M u S pht trin ca mng Internet ton cu ni ring v cng ngh thng tin ni chung em li tin b v pht trin vt bc ca khoa

a hc k thut. Internet khng nhng rt ngn khong cch v khng gian, thi gian m cn mng li cho mi ngi, mi quc gia v c th gii nhng li ch to ln. Tc pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh thng tin l mt trong nhng li ch to ln, c vai tr quan trng v tm nh hng rng khp. Vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca mng Internet bng rng cn lm thay i c v ni dung v k thut truyn hnh. Hin nay truyn hnh c nhiu dng khc nhau: truyn hnh s, truyn hnh v tinh, truyn hnh cp, truyn hnh Internet v IPTV. IPTV ang l cp cao nht v l cng ngh truyn hnh ca tng lai. S vt tri trong k thut truyn hnh ca IPTV l tnh nng tng tc gia h thng vi ngi xem, cho php ngi xem ch ng v thi gian v kh nng trin khai nhiu dch v gi tr gia tng tin ch khc trn h thng nhm p ng nhu cu ca ngi s dng. Hin nay trn th gii c mt s quc gia trin khai thnh cng IPTV. Theo cc chuyn gia d bo th tc pht trin thu bao IPTV s tng theo cp s nhn theo tng nm. Vit Nam hin nay, mt s nh cung cp ang th nghim dch v IPTV trn mng bng rng ADSL.

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V IPTV 1.1 Gii thiu v truyn hnh s theo giao thc IP: IPTV l tn vit tt ca cm t Internet Protocol Television _ truyn hnh qua giao thc Internet. ITPV theo nh ngha chnh thc nh sau: IPTV c nh ngha l cc dch v a phng tin nh truyn hnh nh, ting ni, vn bn, d liu c phn phi qua cc mng da trn IP m c quan l cung cp cc cp cht lng dch v, bo mt, tnh tng tc, tnh tin cy theo yu cu. (theo ITU T FG IPTV) Nh vy IPTV ng vai tr phn phi cc d liu, k c hnh nh, m thanh, vn bn qua mng s dng giao thc Internet. iu ny nhn mnh vo vic Internet khng ng vai tr chnh trong vic truyn ti thng tin truyn hnh hay bt k loi ni dung truyn hnh no khc. Thay vo , IPTV s dng IP l c ch phn phi m theo c th s dng Internet, i din cho mng cng cng da trn IP, hay c th s dng mng ring da trn IP. C th thy, IPTV l mt dch v s m c kh nng cung cp nhng tnh nng vt tri hn kh nng ca bt k c ch phn phi truyn hnh no khc. V d, set top box IPTV c th thng qua phn mm cho php xem ng thi 4 chng trnh truyn hnh trn mn hin th, hay c th nhn tin nhn sms, e mail. Tim nng ca IPTV l rt ln. D on rng, nm 2008 s c khong 20 triu gia nh s dng dch v IPTV. Nu chng ta tr ph 50$ mi thng cho dch v IPTV, c mt set top box, th ngn sch s thu v khong 12 t $ mt nm trong vi nm. 1.2 Mt s c tnh IPTV: H tr truyn hnh tng tc: Kh nng hai chiu ca h thng IPTV cho php nh cung cp dch v phn phi ton b cc ng dng TV tng tc. Cc loi dch v c truyn ti thng qua mt dch v IPTV c th bao gm TV trc tip chun, TV cht lng cao (HDTV), tr chi tng tc, v kh nng duyt Internet tc cao.

IPTV

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

S dch thi gian: IPTV kt hp vi mt my ghi video k thut s cho php dch thi gian ni dung chng trnh mt c ch cho vic ghi v lu tr ni dung IPTV xem sau. C nhn ha: Mt h thng IPTV t kt cui n kt cui h tr truyn thng tin hai chiu v cho php ngi dng kt cui c nhn ha nhng thi quen xem TV ca h bng cch cho php h quyt nh nhng g h mun xem v khi no h mun xem. Yu cu v bng thng thp: Thay v phn phi trn mi knh ti mi ngi dng, cng ngh IPTV cho php nh cung cp dch v ch truyn trn mt knh m ngi dng yu cu. c im hp dn ny cho php nh iu hnh mng c th tit kim bng thng ca mng. C th truy xut qua nhiu thit b: Vic xem ni dung IPTV by gi khng ch gii hn vic s dng TV. Ngi dng c th s dng my PC hay thit b di ng truy xut vo cc dch v IPTV. 1.3 S khc bit gia IPTV v truyn hnh Internet: Do u c truyn trn mng da trn giao thc IP, ngi ta i lc hay nhm IPTV l truyn hnh Internet. Tuy nhin, 2 dch v ny c nhiu im khc nhau: Cc nn khc nhau: Truyn hnh Internet s dng mng Internet cng cng phn pht cc ni dung video ti ngi s dng cui. IPTV s dng mng ring bo mt truyn cc ni dung video n khch hng. Cc mng ring ny thng c t chc v vn hnh bi nh cung cp dch v IPTV. V mt a l Cc mng do nh cung cp dch v vin thng s hu v iu khin khng cho php ngi s dng Internet truy cp. Cc mng ny ch gii hn trong cc khu vc a l c nh. Trong khi, mng Internet khng c gii hn v mt a l, ngi dng Interet no cng c th xem truyn hnh Internet bt k u trn th gii. Quyn s hu h tng mng Khi ni dung video c gi qua mng Internet cng cng, cc gi s dng giao thc Internet mng ni dung video c th b tr hoc mt khi n di

IPTV

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

chuyn trong cc mng khc nhau to nn mng Internet cng cng. Do , nh cung cp cc dch v truyn hnh nh qua mng Internet khng m bo cht lng truyn hnh nh vi truyn hnh mt t, truyn hnh cp hay truyn hnh v tinh. Thc t l cc ni dung video truyn qua mng Internet khi hin th trn mn hnh TV c th b git v cht lng hnh nh thp. Trong khi, IPTV ch c phn phi qua mt h tng mng ca nh cung cp dch v. Do ngi vn hnh mng c th iu chnh c th cung cp hnh nh vi cht lng cao. C ch truy cp Mt set-top box s thng c s dng truy cp v gii m ni j dung viedeo c phn pht qua h thng IPTV , trong khi PC thng c s dng truy cp cc dch v Internet. Cc loi phn mm c s dng trong PC thng ph thuc vo loi ni dung truyn hnh Internet. V d nh, download cc chng trnh TV t trn mng Internet, i khi cn phi ci t cc phn mm media cn thit xem c ni dung . Hay h thng qun l bn quyn cng cn h tr c ch truy cp. Gi thnh Phn trm ni dung chng trnh c phn pht qua mng Internet cng cng t do thay i. iu ny khin cc cng ty truyn thng a ra cc loi dch v da trn mc gi thnh. Gi thnh cc loi dch v IPTV cng gn ging vi mc ph hng thng ca truyn hnh truyn thng. Cc nh phn tch mong rng truyn hnh Internet v IPTV c th hp li thnh 1 loi hnh dch v gii tr. 1.4 C s h tng mt mng IPTV

IPTV

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 1.1 S khi n gin ca mt h thng IPTV Trung tm d liu IPTV: Cng c bit n l u cui_headend. Trung tm d liu IPTV nhn ni dung t nhiu ngun khc nhau, bao gm truyn hnh a phng, cc nh tp hp ni dung, nh sn xut, qua ng cp, trm s mt t hay v tinh. Ngay khi nhn c ni dung, mt s cc thnh phn phn cng khc nhau t thit b m ha v cc my ch video ti b nh tuyn IP v thit b bo mt dnh ring c s dng chun b ni dung video cho vic phn phi qua mng da trn IP. Thm vo , h thng qun l thu bao c yu cu qun l v h s v ph thu bao ca nhng ngi s dng. Ch rng, a im thc ca trung tm d liu IPTV c yu cu bi h tng c s mng c s dng bi nh cung cp dch v. Mng truyn dn bng thng rng: Vic truyn dn dch v IPTV yu cu kt ni im im. Trong trng hp trin khai IPTV trn din rng, s lng cc kt ni im im tng ng k v yu cu rng bng thng ca c s h tng kh rng. S tin b trong cng ngh mng trong nhng nm qua cho php nhng nh cung cp vin thng tha mn mt lng ln yu cu rng bng thng mng. H tng truyn hnh cp da trn cp ng trc lai cp quang v cc mng vin thng da trn cp quang rt ph hp truyn ti ni dung IPTV. Thit b ngi dng IPTV: Thit b ngi dng IPTV (IPTVCD) l thnh phn quan trng trong vic cho php mi ngi c th truy xut vo cc dch v IPTV. Thit b ny kt ni vo mng bng rng v c nhim v gii m v x l d liu video da trn IP gi n. Thit b ngi dng h tr cng ngh tin tin c th ti thiu ha hay loi b hon ton nh hng ca li, s c mng khi ang x l ni dung IPTV. Mng gia nh: Mng gia nh kt ni vi mt s thit b k thut s bn trong mt din tch nh. N ci tin vic truyn thng v cho php chia s ti nguyn (cc thit b) k thut s t tin gia cc thnh vin trong gia nh. Mc ch ca mng gia nh l cung cp vic truy cp thng tin, nh l ting ni, m thanh, d liu, gii tr, gia nhng thit b khc nhau trong nh. Vi mng gia nh, ngi dng c th tit kim tin v thi gian bi v cc thit b ngoi vi

IPTV

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

nh l my in v my scan, cng nh kt ni Internet bng rng, c th c chia s mt cch d dng. 1.5 u im ca IP v s la chn IP cho IPTV: Truyn hnh s c nh thi mt cch chnh xc, l dng d liu lin tc c tc bit khng i, thng hot ng trn cc mng m mi tn hiu c truyn u phc v cho mc ch truyn hnh. Tri vi truyn hnh, mng IP truyn nhng loi d liu khc nhau t rt nhiu ngun trn mt knh chung, bao gm th in t, trang web, tn nhn trc tip, ting ni qua IP (VoIP) m nhiu loi d liu khc. truyn ng thi nhng d liu ny, Mng Internet phn thng tin thnh cc gi. Nh vy, r rng l IP v truyn hnh khng phi l mt s kt hp hon ho (l tng) v cng ngh. Mc d khng tng thch v cn bn, nhng th trng IPTV vn bng n. Vy l do ti sao li chn cc mng da trn IP truyn tn hiu truyn hnh? Cu tr li cho cu hi ny c th tm tt thnh nm im sau: Mng IP bng rng vn ti rt nhiu gia nh nhiu nc, cc nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh c th s dng nhng mng ny pht cc dch v truyn hnh m khng cn xy dng h thng mng ring ca h. IP c th n gin cng vic pht cc dch v truyn hnh mi, nh l chng trnh tng tc, truyn hnh theo yu cu Gi thnh ca mng IP tip tc gim do s thit b c sn xut mi nm rt ln v s tn ti ca cc chun trn ton th gii. Mng IP c mt trn ton th gii, v s ngi dng mng Internet tc cao tip tc tng rt nhanh. IP l cng ngh hon ho cho nhiu ng dng khc nhau, bao gm s trao i d liu, mng cc b, chia s tp tin, lt web v nhiu nhiu na IP cung cp c ch nh hng truyn gi gia cc thit b c lin kt trong mng. IP l mt giao thc ph bin c s dng khp cc mng Internet v hng triu cc mng khc c s dng IP. Khng c IP, mi vic s hn lon bi v khng c cch no mt thit b gi d liu mt cch ring bit ti mt thit b khc. Vi vic s dng cc mng IP truyn dn tn hiu truyn hnh, vic xem truyn hnh hin i s rt khc so vi xem truyn hnh trc y. Cc tn

IPTV

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

hiu truyn hnh by gi khng khc g nhng d liu khc. Nh , ngoi cc knh truyn hnh qung b truyn thng, chng ta s c thm nhng knh truyn hnh ring bit, tng tc tha mn nhu cu ca tng ngi. 1.6 Nhu cu thc t ca IPTV Theo nhm nghin cu a phng tin (MRG ) trong D on IPTV ton cu nm 2005-2009: tc pht trin IPTV rt cao: gn 1000%. Th trng IPTV trn th gii pht trin mc tng kp hng nm 78% ln ti 36.9 triu ngi s dng vo nm 2009. Doanh thu dch v cn tng nhanh hn trong cng thi k, t 880 triu USD ti 9.9 t USD. Theo Informa: tc pht trin IPTV tng nhanh vo 5 nm ti v t 25.9 triu thu bao IPTV vo cui nm 2010. Theo nguyn cu TDG: Doanh thu IPTV ton cu s t trn 17 t USD vo nm 2010. V trn thc t, dch v IPTV c trin khai v t dc thnh cng nhiu nc nh Italy ( Fast Web), Hng Kng (PCCW), Canada ( Manitoba) v Japan (Yahoo BB). Ti th trng Trung Quc, IPTV bt u c trin khai t nm 2004 vi 2 nh cung cp hng u l CHINA Telecom v ZTE cng vi nhng nh cung cp khc. S lng thu bao c th tng ln ti 3-6 triu vo nm 2010. IPTV c trin khai vi bng thng 2M vi k thut nn MPEG-4 part 10 cho TV thng v 6M i vi HDTV. Cc dch v trin khai trn IPTV n vi ngi dng: + LiveTV: truyn hnh trc tuyn + VoD: truyn hnh theo yu cu + RoD: Dch v ghi hnh theo yu cu + NVoD: Xem chng trnh theo lch pht sng

IPTV

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

CHNG 2: CHUN NN S DNG TRONG IPTV Nn cho php cc nh cung cp dch v truyn cc knh hnh v ting vi cht lng cao qua mng IP bng rng. Do mt ngi ko th phn bit c ton b cc phn ca hnh nh. Do vic nn s lm gim ln ca tn hiu ban u bng cch b bt cc phn ca hnh nh. 2.1 Nn MPEG:

MPEG l 1 chun nn c s dng rng ri trong thng tin v tinh, truyn hnh cp v trong cc h thng truyn hnh mt t. MPEG (moving pictures exert group) c thnh lp nhm pht trin cc k thut nn cho ph hp vi vic truyn hnh nh. T khi c thnh lp, MPEG a ra cc chun nn nh: MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG4-( Part 2 v part 10), MPEG-7, v MPEG-21. Trong cc chun ny, MPEG-2 v MPEG-4 Part 10 c s dng rng ri trong IPTV. 2.2 Chun MPEG-2: MPEG 2 l 1 cng ngh t c thnh cng ln v l 1 chun nn c u th vt tri dnh cho truyn hnh s c truyn qua nhiu mng truyn thng bng rng. Chun nn MPEG-2 c chia thnh 2 loi nn hnh v nn ting. Nn hnh: Video dng c bn l 1 chui cc nh lin tc. 1 frame c nh ngha vi 1 chui bit header. Mt ngi thng thy thoi mi khi xem TV vi tc 25 hnh/s. S khng c li nu pht vi tc nhanh hn v ngi xem khng th nhn ra s khc bit. do c th dung lng ca nhng hnh nh bng cch nn chng li. Cc b nn hnh c s dng vi mi frame m vn gi cht lng hnh nh cao. 2.2.1 Qu trnh nn MPEG: Phn u tin ca nn bao gm 1 qu trnh tin ng b. Qu trnh ny c bn bao gm vic lm gim kch thc ca cc frame. Lm gim kch thc ca cc frame chnh l lm gim s lng bit , iu ny cng gip gim bng thng cn thit truyn tn hiu. Tuy nhin, qu trnh ny khng phi ko c tr ngi. V

IPTV

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

d, s gim kch thc ca khung c th thng xuyn gy ra nhng li t s cnh (ging nh sai t l 4/3 hay 16/9) khi c th hin trn mn hnh TV c phn gii thp. Phn 2 ca qu trnh nn tin hiu l chia 1 frame nh ra thnh cc block c kch thc 8 nhn 8 pixel khi m ha nh nht trong gii thut ca MPEG. C 3 loi block; chi Y, thnh phn mu Cr hoc xanh Cb. Cc loi block thnh phn mu mang thng tin v nhng mu khc nhau ca hnh nhtrg khi chi mang thng tin v nhng phn mu en hoc trng ca hnh nh. Khi hon thnh 2 phn trn, MPEG s thc hin 1 hm ton c gi l bin i cosin ri rc i vi mi block ring bit. Kt qu thu c l mt ma trn h s 8*8. DCT s bin i s khc nhau v khng gian thnh cc tn s khc nhau, nhng khng lm thay i cc thng tin trong block, cc blcok ban u s c ti to li 1 cch chnh xc s dng bin i ngc. Nguyn tc thc hin hm ny bao gm vic chia cc block thnh cc phn ty theo mc quan trng. Nhng phn quan trng s c gi nguyn cho ti bc tip theo trong khi cc phn cn li s b gim bt. iu ny s m bo rng mt ngi khng ch ti vic nhng phn khng quan trng ca block b b bt khi tc bt b hn ch. Bc tip theo trong MPEG l qu trnh lng t ha. Qu trnh lng t ha d liu s l qu trnh lm gim s lng bt ca cc block. Mc lng t i vi mi tn hiu video l rt quan trng. Khi tt c cc block trong frame u c nn li, MPEG s ngt cc frame thnh 1 dng mi gm nhiu block gi l macro block. Mi macro block c kch th c 16 nhn 16 cha cc block chi v block thnh phn mu. Nu c s khc bit gia frame cui cng v frame hin ti, cc thit b nn MPEG s chuyn nhng block mi ny ti 1 v tr mi trn frame hin ti. iu ny gip khng phi gi i nhng hnh nh mi hon ton, do c th tch kim bng thng. C 2 cch thc hin iu :

IPTV

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Nn theo khng gian l lm gim cc bt trn tng frame ring bit. iu ny c th t c do cc pixel lun ng cnh nhau trong cc frame thng c gi tr ging nhau. Do thay v m ha tng pixel ring bit. K thut nn theo khng gian ny m ha s khc bit gia cc pixel cnh nhau. S lng bt cn thit m ha nhng khc bit ny t hn s lng bt cn thit m ha tng pixel ring bit. Nn theo thi gian l lm gim cc bit gia cc frame lin tc. Trong qu trnh sn xut video c nhng thng tin c lp li gia nhng frame lin tip. VD: nu trn hnh c 1 bc tng , bc tng vn xut hin lin tc trong 30 hnh tip theo, m khng thay i ( bc tng khng thay i trong vng 1s) . thay v m ha 30 ln lin tc trong 1s, nn thi gian ch gi i cc thng tin d on chuyn ng gia nhng frame hnh, trong trng hp ca bc tng trong VD trn, d on chuyn ng c t = 0. C nhiu phung thc khc nhau nn 1 frame hnh. VD nh vi 1 frame hnh c phc tp cao th cn phng php nn c yu t nn theo khng gian thp bi v ch c 1 phn rt nh cc pixel c lp li. Nu tc bit c s thay i ln th kh c th truyn i trong mng IP, v th nhiu b m ha bao gm c chc nng m c th iu khin v qun l tc chung m ti cc bit c truyn i ti tng tip theo ca h thng sn xut video. Bc tip theo ca qu trnh nn MPEG l m ha cc macroblock thnh cc slice. Slice l 1 chui nh t nm ngang cnh nhau t tri sang phi. Nhiu slice kt hp vi nhau to thnh 1 hnh. Mi slice c m ha c lp vi nhau hn ch li. 2.2.2 Cc nh trong chun nn MPEG: Chun nn MPEG nh ngha 3 loi nh: Intra-frame (I-frame)---- frame c m ha ring bit khng ph thuc cc frame trc hoc tip theo.M ha theo h thng c s dng gn ging nh

IPTV

10

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

nn JPEG. y l frame c lp v c s dng to ra cc loi frame khc. P-frame ( forward predicted frame)---- khung d on nh tip theo l khung d on nh da trn cc frame I trc . MPEG khng thc s m ha nh m cha cc thng tin v chuyn ng cho php IPTVCD c th ti to li frame. P-frame yu cu t bng thng hn I-frame, iu ny l yu t quan trng i vi mng da trn IPTV. B-frame (Bi-directional predicted frame )---- frame d on hng: Bframe l frame c to thnh t vic kt hp cc thng tin t c I-frame v Pframe. M ha B-frame th tng t vi P-frame, ngoi tr cc vecto chuyn ng ph thuc vo cc vng trong cc khung tham kho sau . B-frame chim t dung lng hn l I-frame va P-frame. V th dng Mpeg video gm nhiu B-frame th chim dung lng thp hn so vi dng cha cc frame I va P. Thm ch, B-frame gip lm ti thiu bng thng cn thit i vi cc dng MPEG video. Tuy nhin, B-frame cng c hn ch l tr. Do IPTVCD phi kim tra 2 khung trc v sau trc khi to ra B-frame. 3 loi nh trn kt hp vi nhau to thnh 1 chui cc frame c gi l nhm nh (GOP ). Mi nhm nh bt u bng mt frame I v c mt s cc frame B v P, Mi nhm nh MPEG c cu trc nh sau: [I B B B P B B B P B B B P B B B P] Mi nhm nh cn bt u vi mt khung I, mc d kch thc ca mi nhm nh l khc nhau, nhng trung bnh mi nhm nh trong IPTV c khong 12 n 15 frame. Mi cu trc ca mt nhm nh thng thng c th c miu t bi 2 thng s: N, s nh trong mt nhm v M, khong cch gia cc frame. Cc nhm nh c chia thnh 2 loi: nhm ng v nhm m. Vi nhm ng, khung B cui cng khng yu cu khung I u tin cho nhm nh tip theo gii m, trong khi vi nhm m cn yu cu khung I cho nhm nh tip theo. Cc nhm nh sau c kt hp vi nhau to thnh dng video. Mi dng video bt u bit mt on m, theo sau l mt header v kt thc vi mt m duy nht.

IPTV

11

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Th t cc khung c truyn i trn mng bng rng th khc vi th t cc khung trong chui bit u vo ca b m ha. Bi v b gii m trong IPTVCD cn x l cc frame I v P trc khi to ra khung B. Mi quan h tng th gia cc chui nh, nh, cc slice, cc khi macro, cc khi v cc im nh c minh ha hnh sau:

Hnh 2.1 Cu trc dng MPEG video Mc d MPEG-2 c s dng trong truyn hnh cp v v tinh, nhng MPEG-2 c nhng hn ch i vi cc mng c bng thng gii hn.Do mt cng ngh nn mi vi nhiu tnh nng c pht trin trong nhng nm gn y vi mc ch truyn video qua mng bng thng gii hn. MPEG-4 part 10 c s dng trong h tng mng IPTV. 2.3 MPEG-4: Chun MPEG-4 thnh cng hn so vi chun MPEG-2. Thm vo , MPEG-4 a ra 1 h thng hon chnh vi cc c im h tr cc nh dng d liu. Mpeg-4 bao gm rt nhiu phn c th thc hin cng nhau hoc ring bit. Phn1:Systems; Phn2:Visual;

IPTV

12

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

 Phn3:Audio; Phn 4: Conformance xc nh vic trin khai mt MPEG-4 s nh th no; Phn 5: Cc phn mm tham chiu, a ra mt nhm cc phn mm tham chiu quan trng, c s dng trin khai MPEG-4 v phc v nh mt v d demo v cc bc phi thc hin khi trin khai; Phn 6: Khung chun cung cp truyn thng a phng tin tch hp DMIF (Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework), xc nh mt giao din gia cc ng dng v mng/lu tr; Phn 7: Cc c tnh ca mt b m ho video ti u (b xung cho cc phn mm tham chiu, nhng khng phi l cc trin khai ti thiu cn thit). Cc phn mi b xung tip cho chun MPEG-4 sau ny l: Phn 8: Giao vn (v nguyn tc khng c xc nh trong chun, nhng phn 8 xc nh cn nh x nh th no cc dng MPEG-4 vo giao vn IP); Phn 9: M t phn cng tham chiu (Reference Hardware Description); Phn 10: MPEG-4 Advanced Video Coding /H.264 l thnh tu mi nht v nn video, trn c s ng b vi kh nng tnh ton v dung lng b nh ca cc my tnh PC hin nay, ng dng cc phng php m ho phc tp hn nhiu cc phng php trc v c th thc hin c trong mi trng phn mm v phn cng, do nhm chuyn gia MPEG hp tc vi nhm IUT Study Group pht trin v c nhiu kh nng s tr thnh chun m ho video qui m ton cu, duy nht ca ITU v ISO; Phn 11: M t khung hnh (Scene Description - c tch ra t phn 1); Phn 12: nh dng file truyn thng ISO (ISO Media File Format); Phn 13: Qun l bn quyn ni dung IPMP (Intellectual Property Management and Protection Extensions); Phn 14: nh dng fille MP4 (trn c s phn 12); Phn 15: nh dng file AVC (cng trn c s phn 12); Phn 16: AFX (Animation Framwork eXtensions) v MuW (Multi-user Worlds). Cng ngh m ho video trong MPEG-4. Chun MPEG-4 l mt chun ng d thay i: vi MPEG-4, cc i tng khc nhau trong mt khung hnh c th c m t, m ho v truyn i mt cch ring bit n b gii m trong cc dng c bn ES (Elementary Stream) khc nhau. Cng nh xc nh, tch v s l ring cc i tng (nh nhc nn, m thanh xa gn, vt, i tng nh video nh con ngi hay ng vt, nn khung hnh), nn ngi s dng c th loi b ring tng i tng khi khun hnh. S t hp li thnh khung hnh ch c thc hin sau khi gii m cc i tng ny. Trn Hnh 2.2 th hin mt trng hp in hnh ca t hp khun hnh MPEG-4, cho thy nhiu i tng (bn, qu cu, bng en, ngi hng dn v audio) c t vo mt h thng to khng gian 3 chiu (3-D) i

IPTV

13

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

vi v tr ngi xem gi nh. Cc thit b m ho v gii m video u p dng s m ho nh nhau cho mi i tng video VO (Video Object) ring bit (hnh 2), nh vy ngi s dng c th thc hin cc hot ng tng tc ring vi tng i tng (thay i t l, di chuyn, kt ni, loi b, b xung cc i tng) ngay ti v tr gii m hay m ho.

Hnh 2.2 T hp khung hnh trong MPEG-4

IPTV

14

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 2.3 Cu trc b m ha v gii m MPEG-4 Cc b phn chc nng chnh trong cc thit b MPEG-4 bao gm: B m ho hnh dng ngoi Shape Coder dng nn on thng tin, gip xc nh khu vc v ng vin bao quanh i tng trong khung hnh scene. B d on v tng hp ng gim thng tin d tha theo thi gian. B m kt cu mt ngoi Texture coder dng x l d liu bn trong v cc d liu cn li sau khi b chuyn ng. Hnh 2.4 l mt v d v m ho v tng hp khung hnh video s dng trong MPEG-4. Nhiu i tng, nh ngi, xe t, nh ca, c tch ra khi video u vo. Mi i tng video sau c m ho bi b m ho i tng video VO (video object) v sau c truyn i trn mng. Ti v tr thu, nhng i tng ny c gii m ring r nh b gii m VO v gi n b t hp compositor. Ngi s dng c th tng tc vi thit b cu trc li khung hnh gc (a), hay x l cc i tng to ra mt khung hnh khc (b). Ngoi ra, ngi s dng c th download cc i tng khc t cc th vin c s d liu (c sn trn thit b hay t xa thng qua mng LAN, WAN hay Internet) chn thm vo hay thay th cc i tng c trong khun hnh gc (c).

Hnh2.4 M ha v tng hp khung hnh trong MPEG-4

IPTV

15

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

 c th thc hin vic t hp khung hnh, MPEG-4 s dng mt ngn ng m t khung hnh ring, c gi l nh dng nh phn cho cc khung hnh BiFS (Binary Format for Scenes). BiFS khng ch m t u v khi no cc i tng xut hin trong khung hnh, n cng m t cch thc hot ng ca i tng (lm cho mt i tng xoay trn hay chng m hai i tng ln nhau) v c iu kin hot ng i tng v to cho MPEG-4 c kh nng tng tc. Trong MPEG-4, tt c cc i tng c th c m ho vi s m ho ti u ring ca n video c m ho theo kiu video, text c m ho theo kiu text, cc ho c m ho theo kiu ho - thay v vic x l tt c cc phn t nh pixels nh l m ho video nh ng. Do cc qu trnh m ho c ti u ho cho tng loi d liu thch hp, nn chun MPEG-4 s cho php m ho vi hiu qu cao tn hiu nh video, audio v c cc ni dung tng hp nh cc b mt v c th hot hnh. 2.4 Tng quan v MPEG-4 Part 10 u nm 1998, 2 t chc ITU-T v VCEG cng a ra mt chun nn mi H.26L nhm tng gp i hiu sut nn . Do chun nn ny s m ra nhiu ng dng mi nh truyn hnh qua mng Internet, truyn hnh di ng v pht trin cc ng dng hin c. Cui nm 2001, VCEG v MPEG thnh lp JVT ( Joint Video Team) c nhim v hon thnh chun nn mi v chnh thc c thng qua vi tn gi l MPEG-4 Part 10 hoc H.264/AVC vo thng 3 nm 2003. 2.4.1 Cu trc phn lp ca H.264/AVC Vi s gia tng cc ng dng v dch v trn nhiu mng th cu hi t ra l lm th no qun l c cc ng dng . Do vy, chun H.264/AVC phi c linh hot cao v c th ng dng trn nhiu mng khc nhau. Do , chun H.264/AVC c thit k theo phn lp m ha video VCL ( Video Coding Layer) v lp NAL lm nhim v tng thch vi mi trng mng khc nhau.

IPTV

16

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 2.5: Cu trc phn lp ca H.264 a) Lp mng NAL ( Network Abstration Layer) NAL c kh nng nh x t lp VCL n lp truyn ti: + RTP/IP cho dch v thi gian thc qua mng Internet (conversational v streaming). + nh dng file: ISO MP4 cho lu tr v truyng ti MMS. + H32x cho cc dch v m thoi c dy v khng dy. + Dng truyn ti MPEG-2 cho cc dch v qung b. Gi NAL: d liu video c m ha c t chc trong mt n v NAL( hay gi NAL). Mi gi c di tnh theo byte. Byte u tin ca mi gi NAL l byte mo u, n ch r loi d liu c cha trong NAL, cc byte cn li cha d liu. Phn d liu ca NAL c ghp xen. Cu trc ca n v NAL c nh dng chung cho vic s dng truyn trong h thng hng bit v hng gi. b) Lp m ha video: Lp m ha video ca H.264/AVC th tng t vi cc tiu chun khc nh MPEG-2 video. N l s kt hp d on theo thi gian v theo khng gian,vvi m chuyn v. nh c tch thnh cc khi. nh u tin ca dy hoc im truy nhp ngu nhin th c m ha Intra, c ngha l khng dng thng tin no ngoi thng tin cha trong bn thn nh. Mi mu ca mt khi trong mt frame Intra c d on nh dng cc mu khng gian bn cnh ca cc khi m ha trc . i vi tt c cc nh cn li ca dy hoc gia cc im truy cp ngu nhin, m ha Inter c s dng, dng d on b chuyn ng t cc nh c m ha trc. c) Khi nim v nh, khung, bn nh, macroblock Tn hiu video c m ha trong H.264 bao gm tp hp cc nh c m ha c trt t. Mt nh c th biu din bng c mt khung hoc mt bn nh. Nhn chung, mt khung gm c hai bn nh xen k nhau: bn nh trn v bn nh di. Bn nh trn gm cc dng chn 0, 2, 4, , H/2 -1, vi H l tng s dng trong mt khung. Bn nh di gm cc dng l v bt u t dng th 2.

IPTV

17

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 2.6: Cc bn nh trong mt khung Cc macroblock: Mi nh video, frame hoc field, c chia thnh cc macroblock c kch thc c nh bao trm mt din tch nh hnh ch nht gm 16 x 16 mu thnh phn luma v 8 x 8 mu cho mi mt trong hai thnh phn chroma. Tt c cc mu macroblock luma hoc chroma c d on theo khng gian hoc thi gian, v d on ti ch hp thnh c truyn i nh dng m chuyn v. Do vy mi thnh phn mu d on ti ch c chia nh thnh cc khi. Mi khi c bin i nh dng bin i nguyn (an integer transform), v cc h s bin i c lng t ha v c truyn i bngphng php m ha entropy. Cc macroblock c t chc thnh cc slice, biu din cc tp con ca nh cho v c th c gii m c lp. Th t truyn cc macroblock trong dng bit ph thuc vo bn phn phi Macroblock (Macroblock Allocation Map) v khng nht thit phi theo th t qut. H.264 / AVC h tr nm dng m ha slice khc nhau. n gin nht l slice I (Intra), trong tt c macroblock c m ha khng c tham chiu ti cc nh khc trong dy video. Tip theo l cc slice P v B, vic m ha c tham chiu ti cc nh trc n (slice P) hoc c nh trc ln nh sau (slice B). Hai dng slice cn li l SP (switching P) v SI (switching I), c xc nh cho chuyn mch hiu qu gia cc dng bit c m ha cc tc bit khc nhau. 2.4.1 H.264 CODEC Ging nh cc tiu chun nn trc y ( v d nh MPEG-1, MPEG2 v MPEG-4),H.264 khng c nh ngha l b CODEC ( mt cp encoder v decoder) m H.264 nh ngha cc c php ca lung nn video. Trong thc t, b m ha v gii m bao gm cc thnh phn c bn nh trong hnh 2.8 v hnh 2.9. So vi cc chun nn trc bao gm cc thnh

IPTV

18

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

phn nh b d on, bin i, lng t, m ha entropy, H.264 CODEC cn bao gm b lc deblocking v c nhiu thay i quan trng trong cc chi tit v chc nng ca cc thit b. B m ha (hnh 2.8) bao gm 2 dng d liu , dng forward (t tri sang phi) v dng ti to (t phi sang tri). Dng d liu trong b gii m c truyn t phi sang tri trong hnh 2.9.

Hnh 2.7: S b m ha H.264. B m ha dng forward Mt khung hoc trng li vo Fn c x l trong cc khi ca mt macroblock ( p ng cho 16x16 pixel trong mt hnh bnh thng). Mi macroblock c m ha ch trong nh hoc lin nh, vi tng block trong macroblock. Mt d don PRED (k hiu l P trong hnh 2.8) c nh dng da trn cc mu nh c ti to li. Trong ch nn lin nh, PRED c hnh thnh t slice hin thi va c m ha, gii m v ti to li (uF n trong hnh, ch rng cc mu khng c lc c s dng to nn PRED) Trong ch nn trong nh, PRED c hnh thnh bng cch d on b chuyn ng t mt hoc hai nh tham kho c. Trong hnh 2.8, nh tham kho l nh F n 1 va c m ha. Nhng, d on tham chiu i vi mi macroblock c th c chn t cc hnh nh trong qu kh hoc trong tng lai va c m ha, ti to v lc ( theo th t hin th) . D on PRED tr vi block hin ti er tm ra s khc bit , c bin i v lng t ha thu c h s lng t X s c sp xp li v m

IPTV

19

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

ha entropy. H s c m ha entropy cng vi thng tin v cnh c m ha trong mi block trong macroblock (ch d on, mc lng t, thng tin v vector chuyn ng, ) nh dng nn cc dng bit truyn ti lp mng tru tng truyn hoc lu tr.

Hnh 2.8: B m ha B m ha dng ti to Bn cnh vic m ha v truyn ti cc block trong macroblock, b m ha cn gii m ( ti to) chng lm tham kho cho cc d on trong tng lai. H s X c gii lng t (Q1 ) v bin i ngc (T1 ) thu c s khc bit block D n . Block d on PRED c cng vo to thnh block ti to uFn . B lc c ng dng gim nh hng ca mo v cc nh tham kho d on c to t 1 chui cc block Fn. Mc ch chnh ca b gii m dng ti to trong b m ha l chc chn rng c b m ha v gii m u s dng cc tham s khung xc nh to ra d on P. Nu khng c cc tham s ny, d bo P b m ha v gii m s khng c xc nh, dn n li gia b m ha v gii m.

Hnh 2.9 B gii m

IPTV

20

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

B gii m B gii m nhn c cc dng bit c nn t NAL. Cc thnh phn d liu c gii m entropy tm ra h s lng t X. S dng gii lng t v bin i ngc thu c Dn. S dng cc thng tin header c gii m t cc dng bit, b m ha to ra block d on, ging ht vi PRED c to ra b m ha. PRED c cng vi D n to ra uFn , sau c lc to ra cc block Fn. 2.4.3 Cc c im chnh ca MPEG-4 Part 10: a) Kch thc block nh c th thay i c: Thnh phn chi ca macroblock (16*16 mu) c th c chia theo 4 cch: mt macro block 16 *16 phn macroblock, hai macroblock 16*8 phn, hai 8* 16 phn hoc bn macroblock 8*8 phn. Nu kiu 8*8 phn c chn, mi bn 8*8 sub-macroblock trong mt macro block c th c chia theo 4 cch: mt phn sub-macro block 8*8, hai phn sub-macroblock 4*8, hai phn submacroblock 8*4 hoc bn phn sub-macroblock 4*4 . Cc phn ny v cc submacroblock to ra nhiu cch kt hp gia trong mi macroblock. Trong thc t, phn c kch thc ln ph hp vi nhng v tr khng chi tit, v phn kch thc nh ph hp vi cc v tr c chi tit cao.

Hinh 2.10: B chuyn ng b) chnh xc ca vector b chuyn ng cao:

IPTV

21

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Mi phn hay mi phn sub-macroblock trong mt macro c m ha trong nh c d on t mt vng c cng kch thc trong nh tham kho. hu ht cc chun nn trc ch t c chnh xc ca vector b chuyn ng, nhng vi H.264 c th t c ti . c) Tham chiu nhiu nh b chuyn ng: nh P trong MPEG-2 l nh d on c tham chiu t mt nh trc , cn nh B l nh d on 2 chiu c tham chiu t nhiu nh I ho P trc v sau n. Trong chun nn H.264, nh hin ti c th tham chiu bi nhiu nh, iu ny cho php tng hiu sut nn. Mt lng ln cc nh c gii nn v lu trong b gii nn. Trong cc chun nn trc , th t cc nh dng cho mc ch tham chiu b chuyn ng v th t cc nh th hin c mi quan h cht ch vi nhau. Tuy nhin, chun nn H.264 khc phc nhc im ny bng cch cho php b gii nn la chn th t cc nh tham chiu.

Hnh 2.11: Tham chiu a nh d) D on trong nh: Cc mu ca mt macroblock c d on bng cch ch s dng phn thng tin ca macroblock c truyn i trong mt nh. Trong chun nn H.264/AVC, c hai loai d on trong nh cho thnh

IPTV

22

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

phn chi Y. Loi th nht l intra 4x4 v loi th 2 l intra 16x16. Trong INTRA 4x4, cc phn t nh c kch thc 16x16 c chia thnh 16 phn c kch thc 4x4, vic d on c thc hin vi tng phn ring bit. C 9 mode d on ty chn i vi cc block thnh phn chi Y kch thc 4x4, 4 mode i vi thnh phn chi Y kch thc 16x16, 4 mode cho thnh phn mu Cr, Cb. B nn s la chn mode d on sao cho s khc bit gia P v block c m ha l nh nht. c mode d on thnh phn chi Y 4x4 C 9 mode d on thnh phn chi Y kch thc 4x4, l: Mode 0: d on theo chiu dc Mode 1: d on theo chiu ngang Mode CD: d on da trn trung bnh tt c cc mu xung quanh t bn tri v t trn ca khi d liu hin ti. Mode 3: d on d trn cc mu c nghing 45 t phi sang tri. Mode 4: d on d trn cc mu c nghing 45 t tri sang phi. Mode 5 : s dng php ngoi suy vi gc c nghing 26.6 so vi chiu dc. Mode 6: s dng php ngoi suy vi gc c nghing 26.6 so vi chiu ngang Mode 7: s dng php ngoi suy vi gc c nghing 26.6 so vi chiu dc bn phi Mode 8: s dng php ngoi suy vi gc c nghing 26.6 t so vi chiu ngang.

Hnh 2.12: Mode d on thnh phn chi Y kch thc 4x4

Hnh 2.13: Mode d on 16x16 lin nh

IPTV

23

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Cc mode d on thnh phn chi Y 16x16

Nh d ni trnh by trn, mt mode d on c p dng cho ton b mt macro thnh phn chi kch thc 16x16. C 4 mode d on l d on theo chiu dc, d on theo chiu ngang, d on phng. i vi mode d on phng, mt hm tuyn tnh c s dng gia cc mu t bn tri v t trn xung so vi mu d on hin ti. Mode ny hot ng hiu qu gia cc vng c chi lin tc thay i. Cc mode hot ng ging nh i vi thnh phn chi kch thc 4x4, ch khc l chng hot ng i vi ton b macroblock thay v vi 16 phn kch thc 4x4. Cc mode d on cc thnh phn mu Cr v Cb:

D on trong nh i vi cc thnh phn mu ca mt macroblock tng t nh i vi thnh phn chi Y c kch thc 16x16. Bi v tn hiu mu c s thay i lin tc trong hu ht cc trng hp. N lun p dng cho cc khi 8x8 s dng d on ngang, dc, DC v s on phng.

Hnh 2.14: D on nh I e) loi b d tha khng gian: Bin i Cosine ri rc DCT hai chiu trong cc chun MPEG-1, MPEG-2 nhm mc ch loi b phn d tha khng gian. DCT c p dng cho cc khi 8x8. trong H.264/AVC, DCT c p dng vi h s nguyn. Kch thc khi thay i, c th l 16x16, 4x4, hoc trong trng hp c bit c th dng khi kch thc 2x2. Vic s dng khi c kch thc nh hn so vi cc chun

IPTV

24

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

nn trc cho php b m ha tng thch tt hn vi bin ca cc i tng chuyn ng.

Hnh 2.15: Loi b d tha khng gian C 3 loi bin i khc nhau c s dng trong MPEG-4 Part 10, l; Mt bin i Hadamard p dng cho mng 2 chiu kch thc 4x4 cc h s 1 chiu DC ca thnh phn chi Y trong mode 16x16. Mt bin i Hadamard p dng cho mng 2 chiu kch thc 2x2 cc h s 1 chiu DC ca thnh phn mu Cr, Cb. 4x4. Mt bin i da trn DCT p dng cho tt c cc block kch thc

D liu trong 1 macroblock c truyn di theo th t nh trong hnh sau: Nu macroblock c m ha s dng mode Intra 16x16, th block s c dn nhn l -1, v bao gm cc h s mt chiu c bin i trong mi block chi 4x4, v c truyn i u tin. Sau , cc block chi t 0-15 c truyn i theo trt t nh trong hnh v(cc h s mt chiu trong mt macroblock c m ha s dng mode Intra 16x16 khng c gi i). Block 16 v 17 c gi i,bao gm 2 mng kch thc 2x2 cc h s mt chiu cc thnh phn mu Cr, Cb. Cui cng l cc block t 18-25(khng c cc h s mt chiu).

IPTV

25

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 2.16: Th t truyn cc block trong mt macroblock f) M ha Entropy:

Hnh 2.17: M ha Entropy M ho s hc nh phn thch nghi vi ng cnh (Context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding - CABAC)

IPTV

26

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

 M ho c di t m thay i thch nghi vi ng cnh (Contextadaptive variable-length coding - CAVLC) VLC) g) B lc deblocking: Cu trc khi c bn ca H.264 l 4x4 cho bin i v b chuyn ng. Do vy, nh s hnh thnh cc ng bin gia cc khi. B lc s trit tiu cc bin ny hnh nh c t nhin hn. Mt b lc c s dng cho mi macroblock c m ha nhm lm gim mo. B lc deblocking c s dng sau bin i ngc b m ha( trc khi ti to li v lu tr ) v ngc li i vi b gii m. B lc gip ci thin cht lng hnh nh. Hnh nh c lc s s dng lm d on b chuyn ng cho cc hnh nh trong tng lai v iu ny c th gip ci thin cht lng nn bi v nhng hnh nh c lc chn thc hn so vi cc nh khng c lc. h) Th t macroblock mm do: cung cp cc phng php che giu hiu qu trong cc knh c khuynh hng b li vi cc ng dng tr thp, H.264 / AVC h tr mt c im gi l th t macroblock mm do (FMO Flexible Macroblock Ordering). FMO nh r mt gin (pattern) n nh cc macroblock trong nh vo mt hoc vi nhm slice. Mi nhm slice c truyn ring bit. Nu mt nhm slice b mt, cc mu trong cc macroblock bn cnh v mt khng gian, thuc v cc nhm slice c thu ng, c th c s dng cho che du hiu qu li. 2.4.4 u im ca H.264/AVC: Cht lng hnh nh tt: H.264 l chun nn s dng cng ngh m thanh, hnh nh mi kh nng nn tt hn so vi cc chun nn trc . Do , chun nn cung cp dch v phn pht hnh nh cht lng cao qua mng bng thng gii hn. Yu cu bng thng thp: Cht lng hnh nh ca H.264 gn ging vi MPEG-2 nhng H.264 cn t bng thng truyn ti tn hiu vi cng cht lng. im ny rt ph hp s dng trong h thng IPTV. C kh nng kt hp vi cc thit b x l video c sn nh MPEG-2 v h tng mng da trn IP c sn . H tr truyn hnh phn gii cao: Khi s dng ti u chun nn th lm c th lm tng kh nng truyn d liu ca mng. Do cc nh M ho c di t m thay i (Common variable-length coding -

IPTV

27

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

cung cp dch v truyn thng c th s dng chun nn ny cung cp chng trnh video phn gii cao qua mng sn c. H tr nhiu ng dng:Chun nn H.264 c s dng trong nhiu ng dng, vi nn khc nhau th c nhng yu cu ring. V d, ng dng truyn a im trong IPTV yu cu phi hin th hnh nh dng chun truyn hnh, trong khi, i vi cc ng dng gii tr di ng, hnh nh phi hin th c trn cc thit b di ng. ph hp vi mi ng dng, chun nn H.264 c rt nhiu profile v level.c im ca profile v level l tc bit v kch thc nh. C th truyn c lp: Chun nn H.264 c th truyn qua nhiu giao thc nh ATM, RTP,UDP, TCP v cc dong MPEG-2. D dng thch nghi vi cc mng cht lng km nh c ch sa li . 2.4.5 Cc ng dng ca H.264/AVC Chun nn ny c thit k cho cc ng dng sau: +Truyn hnh qung b qua qua v tinh, cp, mt t +Truyn hnh tng tc, video theo yu cu (VoD). +Lu tr a quang, bng t, DVD. +Tch hp dch v qua ISDN, LAN, DSL, mng khng dy, mng di ng, modem. +Nhn tin a phng tin MMS qua ISDN, DSL, LAN mng di ng. Cn nhiu ng dng khc c pht trin trn mng hin ti nh video phone, v mng tng lai.

Kt lun: T nhng c im v u im ca MPEG-4 AVC nh du mt bc ngot trong lnh vc nn video, p dng cc k thut tin tin nhm mc ch s dng bng thng hiu qu hn v em li cht lng nh cao hn. Vi cc k thut ny, MPEG-4 AVC c th gim tc bit xung hn 50% so vi chun MPEG-2. Do , MPEG-4 Part 10 c la chn ng dng trong IPTV.

IPTV

28

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

CHNG 3: NG GI NI DUNG VIDEO Vic ng gi cc chng trnh video bao gm vic chn v t chc cc d liu video thnh cc gi ring bit. 3.1 Tng quan v m hnh truyn thng IPTV (IPTVCD) M hnh truyn thng trong IPTV c 7 lp(v mt lp ty chn) c xp chng ln nhau. Cc d liu video pha thit b gi c truyn t lp cao xung lp thp trong m hnh IPTV, v c truyn i trong mng bng rng bng cc giao thc ca lp vt l. thit b nhn, d liu nhn c chuyn t lp thp nht n lp trn cng trong m hnh IPTV.

Hnh3.1: m hnh truyn thng IPTV Do , nu 1 b m ha gi chng trnh video n 1 thit b IPTV ca khch hng, th phi chuyn qua cc lp trong m hnh IPTV c pha thit b nhn v thit b gi. Mi lp trong m hnh IPTV c lp vi nhau v c chc nng ring. Khi chc nng ny c thc hin , d liu j video c chuyn n lp tip theo trong m hnh IPTV. Mi lp s thm vo hoc b i phn thng tin iu khin ca cc gi video trong quad trnh x l. Thng tin iu khin cha cc thng tin gip thit b c th s dng gi d liu ng chc nng ca n, v thng c nh dng nh cc header hoc trailer. Bn cnh vic truyn thng gia cc lp, cn c cc lin kt o gia cc tng cng mc. 7 lp v 1 lp b sung trong m hnh IPTV c th c chia lm 2 loi: cc lp cao v lp thp. cc tng cao hn th quan tm nhiu hn ti cc ng dng ca IPTV v cc nh dng file, trong khi cc tng thp hn th quan tm ti vic truyn ti cc ni dung.

IPTV

29

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

3.2

M hnh IPTV v truyn ti cc ni dung MPEG

Hnh 3.2 cho ta ci nhn r hn v vic cc ni dung video c nn qua cc lp nh th no khi s dng h thng MPEG khi chuyn t lp trn xung lp di.

Hnh 3.2 ng gi cc lp trong m hnh IPTV 3.2.1 Lp m ha video: Qu trnh truyn thng bt u lp m ha, cc tn hiu tng t hoc s c nn. Tn hiu li ra ca b nn l cc dng Mpeg c bn. cc dng MPEG c bn c nh ngha l cc tn hiu s lin tc thi gian thc. C nhiu loi dng c bn. VD, m thanh c m ha s dng MPEG c gi l dng c bn m thanh. Mt dng c bn thc ra ch l tn hiu ra th t b m ha. Cc dng d liu c t chc thnh cc khung ti lp ny. Cc thng tin cha trong mt dng c bn c th bao gm: Loi khung v tc V tr ca nhng block d liu trn mn hnh T s cnh Cc dng c bn l nn tng to nn cc dng MPEG. iu quan trng phi ch l lp ny c chia thnh 2 lp ph theo c tnh ca chun H.264/AVC: lp m ha video(VCL) v lp tru tng(NAL). Lp ph VCL quan tm ti vic nn cc ni dung video. Tn hiu u ra ca lp ny l chui

IPTV

30

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

cc slice nh. Dng bit lp NAL c t chc thnh cc gi ri rc c gi l cc khi NAL. nh dng ca cc khi NAL c m t trong hnh 3.3(=3.6) Cc khi trong hnh 3.3 m t 1 khi NAL vi phn payload ni dung video. N c th cha cc loi payload khc trong phn ny nh thng tin iu khin. Nhng khi nh th c xp vo loi khng phi khi VCL (non-VCL unit). Cc khi NAL c kt hp vi nhau thnh chui, nh dng nn khi truy cp. ch rng khi NAL c to nn t chun H.264/AVC c th h tr cho c cu trc mng da trn giao thc IP v cc mng khng da trn giao thc IP.

Hnh 3.3 Cu trc ca khi NAL 3.2.2 Lp ng gi Video: truyn cc dng c bn m thanh, d liu v hnh nh qua mng s, mi dng c bn ny phi c chuyn i sang mt dng c chn ca gi PES c nh du thi gian (PES- parketized Element Stream ). Mt dng PES ch bao gm 1 loi d liu t 1 ngun. Mt gi PES c th c kch thc khi c nh hoc thay i, c th ln ti 65536 byte/gi. Bao gm 6 byte header, v s byte cn li cha ni dung chng trnh. nh dng ca 1 PES header c minh ha trong hnh 3.4 v gii thich trong bng 3.4.

IPTV

31

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 3.4 nh dng gi MPEG PES Bng 3.1 Cu trc ca mt gi MPEG PES Tn trng Tin t m bt u gi Nhn dng dng (1 byte) di gi PES M ng b Chc nng Gi PES bt u vi tin t 0x000001 Trng ny nhn dng loi payload trong gi. Mt mu bit 111x xxxx cho bit l gi audio, cn mu bit 1110 xxxx cho bit rng l gi video. Gi tr "X" c s dng biu th cc s ca cc dng MPEG Trng di 2 byte ch th di gi Trng c dng ng b ni dung video v audio

Trng 14 bit cha cc b ch th PES khc nhau hay cc c, cung cp phn cng hay phn mm b gii m ca set - top box IP vi thng tin thm vo. Cc loi c gm: iu khin tranh chp PES: C ny bo cho b C header PES gii m gi c c bo m hay khng thng qua x l tranh chp u tin PES: C ny cung cp cho b gii m thng tin v mc u tin ca gi PES B ch th sp xp d liu: B ch th ny quyt nh Payload ca PES bt u vi bit video hay audio

IPTV

32

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Thng tin bn quyn: Khi bit ny c thit t, ni dung video c bo v bi bn quyn Bn gc hay bn sao: C ny ch ra ni dung ny l bn gc hay bn sao

di d liu header ca PES Trng header ca PES Payload ca PES

Trng ny nhn ch ra tng s byte b chim bi cc trng header khc nhau Trng ny cha mt s cc bt ty chn Payload ca PES gm cc dng audio hay d liu video

Do bn cht ca mng, th t hay chui cc khung video t li ra ca trung tm d liu IPTV c th khc th t cc khung do cc thit b ca ngi dng nhn c. do , gip qu trnh ng b, cc h thng da trn MPEG thng dn nhn cc gi PES khc nhau trong chui video. C 2 loi nhn thi gian c s dng i vi mi gi PES: nhn thi gian trnh din(PTS), v nhn thi gian gii m(DTS): PTS---- nhn thi gian trnh din c gi tr thi gian 33 bit, c t trong trng PES header. Mc ch ca vic s dng PTS cho mi gi l xc nh xem khi no v theo trt t no th gi c xem (bi ngi xem). .DTS---nhn gii m s dng gip b gii m thit b ca ngi s dng bit khi no x l gi . Khi nim ng dng nhng nhn thi gian khc nhau i vi mi gi PES trong dng m ha MPEG c minh ha trong hnh 3.5. Nh ch ra trn, th t cc gi c truyn i qua mng khc vi th t cc gi nhn c thit b ca ngi s dng. Thit b ngi s dng IPTV s dng cc nhn PTS v DTS ti to li ni dung video gc. bn cnh vic gi i cc ni dung nn MPEG-2, PES cn c kh nng truyn ti cc khi H.264/AVC qua mng IPTV. Cc chi tit qu trnh nh x c m t hnh 3.6. 3.2.3 Lp cu trc dng truyn ti:

IPTV

33

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Lp tip theo trong m hnh truyn thng IPTV lm nhim v to nn dng truyn ti, bao gm 1 dng lin tip cc gi. Nhng gi ny thng c gi l cc gi TS, c to ra bng cch ngt cc gi PES thnh cc gi TS c kch thc c nh l 188 byte c lp vi thi gian. S dng thi gian c lp ny lm gim kh nng mt gi tin trong qu trnh truyn v gim n. Mi gi TS bao gm 1 trong 3 nh dng truyn thng: d liu, m thanh, hnh nh. Do , cc gi TS mang c nh 1 loi hnh truyn thng. Mi gi TS bao gm 184 byte payload v 4 byte header. Cc thnh phn ca TS header c m t trong hnh 3.7 v gii thch trong bng 3.2

Hnh 3.5 nh dng gi MPEG TS

IPTV

34

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 3.6 nh x gi truy cp AVC sang gi MPEG PES

Hnh 3.7 ng dng nhn thi gian vi cc gi MPEG PES Bng 3.2 Cu trc gi MPEG TS

Tn trng Trng ng b Trng ch th li Trng ch th im bt u khi truyn ti Mc u tin truyn ti

Chc nng Phn header thng bt u bng cc bit ng b (8 bit), thng l cc bit 0. Trng ny dng xc nh im bt u ca 1gi IPTV. bit c ny s ch ra 1 li (nu c) lin quan n dng truyn ti bit c ny s ch ra 1 im bt u ca khi truyn ti Khi t c ny s ch ra mc u tin khi payload

Trng quan trng nht trong phn header l13 bit xc nh ID chng trnh. N s ch ra gi no thuc dng no.Cc gi thuc dng no ID chng trnh th s c cng ID chng trnh.B phn knh trong b ca ngi s dng dng thng tin phn bit cc loi gi khc nhau.ch rng cc gi null c ID chng trnh = 8191. Cc gi khng c ID chng trnh th s b thit b nhn

IPTV

35

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

IPTV loi b

iu khin vic tranh chp cc truyn ti

2 bit ca trng ny s cho bit trng thi m ha ca phn payload gi truyn ti.

trng 2 bit ny s cho bit liu header ca gi Trng iu d liu c lin quan ti dng truyn ti c bao khin thch nghi gm trng thch nghi v payload khng B m tin s m tng ln 1 khi 1 gi dng truyn ti vi cng mt ID chng trnh. Nh c th xc nh c nu c mt hoc b lp gi. iu ny c th nh hng hnh nh. Trng ny c th c hoc khng c trong phn header. Trng thch nghi ny bao gm nhiu thng tin khc nhau c s dng nh thi v iu khin, bao gm c PCR. PCR c s dng ng b ng h IPTVCD vi ng h b m ha. Gi tr PCR c di 42 bit v c tng theo tc ng h chun, 27MHz. Ngay sau khi ng b, vic gii m MPEG - 2 IPTV c tin hnh Trng ny c th c hoc khng c trong phn header. Trng thch nghi ny bao gm nhiu thng tin khc nhau c s dng nh thi v iu khin, bao gm c PCR. PCR c s dng ng b ng h IPTVCD vi ng h b m ha. Gi tr PCR c di 42 bit v c tng Theo tc ng h chun, 27MHz. Ngay sau khi ng b, vic gii m MPEG - 2 IPTV c tin hnh.

B m tin

Trng thch nghi

Trng thch nghi

Lp ny cng cung cp chc nng to ra cc dng chng trnh. Mt dng chng trnh l mt gi PES cha 1 vi dng c bn c m hoasuwr dng cng ng h ch, hoc ng h h thng. Cc kiu dng ny c pht trin cho nhng ng dng nh lu tr ni dng video trn cc a quang hoc a cng. Bn cnh cc ni dung hnh nh v m thanh c nn, dng truyn ti bao

IPTV

36

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

gm nhiu thng tin c trng ca chng trnh hoc metadata m t cc dng bit. Thng tin ny c cha trong 4 bng PSI. (1) Bng chng trnh kt hp (PAT)- Vic truyn cc bng PAT l bt buc v l im vo cc bng PSI. Bng chng trnh kt hp lun c ID chng trnh l 0. Bng ny a ra cc lin kt gia ch s chng trnh v ID ca chng trnh (2) Bng nh x chng trnh: Bng nh x chng trnh cng l bt buc v mang co thng tin v mt chng trnh c th. Bng nh x chng trnh lit k cc ID chng trnh cho cc gi mang cc thnh phn ca 1 chng trnh c th (m thanh, hnh nh, d liu, v cc thng tin PCR).Hnh 3.8 m t 1 v d v mi quan h gia bng chng trnh kt hp (PAT) v bng chng trnh nh x (PMT). V th khi 1 thit b ngi dng(IPTVCD) yu cu 1 chng trnh, bng chng trnh kt hp s c kim tra, sau s kim tra bng chng trnh nh x nh ngha cc IP chng trnh v gi m thanh, hnh nh v d liu lin kt vi chng trnh . Trong v d ny, thu bao la chn chng trnh1 v thit b IPTV ca ngi s dng nh v ton b cc gi truyn ti vi ID chng trnh l 36 i vi phn hnh nh ca chng trnh v cc gi vi ID chng trnh l 3 vi cc phn m thanh ca chng trnh. Nu d liu l qung b vi chng trnh, th bng nh x chng trnh s bao gm cc chi tit trn xc nh cc gi d liu truyn ti.

IPTV

37

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 3.8 Mi lin h gia PMT v PAT (3) Bng iu kin truy cp(CAT)- bng iu kin truy cp l 1 bng ty chn PSI bao gm cc ID chng trnh ca EMMs (cc tin qun l quyn truy cp). Tin qun l quyn truy cp bao gm cc thng tin v mc cho php i vi h thng truy cp. bng iu kin truy cp(CAT) thng c cha trong 1 gi gi vi ID chng trnh l 1. (4) Bng thng tin mng (NIT)- Bng thng tin mng NIT l 1 bng ty chn lu tr cc thng tin nh tn s knh v s dng truyn ti. Set top box s s dng thng tin ny chnh sng ti cc chng trnh c th. Khi TS c cu trc v nh dng, n s c chuyn xung lp truyn ti trc tip hoc ti lp s dng giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc (RTP). 3.2.4 Lp giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc( ty chn): Lp ty chn ny c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Lp ny hot ng nh 1 lp trung gian gia cc ni dung c nn MPEG-2, H.264/AVC lp cao hn v c lp thp hn trong m hnh IPTV. Giao thc RTP chnh l li ca lp ny v thng l block c s h tr truyn dng ni dung theo thi gian thc qua mng IP.

IPTV

38

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc phn pht cc dng m thanh v hnh nh bng cch ng gi cc ni dung ny trong mt nh dng ring bit c gi gi.Mi gi bao gm phn header v payload(d liu IPTV). s dng hiu qu bng thng, phn payload thng bao gm nhiu hn 1 gi MPEG-TS. Phn header bao gm cc chc nng ct yu cc th truyn thnh cng cc d liu thi gian thc qua mng. header ca RTP c th nhn bit vi header ca UDP c gi tr l 5004, v bao gm rt nhiu trng.Chi tit v cc trng khc nhau c minh ha trong hnh 3.9 v bng 3.3 C 1 iu ng ch , l giao thc thi gian thc khng c trng di trong phn header bi v n ph thuc vo giao thc truyn ti c bn cung cp loi thng tin ny. Nh miu t trong bng 3.6, li ch chnh ca vic chn cc n dung video c nn v trong cc gi RTP l: (1) Thm s chui vo gi gip c b gii m pha nh cung cp v thit b ngi dng c th sp xp li cc gi nhn c t mng IP. (2) Trng nhn thi gian gip khc phc cc vn nh jitter v mt ng b gia ngun v ch.

Hnh 3.9 nh dng RTP header Khi header truyn ti thi gian thc c thm vo payload video, gi truyn ti thi gian thc c gi ti giao thc TCP hoc UDP tip tc x l. nh dng phn payload ca RTPcho vic ng gi dng bit nn MPEG-2 : thay v s dng UDP mang cc gi TS MPEG-2 th mt vi h thng IPTV s dng lp RTP thm vo lp UDP truyn cc gi. Vic nh x cc gi MPEG-TS sang cc giRTP l kh n gin. Cu trc bao gm phn hader v payload ca gi MPEG-2 TS. Mi gi c di 188 byte. Hnh 3.10 m t cu trc truyn ti ni dung DVB da trn MPEG-2 qua mng IP.

IPTV

39

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

nh dng payload RTP cho vic ng gi dng bit c nn dng chun H.264/AVC: RFC 3984 cung cp khuyn ngh v gii php truyn cc ni dung H264/AVC v nh ngha 3 c ch chn cc khi NAL vo RTP payload: (1) Mt gi NAL ring bit: k thut ny nh ngha s nh x gi NAL sang tng payload RTP. Cu trc ca tng gi NAL c m t trong hnh 3.11. (2) Gi NAL tp hp: K thut ny nh ngha s nh x nhiu gi NAL sang 1 gi RTP. Cu trc ca gi NAL tp hp c m t trong hnh 3.12. Bng 3.3: Cu trc ca gi IPTV da trn RTP

Tn trng Phin bn (V) Phn m (P) Phn m rng (X) Tng s ngun gp (CSRC) Bit du Loi Payload (PT)

Chc nng Trng ny xc nh phin bn RTP c dng trong gi IPTV Trng ny xc nh c byte m trong gi RTP hay khng Nu bit ny c t bng 1 th phn m rng theo ngay sau tiu c nh Trng ny cha thng tin s b nhn din CSRC c trong gi Chc nng ca n c xc nh bi m t RTP. Thng c s dng xc nh ranh gii khung Trng ny ch thng tin v nh dng payload ca IPTV. V d, gi tr 34 ch ra ni dung video c m ha s dng H.263 Trng ny gip tm ra c nhng gi b mt, li. Gip cho IPTVCD sp xp li cc gi c gi ti khng theo th t, xc nh ng knh thc gi khng ng v ch ra gi b lp. Gi tr trong trng c tng ln mt mi ln mt gi RTP c gi qua mng. Khi dng IPTV bt u, mt gi tr bt k c gn cho trng ny gim ri ro b hacker tn cng Trng ny gi du thi gian ca gi, c khi to t mt ng h ng tin cy. Trng ny c sd thm vo trong cc gi m thanh v hnh nh ng theo th t

S th t gi

Du thi gian

IPTV

40

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

thi gian ca dng IPTV

Ngun ng b (SSRC) Danh sch CSRC

Mc ch ca trng ny ch ra ngun ng b trong mng IPTV. Trng ny thng c s dng kt hp vi trng s th t gi sa nhng vn xy ra trong chui IPTV Mc ch ca trng 32 bit ny ch ra nhng ngun video v audio gp vo payload IPTV

Hnh 3.10 Cc gi MPEG TS

Hnh 3.11 nh x ni dung H264/AVC ( tng khi NAL ring bit ) sang RTP payload

IPTV

41

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 3.12 nh x ni dung H264/AVC ( nhiu khi NAL ring bit ) sang mt RTP payload

Hnh 3.13 nh x ni dung mt H264/AVC NAL sang nhiu RTP payload

IPTV

42

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Khi NAL tp hp c nh ngha xc nh dung lng gi ln nht i vi mi mng. VD, vi mang Ethernet kch thc gi ln nht l 1500 byte, cn vi mng ATM kch thc gi ln nht l 54 byte. Dng cc gi NAL tp hp nh x nhiu gi NAL sang 1 phn payload RTP khng cn phi chuyn m v thm nhiu tiu gi khi trin khai IPTv trn cc nn. (3) Gi NAL phn tch: y l k thut nh x 1 khi NAL ring r ra khi nhiu phn payload RTP. Cu trc ca mt gi Nal phn tch c m t nh trong hnh 3.13). im ng ch l gi phn tch NAL phi c gi qua mng theo 1 trt t lin tip. iu ny l c th khi s dng cc s tng dn trong header ca RTP.K thut ny em li 2 li ch cho nh cung cp dch v. Th 1, iu ny gip truyn lng ln chng trnh c phn gii cao da trn IP. Th 2 l gip tng kh nng sa li. Ch rng, k thut RTP thng c trin khai trong cc mng khng m bo cht lng dch v QoS truyn cc dch v IPTV. Mc d RTP gip lm tng kh nng cc dng ti ch trong trt t ng, nhng khng c thit k m bo cc mc cht lng dch v. Do , trch nhim ca nh cung cp dch v l n bo video lun c u tin khi chng c truyn i trong h tng mng. 3.2.5 Lp truyn ti: Thng thng cc gi RTP l dng u vo ca lp truyn ti. iu ng ch l c th nh x trc tip cc gi MPEG-TS sang payload giao thc ca lp truyn ti. Lp truyn ti IPTV c thit k m bo cc kt ni u cui l tin cy. Nu d liu ti thit b ngi nhn ng. Lp truyn ti s truyn li. Lp truyn ti thng bo vi lp trn c cc thng tin chnh xc hn. TCP v UDP l 2 giao thc quan trong nht c s dng lp ny. a) S dng TCP nh tuyn cc gi IPTV : TCP l giao thc ct li ca b giao thc internet v c xp vo loi nh hng kt ni. iu ny c bn c ngha l kt ni c thit lp gia u cui nh cung cp v thit b IPTV cua ngi s dng truyn cc chng trnh qua mng. TCP c kh nng iu khin li xy ra trong qu trnh truyn cc chng trnh qua mng. Cc li nh mt gi, mt trt t gi,hoc lp gi thng gp trong m trng truyn IPTV. x l cc tnh hung ny, TCP s dng h thng cc s lin tc cho php thit b gi c th gi li cc d liu hnh nh b mt hoc hng. H thng s lin tc ny l trng c di 32 bit trong cu trc gi. trng u tin cha chui s bt u ca d liu trong gi v trng th hai cha gi tr

IPTV

43

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

ca chui s tip theo m video server ang i (mong) nhn tr li t IPTVCD

Hnh 3.14 C ch iu khin lung ca TCP Bn cnh vic sa cc li c th xy ra trong qu trnh truyn ni dung video qua mng IP bng rng, TCP cn c iu khin lung d liu. iu ny c th t c bng cch s dng trng kch thc ca s, vi thut ton c gi l ca s trt. Gi tr trong trng ny xc nh s cc byte c th truyn i qua mng trc khi nhn c xc nhn t pha thit b nhn. Trong mi trng IPTV, gi tr trng kch thc ca s chnh l kch thc vng m trong IPTVCD tr i lng ni dung c trong vng m ti mt thi im. D liu ny s c gi cho ti khi bn tin thng bo nhn c gi v t IPTVCD. Khi gi tr ca trng ny bng 0, IPTVCD pha u thu s khng kh nng x l cc d liu IPTV tc ln. khi , TCP s ch th cho video server dng hoc lm chm li tc gi cc gi d liu ti IPTVCD. iu ny s m bo rng IPTVCD s khng b trn cc gi d liu ti. Khi IPTVCD x l xong cc cc gi d liu trong vng mv video server bit c iu th gi tr ti vng m s tng ln, v video server s bt u truyn tip cc ni dung. Trong mi trng IPTV l tng, s ca ca s c bo v t IPTVCD s bo cho server bit khng gian vng m cn trng chnh la tc m ti cc ni dung video c gi i t

IPTV

44

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

video server. Cc cng TCP v Socket: Mi im cui ca 1 lin kt IPTV th c 1 a ch IP v 1 gi tr cng lin quan. V th mi lin kt c 4 thnh phn khc nhau: (1) a ch IP ca video server (2) S ca cng ca video server (3) a ch IP ca IPTVCD (4) S ca cng ca IPTVCD Vic kt hp a ch IP v s ca cng cho php 1 tin trnh trn IPTVCD c th lin lc trc tip vi tin trnh ang chy trn mt trong cc my server c t trung tm d liu IPTV. Mt cng gm 16 bit nh ngha hng truyn cc thng bo gia cc lp mng. C 2 loi cng : Cng well known c gi tr t 1 n 1023. Loi cng ny thng c cc server s dng v c qun l bi IANA Cng Ephemeral c thiu lp bi IPTVCD trng thi tm thi khi lin lc vi IPTV server. Cc cng thng c nh trong ngn xp phn mm IP. Cc gi tr ny thng ln hn 1024 v nh hn65535. Cng ny khng chu s qun l ca IANA. Socket cng l mt thnh phn quan trng khc trong m hnh truyn thng IP. Mt socket v c bn l 1 giao din ng dng chng trnh (API), c s dng lm cho lm vic lin lc gia cc tin trnh ang chy trn 1 thit b IP. Mt socket c thit t bng cch kt hp a ch IP vi s ca cng.

Hnh 3.15 Qu trnh truyn thng trong mng IPTV

IPTV

45

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

 hiu hn v mi lin h gia a ch IP v socket xt cc bc thit lp 1 knh truyn thng gia 1 tin trnh chy trn IPTVCD v 1 tin trnh chy trn trung tm cung cp d liu IPTV. Bc c m t nh sau: (1) Chun b d liu: Tin trnh gi chy trn h thng server dong IPTV chun b ni dung v gi module truyn thng TCP/IP truyn cc d liu ti 1 tin trnh ang chy trn mt IPTVCD. Cc tin trnh truyn thng bt u v thng tin header c thm vo ni dung khi truyn qua cc lp trong IPTVCM. (2) Thit lp kt ni logic TCP: C 2 u kt ni u c nh ngha bi 1 a ch IP v 1 s cng. kt hp gia a ch IP v s cng gi l socket.H thng a ch i vi lin kt truyn thng bao gm cc thnh phn sau: Giao thc a ch IP ca my ch IPTV ID ca tin trnh chy trn my ch IPTV a ch IP ca IPTVCD ID ca tin trnh chy trn IPTVCD (3) Truyn d liu: Truyn thng bt u thng qua socket gia 2 tin trnh t pha IPTV server n IPTVCD (4) Qun l cc dng ni dung IPTV: giao thc TCP qun l cc dng IPTV trong khi kt ni c thit lp (5) Hy b kt ni: Khi hon thnh vic truyn cc ni dung IPTV, IPTVCD hoc trung tm d liu s hy b socket v kt ni mng Header: Thng tin ny gip cho segment c truyn i t ngun n ch. Header mang thng tin chnh l s cng ca ngun v ch, s chui ca segment v kim tra tng. Cc s tng m bo rng d liu c th ti v tr v t ng cc tin trnh ang chy trn mi thit b IP. S chui gip TCP c th hiu c bng cch no a d liu v dng trc khi b gt thnh cc segment. D liu video: Bng 3.4 nh dng ca TCP segment Tn trng Ca ngun Cng ch Ch s dy Chc nng Trng 16 bit. Ch ra s ca cng ngun Trng 16 bit. Ch ra s ca cng ch Ch ra ch s dy ca on TCP. iu ny gip TCP theo c vt ca mi gi IPTV chuyn qua mng

IPTV

46

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Ch s chp nhn di d liu c t trc

Cc bit iu khin

Ca s Checksum con tr khn cp Cc ty chn v m

cha ch s dy tip theo m thit b gi mong mun nhn c. Trng ny ch cha gi tr ny nu bt iu khin ACK c thit lp trng ngn ny ch ra v tr trong on m d liu video bt u Trng ny c t trc s dng sau ny v c gi tr bng 0 Trng ny gm c 6 bt iu khin: URG: Urgent pointer ACK: Acknowledgment PSH: Push RST: Reset (t li lin kt) SYN: Synchronize (ng b ch s dy) FIN: khng c thm d liu t bn gi Ch ra kch thc ca s cho d liu phn phi gia nhng ln nhn Kim tra li bo v d liu c gi qua mng Ch c dch khi trng con tr khn cp c cho php Cc ty chn l cc bi s 8 bit c sn v c th cha cc kiu bin khc nhau. Cc ty chn c la chn s quyt nh di ca on TCP. m l phn cui cng ca tiu v to thnh bi cc s 0

TCP nh x segment sang giao thc IP sau khi chn cc thng tin cn thit vo trong phn header.Nh m t trn, TCP cung cp ton b cc chc nng truyn ti cc d liu qua mng IP. b) S dng UDP nh hng cc gi IPTV: UDP l giao thc thuc v b giao thc Internet. UDP cho php my ch kt ni vi mng bng rng gi ti cc IPTVCD dch v truyn hnh qung b c cht lng hi lng ngi dng. UDP ging vi TCP nhng l phin bn s lc hn, a ra cho s lng ti thiu cc dch v truyn ti. UDP l giao thc khng lin kt, iu c ngha l kt ni gia video server v IPTVCD ko cn phi thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn i. Video server dn gin ch thm vo a ch IP ch v s cng vo datagram v gi ti c s mng phn pht ti a ch IP ch. Khi trn mng, UDP sd cch tt nht c gng thu c d liu v im ch ca n. Ch rng UDP s dng cc khi d liu c gi l cc datagram truyn ni dung qua mng. UDP datagram: UDP datagram bao gm 8 byte header v d liu video. Cc thnh phn c bn ca 1 UDP datagram c m t trong hnh 3.16 v bng 3.5 u im v nhc im ca UDP: u im ca UDP:

IPTV

47

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

 Khng c ngt trong qu trnh truyn ni dng video: khng c tr trong qu trnh phn phi ngay c khi trong mng c cc gi b tr hoc b hng. Ngc li, khi s dng TCP, c th xy ra s ngt qung khi phi ch cc gi b tr v cc khung hnh ti hoc phi ch cc gi b hng c thay th. Dung lng thp: Kch thc header ca UDP ch bao gm c 8 byte trong khi TCP header chim ti 20 byte. Tc thit lp kt ni: thi gian thit lp v hy b kt ni gia IPTVCD v cc thit b trung tm d liu IPTV ngn. Do , vic phn phi cc gi s dng giao thc UDP thng nhanh hn so vi s dng giao thc TCP. H tr truyn 1 chiu: UDP khng yu cu ng v, do cho php cc cng ty s dng v tinh c th truyn ni dung IPTV truyn a im ti khch hng ca mnh. Nhc im ca UDP: Mc d UDP l nhanh chng v hiu qu i vi cc ng dng cn thi gian, v s l khng hiu qu trong trng hp: Tnh ton vn ca d liu: Tnh ton vn ca d liu khi s dng UDP l khng c bo m khi UDP ch cung cp 1 dch v duy nht l kim tra tng v multiplexing thng qua s cng. bt k vn no cng c th xy ra trong qu trnh truyn thng ti u cui no cn c iu khin c lp vi cc ng dng. Cc vn thng gp nh l pht li, ng gi v lp rp li, truyn li cc gi b mt, s tc nghn, v iu khin lung nm ngoi kh nng sa li ca UDP. Kh khn trong vic vt qua cc tng la: Nhiu loi tng la trn mng chn cc thng tin UDP gy ra cc li trong qu trnh truyn thng. y khng phi l vn ln i vi cc nh cung cp dch v IPTV, tuy nhin n cng nh hng ti cc cng ty cung cp dch v Internet TV.

IPTV

48

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Hnh 3.16 nh dng datagram da trn UDP

Bng 3.5 Cu trc datagram IPTV da trn UDP Tn trng Ca ngun Ca ch di Chc nng ch ra ch s ca ca qu trnh gi datagram. N l ca ty chn v nu khng c dng th s c in y bng cc s 0 Ch ra ch s ca ca qu trnh ch ang chy trn IPTVCD Gip cho IPTVCD xc nh di v kch thc ca datagram UDP ang n. Trng di bao gm mt gi tr h 8, bao gm c tiu v d liu video thc s. Trng ny di 2 byte cha s c nh trc, cho php mt IPTVCD kim li tnh nguyn vn ca UDP ang n da trn datagram IPTV. Phn ny ca datagram cha d liu video. Trong trng hp mi trng IPTV, d liu l mt phn ca datagram UDP c nh dng bi giao thc dng video v audio m c s dng ti u cui IPTV

Checksum

D liu video

i vi IPTV, UDP t ra hu ch khi trung tm d liu cn gi cc ni dung video IP ti nhiu IPTVCD v l giao thc mc truyn ti ph bin nht m cc nh cung cp dch v IPTV.

IPTV

49

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

c) S khc bit gia TCP v UDP: Khi cc nh cung cp dch v pht cc ni dung IPTV ti cc thu bao, iu quan trng l cc ni dung ny phi n thit b ca ngi dng ng lc v trong dng ng. Ni cch khc, cc gi video phi khng b ngt qung. Do , cc nh cung cp dch v cn chc chn s dng giao thc h tr kh nng phn phi qua h tng mng. Mc d TCP cung cp cc ng dng vi nhiu c trng v mng so vi UDP, nhng cc nh cung cp dch v IPTV khng thng chn TCP l giao thc tryn ti.iu ny ch ra 1 thc t rng IPTV l ng dng thi gian thc v khng c tr. TCP c th a ngm vo s phn phi ni dung video IP do thc t rng giao thc s dng c ch iu khin dng. c im v hn ch cuTCP i vi phn phi chng trnh thi gian thc: Cn bng gia nhy v tr---- IPTV t nhy vi mt hoc ngt gi hn l vi tr. Vic truyn li cc gi nng cao tin cy ca kt ni gia my ch v thit b truy cp IPTV. Tuy nhin, khi vic truyn li din ra nhiu th s lm tr tng ln. TCP l giao thc kt ni lin kt---- Nh trnh by trn TCP yu cu thit lp kt ni logic gia my ch v IPTVCD trc khih truyn cc ni dung IPTV. Khi ngi xem chuyn t knh ny sang knh khc cng s gy ra tr i vi mi trng truyn hnh trc tip ca IPTV. H tr sa li---- TCP cung cp nhiu tnh nng, ng ch l kh nng sa li v iu khin lung. Tuy nhin, vic sa li trong mng IP video c th lm gim cht lng dch v ti khch hng. c im ca truyn video: video bao gm 1 chui cc nh lin tip, bt c khi no xy ra ngt vi tc m ti cc hnh nh ny c x l v hin th trn ITVCD cng lm gim cht lng hnh nh hin th v nh hng ti ngi s dng. Thi gian x l mi nh ring bit ch mt khong 1 phn ca giy. Nu s dng TCP sa li do ngt, c ch sa li nh sau: (1) IPTVCD s bo gi d liu b li bng vic t c. (2) Mt bn tin s c gi ti my ch IPTV thng bo cho ng dng bit 1 trong cc gi nhn c b ngt. (3) Di s qun l ca TCP, my ch cn phi tm ra v gi li gi b ngt. (5) IPTV CD nhn c gi mi trong vung m v hin th ni dung video trong gi . Trong khi TCP thc hin cc bc trn, IPTVCD phi ch gi b li c truyn li v phi trng lung video hoc b qua gi truyn li khi nhn c, Do k thut sa li ca TCP l khng cn thit. Mt gi IP----- qu trnh x l mt cc gi IPTV nhiu hay t cng ging nh quad\s trnh sa ngt gi IPTV. Cc gi b mt cng cn c truyn li, gy ra nh

IPTV

50

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

hng bt li ti dich v phn phi IPTV. H tr iu khin lung---- Bn cnh vn sa li v thit lp kt ni logic, giao thc TCP cn h tr iu khin tc bit lung d liu gi i, c th gy ra nhiu tr ngi trong vic truyn v nhn ni dung IPTV. Tr ngi ny xy ra khi vng m IPTV bt u trn cc gi IPTV hoc mng b nghn. Khi xy ra trng hp ny, my ch nhn c yu cu gim tc gi cc gi tin ln mng. Nu my ch thc hin yu cu gim tc , c 1 kh nng l: khi tc gim xung hnh nh s khng th hin th c. Nu bn tin dng c thc hin, dch v IPTV s b tt hon ton. Khng h tr a truyn thng---- TCP khng hot ng hiu qu trong mi trng a truyn thng, Do , UDP l la chn tt hn TCP i vi cc dch v truyn thng nh cc ng dng a truyng thng IPTV v truyn qung b. y l nhng nguyn nhn chnh TCP t c s dng trong IPTV trc tip. TCP c dng trong cc ng dng khc nh e-mail, download cc chng trnh Internet TV. Mc d, tin cy v kh nng s li ca UDP khng bng TCP nhng UDP l giao thc c la chn phn pht cc dch v IPTV . UDP c cc nhc im sau: khng c kh nng tm v sa li. Vn ny c khc phc bng cch gn cc hm sa li vo cc ng dng IPTV chy trn cc mng hoc trong chnh cc dng video. 3.2.6 Lp IP: Sau lp truyn ti l lp IP(cn c gi l lp lin mng ) Nhim v chnh ca lp ny l a cc d liu ti cc v tr mng ring bit thng qua nhiu mng c lp c lin kt vi nhau c gi l lin mng. Lp ny c s dng gi cc d liu thng qua cc ng khc nhau ti ch. IP l giao thc tt nht c s dng trong lp lin mng. giao thc ny cung cp dch v phn pht gi c bn cho tt c cc dch v IPTV. Cc loi dch v ny vi h thng truyn n im, ni cc gi c truyn t ngun ti 1 IPTVCD ch, khc vi h thng truyn a im ni m cc gi c truyn t my ch ti nhiu IPTVCD. IPv4 l giao thc ph bin nht c s dng trong mng IPTV ngy nay. Nhim v chnh ca IP l phn pht cc bit d liu trong cc gi t ngun ti ch. IP s dng k thut c hiu qu cao nht phn pht d liu. Ni cch khc khng c tin trnh no m bo qu trnh phn pht thng tin qua mng. Cc khi c s ca giao thc IP l cc on bit d liu c t trong cc gi v c nh a ch. Gi IP l n v d liu bao gm d liu video thc v cc thng tin ca vic nhn video t trung tm cung cp d liu IPTV ti ch IPTVCD. Thnh phn chnh ca mt gi IPv4 c m t trong hnh 3.17 v bng 3.6.

IPTV

51

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Cch nh a ch IP: trong mi trng IPTV, a ch IPv4 thng c dng nh ngha IPTVCD v trung tm cung cp d liu. a ch IPv4 l chui 4 s c ngn cch vi nhau bng cc du chm nh ngha 1 cch chnh xc v tr vt l ca 1 thit b, v d nh set-top box, trong mng. a ch IPv4 gm 32 bit trong h nh phn. Cc s nh phn ny c chia thnh 4 octet, mi octet 8 bit, mi octet c i din bi 1 s h thp phn nm trong khong t 0 n 255. Mi octet c ngn cch bi 1 du chm trong h thp phn. a ch IP c t chc thnh 2 phn: (1) ti. (2) a ch host dng nh ngha cc thit b IPTV. a ch mng dng nh ngha mng bng rng m IPTVCD kt ni

Hnh 3.17 nh dng gi video IPv4 Bang 3.6: Cu trc gi video IPv4 Tn trng Phin bn di Header Chc nng Ch ra phin bn ca IP c s dng trn mng _ IPv4 hay IPv6 M t kch thc ca header, gip cho IPTVCD nhn ra payload ca d liu video bt u u

IPTV

52

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Cn c bit l im m phn bit dch v (DSCP_Differentiated services code point). Trng ny kh quan trng cho vic phn phi ni dung IPTV bi v n cho nh cung cp dch v thit t loi ni dung c mang trong gi d Loi dch v liu. Thng tin ny sau c x l bi b nh tuyn IP trong h thng mng. iu ny cho php cc b nh tuyn chp nhn v lm cho mc cht lng dch v thch hp vi nhng loi lu lng khc nhau Bo cho IPTVCD bit ton b chiu di ca gi Tng chiu di IPTV. Gi tr ny c di 16bit, c ngha l mt gi c th c kch thc ti a l 65535 byte c b nh tuyn s dng phn mt gi ln thnh nhiu mnh nh. Khi c phn mnh, b th nhn dng nh tuyn s dng trng ny phn bit cc mnh khc nhau ca gi ban u Cc c xc nh cc kiu phn mnh khc nhau, hoc gi l mt mnh, hoc n c cho php C phn mnh, hoc gi l mnh cui cng hay c thm mnh khc. Khi mt gi IPTV c phn mnh v chuyn i qua mng th chc nng ca IPTVCD l tng hp di ca cc mnh theo ng th t. Trng ny nh s mnh mi mnh, cho php IPTVCD tng hp li theo ng th t V mt gi IP chuyn qua mng, trng thi gian sng s c mi b nh tuyn dc theo ng truyn kim tra v gi tr bn trong trng ny s c gim dn. Qu trnh ny tip tc cho n khi gi tr trng ny gim v 0. Khi iu ny xy ra Thi gian sng c ngha l gi ny ht hn v s b loi b. Chc nng chnh ca trng ny l loi b cc gi trn mng m khng c kh nng truyn n ch. iu ny s lm gim tc nghn trn mng. Gi tr ca trng ny trong khong t 30 n 32. Trng di 8 bit, ch ra loi giao thc ng gi bn trong datagram IP. Nu gi tr l mt th sau Giao thc ICMP c dng, l hai tng ng vi IGMP, l 6 c s dng cho lu lng TCP, v 17 c s dng cho ng dng UDP Kim tra tng cho php IPTVCD tch datatgram khi header li. header Gi b li thng b IPTVCD loi b hay hy Cha a ch IP ca thit b gi gi IPTV. Trong a ch ngun mi trng IPTV, thit b gi thng l my ch

IPTV

53

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

VoD hoc l b m ha. a ch ch Ty chn v m D liu Cha a ch ca thit b nhn c ch nh. Trong mi trng IPTV, a ch ny thng l a ch ca IPTVCD c nh cung cp IPTV s dng cung cp thm cc c im khc L ni dung video

Mt im ng ch l mt vi bit u tin ca a ch s nh ngha cc bit cn li ca trng a ch s c phn chia th no cho host v mng. thun li cho vic s dng v qun l, a ch IP c chia thnh cc lp khc nhau. Chi tit a ch cc lp c m t trong bng 3.7. Trng a ch ca mng v host c m t nh trong hnh 2.18. Bn cnh vic chia thnh cc lp, mt s a ch IP c dnh ring cho cc mng t nhn. Cc a ch ny nm trong di: 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255 Bng 3.7 cc lp a ch IPv4 Lp a ch IP M t M t mt mng s hu s u tin trong a ch IP, c gi tr t 0 n 128. Ba s cn li c dng xc nh mt IPTVCD, my ch, hay thit b mng khc. Do , mt a ch lp A c a ch mng 7 bit v a ch host 24 bit. Bit c th t cao nht c thit lp bng 0 C 126 a ch mng lp A trn th gii v mi mng trong s c s a ch IP h tr hn 16 thit b mng. Tt c cc a ch IP lp A c cp php t InterNIC t nhiu nm trc. Mt mng lp B c a ch gm s u tin c gi tr t 128 n 191. Gi tr ny tng ng vi a ch mng 14 bit v mt a ch cc b 16 bit. Gi tr ca 1 v 0 gn cho 2 bit c th t cao nht. C khong 16000 mng lp B trn Internet, mi mng c kh nng h tr 64000 thit b mng. Nhng t chc ln hn v cc nh cung cp dch v Internet cp php cho hu ht hoc gn ht cc a ch ny. V d v a ch lp B: 132.6.2.24, trong , 132.6 ch ra mng, 2.24 ch ra host.

IPTV

54

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

D E

Mng lp C c a ch c s u tin c gi tr t 192 n 223. S ny tng ng vi mt a ch mng 21 v a ch cc b 8 bit. Gi tr 1,1 v 0 c gn cho 3 bit c th t cao nht. C gn 2 triu a ch mng lp C, mi mng c kh nng h tr nh a ch cho 254 thit b mng. L phn u tin ca a ch c gi tr t 224 n 239. Nhng a ch IP ny c s dng cho mc ch truyn a im a ch mng lp E c gi tr t 240 n 247 v c t trc s dng sau ny

Hnh 3.18 cc lp a ch IP d) Mng con IPTV: Trong cc mng ln IPTV vi hng ngn IPTVCD tri rng trn 1 khu vc a l rng., mng da trn IP ny cn c chia thnh cc mng nh hn gi l mng con. Mng con ca mng IPTV cho php nh cung cp dch v nh ngha v gim st cc phn ring bit trong mng m khng cn a ch IPv4 mi. Ngi iu hnh mng cng s dng a ch mng con giu i cu trc mng ni b trch b tn cng t mng

IPTV

55

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Internet cng cng. Ngi qun tr mng IPTV s dng cc s ring bit ccj gi l a ch subnet mask to cc mng con trong mi trng IPTV. Subnet mask l a ch IP32 bit. Gi tr mc nh cu subnet mask ca lp A, B, C l: Class A----- 255.0.0.0 Class B----- 255.255.0.0 Class C-----255.255.255.0 Cc tin trnh chy trn mng con thng c qun l bi thit b phn cng gi l router. Mt router c th ni vi nhiu mng v quyt nh thng tin s c gi n u trong mng. e) Tng lai ca a ch IP: Khi cu trc a ch IP ca mng Internet mi c pht trin trong nhng nm u ca thp k 80, ngi ta cho rng n p ng c nhu cu ca ngi dng hin ti v trong tng lai. a ch IP 32 bit trong vesion IPv4 c th nh a ch cho hn 4 t my trm trong khong 16,7 triu mng khc nhau.a ch IPv4 khng p ng c nhu cu tc pht trin ca mng Internet nh hin nay.Tc pht trin ca mng Internet nm ngoi d on ca nhng ngi pht trin giao thc IP v s lng mng kt ni vi mng Internet tng ln tng thng. tm gii php cho hn ch ca a ch IPv4, Nhm K S mng Internet a ra vesion mi IPv6 vi 128 bit a ch. . IPv6 c th cung cp lng a ch gp hng t ln s a ch IPv4. IPv6 c c cc kh nng cung cp h tr vic xc thc, tnh ton vn QoS, m ha v b mt. Vic s dng IPv6 trn mng IPTV l thch hp bi v c ch QoS bn trong n v c kh nng h tr s lng khng gii hn cc IPTVCD.Trong 5 ti 10 nm t, IPv6 s dn thay th IPv4. Ti sao li s dng IPv6 khi trin khai IPTV ? IPv6 c tnh nng vt tri hn so vi IPv4. Cc nguyn nhn chnh khin cc nh cung cp dch v xem xt vic s dng IPv6: Quy m c tng ln: IPv4 dng a ch 32 bit trong khi IPv6 dng a ch 128 bit, ln hn gp 4 ln. iu ny cho php nh cung cp dch v IPTV m rng s lng thit b c th qun l . Cu trc header n gin: IPv6 gim kch thc header xung cn 40 byte c nh v n gin cu trc ca trng header. Cc thnh phn c bn ca IPv6 header c m t trong hnh 3.19 v bng 3.13. Tng mc bo v: IPv6 c 2 c im gip tng mc bo v: (1) Bao gm header xc thc----- bao gm cc bn tin xc nhn v kim tra ngi gi gi. (2) Payload bo mt c ng gi----- c im ny m bo tnh ton vn ca d liu IPTV v bo mt gia cc my ch trung tm d liu IPTV v cc IPTVCD khc.

IPTV

56

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Lu lng thi gian thc tt hn: kh nng dn nhn lung ca IPv6 cho php nh cung cp dch v nh du cc gi ring, ph thuc vo tng loi dch v. Trong mi trng triple-play, cc router c th coi cc gi IP c dn nhn vi mt nhn dng video l cc gi IP c dn nhn khi mang ni dung web. T ng cu hnh: Kh nng plug and play ca IPv6 gip gim bt phc tp khi ci t dch v IPTV ti nh ca khch hng.

Hnh 3.19 Cu truc header ca IPv6

Bng 3.8 M t trng ca IPv6 Tn trng M bt u ca gi nh dng dng di gi PES Chc nng Cc gi PES bt u bng cc bit 0 Trng ny dng nh ngha loi payload cha trong gi. Dng 111x xxxx l ch gi m thanh, v 1110 xxxx ch cc gi hnh nh. x l s dng MPEG 2 byte ca trng ny dng nh ngha di gi Trng ny c s dng ng b m thanh v ni dung video cung cp phn cng v phn mm trong b m ha t trong set- top box IP vi cc thng tin thm. Trong trng ny cn bao gm cc c: C iu khin trn m PES: bo cho b m ha

M ng b

IPTV

57

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

 di d liu header Cc trng header trong PES Trng payload v d liu video

bit liu gi c c m bo khng trong qu trnh x l trn m. C u tin PES: Cung cp thng tin v mc u tin ca gi PES cho b gii m. Data_alignment_indicator : C ch th ny s xc nh xem phn payload ca PES bt u vi bit m thanh hay hnh nh, Thng tin bn quyn: khi bit nay c thit lp, chng trnh l chng trnh c bn quyn. C nguyn bn hay bn sao: C ny ch th liu chng trnh c phi l bn gc, hay la bn sao. trng ny dng nh ngha tng s byte c s dng bi cc trng header khc. Trng ny cha cc s cc bit ty chn Trng payload ca PES cha cc dng c bn m thanh

V nhng u im k trn IPv6 c xem nh gii php lu di h tr trin khai cc thit b s quy m ln, c th s dng nhiu loi ng dng da trn IP. Nhc im chnh khi s dng giao thc IP l khng c g m bo rng khi no cc gi ti ng ch hay gi c n ng lc khng.ngay c th t cc gi c chuyn n cng khng c xc nh. Do , lp IP lm vic cng vi giao thc lp truyn ti m bo rng cc gi n IPTVCD ng lc v theo trt t ng. IP cng lm cho qu trnh phn pht ni video b tr. 3.2.7 Lp lin kt d liu:

Lp lin kt d liu ly cc d liu th t lp IP v nh dng chng thnh cc gi ph hp truyn qua mng vt l. Ch , lp lin kt d liu khc vi cc giao thc mng. K thut Ethetnet l mt trong nhng k thut ph bin hn c s dng trong h thng IPTV. Lp lin kt d liu bao gm cc chc nng dnh cho cc mng da trn Ethernet: Encapsulation---- Lp ny thm vo cc gi IPTV 1 header. Ethernet header l loi Encapsulation ph bin nht dng trong lp lin kt d liu ca IPTVCD. Cc thnh phn c bn ca Ethernet header c gii thch trong bng 3.9. nh a ch---- Lp lin kt d liu x l cc a ch vt l ca mng ngi s dng v cc thit b ch. H thng a ch khc nhau vi cc topo mng. V

IPTV

58

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

d, a ch MAC c s dng trong mng Ethernet. Mi thit b kt ni vi mng IPTV th c 1 a ch MAC. di ca a ch MAC l 48 bit v thng c biu din bng 12 s trong h 16. Trong 12 s h 16 ny, 6 s u tin dnh cho nh sn xut thit b IPTV v cc s cn li c dng nh ngha giao din mng o. Kim tra li----- chc nng kim tra li c dng trong vi lp ca m hnh IPTV, bao gm c lp lin kt d liu. Cc gi b ngt l li thng gp trong qu trnh truyn cc ni dung video qua mng da trn IP. Phng php sa li thng dung l kim tra d tha vng (CRC) trong IPTV tm v loi b cc gi b ngt. S dng k thut CRC thit b gi IPTV thc hin vic tnh ton trn cc gi v lu tr kt qu trong gi. Cc php tnh ton tng t cng c thc hin trn thit b nhn khi nhn c cc gi. Nu kt qu tnh ton l nh nhau, th cc gi c x l bnh thng. Tuy nhin, nu kt qu ny l khc nhau, th gi b li s b loi b.Thit b gi s to mt gi mi v gi li n. Thng bo vi lp trn trong m hnh IPTV khi c li xy ra l nhim v chnh ca lp lin kt d liu trong k thut kim tra li m cc h thng IPTV end to end. iu khin lung---- iu khin lung l mt trong chc nng ca lp truyn ti. Trong mng IPTV, iu khin lung cho thit b IPTV ca ngi s dng khng b trn bi cc ni dung. Lp lin kt d liu cng vi lp truyn ti thc hin bt k yu cu iu khin lung no. Bng 3.9 Cu trc ca Ethernet header Tn trng trong Header a ch ch mng Ethernet a ch ngun mng Ethernet Loi m Kch thc (bit) 48 Chc nng

Ch ra a ch ca giao din ch

48

Ch ra a ch ca giao din ngun Ch ra giao thc c s dng trong vic nh dng gi. V d kiu gi "TCP/IP" cha gi tr kiu hex "0 x 80 0 x 00"

16

IPTV

59

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Bng 3.10: Cu trc khung Ethernet c dng mang ni dung MPEG-2 M t Cc dng gi truyn ti MPEG by Tiu RTP Tiu UDP Tiu IP Tiu Ethernet 3.2.8 Lp vt l: Lp vt l quy nh lut l truyn cc bit s qua mng. N cp n vic a cc d liu qua cc mng vt l ring bit nh x DSL, v khng dy. Lp ny nh ngha cu hnh mng vt l, thng s k thut, in trong mi trng truyn. Khi dng bit c truyn qua mng, cc gi c chuynr t lp thp n lp cao trong m hnh truyn thng IPTV. V d lp lin kt d liu s kim tra cc gi v loi b i phn header Ethernet v trng sa li CRC. Tip s kim tra trng kiu m ca Ethernet header v xc nh gi cn c x k bi giao thc IP. Do gi d liu c chuyn ln lp mang. Lp mng kim tra v loi b i phn IP header v chuyn gi ln lp truyn ti. Phng php b i phn header khi qua cc lp khc nhau gi l bc gi. Qu trnh ny tip tc c thc hin cho ti khi gi d liu ln n tng trn cng trong m hnh. Hnh nh gc c th hin trn mn hnh TV ca ngi xem. Kch thc Mi gi c kch thc 188 byte (184 byte cha ni dung video, cng vi 4 byte c dng lm thng tin header). Gi MPEG - TS by ny chim 1316 byte (10528 bit) ca khung Tiu ny chim 12 byte ca khung Ethernet Tiu ny chim 8 byte ca khung Ethernet Tiu ny chim 20 byte ca khung Ethernet Tiu ny chim 14 byte ca khung Ethernet

IPTV

60

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Bng 3.11 Tng kt cc lp trong m hnh IPTV s th t lp 1

Tn lp

Tng quan Xc nh cc thuc tnh ca cc phng tin truyn thng trong mng chu trch nhim truyn cc bit d liu IPTV Qun l cc c ch c s dng truy cp thit b truyn thng trong mng. Kim sot li, ng b v iu khin lung l nhng chc nng khc m lp ny cung cp. Chc nng ca lp ny c quan h vi vic nh tuyn cc gi IP truyn trn mng. Cc c ch nh l nh a ch v iu khin tc nghn thng c lp IPTVCM ny s dng Chc nng chnh ca lp ny l m bo rng cc gi IPTV n c ch. TCP v UDP u vn hnh ti lp ny Mc d UDP l giao thc c lp giao vn u tin s dng hn cho vic phn phi ni dung IPTV trn mng bng rng, nhng n cng ko phi l giao thc ang tin cy v n khng h tr vic sa li hay gii quyt vn cc gi n IPTVCD khng theo ng th t. Do , mt s cc nh cung cp dch v s dng RTP gii quyt nhng thiu ht c hu trong giao thc UDP. Lp ny ng gi cc dng bt video v audio. Cc gi c di 188 byte Lp ny to mt dng cc gi PES c nh du thi gian Cc dng audio v video c bn lm thnh nn tng cho lp IPTVCM. nh dng ca dng truyn c s dng lp ny ph thuc vo thut ton nn s dng bi b m ha

Vt l Lin kt d liu

IP

Giao vn

RTP (ty chn)

6 7

Xy dng dng truyn ti Lp ng gi Video M ha Video

IPTV

61

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

KT LUN Dch v IPTV vi nhng u im ni tri so vi cc chun truyn hnh truyn thng v ang c pht trin mnh m trn th gii cng nh Vit Nam. i km vi IPTV l rt nhiu dch v gi tr gia tng khc nh: truyn hnh theo yu cu, mng gio dc t xa, hi tho t xa, Trong phm vi lun vn ny ch nu c tng quan v dch v IPTV, cng ngh nn video tin tin MPEG-4 Part 10, phng php ng gi d liu video qua tng lp. Chun nn MPEG-4 Part 10 ny khng ch c s dng trong IPTV m cn c ng dng trong hu ht cc cng ngh truyn hnh s hin i nh: truyn hnh s mt t, truyn hnh s v tinh, truyn hnh cp, truyn hnh di dng n truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV. ng gi d liu video qua tng lp cho thy cu trc d liu trong tng lp v cc c ch iu khin lung, c ch sa li, m bo cht lng dch v lm hi lng ngi xem Cc ti liu s dng trong kha lun ny ch yu c ly t Internet v c bit l s hng dn ca thy gio TS. Ng Thi Tr. Kha lun ny cn nhiu thiu st, do em rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca cc thy c v cc bn lun vn ny c hon thin hn.

IPTV

62

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

Ti liu tham kho: Ting Vit: [1]. Hong Tin Dng Thanh Phng, (2004), Truyn hnh k thut s, NXB Khoa hc v K thut. [2]. Ng Thi Tr, (2004), Truyn hnh s, NXB i hc Quc gia H Ni. Ting Anh: [3]. Iain E G Richardsob, (2003), H.264 and MPEG-4 Video Compression, NXB Wiley. [4]. Gerard O Driscoll, (2008), Next Generation IPTV Services and Technologies, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. [5]. Thomas Wiegand, Gary J. Sullivan, Gisle Bjontegaard, and Ajay Luthra, (2003), Overview of the H.264/ AVC Video Coding Standard, IEEE transactions on curcuit and system for video technology. [6]. Wes Simpson and Howard Greenfield, (2007), IPTV and Internet Video Expanding the Reach Television Broadcasting, Focal Press.

IPTV

63

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

IPTV

64

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

IPTV

65

http://www.ebook.edu.vn

IPTV

66

http://www.ebook.edu.vn