘f≥.
DBcja yf mBjkejg keBc me&/a
j´hp ∆‚m≥ ∆¤k≥´h ¬’œ‰ m≥c®eI≥c.
∆Tfl Lf‘’X, ¶{Xh≥c.
D£B¾ 0/bsBm, ¾cBmkeBj
¶≥´hp ¬m≥» ’Œe¬I≥fi, ’∏®hfi.
æ ∆fi‘¤ ¬h4c w .
lt DBcjs IqBj EBb
˚ j´hp Q‡™∞i ’≥.
g ‘}≥flÀ3® Qp‘Õ≥ ∆n.
¤ maB¾oBk öBN'a Dbg
¶≥Ò ¶≥œ⁄ {≥œ‰˜„ ’Œ¬’Ò.
h≥G sÛ O’≥».
keÅ åÑ pbeB/
h≥G i™Bº¢‡N‚ ¬m≥h‰≥fi.
’‘Õ3≥ ‘{p‘⁄≥ h2‘’≥.
b[a csBNNa Kba
’œÕ ÁÕ k≥‚GN´hp.
Or2®i ‘}≥fl¬À≥H
PgBkkg maB¾lfB<
Thnfi {ez”≈.
O2≥N3fi ≈®3‘‰≥ À4{¬¤X.
pe[gBc *Bina OcjqBm
{¤BÛ„ ∆£„ •NeIº.
¯}rfl ‘{p‘⁄≥ ¬}B‘À.
2mgB¾ csBNNa mqBlls
i¤´ihp ÁÕ ∑Œ®eÒI—.

mÕ2fl 6 h"B¾ 6 m≥Õfi 6

‘’º3c’BÀ≥Ò bsogbBjBlleB¾ jÛc‘k≥∞hp
∆‘’≥ O‘’≥
Dba pba
’≥Œ´hp ¬m≥´hp

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 14
∆h≥H M4Ï»
DkeB< YtB}B/
wh≥ffi MT
[Ï‘k≥ h2„‘‰≥
GB};a KBnna
¬{¬‰ ¯¬J
[µ’≥® ‘{≥¤fl
GBpbeBk cajB¾
GI‚^ ∑I‚^
≠‡ ¬À‡
JB' lqB'
∑´¬h ∆´¬h
Ùp‘Õ≥ Or2®i
ABN'a PgBkkg
‘h≥Ïkfi ∆Ûhfi
h‘⁄≥ SrO≥p
kNa ugpeBN
hŒ‚^ ‘’pœ⁄
i3p‘⁄ ‘h≥N3®
igBNNs ka[gBk
∑>‚^ hk‚^
h»‘‰≥ ‘m≥p‘⁄≥
kB/na haBNNa
h≥» mJfi
ißN ‘}c‘h≥
kgBC'g msBjka
À’D ko
h3≥‡3 [®e
ieB[ GBk@
^œÀ GN´i
˙3 X ¤≥B
üBm jeBl
mh„ ∑¤n
¬À2≥  ¬S‡3
LfBb uqB[
œ’ jN
} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 15
3 3 4
À ‘À ≥ m»
ooa YB/
∆ß∏Ò ÀfiG
º3cm3p ‘{≥º3¤R
ogBjyBN caogj÷
≠œJ m∏®h≥¤Ò
‘m≥„‰fi T‡‘Õ≥
haBnnBc £B''a
mp⁄fi ¬{N
‚¤≥‘{≥ B3¬’_r
Bhjeca Bobq<g
∆Ò^ ‘’D‚^
G4BÀc m4¤≥‡
ÄBllBj YjeB'
[p¬⁄ ‘’R¬f
G3c‘}≥ SpÈ
¢Bjma uBNNg
¬’h{≥h ‘{º’≥h
G„‘‰≥ ‘À3≥ ‘¤≥
ÅBnna oaBbja
iJflœÀ eJ’Ò
¬f≥i ∆¬¶i
/fkg D¾qkg
ÙÒD m‰
‘O2‘Õ3≥ ‘}´i3
Ps[a maBUig
mœh ¶‡^
¬}≥‡3 ¬À4c
mfB[ OqBj
¢N G™
‘}≥fi^ º3h≥p
maBchg ogkeBN
∑Òmfi ºÒmfi

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

16 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
‘}≥fi{c mXh‡
maBccBj hBmkB'
jÛo„ GÒ—≥„
S≥» ¶≥:
ueB/ ¾
B ue
wfi ∆„‰
Srfl‘¶≥ ˛p‘⁄≥
ugB¾¾a XBNNa
¸N iRc”≈

mÕ2fl 7 h"B¾ 7 m≥Õfi 7

‘{BÀfl csBllB¾ TŒº’≥—
‘h2™fl KsÆB¾ [DÛf≥—
}r®‘h mgBkks [‰cflÀ
Ù„‘‰≥ ABnna Ô¤fi
[‡3‘Õ≥3 GB[[a [ŒßœÕ
{Í c× ∆“®h≥—
˛p⁄ XBNN iRcflÀ
Srfl¶ ugB¾¾ ¸Õ≥—
F”t ÍB;;g Û—fl¬À≥Dfi
‘h2≥‚3m3Û KaByyÑ j‚¬m≥À≥’º
i3p‘⁄ igBNNs ∑>‚^
‘h≥N3 ka[g hk‚^
Û®‘h ÑBkks [œI‚^/ h≥¤fi
∆fim3‡ DBcyB' ^R‚^
‘h2Œ‡3 KsjgB[ [’c‚^
hXF kBmÍ º’c‚^
‘O{fl pscB¾ ¢Œflº
i3pÈ igBNNg ‘’„‰fi
Œ”≈ jgB;* tœ’
À≥® leBk ¬{≥c
‘À4Æ Os» À˜c
æ3B OgBl m≥„
‘À≥c w´i3 ‘{BÀflh ¬}.
laBj EBUig csBllB¾k mq.
[Ò [Õ„ TŒº’≥h ∑Œ®eIº.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 17
S‚mp ‘h2™flh ¬}, k’≥‘¤F.
uBhhBN KsÆB¾k mq, ;beksÍ.
m≥®i [DÛf≥h ∑Œ®eIº, ‘{„‰ –™f¢„œ‰.
‘m≥3‡‘Õ≥ Ù„‰h ¬}, }r®e‘¤F.
yaB''a ABnnk mq, mgBk@jsÍ.
º£ Ô¤{≥h ∑Œ®eIº, [‰¤¢„œ‰.
k‘m≥, ‘Àph‡ –o ‘S≥»‘f.
;ha, lsBNkB' cg& uaB//s.
m≥», Àœ‰fœ∏ ∆“®h≥e ¢‡Õ—.
h”k h„‘‰≥ ‘h≥N3 ¤≥:»
kB;; kBmma ka[g BjueB/
m”œk‚ m≥h∞h≥» hk‚m≥h ∑Œ®ifi.
˛p⁄ mFfi w´i3 æ4 
XBNN hÍBc EBUig OgBb
iRcflÀ ˚o„ [Õ„ h“n (iR)
mF Srfl¶ ‘ho F’™3 ‘m‘¶≥.
hÍ ugB¾¾ ks& ÍbÇ hs¾a
ÀßËœ¤” ¸Õ≥®e w∞P® i™®h ¬’ßNfi.
¶‘¤Èfl [‡3‘Õ3≥ [‡3‘Õ3≥h ¬}
¾jsNgB¾ GB[[a GB[[ak mq
¬À´h≥»hp [ŒßœÕ [ŒßœÕf≥h [p⁄—.
∆ ‘¤ ¬h4Œ }≥fi– ‘À≥‚m„ ¬}B‘À.
DBbjs Iqjg meBccg laBhhBn mqBlls
j´hp Q‡™∞i jÛo„ i⁄fi ∑Œ®eIº.
ºTfl s2c ‘h2≥‚3‘m≥3 ∆’fl?
lg£B¾ ¬Bj KaByya DbB¾?
˚´hp gßNfi j‚¬m≥º ’ŒQchp?
j„‘f≥ }fl‘¶ ’B‘À≥
SBn/a mB¾¾s bBlla
∑º ‘m≥º ’≥cBœÀ
}fl‘¶ À≥2fi– ∆Xefl ∆’fl.
mB¾¾s LeBccg DBm@B¾ DbB¾
‘m≥º ∑ÕBÛ„ j„‰≥Œfi ’Œ’≥chp.
wfi O2≥‡3 Or2i _≥h2≥fl ‘}≥Õ3».
EBc PeB[ Pgkg<eKeB¾ ma[B/.
{≥{¤fi ∆Ûh eœ⁄hp ¢Nfi.
18 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
À≥™ O2≥N3fi _≥h2≥fl [fl‘¶≥.
leÆ Pe[gBc <eKeB¾ GB¾¾a
mœ— {¤BÛ„ eœ⁄hp iœIn.
∆fi‘⁄≥ h2‘fB ¬m≥N® ‘k≥®h‡.
DBcNa K/sBl hf'gBk ;aBkkB'
‘¶„…®h≥» ÛÒI≥„ ’˜∞D®i ¶„‰º.
’ph≥ Gfl‘À3≥ Œ”≈h ¤≥:».
bBNke ÅB¾oa jgB;*k BjueB/
‘’p⁄o‚ GÏt tœ’f≥h ∑Œ®ifi.
¬m3≥Œ ‘m≥p‘⁄≥ ∆fim3‡i3p‘⁄h ¤≥:»
yfjg haBNNa DBcyB'igBNNsk BjueB/
∑‰flœÀ‚ mJfi ^R‚^fi ∑>‚^{≥» ∑Œ®ifi.
‘Àc}r F”t m4µÓ h2‘¶≥.
lsBjmg ÍB;;g YBp) K¾a
‘À≥Õcflº Û—–fi ¯œ¤ k≥‚GÕ ¬’ßNfi.
’´e3 O2‡eÎfi ‘hRfl ‰»¬¤X.
bBU$ PB'@¾gBc ks÷B¾ nB/jsBm
hBÀo” ‘k™hR„ ∆Œfi^hp –œ⁄Bºp⁄—.
¬À3n ^O≥® M2„ m‘O.
oqbg hgpeBk HtBn hps
‘À»’ MœO®i M ¬’ßNfi.
¬hÈ m≥Îfi m4≥B h2≥B‘À ‘k≥®h‡.
kqNg he¾gBc YeBl KeBlls ;aBkkB'.
’≥œJ ∑œ‰˜„ k≥Àfi k≥‚GN’º ¶„‰º.

mÕ2fl 8 h"B¾ 8 m≥Õfi 8

‘{≥‘h≥ ∑}F }≥¶‘h≥
caka FmÍ me¾ka
jÒœ— ∑ ’≥D m≥c®h≥¬À
‘{≥‘h≥ Àfi‘m3 ¬m4≥c mF m‘O
cala lBcys YfBj hÍ hps
j—®i ‘k≥fi^ FœIf ÀßËc ¬’ßNfi.
∆fi‘h≥ ¬À‡ ‘m3≥’¤≥X.
DBcka lsB' yabjeBm
j´hœ⁄ ∆´i Á‚GNeI≥chp.
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 19
∆fi‘h≥ h» ‘¶≥®‘h≥.
DBcka kB/ ¾aBkka.
j´hÈ®i jºnfi ¬’ßÕ≥fi.
‘À≥‘h≥ laka [—®i / [Òœ—
ºfi‘h≥ lgBcka [´hÈ®i / [´hœ⁄
‘À‘h≥ lska ∆’W®i / ∆’œ—
‘À´‘h≥ lsBUka ∆’chÈ®i / ∆’chœ⁄
j‘h≥ Ska ∑’W®i / ∑’œ—
j´‘h≥ SBUka ∑’chÈ®i / ∑’chœ⁄
Û‘h≥ Ñka ∆’È®i / ∆’œ⁄
∑‘h≥ Fka ∑’È®i / ∑’œ⁄
‘h≥´‘h≥ kaBUka f≥Œ®i / f≥œ¤
‘{≥cS≥„ ∑‘f h≥fi ‘h¤fl –}r¶≥
caBjueBn F/s keBc ksjB¾ cgmg¾e
jÒ—≥„ ∑flÀ ¬’œ‰ ‘k»f –™f≥º
‘À3≥ ¤≥flS≥„ À4{fl –}r¶≥
oaBbjeB¾ueBn OcB¾ cgmg¾e
eJ’ch⁄≥„ •Õ –™f≥º
yŒfi v: mF ‘kflÛ3
vjgBc jB v hÍ ;sB¾Ü
e∏∞P…Œflº ÀßËc ∑œI.
j„‘f≥ ‘{≥c ‘m3≥®3i3
SBn/a caBj yaBiig
∑º jÒWœÕf ^BÀhfi
‘À„‘f≥ ∆fi‘¤ ¬h4c
lsBn/a DBcjs IqBj
∆º j´hp QN
‘Àh ‘m»‘¶≥
lsk hsB/¾a
∆’WœÕf ¬m—≥
Ûh ‘h3≥∏fi
Ñk iaCBc
∆’ÈœÕf m≥’≥œÕ
∆fim3≥‘h } ‘‰≥
DBcyeks mBbna
∆fi{≥¢Ò ¬kœ‰
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
20 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
ÌcÛ‘h m≥Õ}≥‘‰≥
ctBjÑks he'mena
ÌcBÛ˜Ò mpR
‘À´h ¬m3≥
lsBUk yf
∆’chÈœÕf ∆‚m≥
mFfi {:R Ó’¬¤X
hÍBc c
B u÷ )bjqBm
˚o„ gÒ ’≥zeIº
mFfi Û¤BÀ® ˛®e¬‰
hÍBc ÑjBllBk XBk@nq
˚o„ ˚flÀ® h∞D®‘h≥p
‘h4≥fi‘{≥
IaBcca
Q‡™„
SΩÎfi
ut¾gBc
‘’˜…„
}rflº3Œfi
mgB¾ogjgBc
hÕ…„
‘h≥N3fi–
ka[gBccg
iÕBÛ„
Û¢ ¬S≥c ª´e3
ÑÖ ufBj VBU$
‘mÏt gº ≠D
∆p‘Õ≥ ¬S≥c {ÏÓo G3˛‘¤X
DBN'a ufBj cB})& ¢XjsBm
m¤ß ¬{„ Mœ— [‡h≥cflÛŒ®eIº
‘hfiG3 ¬S≥c k‰oX
ksBc¢ ufBj ;n&Bm
hfiG gº ¶Õ®eI≥p
‘{≥c‘f≥ caBj/a jÒWœÕfº
∆fi‘¤‘f≥ DBcjs/a j´hÈœÕfº
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 21
‘À≥c‘f≥ laBj/a [ÒWœÕfº
ºfi‘¤‘f≥ lgBcjs/a [´hÈœÕfº
‘Àh‘f≥ lsk/a ∆’WœÕfº
‘À´h‘f≥ lsBBUk/a ∆’chÈœÕfº
Ûh‘f≥ Ñk/a ∆’ÈœÕfº
‘h≥´h‘f≥ kaBUk/a f≥ŒœÕfº
¯HN‘f≥ 2B<'g/a eŒH∏WœÕfº
’B}‰≥‘f≥ bBlmne/a ’Bk‰≥nœÕfº
Sro ug& mpR®ÁÕfi
m3≥‰Sro yenug& m≥‰c mpR
w¤fim3Sro EjBcyug& ‘À≥Õ®h‚mpR
{B3fSro cBo/ug& ¶NFœ‰‚ mpR
[ÏkSro GB};ug& [fcFœ‰‚ mpR
{S≥Sro cueug& h„Úo
¢X’Sro ÖBM
B bug& [‰h‚mpR
}c’h‰≥Sro mBjbkneug& m„hœ‰®hJhfi

mÕ2fl 9 h"B¾ 9 m≥Õfi 9

∆fi‘m3≥ DBcya ∆fi{≥
¬m3≥ yf ∆‚m≥
À3‘À3≥ ooa ∆ß∏Ò
‘m3» ysB/ ∆®h≥p
m4» YB/ ÀfiG
‘m4»fl YsB/¾B À´œh
{‘{≥ cca {≥{≥
{ ˛ cBbX ≈BÛ
{ ‘}≥ cBbma ≈BÀ‚m≥
}‘⁄≥ mNa {”≈—Ò
m4‘’≥ Yba {”k≥Ò
}R m÷ ‘h≥“flÛ
m4¢ YÖ ∆ߣ
‘m4≥O˜ Yap¹ ÀfiG {œ—¢
¬O‡2 pqB" h∏’>Ò ∆ß∏Ò
‘OÕ2F ps"Í •¤hBÛ (ÌBÀ’p)
‘À3’c osbBj ‘h≥“flÀÒ
‘À3 ¤F osBbjÍ •¤hBÛ (∑œ⁄f’p)
m4’ß YbBC G¤≥{∏Ò

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

22 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
m4 £fl YBb§B¾ G¤≥{∏BÛ
’»‘Õ3 bB/[s ∆fim‡ÕÒ
’»™3fl bB/ÇB¾ ∆fim‡ÕBÛ
‘m≥¤‡ hajB' ’ß∏≥Ò
‘m≥p™fl haBNÆB¾ ’ß∏≥BÛ
i{≥c ¶}r¤≥„ ^2’¬¤X
kgceBj ¾mgjeBn HgbjqBm
i{≥c ¶≥ÀX’¤fi ◊ºeI≥Ò
¶RF ¯3B h3’oX
¾÷Í 4Bl ib&Bm
¶R> m≥‡N m≥NeI≥p.
À3‘À3≥ ‘m3≥‡‘Õ≥ i3ÏO‘¤X
ooa yaB''a igB}pjsBm
∆ß∏Ò º£ ºœ’®eI≥(Ò)c
m4¢ i3Ï‘O ‘m3≥‡‘Õ≥ G⁄oX
YÖ igB}ps yaB''a ÅN&Bm
∆ߣ ºœ’BÀ º£œf‚ G¨eI≥p
{‘{≥ ‘m≥‡Õ≥X ∆¶‘¤X.
cca haB''eBm D¾jsBm
{≥{≥ m‡Õ≥t ‘h≥ßN ’ŒeI≥c.
{ ˛ Àflº3 h∏oX
cBbX lB¾og kC&Bm
≈BÛ ∆o≈ i∞DeI≥(p)c
¬h≥Û ‘m≥p‘⁄≥ h2≥‘¤X
kfÑ haBNNa KejsBm
i¤´i mJfi k≥‚GNeIº.
º3‘Õ≥3 æ3B ¬m‘¤X
og[a ogBl hqjsBm
hÒD m≥„ i™®eIº.
h3≥» æ3B ¬À3‘¤X
ieB/ ogBl oqjsBm
mt m≥„ ÀŒeIº.
m4’ß ¬’B3 ∑h3Õ3‘¤X
YbBC bqBo Fi[jsBm
G¤≥{∏Ò ¬’Àfi h∞G®eI≥c
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 23
4 3 2 3
m  £fl ¯ B ˛h Õ oX
yBb§B¾ 4l XK[&Bm
G¤≥{∏BÛ m≥‡N h∞G®eI≥p
Û‘¶≥ ‘À4Æ i3}r⁄oX
Ѿa Os» igmgN&Bm
∆’p À˜c hœÕeI≥p
∑‘¶≥ SpÈ ∆’oX
F¾a uBNNg Db&Bm
∑’p ‘{º’≥h ’ŒeI≥p
∑‘f ‘m3‡3e ¬h3≥‘¤≥h ¬}
F/s ysB[@ ifjak mq
∑flÀ‚ ‘mß ≈’‚m≥h ∑Œ®eI≥p
B‘f ‘m3‡3‘h≥ h≥‘⁄≥h ¬}.
Bl/s ysB[ka keNak mq
∆flÀ‚ œmfÒ hD‚m≥h ∑Œ®eI≥Ò
‘h4≥‘Õ3≥ [Ï‘k≥h ¬}.
Ia[a GB};ak mq
iÛœ¤ [f¤{≥h ∑Œ®eIº.
’ci3fi ˙X ‘OÎ ¬}.
bBjigBc ñBm ps¾g mq
’i‚G„ –‚mº ¬mc ∑Œ®eI≥chp.

mÕ2fl 10 h"B¾ 10 m≥Õfi 10

‘m3‡3‘h≥ ysB[ka œmfÒ
‘m3‡3h≥fl ysB[keB¾ œmfÒhp
‘m3‡3e ysB[@ ‘mß
‘m3‡3efl ysB[
B @B¾ ‘mßhp
‘{F® csÍBk {>ÀÒ
‘{fl®f≥fl csB¾kB /eB¾ {>Àchp
¬h4c IqBj QN
‘h4¤≥fl IsjeB¾ QNhp
O2≥‡3 PeB[ {¤fi
O2Õ3≥fl P[eB¾ {¤´hp
‘m≥4fl‘¶≥ YaB¾¾a iÕfi
‘m4≥fl¶≥fl YaB¾¾eB¾ iÕ´hp
h3≥» ieB/ mt
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
24 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
h3≥˜fl ie¹B¾ mt®hp
‘h3≥Œ iajg {≥N
‘h3≥Œfl iajgB¾ {≥Nhp
mXÀ  hBmlBb ^BÀhfi
m}Ànfl hmkbgB¾ ^BÀh´hp
¶‘¤p ¾jsBN ¬À´h≥»
¶‘¤Èfl ¾jsNgB¾ ¬À´h≥»hp
h ‘⁄≥ kBbNa h≥®œh
h ⁄≥fl kBbNeB¾ h≥®œhhp
ÎZŒ B¾ugjg iJflœÀ
ÎSrfl ¾gugB¾ iJflœÀhp
‘m4≥ß∏–fl YaBCCcgB¾ ‘m≥Œ‡hp

¶µ‘O ‘m4≥ß∏–fl h2≥¶≥´‘h≥

¾Bpps YaBCCcgB¾ Ke¾eBUka
‘h‡Õ ‘m≥Œ‡hœ⁄” k≥‚GÕ≥˙chp
¶µ‘O ‘m4≥ß∏fi h2≥¶‘h≥
¾Bpps yaBCCBc Ke¾ka
‘h‡Õ ‘m≥Œœ⁄” k≥‚GÕ≥¬À
mXÀ  h2p‘⁄.
hBmkBb KBNNs
^BÀhBœÀ jNBº® ‘h≥p.
¶‘¤p h2pÈ‘’≥.
¾jsBN KBNNgba
¬À´h≥» jNBº® ‘h≥pÈ´hp
m4≥Õ≥fi ˙3 ¬m≥ifi O2Õ3≥fl ¬}.
Ye'eBc ü hfkgBc P[eB¾ mq
m≥œÀ˜„ ∑¤ßN m®h–fi {¤´hp ∑Œ®eÒI—.
h3≥» À4{¬¤X
ieB/ OcjqBm
mt •NeIº.
h3≥˜fl À4{¬¤X.
ie¹B¾ OcjqBm
mt®hp ÙNeÒI—.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 25
3 4
‘h ≥Œ À {¬¤X
iajg OcjqBm
{≥N •NeIº.
‘h3≥Œfl À4{¬¤X.
iajgB¾ OcjqBm
{≥Nhp •NeÒI—.
‘m3‡3‘h≥ ‘k À3¬¤X.
ysB[ka ;sBbojqBm
œmfÒ m™®eI≥Ò
‘m3‡h≥fl ‘k À3¤≥X
ysB'keB¾ ;sBbojeBm
œmfÒhp m™®eI≥chp
‘m3‡3e h2⁄oX
ysB[@ KN&Bm
‘mß ¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥p
‘m3‡3efl h2⁄¤≥X
ysB[@B¾ KNjeBm
‘mßhp ¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥chp
‘{F® h≥–fl ‘h¤¬¤X
csÍBk kecgB¾ ksjjqBm
{>ÀÒ ¬’œ‰hp ‘k»eI≥Ò
‘{fl®f≥fl h≥fi ‘h¤¤≥X.
csB¾Bk/eB¾ keBc ksjjeBm
{>Àchp ¬’œ‰ ‘k»eI≥chp
m¿fl SrÕ3¬¤X
h-B¾ ug[jqBm
mIœ’hp mI®eÒI—.

mÕ2fl 11 h"B¾ 11 m≥Õfi 11

∆‘’X DbsBm ’fl¬ÀÒ, ’flÀ≥Ò,
’flÀº, ’flÀ≥»
∆ ™3¬f≥ DBbÇ/f ’flº ¢‡¬ÕÒ,
’flº ¢‡Õ≥Ò,
’flº ¢‡Õº,
’flº ¢‡Õ≥»,

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

26 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
∆¢X DÖBm (‘m) ’fl¬ÀÒ, ’flÀ≥p,
’flÀ≥»
∆ ™3 DBbÇ (‘m) ’flº ¢‡¬ÕÒ,
’flº¢‡≥p, ’flº ¢‡Õ≥»
∆’≥X DbeBm ’flÀ≥chp, ’fl¬À≥fi,
’fl˙chp,’flº ¢‡]chp
∆ ™3f≥ DBbÇ/e ’flº ¢‡Õ≥chp,
’flº ¢‡¬Õ≥fi,
’flº ¢‡]chp
h2‘fX K/sBm k≥‚G‡¬ÕÒ, k≥‚G‡Õ≥»,
k≥‚G‡Õ≥Ò, k≥‚G‡Õº
h2»Û‘f≥ KB/Ñ/a k≥‚G‡N ¢‡¬ÕÒ,
k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õ≥»,
k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õ≥Ò,
k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õº
h2˜X K¹Bm k≥‚G‡¬ÕÒ (‘m),
k≥‚G‡Õ≥»(‘m),
k≥‚G‡Õ≥p.
h2»Û KB/Ñ k≥‚G‡N ¢‡¬ÕÒ(‘m),
k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õ≥»(‘m),
k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õ≥p
h2f≥X K/eBm k≥‚G‡¬Õ≥fi,
k≥‚G‡]chp,
k≥‚G‡Õ≥chp
h2»Ûf≥ KB/Ñ/e k≥‚G‡N ¢‡¬Õ≥fi,
k≥‚G‡N ¢‡]chp,
k≥‚G‡N ¢‡Õ≥chp.
G3‘}X ¢msBm [‡h≥cfl¬ÀÒ,
[‡h≥cflÀ≥»,
[‡h≥cflÀ≥Ò,
[‡h≥cflÀº.
G3˛„…™3¬f≥ ¢XBnÓÇ/f [‡h≥cflº ¢‡¬ÕÒ,
[‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õ≥»,
[‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õ≥Ò,
[‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õº.
G3˛X ¢XBm [‡h≥cfl¬ÀÒ (‘m),
[‡h≥cflÀ≥» (‘m)
[‡h≥cflÀ≥p.
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 27

¢XBnÓÇ
3 3
G ˛„…™ [‡h≥cflº ¢‡¬ÕÒ(‘m),
[‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õ≥»,
[‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õ≥p
G3}≥X ¢meBm [‡h≥cfl¬À≥fi,
[‡h≥cfl˙chp,
[‡h≥cflÀ≥chp.
G3˛„…™3f≥ ¢XBnÓÇ/e [‡h≥cflº ¢‡¬Õ≥fi,
[‡h≥cflº ¢‡]chp,
[‡h≥cflº ¢‡Õ≥chp.
g Ùß‘Õ ¶i„ ˛‘fX.
¤ ABC's ¾kgBn X/sBm.
¶≥Ò ÙŒ ¯oœf‚ m≥cB¬ÀÒ.
∆T ‘h2≥‘‰≥ ˛f≥X
D£ Kana X/eBm.
¶≥´hp ¶oœf‚ m≥cB¬À≥fi.
ºT h≥» h≥» ˛f≥X?
lg£ keB/ keB/ X/eBm?
˚´hp jÒ‘—Ò— m≥cB˙chp ?
‘ÀÎ ‘}BÀŒ–X v:™3f≥.
ls¾g msBllkgcgBm BjvÇ/e.
∆’chp kBÛ¤BÛ¬‰¬f ∑Œflº ¢‡Õ≥chp.
∑flº3 }¤p ©Û À4T ∆ ™3.
FB¾og mjBN xÑ O£ DBb B Ç.
∑flº •∏≥œ—‚ m≥cBº ¢‡N •™ ’flº ¢‡Õ≥p.
g Ùß‘Õ m3h3≥ G„‘‰≥ ‘À3®eX.
¤ ABC's yie ÅBnna osBk@Bm
¶≥Ò(‘m) ÙŒ ‘h≥®i® iÏt h߬ÕÒ.
æ ªfl‘À3≥ mpÕ–® LXf≥?
lt VB¾oa hBN'cgBk 0Bm/e?
˚(‘m) ∑ÒD mpR®i‚ ¬m≥—≥f≥?
ı¶≥B ‘{≥c ‘mfl≈„ h2pR™3‘f≥
BM7¾eBl caBj hsB¾*Bn KBN÷Ç/a
ı¶≥B jÒ ‘mÒ≈œ‰ jNBº® ‘h≥ßN ¢‡Õ≥Ò.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 28
‘ÀÎ ∆Xefl O2o }≥BÀ® Óf≥X
ls¾g DBm@B¾ P& meBllBk )/eBm
∆’chp j„‰≥Œfi {œ‰fŒ¢ m≥c®h‚ ¬m≥—≥chp
‘¶B3Û3fi ‘’ ‘‰≥ À4‘{X
¾sBoÜBc bsBbna OcsBm
w∞P„ ‘’p⁄fi •™fº.
o:‘f‘’≥flÎ km2„ ‘{c‘}X.
BjV/sbaB¾¾g ;HBn csBjmsBm
Û]‘¤ÒD TÒ—„ TÒ>fº
‘m≥ X ∆ ™3‘f≥
haBbBm DBbÇ/a
{œJ ’flº ¢‡Õº.
∆XeÎ ‘m≥ }rfi G3µÓf≥
DBm@¾g haBbmgBc ¢Bp)/e
j„‰≥Œfi {œJ˜„ ¶œ—flº ¢‡(¬Õ≥fi)Õ≥chp
¸Œfi h3≥–® ∆¢ ‘k„…™f≥
;tjgBc iecgBk DÖ ;sBnÓÆ/e
≤®e¤fi ◊Œ®i ’flÀ ¬kcflº ¢‡¬Õ≥fi

mÕ2fl 12 h"B¾ 12 m≥Õfi 12

∆’‘¤X DbksBm ’Œe¬IÒ, ’ŒeI≥Ò,
’ŒeI≥», ’ŒeIº
∆’oX Db&Bm ’Œe¬IÒ (‘m),
’ŒeI≥p,
’ŒeI≥» (‘m),
∆’¤≥X DbjeBm ’Œe¬I≥fi, ’ŒeI≥chp,
’Œedchp
h2⁄‘¤X KNjsBm ¢œ⁄f≥Ne¬IÒ,
¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥Ò,
¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥»,
¢œ⁄f≥NeIº
h2⁄oX KN&Bm ¢œ⁄f≥Ne¬IÒ(‘m),
¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥p,
¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥» (‘m)
h2⁄¤≥X KNjeBm ¢œ⁄f≥Ne¬I≥fi ,
¢œ⁄f≥NeI≥chp,
¢œ⁄f≥Nedchp.
} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 29
3 3 3
h ≥» æ B ¬À ‘¤X.
ieB/ ogBl oqjsBm
mt m≥„ ÀŒeIº.
}r‘¶≥ À4T O≥‘¤X
mg¾a O£ pejsBm
¶≥» •™‚ ¬m≥eIº.
‘m4≥´i3‘¤≥ G3c‘}≥ G2¤‘¤X
YaBUigja ¢Bjma ¦jjsBm
mfim¤fi ¬’h{≥h t∞DeIº
æ h≥» h2≥o‘f≥?
lt keB/ Ke&/a?
˚ jÒ— k≥‚GNeI≥»?
ºTfl h≥» h2≥o‘f≥?
lg£B¾ keB/ Ke&/a?
˚´hp jÒ— k≥‚GNedchp?
g h≥G ¬mo‘f≥
¤ keÅ hq&/a
¶≥Ò h≥G i™®e¬IÒ
O≥¶e mpÕfi– v: ∆’oX
pe¾@ hBN'Bccg Bjv Db&Bm
O≥—e mpR® ÁÕBÛ…Œflº ’ŒeI≥p.
Û‘¶≥ ¬h≥fl mpÕfi– ‘k À3oB‘À?
Ѿa kfB¾ hBN'Bccg ;sBbo&Blls?
∆’p jflÀ‚ mpR®ÁÕBÛ„ m™®eI≥p?
ÌcBÛ ‘m3≥®3i3 {h3‘¤X
ctjBlÑ yaBi B ig cijsBm
ÌcBÛ ^BÀhfi ¬h‡eI≥Ò.
‘À‘¶≥ h‘h3≥ ∑‘}≥ }≥o‘f≥?
ls¾a kia Fma me&/a?
∆’Ò ≠Ò ∑‚m™ m≥c®eI≥Ò?
‘ÀÎfl ¬h≥‡ } ¤≥H‡o ˛h2o‘f≥?
ls¾gB¾ kfB' mBbjeB<B'& XK&/a?
∆’chp j´i } ¤≥H‡o h∞eI≥chp?

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

30 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
m4¢ m4≥B SflÀ3oX
YÖ YeBl uB¾o&Bm
∆ߣ k≥Àfi kœ{®eI≥p.
∆»f≥fl ‘{≥flºc }´h3¤≥X
DB//eB¾ caB¾lgBj mBUijeBm
∆»fchp {flÛ¤fi ‘k≥„eI≥chp.
‘{fl®f≥fl À4 ¤≥fi º¤¤≥X.
csB¾Bk/eB¾ OBbjeBc lgjjeBm
{®hp ¬h≥¢…„ ÎœJeI≥chp.
‘{≥:Õ3fi– m4O‘¶≥ k‰‘¤X.
c
B ua[Bccg Yp¾a ;njsBm
{ÕBÛ„ mOœ— ¶Õ®eIº.
‘h4™3f‘⁄≥ SpÈ À4{‘¤X.
IsÇ/Na uBNNg OcjsBm
h™h≥¤fi ‘{º’≥h •NeIº.
SΩfl ¬’fl S¶‘¤X
utB¾ bqB¾ u¾jsBm
‘’˜„ ∆Ûhfi ∆™®eIº.
’‘¤≥ [fl¶ S¶‘¤X
bja GB¾¾ u¾jsBm
h≥∞D iœI’≥» ∆™®eIº.
‘m≥ X Or2®i ‘m≥Õ3‘¤X
haBbm
B PgBkkg ha[jsBm
{œJ ∆Ûhfi ‘m»eIº. (¢“eIº)
À3≥Œfi mF ‘k≥„‰¤≥X.
oejgBc hÍ ;aBnnjeBm
’≥k…„ ˚c ‘ÀR®eI≥chp.
˛´h3≥c –®3i3 h4‰¤≥X
XBUieBj cgBiig InjeBm
∆Jh≥— ¬h≥‰fi ∑NeI≥chp.
∆h≥_rfi ‘¶bBŒ ‘À3®h≥‘¤X
Dke<gBc ¾s½Bljg osBkkejsBm
wh≥fBÛ„ ¶bBÛ¤fi ‘ÀoeIº.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 31

mÕ2fl 13 h"B¾ 13 m≥Õfi 13

Sr¶‘⁄≥ ug¾Na ‘’˜∞h≥‰fi
’¤‘⁄≥ bjNa h≥∞D®h≥‰fi
‘m≥}‘⁄≥ hamNa {œJ®h≥‰fi
ª{‘⁄≥ VcNa m>®h≥‰fi
∆’» DbB/ ’Œ’≥Ò, ’Œ’≥p, ’Œfi,
’Œ’≥».
∆’fl DbB¾ ’Œ’≥chp, ’ŒQchp.
∆n Dbg ’Œ¬’Ò
∆ ‘’ DBbbs ’Œ¬’≥fi
∆ ¶≥ DBb¾e ’¤{≥‡¬ÕÒ, ’¤{≥‡Õ≥Ò,
’¤{≥‡Õ≥p, ’¤{‡Õ≥»
∆ ¶≥fl DBb¾eB¾ ’¤{≥‡¬Õ≥fi, ’¤{≥‡]chp,
’¤{≥‡Õ≥chp.
h2≥» KeB/ k≥‚GN’≥Ò, k≥‚GN’≥p,
k≥‚GNfi, k≥‚GN’≥»
h2≥fl KeB¾ k≥‚GN’≥chp, k≥‚GNQchp
h2n Kbg k≥‚GN¬’Ò
h2 ‘’ KBbbs k≥‚GN¬’≥fi
h2≥¶≥ Ke¾e k≥‚GÕ {≥‡¬ÕÒ,
k≥‚GÕ{≥‡Õ≥Ò, k≥‚GÕ {≥‡Õ≥p,
k≥‚GÕ {≥‡Õ≥».
h2≥¶≥fl Ke¾eB¾ k≥‚GÕ {≥‡¬Õ≥fi,
k≥‚GÕ{≥‡]chp,
k≥‚GÕ {≥‡Õ≥chp.
g h≥G2 {≥B¤fi ‘mn.
¤ kh¦ ceBljBc hsbg.
¶≥Ò h≥G {‡Nfi i™‚¬mÒ.
æ G2o ‘h2≥‚3m3≥® ∆’»?
lt ¦& KaByyeBk DbB/?
˚ gßNfi (ÛŒfiG) j‚¬m≥º ’Œ’≥»?
∆T QpÕ≥® Ûfl¶≥È® O ‘’.
D£ öBN'eBk ÑB¾¾eNgBk pBbbs.
¶≥´hp {≥œ‰˜„ ÛŒ¢J≥¢∞i‚ ¬m≥¬’≥fi.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

32 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
‘m≥pÕfi OΩfl {:Õ3≥fi SrÕ3fl.
haBN'Bc ptB¾ Bcu[eBc ug[B¾.
mpR®ÁÕfi OΩÒ {≥ÀBÛ„ ÛI‚m≥chp.
j„‘‰ }r‘¶≥ [Xh».
SBnns mg¾a GBmkB/.
∑flÀ ¶≥» iœ¤®ifi.
{‘{≥ ‘h≥‚3^ ∆¶».
cca kaByyg D¾B/.
{≥{≥ hŒfi^ ‘h≥ßN ’Œ’≥c.
{T –®3i3 Àh3».
c£ cgBiig liB/.
{≥T ¬h≥‰fi ¬m≥N’≥p.
{ ™3 Ù‘‰≥ m4flÀ3».
cBbÇ Ana YB¾oB/.
≈‰flÛ ’œ‰ h‡Nfi.
G}r‘⁄≥ ‘À‘{≥ }fiÕ».
ÅmgNa lsca mBc'B/.
‘h≥t ∆Û„ ≈®ifi.
∑‘¶≥ ¬h3≥X G3}r¶≥.
F¾a ifBm ¢mg¾e.
∑’p tfi{≥ [‡h≥¤{≥‡Õ≥p.
‘ÀÎfl hfl‘À3≥ ‘‰≥}fl h2‡3∏≥fl.
ls¾gB¾ kB¾oa namB¾ KB[CeB¾.
∆’chp ‘’´h≥ffi MßN ’≥´h{≥‡Õ≥chp.
h2 ¤≥ ¬h4c ‘h3⁄».
KBbje IqBj isNB/.
•‡N QN Ù“ifi.
ºTfl ‘{≥c ’B‘À≥ ∆»i¶≥fl.
lg£B¾ caBj bBlla DB/kg¾eB¾.
˚´hp jÒ ¬m”œk® ¬h‡h{≥‡]chp.
^2‡‘Õ ‘m4≥fl¶≥fi mF Fpk»®f≥?
HgB''s YaB¾¾eBc hÍ ÍBN;B/Bk/e?
[œÕflÀ (•‡œÕ) iÕBÛ„ ˚c À´i{≥?

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 33
ÛcF ÑBjÍ ˚flºÀ„
˛Ï”F XB}B;Í ‘ÀRBÀ„
‘}≥fiF maBcÍ {Ò>BÀ„
‘’®eF bsBk@Í ¬ÀNÀ„
ª‚3G3F VBy¢Í F∞I„
Orfl¶B‘À pgB¾¾Blls [“À„
^4ÏOB‘À YgB}pBlls ’DBÀ„
{h3B‘À ciBlls ¬h‡Õ„ (‘m≥Œœ⁄)
^}B‘À hgmBlls ¬h‡Õ„ (¬hp¢)
∆»hB‘À DB/kBlls ¬h‡Õ„ (h≥À≥„)
À4{B‘À }‘}≥ º4´e º4´e À4{».
OcBlls mma OgBU@ OgBU@ OcB/.
•NÀ„ –f„ iÛBº® iÛBº •Nfi.
º4⁄B‘À ‘h4À3‡3 {BÛfi º4⁄¬¤X.
OgNBlls IsoB[ cBlÑBc OgNjqBm.
[ŒÈÀ„ h“œÀ {ߣ„ [ŒÈeIº.
T´h3B‘À }≥‚ ‘m4chR® T´i3À».
£BUiBlls meBh YsBjk÷Bk £BUiglB/.
¢“´iÀ„ m≥fi^ À’œ⁄œf ¢“´e¢Nfi.
±®hB‘À h’≥‡3 mXh‡ ±®e¬‰.
ngBkkBlls kbeB[ hBmkB' ngBk@nq.
ÙRÀ„ hÀn‚ GÒ—≥„ ÙRflº ‘h≥p.
‰´e3F }flº3c ‰´e3 O‘¶≥.
nBU$Í mB¾ogBj nBU$ p¾a.
À≥ßNÀ„ hÕ„ À≥ß™‚ ¬m≥h ¬’ßNfi.
ΠF Or2®i Π¶‘h≥.
¾gBBbÍ PgBkkg ¾gBb¾ka.
^hzÀ„ ‘¤≥fim‚ ^hJ≥¬À.
S¶B‘À Î:Œ® h‘h≥ S¶oB‘À?
u¾Blls B¾ugjgBk kka p¾&Blls?
∆™BÀ„ iJflœÀœf ≠Ò ∆™®eI≥»?
Ù‡kB‘À ] ‘O„‘‰N3fi Ù‡≈ ¬S‡3.
AB';Blls Æ psBnns[gBc AB'* pqB[.
’™h‡NÀ„ ¬À˚œ¤ k„‰œÕ˜„ ’™h‡™ jN.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

34 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
{¤B‘À h3≥˜® {¤B‘À m≥‚.
cjBlls ie¹Bk cjBlls heBh.
‘h≥„±À„ mtœ’® ‘h≥„±À„ m≥’fi.
‰h3B‘À ∑XÀ  ‰e3 ^3Œ‘Õ3≥ ‘S≥»‘f≥.
niBlls FBmlBb n$ ygjg[a uaB//a.
mNÀ„ ‘¶Œ‚^ m‡N ‘h≥‚^⁄fi we¢‡Õº.
O¶B‘À ∆fi‘¤ }oB Ofl±‘’≥.
p¾Blls DBcjs m&Bl pB¾ngba.
∆PÀ„ ¶{º koBÛ¤BœÀ ∆Pflº ‘h≥pÈ´hp.
‘S≥ Õ3B‘À ‘S≥ Õ3BÀ® ¬h≥fl ¬}?
uaBb[Blls uaBb[BllBk kfBB¾ mq?
mo{≥DÀ„ mo{≥D’À∞i f≥c ∑Œ®eI≥chp?
∆‚3m3B‘À ‘m≥pÕfi– À2≥fi ∆‚3‘m3F ‘{¶≥.
DByyBlls haBN'Bccg LeBc DByysÍ cs¾e.
eœÕBÀ„ mpR®ÁÕBÛ„ ∑Õfi eœÕ®h¢„œ‰f≥fi.
…h2B‘À } ¤≥H‡ofi …h2BÀ® h⁄≥»®f≥?
ÓKBlls mBbjeB<B'&Bc ÓKBllBk kNeB/Bk/e?
j“ºÀ„ } ¤≥H‡o˜„ j“ÀB ‘Àoø{≥?
ÙßhB‘À ’≥i3® ©Û Sofl Ùß‘hX.
ABCkBlls beigBk xÑ u&B¾ ABCksBm.
¶N´iÀ„ ^…œf‚ m≥cBº {≥Ò ¶N´efº.
m2‡ÕB‘À Orfl¶ ‘m3≥‡‘Õ≥ m2‡™‘f≥.
HB''Blls pgB¾¾ yaB''a HB'Æ/a.
e¨À„ mœJf º£ e¨flº ¢‡Õº.
^2‡ÕB‘À ‘m4≥fl‘¶≥ h2≥„ ‘m≥™3 ^2‡™‘f≥.
HgB''Blls YaB¾¾a KeBn haÇ HgB'Æ/a.
[œÕÀ„ m≥œ— ¯¬J ¢“flº [œÕflº ¢‡Õº.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 35

it{ KsÍB¾ Á3Õ4 ‘h2>Ò

ÅBchNg Pe[g í[eBc ÅBnna ABC's¾a ¢XjsBm,
kaBcYgN ¾jsBN HaÇ@B¾ kfB¾ Ü/sѾg DmjsBm.
Bl/a ke/a?
GfimÈ O≥2N3 ˚Õ≥3fi G„‘‰≥ Ùß‘Õ‘—≥ G3˛‘¤X,
‘h≥fi^3⁄ ¶‘¤p ‘m≥2™3eÒ ¬h≥Ò Û3‘fÛÎ ∆}‘¤X.
B‘f≥ h≥‘f≥?
¾eBk ü oaNe BcuBoÜBc ¾;7Bm mBkÑ mba,
Hgng uejg IÓ@B¾ hgps ksjBllBk Dba.
Bl/a ke/a?
3 3 3 3
¶≥® ˙ ‘À≥ ⁄≥ {:B Û fi ¶kvX }®Û }‘’≥,
M2± S≥Œ h4…eÒ ^‘O ‘h¤BÀ® ∆‘’≥.
B‘f≥ h≥‘f≥?
mfjeB' Ia[e jsBllgBc maNHeBj DbB/ jpa,
¾sBoÜBc Bm¾eB¾ ksBjÓ ÍBlls ksja hgpa.
Bl/a ke/a?
¬}≥¤≥‡ ‘h≥4Õ≥3 ‘¤Bºfi ‘}≥⁄m≥2c ∆’» ¤‘O≥,
‘¶B3Û3fi X¶≥Ò ‘hc… FB‘À ‘h‘¤≥ ^‘O≥.
B‘f≥ h≥‘f≥?
Yg¹Bc ÅBkks ysB[@, isCeBl DByysBm LsBB[@,
haBNNa maiB¾ iBbna, ¦Bn&Bm maBbbBN mBbna.
Bl/a ke/a?
M ˜fi G®‘h ‘m ‡ e, ‘h ∏≥B ∆‚3‘m3X ‘À2‡3e,
4 3 3 3

‘m≥p‘⁄≥ ‘}≥h3Ò h3 ‘‰≥, G2„oX ‘}≥ ’p } ‘‰≥.

B‘f≥ h≥‘f≥?
igBC[g igBC[g kaBhhBn, kaBhhBn ÄBllBj laBhhBn,
laBhhBn ;gB''tBj jgBhha, lfCgBc lB/@B¾ ngByya.
Bl/a ke/a?
i ßN i ßN ‘h≥‚m„, ‘h≥‚m„ G4BÀc ‘À≥‚m„,
3 3 3 3

‘À≥‚m„ t‡\c Œ‚¬m≥, ¬À≥`fi À»eÒ ±‚3‘m≥3.

B‘f≥ h≥‘f≥?
psyeBb
3
& ‘Om≥  
1. ÖCeB/ & ¢∏≥»
2. Üba & Û3‘’≥
3. mg&Bl & }roB
4. kB¾oa & hfl‘À≥3
5. ¾NsBj & ¶‘⁄c
ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
36 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
∆Jef œh‘f“BÛ∞i {Û‚‘mß & 10

AoejC h
B jBM¾ hBllBj & {≥Ûo ¢—≥BÀ≥p.
1. ÀT¨„ ∆cBÀfi j“ºh:& 10
kbeB[, ;eBjhe», meBN, OBbja, h'a, KBnna,
ÖBi/eBj, D£B¾, @Blks, lgBcja.
2. } ¤≥H‡o˜„ ∆cBÀfi j“ºh:& 10
mJfi, ∆’p, ^BÀhfi, Àœ‰, ¬À´h≥», {≥Nhp, œmfÒ,
i¤´i, À´œh, ÀßËc.
3. jÛc‚mÀfi j“ºh:& 10
DkeB<, KBnna, kNa, haBNNa, jeBl, kgBC'g,
ugB¾¾a, £B''a,
4. ÙÒD –À„ ∑Œmº ’œ¤ } ¤≥H‡o˜„ j“ºh. 10
5. m≥Õ‚^BÀhBÛ±p⁄ } ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥ÒhÈp ÙŒ’œ¤‚
m∞P 20 ’ohÈ®ip h‡Nœ¤ j“ºh. 10
6. ÀT¨„ ‘{≥¨ ‘mfc®hnfi:& 20
(10 } ¤≥H‡¤ ’≥®ef´hp)
7. } ¤≥H‡o˜„ ‘{≥¨ ‘mfc®hnfi:& 20
(10 ÀTz ’≥®ef´hp)

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 37

} ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥Òhp
1. ¬{À≥¢.‘À≥.–. ¤≥{¤≥»
–h‰≥fchRÒ ‘h≥Nœ{œfB À≥´h¢f‰≥º McQh ¬ÀkBœÀ
¢‡N ‘’R¬fI ¬¶cflÀ h≥¤∏BÀ≥„ } ¤≥H‡¤chp À´hp ‘{≥¨˜Ò
m≥±fi ∑‰®ef´hRÒ m≥±fi ÔNm≥N ‘h≥p⁄ –™f≥{„ À¢BÀ≥chp.
w˜Wfi ∆ ’‚¬m≥º À≥´hp ’≈BÀ ¶≥Nhœ⁄” ¬kcflÀ G¤¬Àk
‘{≥¨hR„ ∑‰®ef´hp mœÕBº ’flÛŒ®eI≥chp.
mB‘À≥ÒmÀ≥fi Ã∞I≥ß™Ò ¶N‚miÛ˜„ [DÛf≥— ÙŒ
ÛŒ‚^–œ— ∆œ{flÀº. } ¤≥H‡¤ ∑—BÛÒ ‘mŒfimiÛ ÀTz¶≥‡™„
i™¬fP ¶„‰ ’≥z®œh®i ’¨ ’iBº® ‘h≥ßÕº. ∑®h≥‰ h‡ÕBÛ„
} ¤≥H‡¤ i‰BÛ„ FœIf {S≥Òhp ¬À≥ÒP—≥chp. ∆’chÈp
À≥»‘{≥¨ ’⁄c”≈‚ m£˜„ À{º [Õ„, ‘m≥Œp, w¢ ∆œ—BœÀøfi
ÔNmNBÛf ¬m¤PAc À≥Ò ¬{À≥¢.‘À≥.–. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp.
ÛŒ. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp e.G.1852&fi wß™„ GIflÀ≥c. ∑’¤º
iNfim‚ ‘mfc O≥m≥… ¬h≥BÛ¤BœÀ” ¬kcflÀ "‘À≥‚‘m' jÒmÀ≥ifi.
ÀflœÀ˜Ò ‘mfc –>} R. À≥f≥c ‘mfc g—≥¿.
≈D ’fÛ…Œfl¬À h„¢˜„ TiflÀ wc’fi ‘h≥ß™ŒflÀ ¤≥{¤≥»
1871 fi wß™„ ‘kÒœ— ‚vkc” T_Ò h„Úo˜„ m£f≥∞Pf kºc¬’À
mß™Àc ı{≥Ò ’÷{∏≥”k≥cfoÒ {≥∏’¤≥e kh‰ ¬’À [mF_À
k≥XÛ¤´hR±fi mÒ‘{≥¨ ∑‰®h∏ ∑‰®ef´hR±fi ¢o’≥— h„¢
h∞I≥c. wk≥cfoÒ À≥»‘{≥¨‚ m∞Dfi ∑‰®ef´hÈfi {≥∏’¤≥ef
¤≥{¤≥»®ifi À≥»‘{≥¨f≥ef } ¤≥H‡o˜Ò m≥„ m∞Dfi wzflÀ ÔNm≥Nfi
≠∞mNBÛ—. wh¬’ ∆’c À≥fi ’eBº ’flÀ oÓX‡¤≥c [BÛ¬f≥hBœÀ¬f
[ÀPB ÀpR ¢‡N ‘{≥¨ w¤≥»”≈˜„ ÔNmÕ‰≥—≥c. À≥»‘{≥¨
} ¤≥H‡oœfB À¢¤nfi }fiX®ŒÀfi, ªflÛ, iO¤≥BÛ, {¤≥BÛ, mÏk≥G,
‘m´h≥…, Ùof≥, ‘À±´i, hÒ—Õfi, {œ‰f≥Jfi, ÀTz, w´e‰fi –À…f
mÛ‘—‡™∞ifi ¬{∞m‡Õ ‘{≥¨hœ⁄® h∞D‚ ^‰œ{ ‘m∞I≥c. 1880&fi
wß™…Œflº –“ ¬¶¤BœÀøfi ‘k„’BœÀøfi } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨
∑‰®ef ’⁄c”≈®¬h ‘k‰¢‡Õ≥c.
ÙŒ ‘{≥¨˜Ò ’⁄c”≈®i ∆À∞‘h—B À> ’o ’™’fi
∑ÒPfœ{f≥ÀÀ≥ifi. ∑œÀBÀ{º mÒ‘{≥¨‚ ^‰œ{f≥„ [∏cflÛŒflÀ
¬{À≥¢.¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨®‘h— –“œ{f≥— ∆⁄¢„
¢ÏA≥— vÛf≥h ’o’™’fi ∆œ{Bº ∆”t j“Bº®hœ⁄øfi Àf≥oBÀ≥c.
∆’∞œI® ‘h≥ß¬Õ FœIf Ähœ⁄B Àfi ‘k‰¢¬‰¬f G¤toBÀ≥c.
ÛŒ. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp À≥¬{ ∑f∞P ‘’R˜‡Õ Ähp ≠¤≥⁄fi.
∆’∞Dp –ÀÒœ{f≥h [p⁄œ’ ’Œ{≥D& 1. } ¤≥H‡¤ ¬m≥Û>. 2.
} ¤≥H‡¤ Gœ¤{c. 3. } ¤≥H‡¤ –À„ m≥Õ ^XÀhfi. 4. } ¤≥H‡¤
∑¤ßÕ≥fi m≥Õ ^XÀhfi. 5. } ¤≥H‡¤ ˚Û }fi^. 6. } ¤≥H‡¤
¢f≥h¤∏fi. 7. } ¤≥H‡¤ ¶flÛ FhßN {∞Dfi m‰. ∑œ’ À¢¤ ÀTz,

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

38 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
‘À±´i, }fiX®ŒÀfi, } ¤≥H‡¤fi wef ¶≥Òi ‘{≥¨ ‘k≥∞‘À≥i‚m≥h
"kºcm≥_≥ ’„‰o' jWfi Ãœ‰øfi ∑f∞P ‘’R˜‡Np⁄≥c.
ÛŒ. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp ∑f∞Pf } ¤≥H‡¤ ˚Û}fi^ jWfi ˚Û
Ã…±p⁄ hŒBÀ≥JBœÀ® hßN ∑Ò^∞I w´e‰ ¬m¤≥≈ofc j”.jÒ.
¤≥߬Մ jÒm’c ∆flÃœ‰ w´e‰BÛ„ ‘{≥¨ ‘mfcBº ‰ßÕ>±p⁄
∑flÛf ‘{≥¨ ∑‰®ef® hŒ§‰BÛ„ ¬kcBº œ’Bºp⁄≥c. ÛŒ–Œh
eŒm≥—flÀ ’≥of≥c X’≥ThÈfi À{º "ÛŒ‚^hJTcÀfi' jÒWfi Ã…„
} ¤≥H‡¤ ˚Û }fi^œ’‚ G¤toBºB ÀTz {®hRœÕ¬f m¤‚Gøp⁄≥c.
ÛŒ. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’chp ‘kÒœ—’≥≈ ∆’c ≈‰ h≥‰fi {ºœ¤˜„
À´e˜ŒflÀ≥c. ∆”k{ffi ı{fl¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Tœf” kflÛ®ifi
’≥»‚^ e‡™fº. [Õ¬— À≥» ‘{≥¨‚m∞œI ◊‡Nfi m≥Õ„hœ⁄ ∑f∞Dfi
m™ ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÕfi ÛŒ. ¤≥{¤≥» ¬’ß™®‘h≥ßÕ≥c. ¶≥fe
X’≥ThÈfi ""m≥4_≥m4®Û ˚:X‘À‘¶≥ m≥4B ˚:X‘À ‘m≥4fl‘¶≥'' ¬m≥ÒI
m≥Õ„hœ⁄‚ m≥™ } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨ ’¤‰≥∞P„ j“”≈øfi ¬’h–fi
[ßÕ≥®e—≥c.
¬{À≥¢. ¤≥{¤≥» ∆’ch⁄º ‘À≥œ‰¬¶≥®i ∆∞^À{≥—º.
jÛch≥‰fi h£‚‘m≥P {f{≥ifi jÒmœÀ ∆’c F”kf{≥h ∆PflÛŒflÀ≥c.
∆À—≥„ À≥Ò ¢ÏA≥— ’⁄c”≈®i ÔN ‘h≥NBº‚ mfÒmNfi ’œh˜„
} ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨®‘h—” ≤cÛŒBÛf À> ’o ’™’BœÀ [Œ’≥®eB
ÀflÛŒ®eI≥c. ∑ÒD h£‚‘m≥P˜„ ^iflº ∆flÀ ’o’™’fi k®œh‚ ¬m≥N
¬m≥‡N® ‘h≥ß™Œ®eIº. } ¤≥H‡¤chp {‡NTÒP {∞I’chÈfi
‘’R¶≥NhR±fi } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜œ— ∆À∞iof ’o ’™’BÛ„
m™‚mÀ∞ifi j“º’À∞ifi h∞mÀ∞ifi ’≥»‚^ ≠∞m‡Np⁄º.
h£‚‘m≥P˜„ À>‚m®h–fi ∑ÒÕc‘¶‡ ∑œ∏‚^fi } ¤≥H‡¤
‘{≥¨˜Ò [‰h⁄≥¢f ’⁄c”≈®i [À¢ ^oeÒI—.
À∞k{ffi {ºœ¤ X¬¤HÕ } ¤≥H‡¤ }≥ªBf }m≥ Th
¬’h{≥hnfi ∆Ûh{≥hnfi } ¤≥H‡¤ Ähœ⁄ ‘’R˜Nfi m£˜„
–œ—‚^ÕÒ ÔNm‡Np⁄º.
} ¤≥H‡¤ h„¢® hJh´hÈfi } ¤≥H‡¤ }ÌhBÛ—c
Fc’e®ifi ¶c}o, w¤fim ¬{„Fœ‰‚ mpRhR±fi h„ÚohR±fi
} ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨œf‚ m≥ÕB Û‡ÕBÛ„ ¬kc®h ¬’ßNfi. ‘’i ¢œ¤¢„
m„hœ‰® hJh´hR„ } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨®i ÙŒ "∑Œ‚GÕfi' ≠∞mNBÀ ’¨
‘k»f ¬’ßNfi. ∆À∞i [Ànfi ’œh˜„ hœÀ, h¢œÀ, ¶≥Õhfi, ¶≥’„
wef j„‰≥’œh ÄhÈfi k¤{œJ‘f—® ‘h≥‡Õ ¬’ßNfi. ∆À∞i
∑œ⁄Achp [œJ®h ¬’ßNfi.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 39
} ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥Òhp
2. ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp
{ºœ¤˜Ò ¬O≥Û jÒDfi } ¤≥H‡¤ wz’≥c jÒDfi
¬m≥∞I‚mNm’c ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp. ∑’¤º ∑f∞‘mfc
¤≥{mBÛ¤Ò jÒmÀ≥ifi. ¶≥h…´h ∆™hp jWfi ÛŒ‚‘mfc ‘h≥ßÕ
iŒ¢Õfi "kÀ≥—flÀ ∆™hp' jÒI m‡Õ‚‘mfc ‘m∞I’c ¶≥fe X’≥Thp.
∆’—ÒP •¤`nfi ∆œkf≥º jÒmÛ„ ÛÕ ¶fiG®œh ‘h≥ßN
∑Œ®œh˜±fi ¶Õ®œh˜±fi mN®œh˜±fi [ßœh˜±fi [N®œh˜±fi
hß∏œ—¬f Ûf≥>Bº ¶≥fe m≥’œ—˜„ ’≥zflÀ’c.
ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp e.G.1843fi wß™„
∆’ÀoBÀ≥c. ∑’¤º ÀflœÀ˜Ò ‘mfc ‘¤´h≥cfc. À≥f≥c ‰÷T. iNfim‚
‘mfc "‘h≥‚m≥Ò' jÒI ^œ—‘mfo„ ’J´ifi ≈Ò—‘h≥ßÕ≥ jÒmÀ≥ifi.
À{º 71’º ’fÛ„ 1914fi wß™„ œ’ißÕ ≠h≥À≈fÒD {S≥}{≥Û
∆œÕflÀ≥c ∑’c.
¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ’≥z®œh ’¤‰≥D m™®h‚
m¤’kfi ÀŒ’À≥ifi.
X’≥Thp Fœ—BÀœÀ [Õ¬— m≥Nfi ’¤h¢f≥h ¢⁄´e—≥c. ÙŒ
¶≥p hœÕ QÛ˜„ ∑>‚^‚ m‰h≥¤® hœÕœf® hßÕºfi,
""T‡Õ≥» T‡Õ≥», ¤≥{ ¶≥{ T‡Õ≥»,
j‡Õ≥p m‰fi ÀŒfi m‡Õ≥G¤≥{ T‡Õ≥»''
jÒD m≥™ wÕB ‘À≥Õ´e ¢‡Õ≥c.
∑¬À ¬m≥„ ÙŒ k{ffi ≈Àfim¤fi ‘kÒD ‘mŒ{≥p kflFÛ®i”
‘kÒIºfi,
""’p⁄„ ’≥}r¬À’Ò ¶≥{B
‘Àp⁄TcÀfi [p¬⁄ ‘h≥ßÕ≥„
‘h≥pœ⁄®h≥¤Ò ’¤{≥‡Õ≥Ò & ’flÀ≥±fi
‘h≥pœ⁄®eÕTÒP‚ ¬m≥’≥Ò''
jÒI ¯cBÀœ—œf‚ m≥™ [Õ>ŒflÀ’chœ⁄‚ m¤’k‚mNBÛ—≥c.
∑œ’ •oŒ [À≥¤∏´hp {‡Nfi À≥Ò. ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ
¯¤BÀœ—hp m®Û” tœ’ T®hœ’. wÒgh w—flÀfi ÀŒmœ’, k–À≥f”
≤cÛŒBÀ” ≈flÀœ—œføfi À≥»‘{≥¨‚ m∞œIøfi ◊‡Nmœ’.
""m≥4_≥ m4®Û ˚:X‘À‘¶≥
m≥4B ˚:X‘À ‘m≥4fl‘¶≥''
jÒD ÁP } ¤≥H‡¤ {®hÈ®i j“”≈·‡™—≥c X’≥Thp.
∆¬À k{fBÛ„,
""Sr™Ffi G3˛Ffi k„Ffi ¬S≥´i3fi
¶Õ—¬h≥3m≥‰ B4f≥Ò ‘}≥ß‘∏≥‘h≥ ‘{≥flÎ''
jÒD ‘À»’ m®Û®ifi –®fB’fi ‘h≥NBÀ≥c. ∑’¤º m≥Õ„hp
‘mŒfim≥±fi {—BœÀ ¢RBº‚ m≥Õ‚ ‘m∞Iœ’f≥» ¢⁄´ieÒI—.
GI¢‚ G£˜>ÒD ¢NmN’À∞i® iŒ¢Ò ’¨h≥‡NÀ„
∑ÒPfœ{f≥Àº jÒmº ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ÛÕ ¶fiG®œhf≥ifi.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

40 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
X’≥Thp œ¶H™h G¤fi{”k≥of≥h ’≥zflÀ≥c. ∑’c ’ŒÕfl¬À≥Dfi
œ’ißÕ º’≥À≈fÒD ı¤´hBÛ„ }{≥¤≥Àœ— ¶ÕBº’œÀ
’J®h{≥h® ‘h≥ß™ŒflÀ≥c. ∆À∞iB ¬Àœ’f≥— ‘m≥Œ‡hœ⁄
{ºœ¤˜…Œflº jNBº” ‘k„’≥c. ÙŒ ’ŒÕfi ’¸‰≥— m∏BœÀøfi
¬khoBÀ ‘m≥Œ‡hœ⁄øfi jNBº® ‘h≥ßN ¤˜…„ mf∏fi ‘k»À≥c.
ÛŒÕÒ ÙŒ’Ò ∑’oÕTŒflÀ m∏BœÀB ÛŒ™ ¢‡Õ≥Ò.
m∏BœÀ® h≥∏¢„œ‰‘fÒD ‘ÀoflÀºfi ¶≥fe X’≥Thp,
""wS≥! ∆´¬h ¶Õ®h ¬’ß™f ∆I‚m£œf jfi‘mŒ{≥Ò ¶{®i” ≈¤{fi
À¤≥{„ ∑´¬h¬f ¶ÕBÛ® ‘h≥NBº ¢‡Õ≥c'' jÒD w—flÀ® ÁBÀ≥ÕB
‘À≥Õ´e—≥c. [Õ>ŒflÀ j„‰≥Œfi {—–œÕflº ’ŒflÛ—c. w—≥„
¢_ffi ‘’R˜„ ‘ÀoflÀºfi {®hp m∏BœÀ® ‘h≥ßN ’flº i¢BÀ—c.
–Òœ— ¢Õ Th ¢{oœkf≥h ∆ ’ŒÕ }{≥¤≥Àœ— ¢Œflº
¶œÕ‘m∞Iº.
¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp {ºœ¤˜„ GIflÀ≥±fi ‘m∞¬I≥oÒ
œh‘¶knB ‘À≥¨„ h≥¤∏{≥» ∆’¤º ∑⁄œ{‚ mŒ’fi ifim¬h≥∏BÛ„
h¨flÀº. ÛŒ{∏fi ‘k»º ‘h≥pÈfim™ ‘m∞¬I≥c ’∞^DBÀ¬’ X’≥Thp
{DBº ¢‡N {ºœ¤˜„ ’flº ÛŒ‚m¤´iÒIBÛÒ GÒ^I–p⁄ iœh˜„
≠h≥flÀ’≥}B À’Tf∞P—≥c. GÒ—c À‰f≥BÛœ¤ º’´e—≥c.
∑¤≥¬{X’¤fi ‘k„±fi ’¨˜„ m¤{®i™˜„ ¶≥h…´h ∆™hRÒ, ≤Õ¤≥e
¬f≥h≥‚Gf≥kBÛ„ Àœ¤˜…Œflº ¬{‘‰“fiG” ‘k„±fi ∆⁄¢∞iB
¬Àc”≈ ‘m∞I≥c. iŒ¢ÕTŒflº XÀ≥—flÀ ≈BÀc jÒWfi ¢ŒœÀøfi
‘m∞I≥c.
GÒ—c ‘ÀÒÛœk f≥BÛœ¤ ‘k»À ¬m≥º ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ
’≥z®œh˜„ –®ef{≥— ÛŒ‚mfi ≠∞m‡Õº. wz’≥c ÛŒ¶ho˜„
’ÕmB¤≥”k≥of≥c jWfi {S≥>Ò Àok—–fi [m¬Àk–fi X’≥Thp
œ’∏’ ‘¶P˜„ ÔNmÕ ’¨ ‘k»Àº. ∆º–À„ ¬h≥¢flÀ—≥ef
¶Õ¬h≥m≥‰W®i ¶≥fe w—≥c.
¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp [Ïk ¢ŒBÛ˜Ò Ì‰fi eœÕBÀ
‘m≥Œ‡hœ⁄® ‘h≥ßN ∆ÒI≥Õfi ’˜∞D‚ m≈œf w∞P® ‘h≥ßÕ≥c.
∆ ’‚¬m≥º ∑f∞Dfi ¯cBÀ—´hœ⁄ m≥™fm™ w™® ‘h≥ß¬Õ X’≥Thp
[Ïk ¢ŒBÛ ‘k»À≥c. ∑ÀÒ Ì‰fi {®hÈ®i [ßœ{f≥— ’≥z®œhB
ÀBº’BœÀ‚ ¬m≥ÛBÀ≥c.
¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ¢Œ‚m‚m™¬f {ºœ¤ ∆Jhc¬h≥¢„
k≥œ‰˜±p⁄ h≥À®e∏D jÒWTÕBÛ„ ∆’¤º ÛŒ”k{≥Û
∆œ{®h‚m‡Np⁄º. {≥offi{Ò ‘À‚m®i⁄BÛÒ ¬{∞i® hœ¤˜„
m®À¬h≥™h⁄≥„ Fc{≥£®h‚m‡Np⁄ ı ¯À≥ ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe {flÛc
̉fi ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ ¯cBÀœ—hp ¶≥‘Õ´e±fi m¤¢‚
m≥Õ‚mNeÒI—. À≥»‘{≥¨‚ m∞œIøfi }Ìh” ≤cÛŒBÀ®
hŒBº®hœ⁄øfi jRœ{f≥— m≥Õ„hRÒ Ì‰fi } ¤≥H‡¤ {®hÈ®i
◊‡™ j“”≈œføfi {D{‰c”≈œføfi [ßÕ≥®ef {S≥Ò ı{fl
¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 41
} ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥Òhp
3. ∆Jh¤≥cf≥Ò
m≥¤À ¬ÀkBÛ„ ∆¬¶h {S≥Òhp ¬À≥ÒP ªflº Àc{ h‰≥k≥¤BœÀ®
h≥‰≥h≥‰BÛ„ ¢ŒBÛ ‘k»º Fœ‰ FDBÛ ’flºp⁄≥chp. } ¤≥H‡¤
}ÌhBÛ±fi ‘{≥¨, hœ‰, h‰≥k≥¤fi –À‰≥—’∞P„ –Ò¬—∞I{œÕflº
{®hp hœÕB¬ÀI ’¨ h≥‡Õ ‘mŒfi {S≥Òhp ∆’ÀoBºp⁄—c.
’≥z®œh jÒmº mÕi‚ mf∏fi ¬m≥ÒIº jÒmc wÒ¬I≥c. mÕœh
¶Û˜Ò ˚¬¤≥‡ÕBÛ„ ∆™Bº” ‘k„‰≥{„ ∑>œ{f≥— }´¯À A≥—BÀ≥„
{—œÀ ÙŒ–h‚mNBÛ‚ ¬m¤≥—flÀ‚ ¬moÒm Fœ‰œf ∆œÕflÀ
{S≥ÒhÈp ¬}‰fi {S≥h¢ ∆Jh¤≥cfc –ÀÒœ{f≥—’c.
ı ∆Jh¤≥cfoÒ ∑f∞‘mfc }rflÀc¯HN jÒmÀ≥ifi. ÀflœÀ˜Ò
‘mfc ¶¤˛fi{≥cfc. À≥f≥c ‘mfc X’c∏ ‰÷T. ∑’ch⁄º iNfim‚ ‘mfc
^‡Õ≥ jÒmÀ≥ifi.
ı ∆Jh¤≥cfc j‡N ‘{≥¨hR„ ^‰œ{ ‘m∞I’¤≥» [mflf≥}fi
‘k»øfi ’„‰œ{ [œÕf’¤≥»B ÛhzflÀ≥c. ^¬¤≥ªÀfi, ¬O≥ÛÕfi,
}´¯Àfi wef’∞P±fi ¬Àc”≈ ‘m∞PŒflÀ≥c. ’¤h¢ ı ¬’´hÕ}Ωo
X’≥ThRÒ G¤À{ ≤Õ¤≥h ∑ŒflÀ≥c jÒm¬À ∑’¤º ‘mŒœ{œf
[∏cBºfi. ∑’c e.G. 1832fi wßN ^¤‡Õ≥≈ {≥Àfi ¢OfÀkTfÒD
GIflÀ’c w’≥c. m‰‚m‰ {S≥Òhp ^¤‡Õ≥≈ {≥ÀBÛ„ À≥Ò {ß`‰e„
[ÛBÛŒ®eI≥chp jÒmº Fœ—n ÁIB À®hº. {∏’≥⁄ {S≥–>hp,
’≥—{≥{œ‰ Lfc X’≥Thp, ’¤h¢ ¬’´hÕ}Ωo , ¶flÀ—≥c, hß∏‚m
¶≥f—≥c, ¬k®eJ≥c jÒD {S≥ÒhRÒ ÛŒ‚‘mfchœ⁄ ∆N®e®
‘h≥ß¬Õ ¬m≥h‰≥fi.
ı ∆Jh¤≥cfc À{º mÒ>¤ßÕ≥’º ’fÛ¬‰¬f
ı‰÷T¶¤˛fi{c ¬mo„ f–—≥ h„f≥£ ¤≥hBÛ„ ¯cBÀœ— ∑f∞P‚
m≥™—≥c. mB‘À≥Òmº ’fÛ¬‰¬f h„¢˜∞ ≈IflÀ {≥¬{œÀhÈÕÒ mJe
∆’chœ⁄® ‘h≥ßN }´¯À® h”¬ko {∞Dfi [mflf≥k´hp FhzBÛ—≥c.
¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥ThRÒ } ¤≥H‡¤ }´¯À ¤≥{≥f∏ [mflf≥kBÀ≥„
h’¤‚m‡N” ≤Õ¤≥e‚ G¤À{ ≤Õ¤≥hnfi [fcflÀ≥c.
ı ∆JÀ¤≥cfc "w} k Fc∏ffi' {∞Dfi "¢H` ^¤≥∏fi' jÒI
∑Œ Ähœ⁄ ∑f∞P ‘’R˜‡Õ≥c. ∑ÀÒ Ì‰fi ∆’¤º {eœ{œf ∆PflÀ
‘’R·c’≥≈hÈfi ∆’œ¤ [mflf≥}fi ‘k»¢BÀ≥chp. ∆Jh¤≥cfc
‘k„±TÕ´hR‘‰„‰≥fi ¶≥∞mº }fiXh≥¤´hœ⁄ ¢⁄®e‚ G¤k≥¤fi
‘k»º œ’Ûh Àc{BœÀ ’⁄cBÀ≥c. ¬{±fi ∑’c, "} ¤≥H‡¤ ¢f≥h¤∏fi,
flŒ˛fiS }Àhfi, XŒ´h≥¤ ’c∏ ¯À´hp, ‰≥’£hp, mO¬—≥∞k’
¯cBÀœ—hp wef’∞œIøfi ∑f∞P—≥c. ∑’c ∑f∞Pf "mÏk„ koBŒ'
jÒeI } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨ ¶ h≥ h≥¢ffi ∑’¤º ^‰œ{œf‚ mœIk≥∞Dfi
Ù‚^fc’∞I É≥ifi.
ı eŒH∏X’≥T ¬À’XÀ≥—BÛ„ }Ωo X’≥Thp
‘mŒœ{T®h ¶ h≥ h≥¢fBœÀ [mflf≥}fi ‘k»À ¬m≥º ∆Jh¤≥cfc ≠‡N”
t’™hR„ j“BÀ≥£f≥„ j“Û œ’BÀ≥c. iP‚m≥„ [∏cflÀ }Ωo
X’≥Thp, "[{º h¢B ÛIœ{f≥„ ¶ h≥ h≥¢fBœÀB À≥»‘{≥¨f≥ef

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

42 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
} ¤≥H‡¤BÛ„ ∑f∞P }ÌhBÛ∞i‚ ‘mŒœ{ ¬kc®h ¬’ßNfi jÒD
¬h‡N® ‘h≥ßÕ≥c. ∆œÀ¬f iŒh‡Õœ⁄f≥h ≠∞I ∆Jh¤≥cfc ̉
Ãœ‰‚ ¬m≥Ò¬I [m{≥—&[m¬{f –À…f h≥¢f ∑‰®h∏´hÈÕÒ
"mÏk„ koBŒ' œ’ ∆Jef } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜„ ∑f∞P—≥c. ∆¬À
ıeŒH∏X’≥T ¬À’XÀ≥—BÛ„ mÏk„ koBŒ h≥¢f ∆¤´¬h∞Ifi
¶œÕ‘m∞I ¬m≥º ∆Jh¤≥cfoÒ h¢BÛIœ{ f≥’Œ®ifi ‘ÀoflÀº.
∆’Œ®i "}´¯À }≥ªBf ‚¤Q∏' jÒI ≈I‚^ ¢Œº ’J´e®
hn¤¢BÀ≥c }Ωo X’≥Thp.
≠¬À≥ h≥¤∏BÀ≥„ ‘ÀÒhœ‰ kfiG¤À≥fBÛ∞i {≥P˜ŒflÀ }ro
X’≥Thœ⁄B À®h k{ffi m≥cBº ¬’ßN¬h≥p ¢NBÀ ∆Jh¤≥cfc gßNfi
’Õhœ‰ kfiG¤À≥fBÛ∞i {≥∞P—≥‘¤ÒI≥„ ∆’¤º ‘mŒœ{œf ∆⁄¢Õ
–™ø¬{≥?
1873fi wß™„ {h≥{hfi k{fBÛ„ ÙŒ ’≥¤h≥‰fi ∆Jh¤≥cfc [mflf≥}fi
‘k»ÀœÀ‚ m∞P ∑ÒœI®ifi iÕflœÀ {®hp ¬m¤≥—flÀBºÕÒ ¬m≈®
‘h≥peI≥chp. 1885±fi {h≥{h ¢J≥¢Ò ¬m≥º ∆Jh¤≥cfoÒ
hÀ≥h≥‰‡¬kmfi ¶œÕ‘m∞Iº.
1898fi wßN ∆®¬Õ≥mc {≥Àfi ¬}‰BÛ∞i ’Œœh ^oflÀ
w´e¬‰f h’c—c }c.wcÀc S≥ ‰≥® jÒm’Œ®i } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜„
’¤¬’∞^‚ mBÛfi ’≥≈BÀRBÀ≥c.
∑¬À ’ŒÕBÛ„ ≠‚¤„ {≥ÀBÛ„ {ºœ¤˜„ ¶œÕ‘m∞I
} ¤≥H‡¤ G¤≥{∏ ∑¤ßÕ≥’º {S≥¶≥‡œÕB À{º Àœ‰œ{˜„ Th‚
G¤fi{≥ßÕ{≥h ¶ÕBÛ® h≥‡™f ∆Jh¤≥cfc ∆NBÀ 1899fi wßN OΩÒ
{≥ÀBÛ„ ¬}‰BÛ„ ¶ÕflÀ ÌÒI≥’º {S≥¶≥‡™„ "} ¤≥H‡¤ TBÛ¤Ò'
jWfi mBÛoœhœfB º ®e—≥c. ¬{±fi ¬}‰BÛ„ } ¤≥H‡¤Œ®‘h—‚
mpR®ÁÕ–fi [ßÕ≥®e—≥c. ∆NBº 1900 „ [œI·o„ ¶œÕ‘m∞I
¶≥Òh≥’º {S≥¶≥‡™„ ’¤¬’∞^œ¤ FhzBÛf ∆Jh¤≥cfc, "¶fi }Ìh®
iJflœÀhp f≥’Œ®ifi } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨œf® h∞DB À¤¬’ßNfi' jÒD
¬h‡N® ‘h≥ßÕ≥c.
∑ ’≥D } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨, hœ‰, ∑‰®effi, mßm≥N, }´¯Àfi
–À…f }h‰ ºœIhR±fi ≈Iflº [fcflº ¢⁄´ef {S≥Ò ∆Jh¤≥cfc
21.7.1906 ∆ÒD MÀnÕœ‰ ˚Bº ∆œ—Bº } ¤≥H‡¤ {®hRÒ
‘¶Ïk´hR±fi ˚´h≥º ∑Œflº ’ŒeI≥c.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 43
} ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥Òhp
4. ı{B ¬’´hÕ¤{∏ m≥h’Àc
} ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥ÒhÈp }fiX®ŒÀ‚ ^‰œ{øfi }´¯À
}≥B¤BÛ„ TiflÀ ¬Àc”≈øfi [œÕf’¤≥» ¢⁄´ef’c ı{B
¬’´hÕ¤{∏ m≥h’Àc ı Ûf≥h‚G¤fi{BÛÒ ’≥z®œh {∞Dfi
¯cBÀœ—hœ⁄ w¤≥»”≈ ‘k»øfi }´¯À ¢∞mÒ—chÈfi ∆PAc
‘mŒ{®hÈfi ¬’´hÕ¤{∏ m≥h’ÀoÒ –®fB’fi ∆P’c.
ı Ûf≥h‚G¤fi{fi À{º ∑DÛ® h≥‰BÛ„ À{º mœÕ‚G‰®ef
≠‡N” t’™hp {∞Dfi [˜oWfi ¬{‰≥»‚ m≥ºh≥Bº œ’BÛŒflÀ ı
©À≥¤≥{ ‰÷{∏ ÛŒnŒ’BœÀøfi G¤À{ ≤Õ¤≥ef ¬’´hÕ¤{∏oÕfi
Ù‚mœÕBÀ≥c.
¬’´hÕ¤∏oÒ GI‚GÕfi ∆»ffi¬m‡œÕ wifi. w˜Wfi
Ûf≥h‚ GŒfi{BœÀB À{º iŒ’≥h ≠∞D® ‘h≥ßÕ ∆’c
h≥„¶œÕf≥h¬’ Û—–fi ÛŒœ’f≥D®i” ‘kÒD iŒ¢Ò Q‡™∞i
‘’R¬f FÒD }´¯ÀBœÀ ∆Îm¢Bº ’flÀ≥c. ∑œÀfPflÀ
Ûf≥h‚G¤fi{fi ∆’œ¤BÀ{º G¤À{ ≤Õ¤≥h ≠∞D® ‘h≥ßÕ≥c.
}BiŒ Ûf≥h‚G¤fi{BœÀøfi ¬’´hÕ¤{∏ m≥h’Àœ¤øfi
Gœ∏BÛŒflÀ iŒ ˛Hf [In {hBº’fi ’≥»flÀº.
∑Œ’Œ®iTœÕ˜„ ¶œÕ‘m∞I tœ’f≥— ∆∞^À{≥— ’¤‰≥∞D
Fhz”≈hp ≈‰¤º ‘m≥I≥œ{ h≥¤∏{≥h j“BºŒ‚ ‘mI≥À’≥D
{œI®h‚m‡Np⁄—.
¬’´hÕ¤{∏c } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜„ FœIf‚ m®Û¤}®
¯cBÀœ—hp ∑f∞Pøp⁄≥c. À{º ‘À±´i® eŒÛhp ∆œ—BÛ±fi
∑DÛ˜„ "Ûf≥h¤≥O' jÒI –BÛœ¤˜‡N® iŒh≥£®œh
‘k±BÛøp⁄≥c. jÒ¬— iŒm®Û!
e.G.1943„ ıÛf≥h¤≥O X’≥Thp mfÒmNBÛf m≥ºœh,
m≥¤≥f∏fi ‘k»À ‘À±´i m≥h’Àfi, œh‘f“Bº ≠‡N” t’™hp,
ı¬’´hÕ¤{∏m≥h’ÀoÒ m≥ºœhhp, MO≥ m≥BÛ¤´hp, ∆’c
∑f∞Pf ¯cBÀœ—hp, ^Ûf ’c∏´hp, X’¤ OÛhp –À…fœ’
∆Õ´ef ∆∞^À ‘m≥®e_{≥— ≠‡N” t’™hp {ºœ¤ } ¤≥H‡¤
}œmœf” ¬kcflÀ ¬’´hÕ¤{∏ {flÛ¤BÛ„ m≥ºh≥®h‚m‡N
’ŒeÒI—. ∑œ’ ≈œÀflº ∆¨flº ¬m≥» ¢N’À∞i –Ò Ã„h⁄≥h
∆”≈‡N‚ G¤to®h ¬’ß™fº } ¤≥H‡¤chRÒ hÕœ{f≥ifi.
ı ¬’´hÕ¤{∏oÒ ’≥z¢„ FhzflÀ ∆∞^À´hp m‰. ∑’¤º
i‰B‘À≥¨„ œhBÀP ‘¶kn wifi. ÙŒ k{ffi ∑’c ÀP˜‰{cflº
‘¶»º ‘h≥ß™Œ®ifi ‘m≥“º ÀÒœ— {Iflº hß∏>Ò
À≥Rœ∏œf‚ ¬m≥∞P‚ m≥™® ‘h≥ß™ŒflÀ≥c. ∆‚‘m≥“º œhÀ’P®
¯¬J ¢“flÀ ÀP¶≥Õ≥(‘¶R)œ’® hß∏¬— ≈D’Ò [Œ¢„ ’flº
jNBº® ‘h≥NBÀ≥Ò!
ı Ûf≥h‚G¤fi{BÛÒ ^À„¢˜Ò ÛŒ{∏ œ’m’BÛ„

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

44 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
jBÀœ—¬f≥ ¢œ‰øfcflÀ mot‚ ‘m≥Œ‡hp ’flÀ—. w—≥„ G¤À{
≤Õ¤≥— ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c ‘h≥ßN ’flº ÀflÀ ı©À≥¤≥{ }÷{∏oÒ
ÛŒnŒ’‚ mÕBœÀB À≥Ò Ûf≥h‚ G¤fi{fi ‘moÀ≥h {ÛBÀ≥c! ∆‚¬m≥º
¬’´hÕ¤{∏c m≥™f "¶W m≥…fim' ¯cBÀœ— }BiŒ¢∞i‚ ‘mŒfi
∆h{ez”≈œf® ‘h≥NBÀº.
ı ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c ^Ò—≥h’¤≥R® ¯cBÀ—´hœ⁄ Th
¢Œ‚mBºÕWfi ÔNm≥‡NÕWfi m≥N’≥c. ^Ò—≥h’¤≥R jÒmº
¶≥h´hœ⁄ {f®e Ôc®ifi ∑>f ¤≥hfi wifi. ÙŒ –œI ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c
À{º ∑HÕ ‘À»’{≥— ı eŒH∏œ—B ºÛBº‚ ^Ò—≥h’¤≥R
∑œk˜„ w—flÀ{≥h ¤≈Bº‚ m≥ÕB ‘À≥Õ´e—≥c ∆‚¬m≥º ‘mof‘À≥Œ
¶≥hfi ∆´¬h ’flº mÕ‘{NBº w™fº. ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c ÀÒœ—øfi
t∞D‚^IBœÀøfi {Iflº m≥™® ‘h≥ß™ŒflÀ≥c. w—≥„
∆´eŒflÀ’chp ∆”kBÀ≥„ Á”k…‡Õ—c. tf Fœ—¢∞iB ÛŒfiGf
¬’´hÕ¤{∏c ¬’‘I≥Œ m≥‡Õ≥„ ¶≥hBœÀB ÛŒfiG” ‘k„‰ œ’BÀ≥c!
ı ¬’´hÕ¤{∏c e.G. 1781„ GIflº 1889 ’œ¤ Ã∞P‘f‡N
wßNhp ’≥zflÀ≥c. ÀÏœk {≥’‡Õfi ∆»ffi¬m‡œÕ˜„ ∑’¤º
‘OfflÛ¢J≥ } ¤≥H‡¤ {®h⁄≥„ Th ¢{oœkf≥h®
‘h≥ßÕ≥Õ‚mNeIº. {∞‘I„‰≥ ◊chR±fi ∑ ¢J≥
‘h≥ßÕ≥Õ‚mNeIº. ¬’´hÕ¤{∏oÒ ’≥z®œh ’¤‰≥∞œI ∆PAc
‘mŒ{®hp ¶Òi w¤≥»flº {œI®h‚m‡™Œ®ifi [ßœ{hœ⁄ –“
’™¢„ ‘’R® ‘h≥∏¤ ¬’ßNfi. } ¤≥H‡¤ {®hp f≥’Œfi À{º
∑„‰BÛ„ ¬’´hÕ¤{∏oÒ ÛŒnŒ’‚ mÕBœÀ œ’Bº‚ MÓ®h
¬’ßNfi. ∆’c ∑f∞Pf } ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨® ¯cBÀœ—hœ⁄®
h”¬kohR±fi mOœ—hR±fi m≥™‚ m¤‚m¬’ßNfi. –®ef{≥h
}´¯À ¢∞mÒ—chÈ®i ∑º –ÀÒœ{f≥— hÕœ{f≥ifi.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

} ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥ 45
} ¤≥H‡¤ {S≥Òhp
5. ı ¬’´hÕ }Ωo X’≥Thp
¶{º ∑flÛf ‘{≥¨hRÒ ∑‰®ef´hp f≥’∞P∞ifi wÀ≥¤{≥h
∆œ{flÛŒ‚mº mJfi‘mŒfi ∑ÛS≥k‚ ^¤≥∏´h¬⁄. j„‰≥
‘{≥¨hR±fi ∑¤≥{≥f∏, {S≥m≥¤À® hœÀhp ‘{≥¨ ‘mfc®h‚m‡N
{®hRÒ m®Ûø∏c¢∞ifi ∑‰®ef ’⁄c”≈®ifi mfÒm‡N
’flÛŒ®eÒI—. hc¶≥Õh }´¯ÀBÛ¬‰¬f ∑¤≥{≥f∏fi –“ºfi
} ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜„ ∑f∞P® h¢”k®h¤’cBÛf≥h¬’ ¢⁄´ef’c
ı¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥Thp. ∑’¤º h≥‰fi e.G.1817 –À„ 1889 ’œ¤
wifi. ∑fi{S≥Ò ı¬’´hÕ¤{∏ m≥h’ÀoÒ G¤À{ ≤Õc jÒmº
iP‚GÕBÀ®hº.
¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥Thp [ÛBÀ ∑Õfi ∆»ffi ¬m‡œÕ®hNBÀ
∑¤≥{”kflÛ¤^¤fi wifi. œ’ÛhBœÀB ‘À≥¨‰≥h® ‘h≥ßÕ ı ¶≥¤≥f∏
}c{≥¢∞ifi ‘¤´h¶≥fe ¬À¢®ifi ¶∞^À„’¤≥» } ¤≥H‡¤ i‰
¶Ò{£‘f—B ¬À≥ÒPf ∑’c ≈D ’fÛ„ m®À G¤h‰≥ÀÒ ¶≥ÕhBœÀ‚
m≥cBº‚ G¤h‰≥À>Ò [ßœ{ m®Ûøfi ÛŒ{≥…Ò [®e¤ ∆’À≥¤{≥—
¶¤˛fi{ÌcBÛ˜Ò {eœ{øfi [∏cflÀ≥c. ¶¤˛fi{oÒ [m≥}h¤≥e
ÛŒ’Œp ‘m∞D®h¢ m≥Nfi ÛIfi ‘m∞I≥c. À≥»‘{≥¨
} ¤≥H‡¤BÛ±fi ’Õ‘{≥¨, ‘À±´i, ÀTz wef GI‘{≥¨hR±fi
i‰B‘À≥¨‰≥— œ’ÛhBÛ±fi Fh¤∞I ^‰œ{ ‘m∞I≥c. "ÀÏk≥§c
∆»f≥Ò' jÒmº ∑’¤º m‡Õ‚ ‘mf¤≥˜∞D.
{Ò—c ≈’≥Ó®i ¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥ThRÒ h„¢, Ù“®hfi,
^‰œ{ wef i∏≥Ûkf´hœ⁄‚ m∞Pf ‘k»Û eœÕBÀº. À{º
^À„¢˜Ò ÛŒ{∏BÛ∞i ∆œJ‚^ ∆W‚G—≥c. X’≥ThÈfi ‘kÒD
} ¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨˜„ "{´h⁄≥HÕhfi' m≥™ w≈ ÁP—≥c. ∑’¤º
^‰œ{œf ‘{”≈f {Ò—c FœIf‚ mothp ∆RBº® hn¤¢BÀ≥c.
GÒ‘—≥Œ k{ffi {Ò—oÒ wXÀ≥—‚ ^‰’œ¤ Àc®h ’≥ÀBÛ„
‘’ÒD "¬’´hÕ}Ωo' jÒI m‡ÕBœÀ‚ ‘m∞I≥c. ∆œ’®h⁄‚ ^‰’c
mÀ¢øfi ‘m∞D }¤X’Û {S≥…„ w¤≥»”≈ [D‚G—¤≥e‚
‘mDœ{øÕÒ ¢⁄´e—≥c. ≈’≥Ó {Ò—c Q¤hßÕ≥{£ S≥¤BœÀøfi
mok≥h ∆RBÀ≥c. }Ωo jÒI {¤≥BÛf” ‘k≥„±®i ‘’∞P ‘m∞I’c
jÒD ‘m≥Œp.
G∞h≥‰BÛ„ {ºœ¤®i ’flº Û‘¤⁄mÛffi{Ò ¬h≥˜…„ À´e
}´¯À ¤≥{≥f∏fi m≥™fŒR—≥c. ∑®h≥¢ffi ∆Œ∏≥k‰® h¢¤≥foÒ
"∑¤≥{ ¶≥Õhfi' jWfi Ã…„ ∆œ{flºp⁄ ’c∏ ‘{‡NhR„
∆œ{flÀÀ≥ifi. ∑Û„ 584 X¬‰≥h´hÈfi 297 ¯cBÀœ—hÈfi [p⁄—.
Õ≥®Õc ¤≥߬Մ jÒWfi w´e¬‰f ∆PAc ""∆”≈Õ‚m‡Õ
∑‰®ef´hR„ ThTh Ù‚^fc’∞Iº'' jÒD } ¤≥H‡¤ }´¯À
¤≥{≥f∏BœÀ‚ ^hzflºp⁄≥c. X’≥ThRÒ œh‘f“Bº‚ G¤Ûhœ⁄
∆’¤º ≤ÕchÈfi kflÀÛf≥Œfi m≥ºh≥Bº ’ŒeI≥chp.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

46 } ¤≥H‡¤ m≥Õ2{≥‘‰≥
ı Ûf≥h¤≥O X’≥ThRÒ ‘À±´i ¶ h≥ }oÀBœÀ ∆Jef
}fiX®ŒÀBÛ„ w®eB Àflºp⁄≥c ¬’´hÕ}Ωo. ∑’c
hÀ≥h≥‰‡¬kmBÛ±{ ThB ¬Àc”≈ ‘m∞PŒflÀ≥c jÒmº
iP‚GÕBÀ®hº.
¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥Thp ÀÏœk˜„ wÏk¬¶fc ¬h≥¢…„
∆c”kh¤≥h ∑ŒflÀ≥c. ÙŒ ¶≥p ∑’œ¤B ¬Àp ‘h≥‡™ ¢‡Õº. ’…
‘m≥D®h≥{„ ≈—BºÕÒ ∑’c m≥™f ¬m≥º ∆flÀB ¬Àp joflº ¬m≥˜∞D
∑Ò‘—≥Œ k{ffi h≥˛˜„ À´e˜ŒflÀ ¬m≥º wÏk¬¶f X¬À≥BÛ¤fi
{∞Dfi wÏk¬¶f m¤≥®e¤{fi m≥™® ‘h≥ß™ŒflÀ ¬m≥º ≠¤≥⁄{≥—
’≥—¤´hp ∆´¬h ¬À≥ÒP w—flÀ® ÁBÀ≥™® h¢f¤kŒ®i‚ m‰’œh®
h>hœ⁄B Àflº ¢‡N {œIflÀ—.
¬’´hÕ}Ωo X’≥Thp ∑¤ßÕ≥’º –œIf≥h h≥˛ f≥BÛœ¤
¬{∞‘h≥ßN ¬¶m≥⁄fi ‘kÒD ÛŒfi^œh˜„ f–œ— ¶Û®hœ¤˜„
∑œI’WÕÒ h‰flÀ≥c. ∆‚¬m≥º ∆’Œ®i 72 ’fº.

ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi

 ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥Thp wÒgh ∑œ⁄Ac j“”≈ ∑f®hfi
¶ÕBÛ’Œfi ¶∞m£hR„ ≈‰:&
(1) wßN ¬À≥Dfi ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp
ÛŒ¶bBÛ¤BÀÒD {≥ch¨ & TŒh≤o_fi w”k≥cf ÛŒ’≥¤≥À—fi
(iŒ MœO) {∞Dfi ∆flFhz”≈œf –Ò>‡N {≥F‰fi À“¢f
{≥‘mŒfi wÒgh j“”≈ ’≥h—‚ ¬m¤£ ¶ÕBºeIº.
(2) ¬h≥œÕh≥‰ ¢N–œI h≥‰BÛ„ ≈D’c ≈DTfchÈ®i ı{fl
¶≥fe X’≥Thp ¯cBÀœ—hp, X¬‰≥h´hp h∞D®
‘h≥N®h‚mNeIº.
(3) ∑œ⁄AchÈ®i ¬’œ‰’≥»‚G∞i [À¢h¤{≥h BSRB, SSC,
¬m≥ÒI ¬Àcn®i m˜∞≈hp ∑‰’k{≥h ∆R®h‚mNeIº.
(4) Ùo}≥ {≥F‰fi ∑f∞œh ≤¤¨’≥„ m≥Û®h‚m‡Õ¬m≥º 4ÕÒ
º£{£hœ⁄ {ºœ¤ {®hRœÕ¬f Û¤‡™ F’≥¤∏ m£˜„
ÔNm‡Õº.
(5) ı{fl ¶Õ— ¬h≥m≥‰¶≥fe X’≥Thp ‚ŒflÀ≥’— ÛŒ®¬h≥¢„, ı
G¤kÒ— ¬’´¬Õk‚ ‘mŒ{≥p ¬h≥¢„ {S≥kfi‚¬¤≥b∏´hR„
Ã∞D®h∏®h≥— ‘À≥ßÕchÈÕÒ ¬kœ’ ‘k»Àº.
(6) ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤ ‘{≥¨ ’i‚^hp ¶ÕBºeIº.
(7) ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥Thp œh´hcffi ‘k»m’chœ⁄øfi,
k–À≥f‚m£ w∞Pf’chœ⁄øfi m≥¤≥‡™ ‘h⁄¤¢®eIº.
(8) ÀTz¶≥‡™„ ‘}⁄¤≥H‡¤c –“’¤‰≥D jWfi Ãœ‰ {ºœ¤˜„
∆P–h‚mNBÛfº.
(9) ı{fl ¶Õ—¬h≥ m≥‰ ¶≥fe X’≥ThRÒ m®Àchœ⁄ ÙÒD Û¤‡Nfi
’ß∏fi {≥F‰BÛ„ j„‰≥ miÛhR±fi eœ⁄hœ⁄ ∆œ{Bº
’ŒeIº.
(10)G¤Û w´e‰ {≥Àfi –À„ A≥˜∞D® eJœ{ h≥œ‰˜„
‘À‚m®i⁄BÛ±p⁄ ¶≥fe {flÛo„ ı ¢H` khX¤¶≥{
m≥¤≥f∏fi ¶ÕBÛ ’ŒeIº.
(11)ı{fl ¶≥fe X’≥{hRÒ wÒgh, m®Û m≥Õ„ ∆Õ´ef w™¬f≥
¬hk‡ ‘’R˜‡Õº.
(12)wÒgh m®ÀchÈ®h≥h ÀßËc mflÀ„, ≠œJ jRf {≥∏’
{≥∏’chÈ®i ∑‰’k ¬¶≥‡N ^BÀh´hœ⁄ ’J´e ’ŒeIº.
j„‰≥ ^h“fi ¶≥fe X’≥T®¬h.