Thermo 5th Chap10 P001

10-1
Chapter 10
VAPOR AND COMBINED POWER CYCLES

Carnot Vapor Cycle

10-1C Because excessive moisture in steam causes erosion on the turbine blades. The highest moisture
content allowed is about 10%.

10-2C The Carnot cycle is not a realistic model for steam power plants because (1) limiting the heat
transfer processes to two-phase systems to maintain isothermal conditions severely limits the maximum
temperature that can be used in the cycle, (2) the turbine will have to handle steam with a high moisture
content which causes erosion, and (3) it is not practical to design a compressor that will handle two phases.

10-3E A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the quality at the end of the heat rejection process, and the net work output are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Analysis (a) We note that
and
19.3% = = =
= = =
= = =
R 1 . 833
R 0 . 672
1 1
R 0 . 672 F 0 . 212
R 1 . 833 F 1 . 373
C th,
psia 14.7 @ sat
psia 180 @ sat
H
L
L
H
T
T
T T
T T

T
14.7 psia
180 psia
q
in

1
4
2
3
(b) Noting that s
4
= s
1
= s
f @ 180 psia
= 0.53274 Btu/lbmR,
0.153 =
=
44441 . 1
31215 . 0 53274 . 0 4
4
fg
f
s
s s
x
s
(c) The enthalpies before and after the heat addition process are

( )( ) Btu/lbm 2 . 1112 16 . 851 90 . 0 14 . 346
Btu/lbm 14 . 346
2 2
psia 180 @ 1
= + = + =
= =
fg f
f
h x h h
h h
Thus,
and,
( )( ) Btu/lbm 148.1 = = =
= = =
Btu/lbm 0 . 766 1934 . 0
Btu/lbm 0 . 766 14 . 346 2 . 1112
in th net
1 2 in
q w
h h q

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
10-2
10-4 A steady-flow Carnot engine with water as the working fluid operates at specified conditions. The
thermal efficiency, the amount of heat rejected, and the net work output are to be determined.
Analysis (a) Noting that T
H
= 250C = 523 K and T
L
= T
sat @ 20 kPa
= 60.06C = 333.1 K, the thermal
efficiency becomes
36.3% = = = = 3632 . 0
K 523
K 333.1
1 1
C th,
H
L
T
T

T
q
out

q
in

1
4
2
3
20 kPa
(b) The heat supplied during this cycle is simply the
enthalpy of vaporization ,
Thus,
( ) kJ/kg 1092.3 =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
= =
kJ/kg 3 . 1715
K 523
K 333.1
kJ/kg 3 . 1715
in out
250 @
in
q
T
T
q q
h q
H
L
L
C fg
o

250C
s
(c) The net work output of this cycle is
( )( ) kJ/kg 623.0 kJ/kg 3 . 1715 3632 . 0
in th net
= = = q w

thermal efficiency, the amount of heat rejected, and the net work output are to be determined.
Analysis (a) Noting that T
H
= 250C = 523 K and T
L
= T
sat @ 10 kPa
= 45.81C = 318.8 K, the thermal
efficiency becomes
39.04% = = =
K 523
K 318.8
1 1
C th,
H
L
T
T

T
q
out

q
in

1
4
2
3
10 kPa
(b) The heat supplied during this cycle is simply the
enthalpy of vaporization ,
Thus,
( ) kJ/kg 1045.6 =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= = =
= =

kJ/kg 3 . 1715
K 523
K 318.8
kJ/kg 3 . 1715
in out
C 250 @ in
q
T
T
q q
h q
H
L
L
fg

250C
s
(c) The net work output of this cycle is
( )( ) kJ/kg 669.7 = = = kJ/kg 3 . 1715 3904 . 0
in th net
q w
10-3
thermal efficiency, the pressure at the turbine inlet, and the net work output are to be determined.
Analysis (a) The thermal efficiency is determined from
T
1
4
2
3

th, C
60 273 K
350 273 K
= =
+
+
= 1 1
T
T
L
H
46.5%
(b) Note that
350C
s
2
= s
3
= s
f
+ x
3
s
fg

= 0.8313 + 0.891 7.0769 = 7.1368 kJ/kgK
Thus , 60C
s
(Table A-6) MPa 1.40
)
`
=
=
2
2
2
K kJ/kg 1368 . 7
C 350
P
s
T
(c) The net work can be determined by calculating the enclosed area on the T-s diagram,
Thus,
( )( )
( )( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 1623 = = = =
= + = + =
5390 . 1 1368 . 7 60 350 Area
K kJ/kg 5390 . 1 0769 . 7 1 . 0 8313 . 0
4 3 net
4 4
s s T T w
s x s s
L H
fg f

The Simple Rankine Cycle

10-7C The four processes that make up the simple ideal cycle are (1) Isentropic compression in a pump,
(2) P = constant heat addition in a boiler, (3) Isentropic expansion in a turbine, and (4) P = constant heat
rejection in a condenser.

10-8C Heat rejected decreases; everything else increases.

10-9C Heat rejected decreases; everything else increases.

10-10C The pump work remains the same, the moisture content decreases, everything else increases.

10-11C The actual vapor power cycles differ from the idealized ones in that the actual cycles involve
friction and pressure drops in various components and the piping, and heat loss to the surrounding medium
from these components and piping.

10-12C The boiler exit pressure will be (a) lower than the boiler inlet pressure in actual cycles, and (b) the
same as the boiler inlet pressure in ideal cycles.

10-13C We would reject this proposal because w
turb
= h
1
- h
2
- q
out
, and any heat loss from the steam will
adversely affect the turbine work output.

10-14C Yes, because the saturation temperature of steam at 10 kPa is 45.81C, which is much higher than
the temperature of the cooling water.

10-4
10-15 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure limits.
The thermal efficiency of the cycle and the net power output of the plant are to be determined.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 58 . 343 04 . 3 54 . 340
kJ/kg 04 . 3
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 50 3000 /kg m 001030 . 0
/kg m 001030 . 0
kJ/kg 54 . 340
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 50 @ 1
kPa 50 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T

( )(
kJ/kg 3 . 2272
7 . 2304 8382 . 0 54 . 340
8382 . 0
5019 . 6
0912 . 1 5412 . 6
kPa 50
K kJ/kg 5412 . 6
kJ/kg 3 . 2994
C 300
MPa 3
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
=
+ = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
)

3 MPa
4
2
3
1
50 kPa
q
out

q
in

s
Thus,

kJ/kg 9 . 718 8 . 1931 7 . 2650
kJ/kg 8 . 1931 54 . 340 3 . 2272
kJ/kg 7 . 2650 58 . 343 3 . 2994
out in net
1 4 out
2 3 in
= = =
= = =
= = =
q q w
h h q
h h q

and
27.1% = = =
7 . 2650
8 . 1931
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

(b) ( )( ) MW 25.2 = = = kJ/kg 9 . 718 kg/s 35
net net
w m W &
&
10-5
10-16 A steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle is considered. The quality of the
steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the mass flow rate of the steam are to be
determined.

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 90 . 201 09 . 10 81 . 191
kJ/kg 09 . 10
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 000 , 10 /kg m 00101 . 0
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T

( )( ) kJ/kg 2089.7 2392.1 0.7934 191.81
4996 . 7
0.6492 6.5995
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 6.5995
kJ/kg 3375.1
C 500
MPa 10
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
0.7934

10 MPa
4
2
3
1
10 kPa
q
out

q
in

s
(b)
kJ/kg 4 . 1275 9 . 1897 2 . 3173
kJ/kg 9 . 1897 81 . 191 7 . 2089
kJ/kg 2 . 3173 90 . 201 1 . 3375
out in net
1 4 out
2 3 in
= = =
= = =
= = =
q q w
h h q
h h q
and
40.2% = = =
kJ/kg 3173.2
kJ/kg 1275.4
in
net
th
q
w

(c) s kg 164.7 /
kJ/kg 1275.4
kJ/s 210,000
net
net
= = =
w
W
m
&
&
10-6
10-17 A steam power plant that operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle is considered. The quality of
the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the mass flow rate of the steam are to
be determined.

( )
( )( ) ( )
kJ/kg 68 . 203 87 . 11 81 . 191
kJ/kg 11.87
0.85 /
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 10,000 /kg m 0.00101
/
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T

( )( )
( )
( )( )
0.874
0.793
=
=
)
`
=
=
= =
=
=
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
1 2392
81 191 5 2282
kJ/kg 5 . 2282
kPa 10
kJ/kg 5 . 2282 7 . 2089 1 . 3375 85 . 0 1 . 3375
kJ/kg 7 . 2089 1 . 2392 7934 . 0 81 . 191
4
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 5995 . 6
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 5995 . 6
kJ/kg 1 . 3375
C 500
MPa 10
4
4
4
4
4 3 3 4
4 3
4 3
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
.
. .
h
h h
x
h
P
h h h h
h h
h h
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
fg
f
s T
s
T
fg f s
fg
f s
s
s
s

q
in

q
out

2
4
s
10 MPa
4
2
3
1
10 kPa
(b)
kJ/kg 7 . 1080 7 . 2090 4 . 3171
kJ/kg 7 . 2090 81 . 191 5 . 2282
kJ/kg 4 . 3171 68 . 203 1 . 3375
out in net
1 4 out
2 3 in
= = =
= = =
= = =
q q w
h h q
h h q
and
34.1% = = =
kJ/kg 3171.5
kJ/kg 1080.7
in
net
th
q
w

(c) kg/s 194.3 = = =
kJ/kg 1080.7
kJ/s 210,000
net
net
w
W
m
&
&
10-7
10-18E A steam power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits is considered. The minimum turbine inlet temperature, the rate of heat input in the boiler, and the
thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist.
2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible.
T
4
x
4
= 0.9
2
3
1
Q
out

2 psia
Q
in

1250 psia
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4E,

A-5E, and A-6E),
( )
( )( )
Btu/lbm 77 . 97 75 . 3 02 . 94
Btu/lbm 75 . 3
ft psia 5.4039
Btu 1
psia 2 1250 /lbm ft 0.01623
/lbm ft 01623 . 0
Btu/lbm 02 . 94
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
psia 2 @ 1
psia 2 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

s

( )( )
( )( )
F 1337 =
=
)
`
=
=
= + = + =
= + = + =
3
3
4 3
3
4 4
4 4
Btu/lbm 4 . 1693 psia 1250
R Btu/lbm 7450 . 1 74444 . 1 9 . 0 17499 . 0
Btu/lbm 6 . 1013 7 . 1021 9 . 0 02 . 94
T
h
s s
P
s x s s
h x h h
fg f
fg f

(b) ( ) ( )( ) Btu/s 119,672 = = = 97.77 1693.4 lbm/s 75
2 3 in
h h m Q &
&
(c) ( ) ( )( )
42.4% = = =
= = =
Btu/s 119,672
Btu/s 68,967
1 1
Btu/s 68,967 94.02 1013.6 lbm/s 75
in
out
1 4 out
Q
Q
h h m Q
th
&
&
&
&

10-8
10-19E A steam power plant operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits. The minimum turbine inlet temperature, the rate of heat input in the boiler, and the thermal
efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Kinetic
and potential energy changes are negligible. T
Q
out

2s
s
1250 psia
Q
in

4s 4
x
4
= 0.9
2
3
1
2 psia
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E,
and A-6E),
( )
( )( )
Btu/lbm 43 . 98 41 . 4 02 . 94
Btu/lbm 41 . 4
85 . 0 /
ft psia 5.4039
Btu 1
psia 2 1250 /lbm ft 0.01623
/
/lbm ft 01623 . 0
Btu/lbm 02 . 94
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
psia 2 @ 1
psia 2 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
P p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

( )( )
( )( ) R Btu/lbm 7450 . 1 74444 . 1 9 . 0 17499 . 0
Btu/lbm 6 . 1013 7 . 1021 9 . 0 02 . 94
4 4
4 4
= + = + =
= + = + =
fg f
fg f
s x s s
h x h h

The turbine inlet temperature is determined by trial and error ,
Try 1:
( )( )
8171 . 0
4 . 918 0 . 1439
6 . 1013 0 . 1439
Btu/lbm 4 . 918 7 . 1021 8069 . 0 02 . 94
8069 . 0
74444 . 1
17499 . 0 5826 . 1
Btu/lbm.R 5826 . 1
Btu/lbm 0 . 1439
F 900
psia 1250
4 3
4 3
4 4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
=
=
= + = + =
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
s
T
fg s f s
fg
f
fg
f s
s
h h
h h
h x h h
s
s s
s
s s
x
s
h
T
P

Try 2:
( )( )
8734 . 0
3 . 943 6 . 1498
6 . 1013 6 . 1498
Btu/lbm 3 . 943 7 . 1021 8312 . 0 02 . 94
8312 . 0
74444 . 1
17499 . 0 6249 . 1
Btu/lbm.R 6249 . 1
Btu/lbm 6 . 1498
F 1000
psia 1250
4 3
4 3
4 4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
=
=
= + = + =
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
s
T
fg s f s
fg
f
fg
f s
s
h h
h h
h x h h
s
s s
s
s s
x
s
h
T
P

By linear interpolation, at
T
= 0.85 we obtain T
3
= 958.4F. This is approximate. We can determine state 3
exactly using EES software with these results: T
3
= 955.7F, h
3
= 1472.5 Btu/lbm.
(b) ( ) ( )( ) Btu/s 103,055 = = = 98.43 1472.5 lbm/s 75
2 3 in
h h m Q &
&
(c) ( ) ( )( )
33.1% = = =
= = =
Btu/s 103,055
Btu/s 68,969
1 1
Btu/s 969 , 68 94.02 1013.6 lbm/s 75
in
out
th
1 4 out
Q
Q
h h m Q
&
&
&
&

10-9
10-20 A 300-MW coal-fired steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the
specified pressure limits. The overall plant efficiency and the required rate of the coal supply are to be
determined.
T

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg .03 277 07 . 5 96 . 271
kJ/kg 5.07
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 25 5000 /kg m 00102 . 0
/kg m 0 00102 . 0
kJ/kg 96 . 271
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 25 @ 1
kPa 25 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

( )( ) kJ/kg 2 . 2276 5 . 2345 8545 . 0 96 . 271
8545 . 0
9370 . 6
8932 . 0 8210 . 6
kPa 25
K kJ/kg 8210 . 6
kJ/kg 2 . 3317
C 450
MPa 5
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P

4
2
3
1
Q
25 kPa
out

Q
in

5 MPa
s
The thermal efficiency is determined from

kJ/kg 2 . 2004 96 . 271 2 . 2276
kJ/kg 2 . 3040 03 . 277 2 . 3317
1 4 out
2 3 in
= = =
= = =
h h q
h h q
and
Thus,
( )( )( ) 24.5% = = =
= = =
96 . 0 75 . 0 3407 . 0
3407 . 0
2 . 3040
2 . 2004
1 1
gen comb th overall
in
out
th

q
q

(b) Then the required rate of coal supply becomes
and
tons/h 150.3 = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
= = =
tons/s 04174 . 0
kg 1000
ton 1
kJ/kg 29,300
kJ/s 1,222,992
kJ/s 992 , 222 , 1
2453 . 0
kJ/s 300,000
coal
in
coal
overall
net
in
C
Q
m
W
Q
&
&
&
&

10-10
10-21 A solar-pond power plant that operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle with refrigerant-134a as the
working fluid is considered. The thermal efficiency of the cycle and the power output of the plant are to be
determined.
Analysis (a) From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11, A-12, and A-13),

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 40 . 89 58 . 0 82 . 88
kJ/kg 58 . 0
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 700 1400 /kg m 0008331 . 0
/kg m 0008331 . 0
kJ/kg 82 . 88
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
MPa 7 . 0 @ 1
MPa 7 . 0 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T

( )( ) kJ/kg .20 262 21 . 176 9839 . 0 82 . 88
9839 . 0
58763 . 0
33230 . 0 9105 . 0
MPa 7 . 0
K kJ/kg 9105 . 0
kJ/kg 12 . 276
vapor sat.
MPa 4 . 1
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
MPa 4 . 1 @ 3
MPa 4 . 1 @ 3
3
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
= =
= =
)
`
=
fg f
fg
f
g
g
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s s
h h
P

R-134a
1.4 MPa
4
2
3
1
0.7 MPa
q
out

q
in

s
Thus ,

kJ/kg 34 . 13 38 . 173 72 . 186
kJ/kg 38 . 173 82 . 88 20 . 262
kJ/kg 72 . 186 40 . 89 12 . 276
out in net
1 4 out
2 3 in
= = =
= = =
= = =
q q w
h h q
h h q

and
7.1% = = =
kJ/kg 186.72
kJ/kg 13.34
in
net
th
q
w

(b) ( )( ) kW 40.02 = = = kJ/kg 13.34 kg/s 3
net net
w m W &
&
10-11
10-22 A steam power plant operates on a simple ideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure limits.
The thermal efficiency of the cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise of the cooling
water are to be determined.

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 198.87 06 . 7 81 . 191
kJ/kg 7.06
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 7,000 /kg m 0.00101
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg .81 191
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T

( )( ) kJ/kg 3.6 215 1 . 2392 8201 . 0 81 . 191
8201 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 8000 . 6
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 8000 . 6
kJ/kg 411.4 3
C 500
MPa 7
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P

7 MPa
4
2
3
1
10 kPa
q
out

q
in

s
Thus,
kJ/kg 7 . 1250 8 . 1961 5 . 3212
kJ/kg 8 . 1961 81 . 191 6 . 2153
kJ/kg 5 . 3212 87 . 198 4 . 3411
out in net
1 4 out
2 3 in
= = =
= = =
= = =
q q w
h h q
h h q
and 38.9% = = =
kJ/kg 3212.5
kJ/kg 1250.7
in
net
th
q
w

(b) s kg 0 36 / .
kJ/kg 1250.7
kJ/s 45,000
net
net
= = =
w
W
m
&
&
(c) The rate of heat rejection to the cooling water and its temperature rise are

( )( )
( )( )
C 8.4 =

= =
= = =
C kJ/kg 4.18 kg/s 2000
kJ/s 70,586
) (
kJ/s ,586 70 kJ/kg 1961.8 kg/s 35.98
water cooling
out
water cooling
out out
c m
Q
T
q m Q
&
&
&
&

10-12
10-23 A steam power plant operates on a simple nonideal Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits. The thermal efficiency of the cycle, the mass flow rate of the steam, and the temperature rise of the
cooling water are to be determined.

( )
( )( ) ( )
kJ/kg 9.92 19 11 . 8 81 . 191
kJ/kg 8.11
0.87 /
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 7,000 /kg m 00101 . 0
/
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 91.81 1
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T

( )( )
( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 1 . 2317 6 . 2153 4 . 3411 87 . 0 4 . 3411
kJ/kg 6 . 2153 1 . 2392 820 . 0 81 . 191
8201 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 8000 . 6
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 8000 . 6
kJ/kg .4 3411
C 500
MPa 7
4 3 3 4
4 3
4 3
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
= =
=
=
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
s T
s
T
fg f s
fg
f
h h h h
h h
h h
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P

q
out

q
in

2
4
s
7 MPa
4
2
3
1
10 kPa
Thus,
kJ/kg 2 . 1086 3 . 2125 5 . 3211
kJ/kg 3 . 2125 81 . 191 1 . 2317
kJ/kg 5 . 3211 92 . 199 4 . 3411
out in net
1 4 out
2 3 in
= = =
= = =
= = =
q q w
h h q
h h q
and 33.8% = = =
kJ/kg 3211.5
kJ/kg 1086.2
in
net
th
q
w

(b) s kg 43 41 / .
kJ/kg 1086.2
kJ/s 45,000
net
net
= = =
w
W
m
&
&
(c) The rate of heat rejection to the cooling water and its temperature rise are

( )( )
( )( )
C 10.5 =

= =
= = =
C kJ/kg 4.18 kg/s 2000
kJ/s 88,051
) (
kJ/s ,051 88 kJ/kg 2125.3 kg/s 41.43
water cooling
out
water cooling
out out
c m
Q
T
q m Q
&
&
&
&

10-13
10-24 The net work outputs and the thermal efficiencies for a Carnot cycle and a simple ideal Rankine
cycle are to be determined.
Analysis (a) Rankine cycle analysis: From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 57 . 261 15 . 10 42 . 251
kJ/kg 15 . 10
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 20 000 , 10 /kg m 001017 . 0
/kg m 001017 . 0
kJ/kg 42 . 251
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 20 @ 1
kPa 20 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

( )(
kJ/kg 3 . 1845
5 . 2357 6761 . 0 42 . 251
6761 . 0
0752 . 7
8320 . 0 6159 . 5
kPa 20
K kJ/kg 6159 . 5
kJ/kg 5 . 2725
1
MPa 10
4 4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
=
+ = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
x
P
)

s
Rankine
cycle
4
3
2
1
T

kJ/kg 869.9 = = =
= = =
= = =
0 . 1594 9 . 2463
kJ/kg 0 . 1594 42 . 251 3 . 1845
kJ/kg 9 . 2463 57 . 261 5 . 2725
out in net
1 4 out
2 3 in
q q w
h h q
h h q

0.353 = = =
9 . 2463
0 . 1594
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

(b) Carnot Cycle analysis:
s
Carnot
cycle
4
2 3
1
T

kJ/kg 9 . 1093 ) 5 . 2357 )( 3574 . 0 ( 42 . 251
3574 . 0
0752 . 7
8320 . 0 3603 . 3
kPa 20
K kJ/kg 3603 . 3
kJ/kg 8 . 1407
0
C 0 . 311
C 0 . 311
kJ/kg 5 . 2725
1
MPa 10
1 1
1
1
2 1
1
2
2
2
3 2
3
3
3
3
= + =
+ =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
= =
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
x
T T
T
h
x
P

kJ/kg 565.4 = = =
= = =
= = =
3 . 752 7 . 1317
kJ/kg 4 . 751 9 . 1093 3 . 1845
kJ/kg 7 . 1317 8 . 1407 5 . 2725
out in net
1 4 out
2 3 in
q q w
h h q
h h q

0.430 = = =
7 . 1317
4 . 751
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

10-14
10-25 A binary geothermal power operates on the simple Rankine cycle with isobutane as the working
fluid. The isentropic efficiency of the turbine, the net power output, and the thermal efficiency of the cycle
are to be determined.
Properties The specific heat of geothermal water is taken to be 4.18 kJ/kg.C.
Analysis (a) We need properties of isobutane,
which are not available in the book. However,
we can obtain the properties from EES.
Turbine:
kJ/kg 74 . 689
C 5 . 179
kPa 410
kJ/kg 40 . 670
kPa 410
K kJ/kg 5457 . 2
kJ/kg 54 . 761
C 147
kPa 3250
4
4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
h
T
P
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
s

4
3
2
1
Geothermal
water out
Geothermal
water in
heat exchanger
pump
turbine
air-cooled
condenser
0.788 =
=
40 . 670 54 . 761
74 . 689 54 . 761
4 3
4 3
s
T
h h
h h

T
q
in

q
out

2s
4
s
3.25 MPa
4s
2
3
1
410 kPa
(b) Pump:

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 82 . 278 81 . 5 01 . 273
kJ/kg 81 . 5
90 . 0 /
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 410 3250 /kg m 001842 . 0
/
/kg m 001842 . 0
kJ/kg 01 . 273
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 410 @ 1
kPa 0 1 4 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
P p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

kW 941 , 21 kJ/kg ) 74 . 689 54 . 761 kJ/kg)( 305.6 ( ) (
4 3 out T,
= = = h h m W &
&

kW 1777 kJ/kg) 1 kJ/kg)(5.8 305.6 ( ) (
in p, 1 2 in P,
= = = = w m h h m W & &
&

kW 20,165 = = = 1777 941 , 21
in P, out T, net
W W W
& & &

Heat Exchanger:
kW 656 , 162 C ) 90 160 ( C) kJ/kg. .18 4 ( kJ/kg) .9 555 ( ) (
out in geo geo in
= = = T T c m Q &
&

(c) 12.4% 0.124 = = = =
656 , 162
165 , 20
in
net
th
Q
W
&
&

10-15
10-26 A single-flash geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230C as the heat source. The
mass flow rate of steam through the turbine, the isentropic efficiency of the turbine, the power output from
the turbine, and the thermal efficiency of the plant are to be determined.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for
geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
1661 . 0
2108
09 . 640 14 . 990
kJ/kg 14 . 990
kPa 500
kJ/kg 14 . 990
0
C 230
2
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
=
=
)
`
= =
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg
f
h
h h
x
h h
P
h
x
T

The mass flow rate of steam through the turbine is
kg/s 38.20 = = = kg/s) 230 )( 1661 . 0 (
1 2 3
m x m & &
(b) Turbine:

kJ/kg 7 . 2344 ) 1 . 2392 )( 90 . 0 ( 81 . 191
90 . 0
kPa 10
kJ/kg 3 . 2160
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 8207 . 6
kJ/kg 1 . 2748
1
kPa 500
4 4
4
4
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
= + = + =
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg f
s
h x h h
x
P
h
s s
P
s
h
x
P
production
well
Flash
chamber
6
5
4
3
2
condenser
1
steam
turbine
separator
reinjection
well
0.686 =
=
3 . 2160 1 . 2748
7 . 2344 1 . 2748
4 3
4 3
s
T
h h
h h

(c) The power output from the turbine is
kW 15,410 = = = kJ/kg ) 7 . 2344 8.1 kJ/kg)(274 38.20 ( ) (
4 3 3 out T,
h h m W &
&

(d) We use saturated liquid state at the standard temperature for dead state enthalpy
kJ/kg 83 . 104
0
C 25
0
0
0
=
)
`
=
=
h
x
T
kW 622 , 203 kJ/kg ) 83 . 104 .14 kJ/kg)(990 230 ( ) (
0 1 1 in
= = = h h m E &
&

7.6% = = = = 0.0757
622 , 203
410 , 15
in
out T,
th
E
W
&
&

10-16
10-27 A double-flash geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230C as the heat source. The
temperature of the steam at the exit of the second flash chamber, the power produced from the second
turbine, and the thermal efficiency of the plant are to be determined.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
1661 . 0
kJ/kg 14 . 990
kPa 500
kJ/kg 14 . 990
0
C 230
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
=
)
`
= =
=
=
)
`
=
=
x
h h
P
h
x
T

kg/s 80 . 191 1661 . 0 230
kg/s 38.20 kg/s) 230 )( 1661 . 0 (
3 1 6
1 2 3
= = =
= = =
m m m
m x m
& & &
& &

Flash
chamber
separator
9
8
7
Flash
chamber
6
5
4
3
2
condenser
1
steam
turbine
separator
reinjection
well
production
well
kJ/kg 7 . 2344
90 . 0
kPa 10
kJ/kg 1 . 2748
1
kPa 500
4
4
4
3
3
3
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
h
x
P
h
x
P

kJ/kg 1 . 2693
1
kPa 150
0777 . 0
kPa 150
kJ/kg 09 . 640
0
kPa 500
8
8
8
7
7
6 7
7
6
6
6
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
h
x
P
x
T
h h
P
h
x
P
C 111.35

(b) The mass flow rate at the lower stage of the turbine is
kg/s .90 14 kg/s) 80 . 191 )( 0777 . 0 (
6 7 8
= = = m x m & &
The power outputs from the high and low pressure stages of the turbine are
kW 15,410 kJ/kg ) 7 . 2344 8.1 kJ/kg)(274 38.20 ( ) (
4 3 3 out T1,
= = = h h m W &
&

kW 5191 = = = kJ/kg ) 7 . 2344 3.1 kJ/kg)(269 .90 14 ( ) (
4 8 8 out T2,
h h m W &
&

(c) We use saturated liquid state at the standard temperature for the dead state enthalpy
kJ/kg 83 . 104
0
C 25
0
0
0
=
)
`
=
=
h
x
T
kW 621 , 203 kJ/kg ) 83 . 104 14 kg/s)(990. 230 ( ) (
0 1 1 in
= = = h h m E &
&

10.1% = =
+
= = 0.101
621 , 203
5193 410 , 15
in
out T,
th
E
W
&
&

10-17
10-28 A combined flash-binary geothermal power plant uses hot geothermal water at 230C as the heat
source. The mass flow rate of isobutane in the binary cycle, the net power outputs from the steam turbine
and the binary cycle, and the thermal efficiencies for the binary cycle and the combined plant are to be
determined.
Analysis (a) We use properties of water for geothermal water (Tables A-4 through A-6)
1661 . 0
kJ/kg 14 . 990
kPa 500
kJ/kg 14 . 990
0
C 230
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
=
)
`
= =
=
=
)
`
=
=
x
h h
P
h
x
T

kg/s 80 . 191 20 . 38 230
kg/s 38.20 kg/s) 230 )( 1661 . 0 (
3 1 6
1 2 3
= = =
= = =
m m m
m x m
& & &
& &

kJ/kg 7 . 2344
90 . 0
kPa 10
kJ/kg 1 . 2748
1
kPa 500
4
4
4
3
3
3
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
h
x
P
h
x
P

kJ/kg 04 . 377
0
C 90
kJ/kg 09 . 640
0
kPa 500
7
7
7
6
6
6
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
h
x
T
h
x
P

The isobutene properties
are obtained from EES:
/kg m 001839 . 0
kJ/kg 83 . 270
0
kPa 400
kJ/kg 01 . 691
C 80
kPa 400
kJ/kg 05 . 755
C 145
kPa 3250
3
10
10
10
10
9
9
9
8
8
8
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
v
h
x
P
h
T
P
h
T
P

1
1
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
flash
chamber
condenser
air-cooled
condenser
separator
BINARY
CYCLE
pump
heat exchanger
isobutane
turbine
reinjection
well
production
well
steam
turbine
( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 65 . 276 82 . 5 83 . 270
kJ/kg. 82 . 5
90 . 0 /
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 400 3250 /kg m 001819 . 0
/
in , 10 11
3
3
10 11 10 in ,
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
p
p p
w h h
P P w v

An energy balance on the heat exchanger gives
kg/s 105.46 = =
=
iso iso
11 8 iso 7 6 6
kg 276.65)kJ/ - (755.05 kg 377.04)kJ/ - 09 kg/s)(640. 81 . 191 (
) ( ) (
m m
h h m h h m
& &
& &

(b) The power outputs from the steam turbine and the binary cycle are
kW 15,410 = = = kJ/kg ) 7 . 2344 8.1 kJ/kg)(274 38.19 ( ) (
4 3 3 steam T,
h h m W &
&

10-18
kW 6139 = = =
= = =
) kJ/kg 82 . 5 )( kg/s 46 . 105 ( 6753
kW 6753 kJ/kg ) 01 . 691 .05 kJ/kg)(755 .46 105 ( ) (
, iso iso T, binary net,
9 8 iso T,
in p
iso
w m W W
h h m W
&
& &
&
&

(c) The thermal efficiencies of the binary cycle and the combined plant are
kW 454 , 50 kJ/kg ) 65 . 276 .05 kJ/kg)(755 .46 105 ( ) (
11 8 iso binary in,
= = = h h m Q &
&

12.2% = = = = 0.122
454 , 50
6139
binary in,
binary net,
binary th,
Q
W
&
&

kJ/kg 83 . 104
0
C 25
0
0
0
=
)
`
=
=
h
x
T
kW 622 , 203 kJ/kg ) 83 . 104 .14 kJ/kg)(990 230 ( ) (
0 1 1 in
= = = h h m E &
&

10.6% = =
+
=
+
= 0.106
622 , 203
6139 410 , 15
in
binary net, steam T,
plant th,
E
W W
&
& &

The Reheat Rankine Cycle

10-29C The pump work remains the same, the moisture content decreases, everything else increases.

10-30C The T-s diagram of the ideal Rankine
cycle with 3 stages of reheat is shown on the
side. The cycle efficiency will increase as the
number of reheating stages increases.

10-31C The thermal efficiency of the simple ideal Rankine cycle will probably be higher since the average
temperature at which heat is added will be higher in this case.

1
I
2
10
s
T
3
4
5
6
7
8
II III
9
10-19
10-32 [Also solved by EES on enclosed CD] A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine
cycle is considered. The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.
Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4, A-5, and A-6),
T

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg .54 259 12 . 8 42 . 251
kJ/kg 8.12
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 20 8000 /kg m 001017 . 0
/kg m 7 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 42 . 251
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 20 @ 1
kPa 20 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

( )( ) kJ/kg 2 . 2385 5 . 2357 9051 . 0 42 . 251
9051 . 0
0752 . 7
8320 . 0 2359 . 7
kPa 20
K kJ/kg 2359 . 7
kJ/kg 2 . 3457
C 500
MPa 3
kJ/kg 1 . 3105
MPa 3
K kJ/kg 7266 . 6
kJ/kg 5 . 3399
C 500
MPa 8
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P

20 kPa
8 MPa
4
3
6
2
5
1
s
The turbine work output and the thermal efficiency are determined from
and
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) kJ/kg 0 . 3492 1 . 3105 2 . 3457 54 . 259 5 . 3399
2 . 2385 2 . 3457 1 . 3105 5 . 3399
4 5 2 3 in
6 5 4 3 out T,
= + = + =
= + = + =
h h h h q
h h h h w kJ/kg 1366.4
Thus,
38.9% = = =
= = =
kJ/kg 3492.5
kJ/kg 1358.3
kJ/kg 3 . 1358 12 . 8 4 . 1366
in
net
th
in , , net
q
w
w w w
p out T

10-20
10-33 EES Problem 10-32 is reconsidered. The problem is to be solved by the diagram window data entry
feature of EES by including the effects of the turbine and pump efficiencies and reheat on the steam quality
at the low-pressure turbine exit Also, the T-s diagram is to be plotted.
Analysis The problem is solved using EES, and the solution is given below.

"Input Data - from diagram window"
{P[6] = 20 [kPa]
P[3] = 8000 [kPa]
T[3] = 500 [C]
P[4] = 3000 [kPa]
T[5] = 500 [C]
Eta_t = 100/100 "Turbine isentropic efficiency"
Eta_p = 100/100 "Pump isentropic efficiency"}

"Pump analysis"
function x6$(x6) "this function returns a string to indicate the state of steam at point 6"
x6$=''
if (x6>1) then x6$='(superheated)'
if (x6<0) then x6$='(subcooled)'
end

Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS'

P[1] = P[6]
P[2]=P[3]
x[1]=0 "Sat'd liquid"
h[1]=enthalpy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
v[1]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
s[1]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
T[1]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[1],x=x[1])
W_p_s=v[1]*(P[2]-P[1])"SSSF isentropic pump work assuming constant specific volume"
W_p=W_p_s/Eta_p
h[2]=h[1]+W_p "SSSF First Law for the pump"
v[2]=volume(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
s[2]=entropy(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
T[2]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[2],h=h[2])
"High Pressure Turbine analysis"
h[3]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s[3]=entropy(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
v[3]=volume(Fluid$,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s_s[4]=s[3]
hs[4]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Ts[4]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[4],P=P[4])
Eta_t=(h[3]-h[4])/(h[3]-hs[4])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
T[4]=temperature(Fluid$,P=P[4],h=h[4])
v[4]=volume(Fluid$,s=s[4],P=P[4])
h[3] =W_t_hp+h[4]"SSSF First Law for the high pressure turbine"
"Low Pressure Turbine analysis"
P[5]=P[4]
h[5]=enthalpy(Fluid$,T=T[5],P=P[5])
s_s[6]=s[5]
hs[6]=enthalpy(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Ts[6]=temperature(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
10-21
vs[6]=volume(Fluid$,s=s_s[6],P=P[6])
Eta_t=(h[5]-h[6])/(h[5]-hs[6])"Definition of turbine efficiency"
h[5]=W_t_lp+h[6]"SSSF First Law for the low pressure turbine"
x[6]=QUALITY(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
"Boiler analysis"
Q_in + h[2]+h[4]=h[3]+h[5]"SSSF First Law for the Boiler"
"Condenser analysis"
h[6]=Q_out+h[1]"SSSF First Law for the Condenser"
T[6]=temperature(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
s[6]=entropy(Fluid$,h=h[6],P=P[6])
x6s$=x6$(x[6])

"Cycle Statistics"
W_net=W_t_hp+W_t_lp-W_p
Eff=W_net/Q_in

0.0 1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.8 9.9 11.0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
s [kJ/kg-K]
T

[
C
]
8000 kPa
3000 kPa
20 kPa
3
4
5
6
Ideal Rankine cycle with reheat
1,2

SOLUTION
Eff=0.389 Eta_p=1 Eta_t=1
Fluid$='Steam_IAPWS' h[1]=251.4[kJ/kg] h[2]=259.5[kJ/kg]
h[3]=3400[kJ/kg] h[4]=3105[kJ/kg] h[5]=3457[kJ/kg]
h[6]=2385[kJ/kg] hs[4]=3105[kJ/kg] hs[6]=2385[kJ/kg]
P[1]=20[kPa] P[2]=8000[kPa] P[3]=8000[kPa]
P[4]=3000[kPa] P[5]=3000[kPa] P[6]=20[kPa]
Q_in=3493[kJ/kg] Q_out=2134[kJ/kg] s[1]=0.832[kJ/kg-K]
s[2]=0.8321[kJ/kg-K] s[3]=6.727[kJ/kg-K] s[4]=6.727[kJ/kg-K]
s[5]=7.236[kJ/kg-K] s[6]=7.236[kJ/kg-K] s_s[4]=6.727[kJ/kg-K]
s_s[6]=7.236[kJ/kg-K] T[1]=60.06[C] T[2]=60.4[C]
T[3]=500[C] T[4]=345.2[C] T[5]=500[C]
T[6]=60.06[C] Ts[4]=345.2[C] Ts[6]=60.06[C]
v[1]=0.001017[m^3/kg] v[2]=0.001014[m^3/kg] v[3]=0.04177[m^3/kg]
v[4]=0.08968[m^3/kg] vs[6]=6.922[m^3/kg] W_net=1359[kJ/kg]
W_p=8.117[kJ/kg] W_p_s=8.117[kJ/kg] W_t_hp=294.8[kJ/kg]
W_t_lp=1072[kJ/kg] x6s$='' x[1]=0
x[6]=0.9051
10-22
10-34 A steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The quality (or
temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the
mass flow rate of the steam are to be determined.

( )
( )( ) ( )
kJ/kg 43 . 202 62 . 10 81 . 191
kJ/kg 10.62
0.95 /
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 10,000 /kg m 0.00101
/
/kg m 001010 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T
( )
( )( )
K kJ/kg 7642 . 7
kJ/kg 1 . 3479
C 500
MPa 1
kJ/kg 0 . 2902 7 . 2783 1 . 3375 80 . 0 1 . 3375
kJ/kg 8 . 2783
MPa 1
K kJ/kg 5995 . 6
kJ/kg 75.1 33
C 500
MPa 10
5
5
5
5
4 3 3 4
4 3
4 3
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
=
=
)
`
=
=
= =
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
s
h
T
P
h h h h
h h
h h
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
s T
s
T
s
s
s

2
6
10 kPa
10 MPa
4s
4
3
6
2
5
1
s
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( ) vapor d superheate kJ/kg 8 . 2664
2 . 2461 1 . 3479 80 . 0 1 . 3479
kJ/kg 2 . 2461 1 . 2392 9487 . 0 81 . 191
exit turbine at 9487 . 0
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 7642 . 7
kPa 10
6 5 5 6
6 5
6 5
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
g
s T
s
T
fg s f s
fg
f s
s
s
s
h
h h h h
h h
h h
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
> =
=
=
=
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=

From steam tables at 10 kPa we read T
6
= 88.1C.
(b) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
kJ/kg 8 . 1276 62 . 10 4 . 1287
kJ/kg 8 . 3749 0 . 2902 1 . 3479 43 . 202 1 . 3375
kJ/kg 4 . 1287 8 . 2664 1 . 3479 0 . 2902 1 . 3375
in p, out T, net
4 5 2 3 in
6 5 4 3 out T,
= = =
= + = + =
= + = + =
w w w
h h h h q
h h h h w
Thus the thermal efficiency is
34.1% = = =
kJ/kg 3749.8
kJ/kg 1276.8
in
net
th
q
w

(c) The mass flow rate of the steam is
kg/s 62.7 = = =
kJ/kg 1276.9
kJ/s 80,000
net
net
w
W
m
&
&
10-23
10-35 A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The quality (or
temperature, if superheated) of the steam at the turbine exit, the thermal efficiency of the cycle, and the
mass flow rate of the steam are to be determined.

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 90 . 201 09 . 10 81 . 191
kJ/kg 10.09
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 0 1 000 , 10 /kg m 00101 . 0
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 10 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T

( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 2 . 2461 1 . 2392 9487 . 0 81 . 191
exit turbine at
4996 . 7
6492 . 0 7642 . 7
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 7642 . 7
kJ/kg 1 . 3479
C 500
MPa 1
kJ/kg 8 . 2783
MPa 1
K kJ/kg 5995 . 6
kJ/kg 1 . 3375
C 500
MPa 10
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
0.9487

10 kPa
10 MPa
4
3
6
2
5
1
s
(b) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
kJ/kg 3 . 1599 09 . 10 4 . 1609
kJ/kg 5 . 3868 7 . 2783 1 . 3479 90 . 201 1 . 3375
kJ/kg 3 . 1609 2 . 2461 1 . 3479 7 . 2783 1 . 3375
in , out T, net
4 5 2 3 in
6 5 4 3 out T,
= = =
= + = + =
= + = + =
p
w w w
h h h h q
h h h h w
Thus the thermal efficiency is
41.3% = = =
kJ/kg 3868.5
kJ/kg 1599.3
in
net
th
q
w

(c) The mass flow rate of the steam is
s kg 0 50 / .
kJ/kg 1599.3
kJ/s 80,000
net
net
= = =
w
W
m
&
&
10-24
10-36E A steam power plant that operates on the ideal reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The pressure at
which reheating takes place, the net power output, the thermal efficiency, and the minimum mass flow rate
of the cooling water required are to be determined.
Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4E, A-5E, and A-6E),
( )
( )( )
Btu/lbm 11 . 72 39 . 2 72 . 69
Btu/lbm 2.39
ft psia 5.4039
Btu 1
psia 1 800 /lbm ft 01614 . 0
F 69 . 101
/lbm ft 01614 . 0
Btu/lbm 72 . 69
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
psia 1 @ sat 1
3
psia 1 @ sat 1
psia 1 @ sat 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
= =
p
p
w h h
P P w
T T
h h
v
v v

T
1 psia
800 psia
4
3
6
2
5
1
s

( )
( )( ) Btu/lbm 0 . 1061 7 . 1035 9572 . 0 72 . 69
9572 . 0
84495 . 1
13262 . 0 8985 . 1
psia 1
R Btu/lbm 8985 . 1
Btu/lbm 4 . 1431
F 800
psia 23 . 62
pressure) reheat (the
Btu/lbm 5 . 1178
vapor sat.
R Btu/lbm 6413 . 1
Btu/lbm 0 . 1456
F 900
psia 800
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
@ sat 4
@ 4
3 4
3
3
3
3
4
4
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
= =
= =
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
fg f
fg
f
s s
s s g
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
P P
h h
s s
s
h
T
P
g
g
psia 62.23

(b) ( ) ( )
Btu/lbm 3 . 991 72 . 69 0 . 1061
Btu/lbm 8 . 1636 5 . 1178 4 . 1431 11 . 72 0 . 1456
1 6 out
4 5 2 3 in
= = =
= + = + =
h h q
h h h h q
Thus,
39.4% = = =
Btu/lbm 1636.8
Btu/lbm 991.3
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

(c) The mass flow rate of the cooling water will be minimum when it is heated to the temperature of the
steam in the condenser, which is 101.7F,

( ) ( )( )
( )( )
lbm/s 641.0 =

=
= = = =
F 45 101.69 F Btu/lbm 1.0
Btu/s 10 3.634
Btu/s 10 634 . 3 Btu/s 10 6 3943 . 0 1 1
4
out
cool
4 4
in th net in out
T c
Q
m
Q W Q Q
&
&
& & & &

10-25
10-37 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal reheat Rankine cycle between the specified pressure
limits is considered. The pressure at which reheating takes place, the total rate of heat input in the boiler,
and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined.

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 95 . 206 14 . 15 81 . 191
kJ/kg .14 15
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 10 000 , 15 /kg m 00101 . 0
/kg m 00101 . 0
kJ/kg 81 . 191
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ sat 1
kPa 10 @ sat 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T

( )( )
( )( )
( )
kJ/kg 2 . 2817
MPa 161 . 2
kJ/kg 53 . 3466
pressure reheat the C 500
K kJ/kg 3988 . 7 4996 . 7 90 . 0 6492 . 0
kJ/kg 7 . 2344 1 . 2392 90 . 0 81 . 191
kPa 10
K kJ/kg 3480 . 6
kJ/kg .8 3310
C 500
MPa 15
4
3 4
4
5
5
6 5
5
6 6
6 6
5 6
6
3
3
3
3
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
= + = + =
= + = + =
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
h
s s
P
h
P
s s
T
s x s s
h x h h
s s
P
s
h
T
P
fg f
fg f
kPa 2161
10 kPa
15 MPa
4
3
6
2
5
1
s
(b) The rate of heat supply is

( ) ( ) | |
( )( ) kW 45,038 = + =
+ =
kJ/kg 2 . 2817 53 . 3466 95 . 206 8 . 3310 kg/s 12
4 5 2 3 in
h h h h m Q &
&
(c) The thermal efficiency is determined from
Thus,
( ) ( )( )
42.6% = = =
= = =
kJ/s 45,039
kJ/s 25,834
1 1
kJ/s ,835 25 kJ/kg 81 . 191 7 . 2344 kJ/s 12
in
out
th
1 6 out
Q
Q
h h m Q
&
&
&
&

10-26
10-38 A steam power plant that operates on a reheat Rankine cycle is considered. The condenser pressure,
the net power output, and the thermal efficiency are to be determined.

( )
( )( )
( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 3 . 3027 1 . 2948 2 . 3358 85 . 0 2 . 3358
?
95 . 0
?
K kJ/kg 2815 . 7
kJ/kg 2 . 3358
C 450
MPa 2
kJ/kg 3 . 3027
1 . 2948 5 . 3476 85 . 0 5 . 3476
kJ/kg 1 . 2948
MPa 2
K kJ/kg 6317 . 6
kJ/kg 5 . 3476
C 550
MPa 5 . 12
6 5 5 6
6 5
6 5
6
5 6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
4 3 3 4
4 3
4 3
4
3 4
4
3
3
3
3
= =
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
s T
s
T
s
s T
s
T
s
s
h h h h
h h
h h
h
s s
P
h
x
P
s
h
T
P
h h h h
h h
h h
h
s s
P
s
h
T
P

2
4
6
P = ?
12.5 MPa
4s
3
T
4
5
Pump
Condenser
Boiler
Turbine
2
1
6
3
s
6s
2s
5
1
The pressure at state 6 may be determined by a trial-error approach from the steam tables or by using EES
from the above equations:
P
6
= 9.73 kPa, h
6
= 2463.3 kJ/kg,
(b) Then,
( )
( )( ) ( )
kJ/kg 59 . 203 02 . 14 57 . 189
kJ/kg 14.02
0.90 /
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 73 . 9 12,500 /kg m 0.00101
/
/kg m 001010 . 0
kJ/kg 57 . 189
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 10 @ 1
kPa 73 . 9 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
p
p p
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

Cycle analysis:
( ) ( )
kW 10,242 = = =
= = =
= + = + =
kg 2273.7)kJ/ - .8 kg/s)(3603 7 . 7 ( ) (
kJ/kg 7 . 2273 57 . 189 3 . 3027
kJ/kg 8 . 3603 3 . 2463 2 . 3358 3 . 3027 5 . 3476
out in net
1 6 out
4 5 2 3 in
q q m W
h h q
h h h h q
&
&

(c) The thermal efficiency is
36.9% = = = = 369 . 0
kJ/kg 3603.8
kJ/kg 2273.7
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

10-27

Regenerative Rankine Cycle

10-39C Moisture content remains the same, everything else decreases.

10-40C This is a smart idea because we waste little work potential but we save a lot from the heat input.
The extracted steam has little work potential left, and most of its energy would be part of the heat rejected
anyway. Therefore, by regeneration, we utilize a considerable amount of heat by sacrificing little work
output.

10-41C In open feedwater heaters, the two fluids actually mix, but in closed feedwater heaters there is no
mixing.

10-42C Both cycles would have the same efficiency.

10-43C To have the same thermal efficiency as the Carnot
cycle, the cycle must receive and reject heat isothermally.
Thus the liquid should be brought to the saturated liquid
state at the boiler pressure isothermally, and the steam must
be a saturated vapor at the turbine inlet. This will require
an infinite number of heat exchangers (feedwater heaters),
as shown on the T-s diagram.

Boiler
exit
s
T
Boiler
inlet
qin
qout

10-28
10-44 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with an open feedwater
heater is considered. The net work output per kg of steam and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 81 . 251 39 . 0 42 . 251
kJ/kg 0.39
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 20 400 /kg m 001017 . 0
/kg m 001017 . 0
kJ/kg 42 . 251
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 20 @ 1
kPa 20 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
pI
pI
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T
( ) ( )( )
( )( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 0 . 2214 5 . 2357 8325 . 0 42 . 251
8325 . 0
0752 . 7
8320 . 0 7219 . 6
kPa 20
kJ/kg 7 . 2665 4 . 2133 9661 . 0 66 . 604
9661 . 0
1191 . 5
7765 . 1 7219 . 6
MPa 4 . 0
K kJ/kg 7219 . 6
kJ/kg 9 . 3302
C 450
MPa 6
kJ/kg 73 . 610 07 . 6 66 . 604
kJ/kg 6.07
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 400 6000 /kg m 0.001084
/kg m 001084 . 0
kJ/kg 66 . 604
liquid sat.
MPa 4 . 0
7 7
7
7
5 7
7
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
in , 3 4
3
3
3 4 3 in ,
3
MPa 4 . 0 @ 3
MPa 4 . 0 @ 3
3
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
= =
= =
)
`
=
fg f
fg
f
fg f
fg
f
pII
pII
f
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P
w h h
P P w
h h
P
v
v v

q
out

3
y
4
1-y
0.4 MPa
20 kPa
6
MPa
6
5
7
2
q
in
1
s
The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heater. Noting that Q W ,
& &
ke pe 0

( ) (
3 2 6 3 3 2 2 6 6
(steady) 0
1 1
0
h h y yh h m h m h m h m h m
E E
E E E
e e i i
out in
system out in
= + = + =
=
= =

& & & & &
& &
& & &

)
where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = & / & m m
6 3
). Solving for y,
1462 . 0
81 . 251 7 . 2665
81 . 251 66 . 604
2 6
2 3
=
=
h h
h h
y
Then,

( )( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 7 . 1675 42 . 251 0 . 2214 1462 . 0 1 1
kJ/kg 2 . 2692 73 . 610 9 . 3302
1 7 out
4 5 in
= = =
= = =
h h y q
h h q
And kJ/kg 1016.5 = = = 7 . 1675 2 . 2692
out in net
q q w
(b) The thermal efficiency is determined from
37.8% = = =
kJ/kg 2692.2
kJ/kg 1675.7
1 1
in
out
th
q
q

10-29
10-45 A steam power plant that operates on an ideal regenerative Rankine cycle with a closed feedwater
heater is considered. The net work output per kg of steam and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be
determined.

( )
( )( )
kJ/kg 50 . 257 08 . 6 42 . 251
kJ/kg 6.08
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 20 6000 /kg m 0.001017
/kg m 001017 . 0
kJ/kg 42 . 251
in , 1 2
3
3
1 2 1 in ,
3
kPa 20 @ 1
kPa 20 @ 1
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
=
= =
= =
pI
pI
f
f
w h h
P P w
h h
v
v v

T
9
q
ou
3
y
4
1-y
0.4 MPa
20 kPa
6
MPa
6
5
7
2
8
q
in
1

/kg m 4 00108 . 0
kJ/kg 66 . 604
liquid sat.
MPa 4 . 0
3
MPa 4 . 0 @ 3
MPa 4 . 0 @ 3
3
= =
= =
)
`
=
f
f
h h
P
v v
s

( ) ( )( )
( ) kJ/kg 73 . 610
kJ/kg 73 . 610 07 . 6 66 . 604
kJ/kg 07 . 6
m kPa 1
kJ 1
kPa 400 6000 /kg m 001084 . 0
9 3 8 3 3 8
in , 3 9
3
3
3 9 3 in ,
= = + =
= + = + =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
h P P h h
w h h
P P w
pII
pII
v
v

Also, h
4
= h
9
= h
8
= 610.73 kJ/kg since the two fluid streams which are being mixed have the same
enthalpy.

( )( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 0 . 2214 5 . 2357 8325 . 0 42 . 251
8325 . 0
0752 . 7
8320 . 0 7219 . 6
kPa 20
kJ/kg 7 . 2665 4 . 2133 9661 . 0 66 . 604
9661 . 0
1191 . 5
7765 . 1 7219 . 6
MPa 4 . 0
K kJ/kg 7219 . 6
kJ/kg 9 . 3302
C 450
MPa 6
7 7
7
7
5 7
7
6 6
6
6
5 6
6
5
5
5
5
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
= + = + =
=
=
)
`
=
=
=
=
)
`
=
=
fg f
fg
f
fg f
fg
f
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
h x h h
s
s s
x
s s
P
s
h
T
P

The fraction of steam extracted is determined from the steady-flow energy balance equation applied to the
feedwater heater. Noting that Q , 0 pe ke W
& &
( ) ( ) ( )( ) (
3 6 2 8 3 6 6 2 8 2
out in
(steady) 0
out in
1
0
h h y h h y h h m h h m h m h m
E E
E E E
e e i i
system
= = =
=
= =

& & & &
& &
& & &

)

where y is the fraction of steam extracted from the turbine ( = & / & m m
6 5
). Solving for y,

( ) ( )
1463 . 0
50 . 257 73 . 610 66 . 604 7 . 2665
50 . 257 73 . 610
2 8 3 6
2 8
=
+

=
+

=
h h h h
h h
y
Then,
( )( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 4 . 1675 42 . 251 0 . 2214 1463 . 0 1 1
kJ/kg 2 . 2692 73 . 610 9 . 3302
1 7 out
4 5 in
= = =
= = =
h h y q
h h q
And kJ/kg 1016.8 = = = 4 . 1675 2 . 2692
out in net
q q w
(b) The thermal efficiency is determined from
37.8% = = =
kJ/kg 2692.2
kJ/kg 1675.4
1 1
in
out
th
q
q


Thermo 5th Chap10 P001

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Thermo 5th Chap10 P001

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10-1

Analysis (a) From the steam tables (Tables A-4E,

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