9-70

Brayton Cycle with Intercooling, Reheating, and Regeneration

9-101C As the number of compression and expansion stages are increased and regeneration is employed,
the ideal Brayton cycle will approach the Ericsson cycle.

9-102C (a) decrease, (b) decrease, and (c) decrease.

9-103C (a) increase, (b) decrease, and (c) decrease.

9-104C (a) increase, (b) decrease, (c) decrease, and (d) increase.

9-105C (a) increase, (b) decrease, (c) increase, and (d) decrease.

9-106C Because the steady-flow work is proportional to the specific volume of the gas. Intercooling
decreases the average specific volume of the gas during compression, and thus the compressor work.
Reheating increases the average specific volume of the gas, and thus the turbine work output.

9-107C (c) The Carnot (or Ericsson) cycle efficiency.


PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-71
9-108 An ideal gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined for the cases
of with and without a regenerator.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) The work inputs to each stage of compressor are identical, so are the work outputs of each
stage of the turbine since this is an ideal cycle. Then,
( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) kJ/kg 62.86 6 36 . 946 79 . 1277 2 2
kJ/kg 2.14 22 19 . 300 26 . 411 2 2
kJ/kg 946.36 33 . 79 238
3
1
238
kJ/kg 77.79 12
K 200 1
kJ/kg 411.26 158 . 4 386 . 1 3
386 . 1
kJ/kg 300.19
K 300
6 5 out T,
1 2 in C,
8 6
5
6
7 5
5
4 2
1
2
1
1
5 6
5
1 2
1
= = =
= = =
= = = |
.
|

\
|
= =
=
= =
=
= = = = =
=
=
=
h h w
h h w
h h P
P
P
P
P
h h
T
h h P
P
P
P
P
h
T
r r
r
r r
r

2
9
10
7
6 8
300 K
1200 K
q
in

5
1
4
3
T
s
Thus, 33.5% = = =
kJ/kg 662.86
kJ/kg 222.14
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
36.8% = = =
= = =
= + = + =
kJ/kg 1197.96
kJ/kg 440.72
kJ/kg 440.72 222.14 86 . 662
kJ/kg 1197.96 36 . 946 79 . 1277 26 . 411 79 . 1277
in
net
th
in C, out T, net
6 7 4 5 in
q
w
w w w
h h h h q

(b) When a regenerator is used, r
bw
remains the same. The thermal efficiency in this case becomes

( ) ( )( )
55.3% = = =
= = =
= = =
kJ/kg 796.63
kJ/kg 440.72
kJ/kg 796.63 33 . 401 96 . 1197
kJ/kg 3 3 . 401 26 . 411 36 . 946 75 . 0
in
net
th
regen old in, in
4 8 regen
q
w
q q q
h h q

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-72
9-109 A gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is considered. The
back work ratio and the thermal efficiency of the cycle are to be determined for the cases of with and
without a regenerator.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis (a) The work inputs to each stage of compressor are identical, so are the work outputs of each
stage of the turbine. Then,

( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )(
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) kJ/kg 63.44 5 07 . 996 79 . 1277 2 2
kJ/kg 77.68 2 19 . 300 03 . 439 2 2
kJ/kg 96.07 9
36 . 946 79 . 1277 85 . 0 79 . 1277
kJ/kg 946.36 33 . 79 238
3
1
238
kJ/kg 1277.79 K 1200
kJ/kg 9.03 43
80 . 0 / 19 . 300 26 . 411 19 . 300
/
kJ/kg 411.26 158 . 4 386 . 1 3
386 . 1
kJ/kg 300.19 K 300
6 5 out T,
1 2 in C,
6 5 5 8 6
6 5
6 5
8 6
5
6
7 5 5
1 2 1 4 2
1 2
1 2
4 2
1
2
1 1
5 6
5
1 2
1
= = =
= = =
=
=
= =

=
= = = |
.
|

\
|
= =
=
= = =
=
+ =
+ = =

=
= = = = =
=
= =
h h w
h h w
h h h h h
h h
h h
h h P
P
P
P
P
h h T
h h h h h
h h
h h
h h P
P
P
P
P
h T
s T
s
T
r r
r
C s
s
C
s s r r
r


)

T
4
8
2
2s
9
10
7
6
6s
8
q
in

5
1
4
3
s
Thus, 49.3% = = =
kJ/kg 563.44
kJ/kg 277.68
out T,
in C,
bw
w
w
r

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
25.5% = = =
= = =
= + = + =
kJ/kg 1120.48
kJ/kg 285.76
kJ/kg 5.76 28 68 . 277 44 . 563
kJ/kg 1120.48 996.07 1277.79 439.03 1277.79
in
net
th
in C, out T, net
6 7 4 5 in
q
w
w w w
h h h h q

(b) When a regenerator is used, r
bw
remains the same. The thermal efficiency in this case becomes

( ) ( )( )
40.7% = = =
= = =
= = =
kJ/kg 702.70
kJ/kg 285.76
kJ/kg .70 702 78 . 417 48 . 1120
kJ/kg 17.78 4 03 . 439 07 . 996 75 . 0
in
net
th
regen old in, in
4 8 regen
q
w
q q q
h h q

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-73
9-110 A regenerative gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The minimum mass flow rate of air needed to develop a specified net power output is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific
heats. 3 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis The mass flow rate will be a minimum when the cycle is ideal. That is, the turbine and the
compressors are isentropic, the regenerator has an effectiveness of 100%, and the compression ratios across
each compression or expansion stage are identical. In our case it is r
p
= 9 = 3. Then the work inputs to
each stage of compressor are identical, so are the work outputs of each stage of the turbine.

( )( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
kg/s 249.6 = = =
= = =
= = =
= = =
= = = |
.
|

\
|
= =
= = = =
= = = = =
= = =
kJ/kg 440.72
kJ/s 110,000
kJ/kg 440.72 222.14 6 8 . 662
kJ/kg 662.86 946.36 1277.79 2 2
kJ/kg 222.14 19 . 300 26 . 411 2 2
kJ/kg 6.36 94 33 . 79 238
3
1
238 kJ/kg, 1277.79 K 0 120
kJ/kg 11.26 4 158 . 4 386 . 1 3
386 . 1 kJ/kg, 00.19 3 K 00 3
net
net
in C, out T, net
6 5 out T,
1 2 in C,
8 6
5
6
7 5 5
4 2
1
2
1 1
5 6
5
1 2
1
w
W
m
w w w
h h w
h h w
h h P
P
P
P
P h h T
h h P
P
P
P
P h T
r r
r
r r
r
&
&


2
7
6 8
300 K
1200 K
5
1
4
3
T
s


9-111 A regenerative gas-turbine cycle with two stages of compression and two stages of expansion is
considered. The minimum mass flow rate of air needed to develop a specified net power output is to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Argon is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes
are negligible.
Properties The properties of argon at room temperature are c
p
= 0.5203 kJ/kg.K and k = 1.667 (Table A-
2a).
Analysis The mass flow rate will be a minimum when the cycle is ideal. That is, the turbine and the
compressors are isentropic, the regenerator has an effectiveness of 100%, and the compression ratios across
each compression or expansion stage are identical. In our case it is r
p
= 9 = 3. Then the work inputs to
each stage of compressor are identical, so are the work outputs of each stage of the turbine.

( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( )
kg/s 404.7 = = =
= = =
=
= = =
=
= = =
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

kJ/kg 271.8
kJ/s 110,000
kJ/kg 271.8 3 . 172 1 . 444
kJ/kg 444.1
K 773.2 1200 K kJ/kg 0.5203 2 2 2
kJ/kg 172.3
K 300 465.6 K kJ/kg 0.5203 2 2 2
K 773.2
3
1
K 1200
K 465.6 3 K 300
net
net
in C, out T, net
6 5 6 5 out T,
1 2 1 2 in C,
7 0.667/1.66
/ 1
5
6
5 6
7 0.667/1.66
/ 1
1
2
1 2
w
W
m
w w w
T T c h h w
T T c h h w
P
P
T T
P
P
T T
p
p
k k
k k
&
&

2
7
6 8
300 K
1200 K
5
1
4
3
T
s
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-74

Jet-Propulsion Cycles

9-112C The power developed from the thrust of the engine is called the propulsive power. It is equal to
thrust times the aircraft velocity.

9-113C The ratio of the propulsive power developed and the rate of heat input is called the propulsive
efficiency. It is determined by calculating these two quantities separately, and taking their ratio.

9-114C It reduces the exit velocity, and thus the thrust.



9-115E A turbojet engine operating on an ideal cycle is flying at an altitude of 20,000 ft. The pressure at
the turbine exit, the velocity of the exhaust gases, and the propulsive efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature. 4 Kinetic and potential energies are negligible,
except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit. 5 The turbine work output is equal to the compressor work
input.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are c
p
= 0.24 Btu/lbm.R and k = 1.4 (Table A-2Ea).
Analysis (a) For convenience, we assume the aircraft is stationary and the air is moving towards the
aircraft at a velocity of V
1
= 900 ft/s. Ideally, the air will leave the diffuser with a negligible velocity (V
2

0).
Diffuser:
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) psia 11.19
R 470
R 537.3
psia 7
R 537.4
/s ft 25,037
Btu/lbm 1
R Btu/lbm 0.24 2
ft/s 900
470
2
2 / 0
2
0
2 / 2 /
1.4/0.4 1 /
1
2
1 2
2 2
2 2
1
1 2
2
1 1 2
2
1
0
2
2
1 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ = + =
=

+ =
+ = +
=
=
k k
p
p
T
T
P P
c
V
T T
V T T c
V V
h h
V h V h
E E
E E E

& &
& & &

T
6
q
out

5
q
in

3
4
2
1
s
Compressor:

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( ) R 1118.3 13 R 537.4
psia 145.5 psia 11.19 13
0.4/1.4
/ 1
2
3
2 3
2 4 3
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = = =
k k
p
P
P
T T
P r P P

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-75
Turbine:
( ) ( )
5 4 2 3 5 4 2 3 out turb, in comp,
T T c T T c h h h h w w
p p
= = =
or,

( )
( ) psia 55.2 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= + = + =
1.4/0.4 1 /
4
5
4 5
2 3 4 5
R 2400
R 1819.1
psia 145.5
R 1819.1 4 . 537 1118.3 400 2
k k
T
T
P P
T T T T

(b) Nozzle:

( )
( )
( ) 2 / 0
2
0
2 / 2 /
R 1008.6
psia 55.2
psia 7
R 1819.1
2
6 5 6
0
2
5
2
6
5 6
2
6 6
2
5 5
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
0.4/1.4 / 1
5
6
5 6
V T T c
V V
h h
V h V h
E E
E E E
P
P
T T
p
k k
+ =

+ =
+ = +
=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

& &
& & &

or,
( )( )( ) s / ft 3121 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
Btu/lbm 1
/s ft 25,037
R 1008.6 1819.1 R Btu/lbm 0.240 2
2 2
6
V
(c) The propulsive efficiency is the ratio of the propulsive work to the heat input,

( )
( ) | |( )
( ) ( )( )
% 25.9 = = =
= = = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
Btu/lbm 307.6
Btu/lbm 79.8
Btu/lbm 307.6 R 1118.3 2400 R Btu/lbm 0.24
Btu/lbm 79.8
/s ft 25,037
Btu/lbm 1
ft/s 900 ft/s 900 3121
in
3 4 3 4 in
2 2
aircraft inlet exit
q
w
T T c h h q
V V V w
p
p
p
p

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-76
9-116E A turbojet engine operating on an ideal cycle is flying at an altitude of 20,000 ft. The pressure at
the turbine exit, the velocity of the exhaust gases, and the propulsive efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with variable specific heats. 4 Kinetic and potential energies are negligible, except at the diffuser
inlet and the nozzle exit. 5 The turbine work output is equal to the compressor work input.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17E.
Analysis (a) For convenience, we assume the aircraft is stationary and the air is moving towards the aircraft
at a velocity of V
1
= 900 ft/s. Ideally, the air will leave the diffuser with a negligible velocity (V
2
0).
Diffuser:
8548 . 0
Btu/lbm 112.20 R 470
1
1 1
=
= =
r
P
h T
T

( )
( ) psia 11.22
0.8548
1.3698
psia 7
3698 . 1 Btu/lbm 128.48
/s ft 25,037
Btu/lbm 1
2
ft/s 900
20 . 112
2
2
0
2 / 2 /
1
2
2
1 2
r
2 2
2 2
1
1 2
2
1
0
2
2
1 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = + =

+ =
+ = +
=
=
r
r
P
P
P P
P
V
h h
V V
h h
V h V h
E E
E E E

& &
& & &

6
q
out

5
q
in

3
4
2
1
s
Compressor:

( )( ) ( )( )
( ) Btu/lbm 267.56 80 . 17 1.368
11.22
145.8
psia 145.8 psia 11.22 13
3
2
3
2 4 3
2 3
= = |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = = =
h P
P
P
P
P r P P
r r
p

Turbine: T
6 . 367
Btu/lbm 22 . 617
R 2400
4
4
4
=
=
=
r
P
h

5 4 2 3
out turb, in comp,
h h h h
w w
=
=
or,

( ) psia 56.6 = |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = + = + =
367.6
142.7
psia 145.8
7 . 142 Btu/lbm 14 . 478 48 . 128 56 . 267 22 . 617
4
5
5
4 5
2 3 4 5
r
r
r
P
P
P P
P h h h h

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-77
(b) Nozzle:

2
0
2 / 2 /
Btu/lbm 266.93 17.66
psia 56.6
psia 7
) 7 . 142 (
0
2
5
2
6
5 6
2
6 6
2
5 5
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
6
5
6
5 6

V V
h h
V h V h
E E
E E E
h
P
P
P P
r r

+ =
+ = +
=
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
& &
& & &

or,
( ) ( ) ft/s 3252 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
Btu/lbm 1
/s ft 25,037
Btu/lbm ) 93 . 266 14 . 478 ( 2 2
2 2
6 5 6
h h V
(c) The propulsive efficiency is the ratio of the propulsive work to the heat input,

( )
| |
24.2% = = =
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
Btu/lbm 349.66
Btu/lbm 84.55
Btu/lbm 349.66 56 . 267 22 . 617
Btu/lbm 84.55
/s ft 25,037
Btu/lbm 1
ft/s) (900 ft/s) 900) (3252
in
3 4
2 2
aircraft inlet exit
q
w
h h q
V V V w
p
p
in
p

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-78
9-117 A turbojet aircraft flying at an altitude of 9150 m is operating on the ideal jet propulsion cycle. The
velocity of exhaust gases, the propulsive power developed, and the rate of fuel consumption are to be
determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature. 4 Kinetic and potential energies are negligible,
except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit. 5 The turbine work output is equal to the compressor work
input.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are c
p
= 1.005 kJ/kg.K and k = 1.4 (Table A-2a).
Analysis (a) We assume the aircraft is stationary and the air is moving towards the aircraft at a velocity of
V
1
= 320 m/s. Ideally, the air will leave the diffuser with a negligible velocity (V
2
0).
Diffuser:
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) kPa 62.6
K 241
K 291.9
kPa 32
K 291.9
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
K kJ/kg 1.005 2
m/s 320
K 241
2
2 / 0
2
0 2 / 2 /
1.4/0.4 1 /
1
2
1 2
2 2
2 2
1
1 2
2
1 1 2
2
1
0
2
2
1 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ = + =
=

+ = + = +
= =
k k
p
p
T
T
P P
c
V
T T
V T T c
V V
h h V h V h
E E E E E

& & & & &

T
6
5
Q
i

3
4
2
1
s
Compressor:

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( ) K 593.7 12 K 291.9
kPa 751.2 kPa 62.6 12
0.4/1.4
/ 1
2
3
2 3
2 4 3
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = = =
k k
p
P
P
T T
P r P P

Turbine:
or,
( ) ( )
K 1098.2 291.9 593.7 1400
2 3 4 5
5 4 2 3 5 4 2 3 out turb, in comp,
= + = + =
= = =
T T T T
T T c T T c h h h h w w
p p

Nozzle:

( )
( )
( ) 2 / 0
2
0
2 / 2 /
K 568.2
kPa 751.2
kPa 32
K 1400
2
6 5 6
0
2
5
2
6
5 6
2
6 6
2
5 5
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
0.4/1.4 / 1
4
6
4 6
V T T c
V V
h h
V h V h
E E E E E
P
P
T T
p
k k
+ =

+ =
+ = +
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

& & & & &

or, ( )( )( ) m/s 1032
kJ/kg 1
/s m 1000
K 568.2 1098.2 K kJ/kg 1.005 2
2 2
6
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= V
(b) ( ) ( )( ) ( ) kW 13,670 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
2 2
aircraft inlet exit
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
m/s 320 m/s 320 1032 kg/s 60 V V V m W
p
&
&

(c) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
kg/s 1.14 = = =
= = = =
kJ/kg 42,700
kJ/s 48,620
HV
kJ/s 48,620 K 593.7 1400 K kJ/kg 1.005 kg/s 60
in
fuel
3 4 3 4 in
Q
m
T T c m h h m Q
p
&
&
& &
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-79
9-118 A turbojet aircraft is flying at an altitude of 9150 m. The velocity of exhaust gases, the propulsive
power developed, and the rate of fuel consumption are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with constant specific heats at room temperature. 4 Kinetic and potential energies are negligible,
except at the diffuser inlet and the nozzle exit.
Properties The properties of air at room temperature are c
p
= 1.005 kJ/kg.K and k = 1.4 (Table A-2a).
Analysis (a) For convenience, we assume the aircraft is stationary and the air is moving towards the
aircraft at a velocity of V
1
= 320 m/s. Ideally, the air will leave the diffuser with a negligible velocity (V
2

0).
Diffuser:
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( ) kPa 62.6
K 241
K 291.9
kPa 32
K 291.9
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
K kJ/kg 1.005 2
m/s 320
K 241
2
2 / 0
2
0
2 / 2 /
1.4/0.4 1 /
1
2
1 2
2 2
2 2
1
1 2
2
1 1 2
2
1
0
2
2
1 2
2
2 2
2
1 1
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ = + =
=

+ =
+ = +
=
=
k k
p
p
T
T
P P
c
V
T T
V T T c
V V
h h
V h V h
E E
E E E

& &
& & &

T
5
6
5s
Q
i

3
4
2
1
s
Compressor:

( )( ) ( )( )
( )
( )( ) K 593.7 12 K 291.9
kPa 751.2 kPa 62.6 12
0.4/1.4
/ 1
2
3
2 3
2 4 3
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = = =
k k
s
p
P
P
T T
P r P P

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) K 669.2 0.80 / 291.9 593.7 1.9 29 /
2 3 2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
= + = + =

=
C s
p
s p
s
C
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h

Turbine:
or,
( ) ( )
K 1022.7 291.9 669.2 1400
2 3 4 5
5 4 2 3 5 4 2 3 out turb, in comp,
= + = + =
= = =
T T T T
T T c T T c h h h h w w
p p

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) kPa 197.7
K 1400
K 956.1
kPa 751.2
K 956.1 85 . 0 / 1022.7 1400 1400 /
1.4/0.4 1 /
4
5
4 5
5 4 4 5
5 4
5 4
5 4
5 4
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= = =

=
k k
s
T s
s p
p
s
T
T
T
P P
T T T T
T T c
T T c
h h
h h

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-80
Nozzle:

( )
( )
( ) 2 / 0
2
0
2 / 2 /
K 607.8
kPa 197.7
kPa 32
K 1022.7
2
6 5 6
0
2
5
2
6
5 6
2
6 6
2
5 5
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
0.4/1.4 / 1
5
6
5 6
V T T c
V V
h h
V h V h
E E
E E E
P
P
T T
p
k k
+ =

+ =
+ = +
=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

& &
& & &

or,
( )( )( ) m/s 913.2 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
kJ/kg 1
/s m 1000
K 607.8 1022.7 K kJ/kg 1.005 2
2 2
6
V
(b) ( )
( )( ) ( )
kW 11,390 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
2 2
aircraft inlet exit
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
m/s 320 m/s 320 913.2 kg/s 60
V V V m W
p
&
&

(c) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
kg/s 1.03 = = =
= = = =
kJ/kg 42,700
kJ/s 44,067
HV
kJ/s 44,067 K 669.2 1400 K kJ/kg 1.005 kg/s 60
in
fuel
3 4 3 4 in
Q
m
T T c m h h m Q
p
&
&
& &
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-81
9-119 A turbojet aircraft that has a pressure rate of 12 is stationary on the ground. The force that must be
applied on the brakes to hold the plane stationary is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with variable specific heats. 4 Kinetic and potential energies are negligible, except at the nozzle
exit.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A17.
T
Analysis (a) Using variable specific heats for air,
5
4
q
in

2
3
1
Compressor: T
386 . 1
kJ/kg 300.19 K 300
1
1 1
=
= =
r
P
h

( )( )
( )( )
27 . 396
kJ/kg 1464.65 854 610.65
kJ/kg 854
kg/s 10
kJ/s 8540
kJ/s 8540 kJ/kg 42,700 kg/s 0.2 HV
kJ/kg 610.65 63 . 16 386 . 1 12
3
1 2
2 3 2 3 in
in
in
fuel in
2
1
2
=
= + = + = =
= = =
= = =
= = = =
r
in
r r
P
q h h h h q
m
Q
q
m Q
h P
P
P
P
&
&
&
&

s
Turbine:
or,
kJ/kg 741.17 300.19 610.65 464.65 1
1 2 3 4
4 3 1 2 out turb, in comp,
= + = + =
= =
h h h h
h h h h w w
Nozzle:

( )
2
0
2 / 2 /
kJ/kg 41.79 7 02 . 33
12
1
27 . 396
0
2
4
2
5
4 5
2
5 5
2
4 4
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
5
3
5
3 5

V V
h h
V h V h
E E
E E E
h
P
P
P P
r r

+ =
+ = +
=
=
= = |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
& &
& & &

or,
( ) ( )( ) m/s 908.9
kJ/kg 1
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 741.17 1154.19 2 2
2 2
5 4 5
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = h h V
Brake force = Thrust = ( ) ( )( ) N 9089 =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
2
inlet exit
m/s kg 1
N 1
m/s 0 908.9 kg/s 10 V V m&
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-82
9-120 EES Problem 9-119 is reconsidered. The effect of compressor inlet temperature on the force that
must be applied to the brakes to hold the plane stationary is to be investigated.
Analysis Using EES, the problem is solved as follows:

P_ratio=12
T_1=27[C]
T[1]=T_1+273"[K]"
P[1]=95[kPa]
P[5]=P[1]
Vel[1]=0[m/s]
V_dot[1]=9.063[m^3/s]
HV_fuel=42700[kJ/kg]
m_dot_fuel=0.2[kg/s]
Eta_c=1.0
Eta_t=1.0
Eta_N=1.0

"Inletconditions"
h[1]=ENTHALPY(Air,T=T[1])
s[1]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[1],P=P[1])
v[1]=volume(Air,T=T[1],P=P[1])
m_dot=V_dot[1]/v[1]
"Compressoranaysis"
s_s[2]=s[1]"Fortheidealcasetheentropiesareconstantacrossthecompressor"
P_ratio=P[2]/P[1]"Definitionofpressureratio-tofindP[2]"
T_s[2]=TEMPERATURE(Air,s=s_s[2],P=P[2])"T_s[2]istheisentropicvalueofT[2]at
compressorexit"
h_s[2]=ENTHALPY(Air,T=T_s[2])
Eta_c=(h_s[2]-h[1])/(h[2]-h[1])"Compressoradiabaticefficiency;Eta_c=
W_dot_c_ideal/W_dot_c_actual."
m_dot*h[1]+W_dot_c=m_dot*h[2]"SSSFFirstLawfortheactualcompressor,assuming:
adiabatic,ke=pe=0"

"Externalheatexchangeranalysis"
P[3]=P[2]"process2-3isSSSFconstantpressure"
h[3]=ENTHALPY(Air,T=T[3])
Q_dot_in=m_dot_fuel*HV_fuel
m_dot*h[2]+Q_dot_in=m_dot*h[3]"SSSFFirstLawfortheheatexchanger,assumingW=0,
ke=pe=0"

"Turbineanalysis"
s[3]=ENTROPY(Air,T=T[3],P=P[3])
s_s[4]=s[3]"Fortheidealcasetheentropiesareconstantacrosstheturbine"
{P_ratio=P[3]/P[4]}
T_s[4]=TEMPERATURE(Air,h=h_s[4])"Ts[4]istheisentropicvalueofT[4]atturbineexit"
{h_s[4]=ENTHALPY(Air,T=T_s[4])}"Eta_t=W_dot_t/Wts_dotturbineadiabaticefficiency,
Wts_dot>W_dot_t"
Eta_t=(h[3]-h[4])/(h[3]-h_s[4])
m_dot*h[3]=W_dot_t+m_dot*h[4]"SSSFFirstLawfortheactualcompressor,assuming:
adiabatic,ke=pe=0"
T[4]=TEMPERATURE(Air,h=h[4])
P[4]=pressure(Air,s=s_s[4],h=h_s[4])
"Cycleanalysis"
W_dot_net=W_dot_t-W_dot_c"Definitionofthenetcyclework,kW"
W_dot_net=0[kW]
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-83

"Exitnozzleanalysis:"
s[4]=entropy('air',T=T[4],P=P[4])
s_s[5]=s[4]"Fortheidealcasetheentropiesareconstantacrossthenozzle"

T_s[5]=TEMPERATURE(Air,s=s_s[5],P=P[5])"T_s[5]istheisentropicvalueofT[5]atnozzle
exit"
h_s[5]=ENTHALPY(Air,T=T_s[5])
Eta_N=(h[4]-h[5])/(h[4]-h_s[5])
m_dot*h[4]=m_dot*(h_s[5]+Vel_s[5]^2/2*convert(m^2/s^2,kJ/kg))
m_dot*h[4]=m_dot*(h[5]+Vel[5]^2/2*convert(m^2/s^2,kJ/kg))
T[5]=TEMPERATURE(Air,h=h[5])
s[5]=entropy('air',T=T[5],P=P[5])

"BrakeForcetoholdtheaircraft:"
Thrust=m_dot*(Vel[5]-Vel[1])"[N]"
BrakeForce=Thrust"[N]"
"ThefollowingstatepointsaredeterminedonlytoproduceaT-splot"
T[2]=temperature('air',h=h[2])
s[2]=entropy('air',T=T[2],P=P[2])

Brake
Force
[N]
m
[kg/s]
T
3

[K]
T
1

[C]
9971 11.86 1164 -20
9764 11.41 1206 -10
9568 10.99 1247 0
9383 10.6 1289 10
9207 10.24 1330 20
9040 9.9 1371 30

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
s [kJ/kg-K]
T

[
K
]

9
5

k
P
a


1
1
4
0

k
P
a

Air
1
2s
3
4s
5s

-20 -10 0 10 20 30
9000
9200
9400
9600
9800
10000
T
1
[C]
B
r
a
k
e
F
o
r
c
e


[
N
]

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-84
9-121 Air enters a turbojet engine. The thrust produced by this turbojet engine is to be determined.
Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The air standard assumptions are applicable. 3 Air is an
ideal gas with variable specific heats. 4 Kinetic and potential energies are negligible, except at the diffuser
inlet and the nozzle exit.
Properties The properties of air are given in Table A-17.
Analysis We assume the aircraft is stationary and the air is moving towards the aircraft at a velocity of V
1

= 300 m/s. Taking the entire engine as our control volume and writing the steady-flow energy balance yield

T h
T h
1 1
2 2
280 28013
700 713 27
= =
= =
K k
K k
.
.
J / kg
J / kg
15,000 kJ/s

( )
( )
(
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
+ = + +
=
=
2 2
2 2
2
2
1
2
2
1 2 in
2
2 2
2
1 1 in
out in
(steady) 0
system out in
/s m 1000
kJ/kg 1
2
m/s 300
13 . 280 27 . 713 kg/s 16 kJ/s 000 , 15
2
) 2 / ( ) 2 / (
V
V V
h h m Q
V h m V h m Q
E E
E E E
&
&
& &
&
& &
& & &


7C
300 m/s
16 kg/s
427C
1 2
It gives V
2
= 1048 m/s
Thus,
( ) ( )( ) N 11,968 = = = m/s 300 1048 kg/s 16
1 2
V V m F
p
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-85

Second-Law Analysis of Gas Power Cycles

9-122 The total exergy destruction associated with the Otto cycle described in Prob. 9-34 and the exergy at
the end of the power stroke are to be determined.
Analysis From Prob. 9-34, q
in
= 750, q
out
= 357.62 kJ/kg, T
1
= 300 K, and T
4
= 774.5 K.
The total exergy destruction associated with this Otto cycle is determined from
( ) kJ/kg 245.12 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
K 2000
kJ/kg 750
K 300
kJ/kg 357.62
K 300
in out
0 destroyed
H L
T
q
T
q
T x
Noting that state 4 is identical to the state of the surroundings, the exergy at the end of the power stroke
(state 4) is determined from
( ) ( ) ( )
0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 4
v v + = P s s T u u
where

( ) K kJ/kg 0.7081
K 300
K 774.5
ln K kJ/kg 0.287 1.70203 .6823 2
ln ln ln
0
kJ/kg 357.62
1
4
1 4
4 1
1 4
1 4
1
4
1 4 1 4 0 4
1 4 0 4
out 1 4 0 4
= =
= = = =
= =
= = =
T
T
R s s
T
T
R s s
P
P
R s s s s s s
q u u u u
o o o o o o
v
v
v v v v

Thus,
( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 145.2 = + = 0 K kJ/kg 0.7081 K 300 kJ/kg 357.62
4





9-123 The total exergy destruction associated with the Diesel cycle described in Prob. 9-47 and the exergy
at the end of the compression stroke are to be determined.
Analysis From Prob. 9-47, q
in
= 1019.7, q
out
= 445.63 kJ/kg, T
1
= 300 K, v
1
= 0.906 m
3
/kg, and v
2
= v
1
/ r
= 0.906 / 12 = 0.0566 m
3
/kg.
The total exergy destruction associated with this Otto cycle is determined from
( ) kJ/kg 292.7 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
K 2000
kJ/kg 1019.7
K 300
kJ/kg 445.63
K 300
in out
0 destroyed
H L
T
q
T
q
T x
Noting that state 1 is identical to the state of the surroundings, the exergy at the end of the compression
stroke (state 2) is determined from

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )( )
kJ/kg 348.6 =
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
+ =
+ =
3
3
1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
0 2 0 0 2 0 0 2 2
m kPa 1
kJ 1
/kg m 0.906 0.0566 kPa 95 0 214.07 643.3
v v
v v
P s s T u u
P s s T u u

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-86
9-124E The exergy destruction associated with the heat rejection process of the Diesel cycle described in
Prob. 9-49E and the exergy at the end of the expansion stroke are to be determined.
Analysis From Prob. 9-49E, q
out
= 158.9 Btu/lbm, T
1
= 540 R, T
4
= 1420.6 R, and v
4
= v
1
. At T
avg
= (T
4
+
T
1
)/2 = (1420.6 + 540)/2 = 980.3 R, we have c
v,avg
= 0.180 Btu/lbmR. The entropy change during process
4-1 is
( ) R Btu/lbm 0.1741
R 1420.6
R 540
ln R Btu/lbm 0.180 ln ln
0
4
1
4
1
4 1
= = + =

v
v
R
T
T
c s s
v

Thus,
( ) Btu/lbm 64.9 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
R 540
Btu/lbm 158.9
R Btu/lbm 0.1741 R 540
41 ,
4 1 0 41 destroyed,
R
R
T
q
s s T x
Noting that state 4 is identical to the state of the surroundings, the exergy at the end of the power stroke
(state 4) is determined from
( ) ( ) ( )
0 4 0 0 4 0 0 4 4
v v + = P s s T u u
where

R Btu/lbm 0.1741
0
R Btu/lbm 9 . 58 1
1 4 0 4
1 4 0 4
out 1 4 0 4
= =
= =
= = =
s s s s
q u u u u
v v v v
Thus,
( ) ( )( ) Btu/lbm 64.9 = + = 0 R Btu/lbm 0.1741 R 540 Btu/lbm 158.9
4

Discussion Note that the exergy at state 4 is identical to the exergy destruction for the process 4-1 since
state 1 is identical to the dead state, and the entire exergy at state 4 is wasted during process 4-1.

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-87
9-125 The exergy destruction associated with each of the processes of the Brayton cycle described in Prob.
9-73 is to be determined.
Analysis From Prob. 9-73, q
in
= 584.62 kJ/kg, q
out
= 478.92 kJ/kg, and

K kJ/kg 2.67602 kJ/kg 789.16
K kJ/kg 3.13916 K 1160
K kJ/kg 2.47256 kJ/kg 6.3 64
K kJ/kg .73498 1 K 310
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
= =
= =
= =
= =
o
o
o
o
s h
s T
s h
s T
Thus,

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) kJ/kg 206.0
kJ/kg 38.76
kJ/kg 87.35
kJ/kg 40.83
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
= =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
K 310
kJ/kg 478.92
2.67602 1.73498 K 290
ln
1/8 ln K kJ/kg 0.287 3.13916 2.67602 K 290
ln
K 1600
kJ/kg 584.62
2.47256 3.13916 K 290
ln
8 ln K kJ/kg 0.287 1.73498 2.47256 K 290
ln
out
0
4
1
4 1 0
41 ,
4 1 0 41 gen, 0 41 destroyed,
3
4
3 4 0 3 4 0 34 gen, 0 34 destroyed,
in
0
2
3
2 3 0
23 ,
2 3 0 23 gen, 0 23 destroyed,
1
2
1 2 0 1 2 0 12 gen, 0 12 destroyed,
L R
R
H R
R
T
q
P
P
R s s T
T
q
s s T s T x
P
P
R s s T s s T s T x
T
q
P
P
R s s T
T
q
s s T s T x
P
P
R s s T s s T s T x

o o
o o
o o
o o




9-126 The total exergy destruction associated with the Brayton cycle described in Prob. 9-93 and the
exergy at the exhaust gases at the turbine exit are to be determined.
Analysis From Prob. 9-93, q
in
= 601.94, q
out
= 279.68 kJ/kg, and h
6
= 579.87 kJ/kg.
The total exergy destruction associated with this Otto cycle is determined from
( ) kJ/kg 179.4 =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
K 1800
kJ/kg 601.94
K 300
kJ/kg 279.68
K 300
in out
0 destroyed
H L
T
q
T
q
T x
Noting that h
0
= h
@ 300 K
= 300.19 kJ/kg, the stream exergy at the exit of the regenerator (state 6) is
determined from
( ) ( )
0
6
0
2
6
0 6 0 0 6 6
2

gz
V
s s T h h + + =
where s s s s s s R
P
P
6 0 6 1 6 1
6
1
0
= = = =
o o
ln

2.36275 1.70203 0.66072 kJ / kg K
Thus, ( )( ) kJ/kg 81.5 = = K kJ/kg 0.66072 K 300 300.19 79.87 5
6

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-88
9-127 EES Problem 9-126 is reconsidered. The effect of the cycle pressure on the total irreversibility for
the cycle and the exergy of the exhaust gas leaving the regenerator is to be investigated.
Analysis Using EES, the problem is solved as follows:

"Inputdata"
T_o=300[K]
T_L=300[K]
T_H=1400[K]
T[3]=1200[K]
{Pratio=10}
T[1]=300[K]
C_P=1.005[kJ/kg-K]
P[1]=100[kPa]
P_o=P[1]
Eta_reg=1.0
Eta_c=1.0"Compressorisentorpicefficiency"
Eta_t=1.0"Turbienisentropicefficiency"
MM=MOLARMASS(Air)
R=R_u/MM
R_u=8.314[kJ/kmol-K]
C_V=C_P-R
k=C_P/C_V
"IsentropicCompressoranaysis"
"Fortheidealcasetheentropiesareconstantacrossthecompressor"
P[2]=Pratio*P[1]
"T_s[2]istheisentropicvalueofT[2]atcompressorexit"
T_s[2]=T[1]*(Pratio)^((k-1)/k)
Eta_c=w_compisen/w_comp
"compressoradiabaticefficiency,W_comp>W_compisen"
"Conservationofenergyforthecompressorfortheisentropiccase:
e_in-e_out=DELTAe=0forsteady-flow"
w_compisen=C_P*(T_s[2]-T[1])
"Actualcompressoranalysis:"
w_comp=C_P*(T[2]-T[1])
"Externalheatexchangeranalysis"
"SSSFFirstLawfortheheatexchanger,assumingW=0,ke=pe=0
e_in-e_out=DELTAe_cv=0forsteadyflow"
q_in_noreg=C_P*(T[3]-T[2])
P[3]=P[2]"process2-3isSSSFconstantpressure"
"Turbineanalysis"
"Fortheidealcasetheentropiesareconstantacrosstheturbine"
P[4]=P[3]/Pratio
T_s[4]=T[3]*(1/Pratio)^((k-1)/k)
"T_s[4]istheisentropicvalueofT[4]atturbineexit"
Eta_t=w_turb/w_turbisen"turbineadiabaticefficiency,w_turbisen>w_turb"
"SSSFFirstLawfortheisentropicturbine,assuming:adiabatic,ke=pe=0
e_in-e_out=DELTAe_cv=0forsteady-flow"
w_turbisen=C_P*(T[3]-T_s[4])
"ActualTurbineanalysis:"
w_turb=C_P*(T[3]-T[4])

"Cycleanalysis"
w_net=w_turb-w_comp"[kJ/kg]"
Eta_th_noreg=w_net/q_in_noreg*Convert(,%)"[%]""Cyclethermalefficiency"
Bwr=w_comp/w_turb"Backworkratio"
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-89
"Withtheregeneratortheheataddedintheexternalheatexchangeris"
q_in_withreg=C_P*(T[3]-T[5])
P[5]=P[2]
"Theregeneratoreffectivenessgivesh[5]andthusT[5]as:"
Eta_reg=(T[5]-T[2])/(T[4]-T[2])
"Energybalanceonregeneratorgivesh[6]andthusT[6]as:"
"h[2]+h[4]=h[5]+h[6]"
T[2]+T[4]=T[5]+T[6]
P[6]=P[4]
"Cyclethermalefficiencywithregenerator"
Eta_th_withreg=w_net/q_in_withreg*Convert(,%)"[%]"

"IrreversibilityassociatedwiththeBraytoncycleisdeterminedfrom:"
q_out_withreg=q_in_withreg-w_net
i_withreg=T_o*(q_out_withreg/T_L-q_in_withreg/T_H)
q_out_noreg=q_in_noreg-w_net
i_noreg=T_o*(q_out_noreg/T_L-q_in_noreg/T_H)
"Neglectingthekeandpeoftheexhaustgases,theexergyoftheexhaustgasesattheexitofthe
regeneratoris:"
"Psi_6=(h[6]-h_o)-T_o(s[6]-s_o)"
Psi_exit_withreg=C_P*(T[6]-T_o)-T_o*(C_P*ln(T[6]/T_o)-R*ln(P[6]/P_o))
Psi_exit_noreg=C_P*(T[4]-T_o)-T_o*(C_P*ln(T[4]/T_o)-R*ln(P[4]/P_o))

i
noreg
i
withreg
Pratio
exit,noreg

[kJ/kg]

exit,withreg

[kJ/kg]

th,noreg

[%]

th,withreg

[%]
270.8 97.94 6 157.8 47.16 40.05 58.3
244.5 113.9 7 139.9 56.53 42.63 56.42
223 128.8 8 125.5 65.46 44.78 54.73
205 142.7 9 113.6 74 46.61 53.18
189.6 155.9 10 103.6 82.17 48.19 51.75
176.3 168.4 11 95.05 90.02 49.58 50.41
164.6 180.2 12 87.62 97.58 50.82 49.17
154.2 191.5 13 81.11 104.9 51.93 47.99
144.9 202.3 14 75.35 111.9 52.94 46.88

4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5

200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
s [kJ/kg-K]
T

[
K
]
100 kPa
1000 kPa
Air
2s
1
2
5
3
4
4s
6

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-90
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
75
115
155
195
235
275
Pratio
i

[
k
J
/
k
g
]
No regeneration
With regeneration

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Pratio
P
s
i
e
x
i
t

[
k
J
/
k
g
]
No regeneration
With regeneration

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
40
44
48
52
56
60
Pratio

t
h


[
%
]
With regeneration
No regeneration

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-91
9-128 The exergy destruction associated with each of the processes of the Brayton cycle described in
Prob. 9-98 and the exergy at the end of the exhaust gases at the exit of the regenerator are to be
determined.
Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kJ/kgK (Table A-1).
Analysis From Prob. 9-98, q
in
= 539.23 kJ/kg, q
out
= 345.17 kJ/kg, and

K kJ/kg 0833 6 . 2 kJ/kg 738.56
K kJ/kg 68737 . 2 kJ/kg 88 . 797
K kJ/kg 17888 . 3 K 1200
K kJ/kg .37348 2 kJ/kg 04 . 586
K kJ/kg 1.70203 K 300
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
= =
= =
= =
= =
= =
o
o
o
o
o
s h
s h
s T
s h
s T
and, from an energy balance on the heat exchanger,
K kJ/kg 2.47108
kJ/kg 645.36 .04 586 738.56 88 . 797
6
6 6 4 2 5
=
= + = =
o
s
h h h h h

Thus,

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) | | ( ) ( ) | |
( )( )
( )
( ) kJ/kg 114.5
kJ/kg 42.78
kJ/kg 5.57
kJ/kg 31.59
kJ/kg 22.40
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ = =
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
= =
= + =
+ = + = =
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
= = =
K 300
kJ/kg 345.17
2.47108 1.70203 K 300
ln
K 1260
kJ/kg 539.23
2.60833 3.17888 K 300
ln
2.68737 2.47108 2.37348 2.60833 K 300
1/8 ln K kJ/kg 0.287 3.17888 2.68737 K 300
ln
8 ln K kJ/kg 0.287 1.70203 2.37348 K 300
ln
out
0
6
1
6 1 0
61 ,
6 1 0 61 gen, 0 61 destroyed,
0
5
3
5 3 0
53 ,
5 3 0 53 gen, 0 53 destroyed,
4 6 2 5 0 4 6 2 5 0 regen gen, 0 regen destroyed,
3
4
3 4 0 3 4 0 34 gen, 0 34 destroyed,
1
2
1 2 0 1 2 0 12 gen, 0 12 destroyed,
L R
R
H
in
R
R
T
q
P
P
R s s T
T
q
s s T s T x
T
q
P
P
R s s T
T
q
s s T s T x
s s s s T s s s s T s T x
P
P
R s s T s s T s T x
P
P
R s s T s s T s T x

o o
o o
o o o o
o o
o o

Noting that h
0
= h
@ 300 K
= 300.19 kJ/kg, the stream exergy at the exit of the regenerator (state 6) is
determined from
( ) ( )
0
6
0
2
6
0 6 0 0 6 6
2

gz
V
s s T h h + + =
where K kJ/kg 0.76905 1.70203 2.47108 ln
0
1
6
1 6 1 6 0 6
= = = =

P
P
R s s s s s s
o o

Thus, ( )( ) kJ/kg 114.5 = = K kJ/kg 0.76905 K 300 300.19 36 . 645
6

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-92
9-129 A gas-turbine plant uses diesel fuel and operates on simple Brayton cycle. The isentropic efficiency
of the compressor, the net power output, the back work ratio, the thermal efficiency, and the second-law
efficiency are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are
applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with
constant specific heats.
700
kPa
Diesel fuel
100
kPa
Compres
4
3
2

Turbine
Combustion
chamber
1
Properties The properties of air at 500C = 773
K are c
p
= 1.093 kJ/kgK, c
v
= 0.806 kJ/kgK,
R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, and k = 1.357 (Table A-
2b).
Analysis (a) The isentropic efficiency of the
compressor may be determined if we first
calculate the exit temperature for the isentropic
case
( ) K 6 . 505
kPa 100
kPa 700
K 303
1)/1.357 - (1.357
/ ) 1 (
1
2
1 2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k k
s
P
P
T T
0.881 =

=
K ) 303 533 (
K ) 303 6 . 505 (
1 2
1 2
T T
T T
s
C

(b) The total mass flowing through the turbine and the rate of heat input are
kg/s 81 . 12 kg/s 21 . 0 kg/s 6 . 12
60
kg/s 6 . 12
kg/s 6 . 12
AF
= + = + = + = + =
a
a f a t
m
m m m m
&
& & & &
kW 8555 7) kJ/kg)(0.9 00 kg/s)(42,0 21 . 0 (
HV in
= = =
c f
q m Q &
&

The temperature at the exit of combustion chamber is
K 1144 )K 533 kJ/kg.K)( 3 kg/s)(1.09 81 . 12 ( kJ/s 8555 ) (
3 3 2 3 in
= = = T T T T c m Q
p
&
&
The temperature at the turbine exit is determined using isentropic efficiency relation
( ) K 7 . 685
kPa 700
kPa 100
K 1144
1)/1.357 - (1.357
/ ) 1 (
3
4
3 4
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k k
s
P
P
T T
K 4 . 754
K ) 7 . 685 1144 (
K ) 1144 (
85 . 0
4
4
4 3
4 3
=

= T
T
T T
T T
s
T

The net power and the back work ratio are
kW 3168 )K 303 33 kJ/kg.K)(5 3 kg/s)(1.09 6 . 12 ( ) (
1 2 in C,
= = = T T c m W
p a
&
&

kW 5455 )K 4 . 754 144 kJ/kg.K)(1 3 kg/s)(1.09 81 . 12 ( ) (
4 3 out T,
= = = T T c m W
p
&
&

kW 2287 = = = 3168 5455
in C, out T, net
W W W
& & &

0.581 = = =
kW 5455
kW 3168
out T,
in C,
bw
W
W
r
&
&

(c) The thermal efficiency is 0.267 = = =
kW 8555
kW 2287
in
net
th
Q
W
&
&

The second-law efficieny of the cycle is defined as the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the maximum
possible thermal efficiency (Carnot efficiency). The maximum temperature for the cycle can be taken to be
the turbine inlet temperature. That is,
735 . 0
K 1144
K 303
1 1
3
1
max
= = =
T
T

and 0.364 = = =
735 . 0
267 . 0
max
th
II

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-93
9-130 A modern compression ignition engine operates on the ideal dual cycle. The maximum temperature
in the cycle, the net work output, the thermal efficiency, the mean effective pressure, the net power output,
the second-law efficiency of the cycle, and the rate of exergy of the exhaust gases are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are
negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at 850 K are c
p
= 1.110 kJ/kgK, c
v
= 0.823 kJ/kgK, R = 0.287 kJ/kgK,
and k = 1.349 (Table A-2b).
Analysis (a) The clearance volume and the total volume of the engine at the beginning of compression
process (state 1) are

x c
c
c
c
d c
r V V V
V
V
V
V V
= = =
+
=
+
=
2
3
3
m 0002154 . 0
m 0028 . 0
14

4
3
1
m 003015 . 0 0028 . 0 0002154 . 0 V V V V = = + = + =
d c
Process 1-2: Isentropic compression
( )( )
( )( ) kPa 3341 14 kPa 95
K 9 . 823 14 K 328
1.349
2
1
1 2
1 - 1.349
1
2
1
1 2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

k
k
P P
T T
v
v
v
v

Process 2-x and x-3: Constant-volume and
constant pressure heat addition processes:
K 2220
kPa 3341
kPa 9000
K) 9 . 823 (
2
2
= = =
P
P
T T
x
x

kJ/kg 1149 K ) 9 . 823 2220 ( kJ/kg.K) (0.823 ) (
2 - 2
= = = T T c q
x x v


x
Q
out
V
P

4
3
2
Q
in

1

K 3254 = = = =
3 3 3 3 - 2
K ) 2220 ( kJ/kg.K) (0.823 kJ/kg 1149 ) ( T T T T c q q
x p x x

(b) kJ/kg 2298 1149 1149
3 - 2 in
= + = + =
x x
q q q

3 3 3
3
m 0003158 . 0
K 2220
K 3254
) m 0002154 . 0 ( = = =
x
x
T
T
V V
Process 3-4: isentropic expansion.
( )
( ) kPa 9 . 428
m 0.003015
m 0.0003158
kPa 9000
K 1481
m 0.003015
m 0.0003158
K 3254
1.349
3
3
4
3
3 4
1 - 1.349
3
3
1
4
3
3 4
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

k
k
P P
T T
V
V
V
V

Process 4-1: constant voume heat rejection.
( ) ( )( ) kJ/kg 7 . 948 K 328 1481 K kJ/kg 0.823
1 4 out
= = = T T c q
v

The net work output and the thermal efficiency are
kJ/kg 1349 = = = 7 . 948 2298
out in out net,
q q w
0.587 = = =
kJ/kg 2298
kJ/kg 1349
in
out net,
th
q
w

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-94
(c) The mean effective pressure is determined to be
( )( )
kg 0.003043
K 328 K /kg m kPa 0.287
) m 015 kPa)(0.003 95 (
3
3
1
1 1
=

= =
RT
P
m
V

kPa 1466 =
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
kJ
m kPa
m ) 0002154 . 0 003015 . 0 (
kJ/kg) kg)(1349 (0.003043
MEP
3
3
2 1
out net,
V V
mw

(d) The power for engine speed of 3500 rpm is
kW 120 = |
.
|

\
|
= =
s 60
min 1
rev/cycle) 2 (
(rev/min) 3500
kJ/kg) kg)(1349 003043 . 0 (
2
net net
n
mw W
&
&

Note that there are two revolutions in one cycle in four-stroke engines.
(e) The second-law efficieny of the cycle is defined as the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the
maximum possible thermal efficiency (Carnot efficiency). We take the dead state temperature and pressure
to be 25C and 100 kPa.
908 . 0
K 3254
K ) 273 25 (
1 1
3
0
max
=
+
= =
T
T

and 0.646 = = =
908 . 0
587 . 0
max
th
II

The rate of exergy of the exhaust gases is determined as follows

( )
( )( ) kJ/kg 6 . 567
100
9 . 428
ln 287 . 0
298
1481
kJ/kg.Kln 110 . 1 ( ) 298 ( 298 1481 0.823
ln ln ) (
0
4
0
4
0 0 4 0 4 0 0 4 4
=
(

=
(

= =
P
P
R
T
T
c T T T c s s T u u x
p v

kW 50.4 = |
.
|

\
|
= =
s 60
min 1
rev/cycle) 2 (
(rev/min) 3500
kJ/kg) kg)(567.6 003043 . 0 (
2
4 4
n
mx X
&
&



PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-95
9-131 A gas-turbine plant operates on the regenerative Brayton cycle. The isentropic efficiency of the
compressor, the effectiveness of the regenerator, the air-fuel ratio in the combustion chamber, the net
power output, the back work ratio, the thermal efficiency, the second law efficiency, the exergy efficiencies
of the compressor, the turbine, and the regenerator, and the rate of the exergy of the combustion gases at
the regenerator exit are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 The air-standard assumptions are
applicable. 2 Kinetic and potential energy
changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas with
constant specific heats.
Properties The properties of air at 500C = 773
K are c
p
= 1.093 kJ/kgK, c
v
= 0.806 kJ/kgK,
R = 0.287 kJ/kgK, and k = 1.357 (Table A-
2b).
Analysis (a) For the compressor and the turbine:
( ) K 6 . 505
kPa 100
kPa 700
K 303
1.357
1 - 1.357
1
1
2
1 2
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

k
k
s
P
P
T T
6
5
400C
700 kPa
260C

Regenerator

871C

Compress.
4
3 2
Turbine
Combustion
chamber
1
100 kPa
30C

0.881 =

=
K ) 303 533 (
K ) 303 6 . 505 (
1 2
1 2
T T
T T
s
C

( ) K 6 . 685
kPa 700
kPa 100
K 1144
1)/1.357 - (1.357
/ ) 1 (
3
4
3 4
= |
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
k k
s
P
P
T T
K 4 . 754
K ) 6 . 685 1144 (
K ) 1144 (
85 . 0
4
4
4 3
4 3
=

= T
T
T T
T T
s
T

(b) The effectiveness of the regenerator is
0.632 =

=
K ) 533 4 . 754 (
K ) 533 673 (
2 4
2 5
regen
T T
T T

(c) The fuel rate and air-fuel ratio are
kg/s 1613 . 0 673)K 144 kJ/kg.K)(1 093 . 1 )( 6 . 12 ( 7) kJ/kg)(0.9 000 , 42 (
) ( ) (
5 3 HV in
= + =
+ = =
f f f
p a f c f
m m m
T T c m m q m Q
& & &
& & &
&


78.14 = = =
1613 . 0
6 . 12
AF
f
a
m
m
&
&

Also, kg/s 76 . 12 1613 . 0 6 . 12 = + = + =
f a
m m m & & &
kW 6570 7) kJ/kg)(0.9 00 kg/s)(42,0 1613 . 0 (
HV in
= = =
c f
q m Q &
&

(d) The net power and the back work ratio are
kW 3168 )K 303 33 kJ/kg.K)(5 3 kg/s)(1.09 6 . 12 ( ) (
1 2 in C,
= = = T T c m W
p a
&
&

kW 5434 )K 4 . 754 144 kJ/kg.K)(1 3 kg/s)(1.09 76 . 12 ( ) (
4 3 out T,
= = = T T c m W
p
&
&

kW 2267 = = = 3168 5434
in C, out T, net
W W W
& & &

0.583 = = =
kW 5434
kW 3168
out T,
in C,
bw
W
W
r
&
&

(e) The thermal efficiency is
0.345 = = =
kW 6570
kW 2267
in
net
Q
W
th
&
&

(f) The second-law efficieny of the cycle is defined as the ratio of actual thermal efficiency to the
maximum possible thermal efficiency (Carnot efficiency). The maximum temperature for the cycle can be
taken to be the turbine inlet temperature. That is,
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
9-96
735 . 0
K 1144
K 303
1 1
3
1
max
= = =
T
T

and 0.469 = = =
735 . 0
345 . 0
max
th
II

(g) The exergy efficiency for the compressor is defined as the ratio of stream exergy difference between
the inlet and exit of the compressor to the actual power input:

| | ( )
kW 2943
100
700
ln 287 . 0
303
533
ln ) 093 . 1 ( ) 303 ( ) 303 533 )( 093 . 1 ( ) 6 . 12 (
ln ln ) (
1
2
1
2
0 1 2 1 2 0 1 2 C
=

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

= =
P
P
R
T
T
c T T T c m s s T h h m X
p p a a
& &
&

0.929 = =

=
kW 3168
kW 2943
in C,
C
C II,
W
X
&
&

The exergy efficiency for the turbine is defined as the ratio of actual turbine power to the stream exergy
difference between the inlet and exit of the turbine:
( )
kW 5834
100
700
ln 287 . 0
754.4
1144
ln ) 093 . 1 ( ) 303 ( ) 4 . 754 1144 )( 093 . 1 ( ) 76 . 12 (
ln ln
4
3
4
3
0 4 3 T
=

|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=

=
P
P
R
T
T
c T T T c m X
p p
&
&

0.932 = =

=
kW 5834
kW 5434
T
in T,
,
X
W
T II
&
&

An energy balance on the regenerator gives

K 2 . 616 ) 4 . 754 )( 093 . 1 )( 76 . 12 ( ) 533 73 )(1.093)(6 6 . 12 (
) ( ) (
6 6
6 4 2 5
= =
=
T T
T T c m T T c m
p p a
& &
The exergy efficiency for the regenerator is defined as the ratio of the exergy increase of the cold fluid to
the exergy decrease of the hot fluid:
( )
kW 1073 0
616.2
754.4
ln ) 093 . 1 ( ) 303 ( ) 2 . 616 4 . 754 )( 093 . 1 ( ) 76 . 12 (
0 ln
6
4
0 6 4 hot regen,
=

|
.
|

\
|
=

=
T
T
c T T T c m X
p p
&
&

( )
kW 8 . 954 0
533
673
ln ) 093 . 1 ( ) 303 ( ) 533 673 )( 093 . 1 ( ) 76 . 12 (
0 ln
2
5
0 2 5 cold regen,
=

|
.
|

\
|
=

=
T
T
c T T T c m X
p p
&
&

0.890 = =

=
kW 1073
kW 8 . 954
hot regen,
cold regen,
,
X
X
T II
&
&

The exergy of the combustion gases at the regenerator exit:
( )
kW 1351 =

|
.
|

\
|
=

=
0
303
616.2
ln ) 093 . 1 ( ) 303 ( ) 303 2 . 616 )( 093 . 1 ( ) 76 . 12 (
0 ln
0
6
0 0 6 6
T
T
c T T T c m X
p p
&
&

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and
educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.