Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION TO PHYSICS 1.

1 Understanding Physics PHYSICS Mechanical Energy Study of the natural phenomena and the properties of matter. Heat Energy Light Energy Wave Energy Solid Liquid Gas Matter Energy states forms Electrical Energy Nuclear Energy Chemical Energy Properties of Matter Relationship with energy Relationship with matter Properties of Energy in the fields of Mechanics Heat Wave Electronics Properties of matter Light Electricity & Electromagnetism Atomic Physics & Nuclear Physics 1

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ 1.2

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES any quantity that can be measured by a scientific instrument . A physical quantity is .. stopwatch, metre rule balance,thermomet uments : etc. A base quantity is a physical quantity which cannot be def al quantities. Base quantity 1 2 3 4

Study the following picture and list the physical quantities that can be measure d. The list of physical quantities : Height, 1. . mass, 2. . si 5 List of 5 basic physical quantities and their units. Base quantity Length Mass T ime Current Temperature Symbol l m t I T S.I. Unit meter kilogram second Ampere Kelvin Symbol for S.I. Unit m kg s A K 6

Two quantities that have also identified as basic quantity. There are : Light in tensity candela i) ..unit .. Amount of substance mol ii) . unit . 2

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _

Standard Form 1 2 3 1 A < 10 and n = integer no. simplify the expression of very large and small numbers Standard form is used to ... Standard form ave extremely small magnitudes. Write the following quantities in standard form : 6.37 x 106 m a. Radius of the earth = 6 370 000 m =. 1.673 x 10-27 kg b. 000000000000000000000000000000 911 kg =... 3.0 x 10-4 m c. Size of a particle = 0.0 00 03 m = 7.2 x 10-8 m b. Diameter of an atom = 0.000 000 072 m = 55 m = .. Prefixes represent a large physical quantity or extremely small qu ixes are usually used to ... units. before the unit as a multiplying 10 12 n

Eg : 1 x 10 m 1 Tm = . 3.6 x 10-3A 3.6 mA = . How to change the u 106 A = 1.33 x 10 6-(-9) nA = 1.33 x 10 15 nA 2. Tera to micro 1.23 Tm to unit m unit 1.23 Tm = 1.23 x 10 12m = 1.23 x 10 12 (-6)m = 1.23 x 10 18m 3. piko to Me ga 5456 pA to MA unit 5456 pA = 5.456 x 10 3 + (-12) pA = 5.456 x 10 -9pA = 5.45 6 x 10 -9 (6) MA = 5.456 x 10 -15 MA 3 12 Tera (T) Giga (G) Mega (M) 10 10 10 10 9 6 2 3 10 101 -1 0 10 10-2 10 10 10 10 -3 kilo (k) Hekto (ha) Deka (da) desi (d) centi (s) mili (m) micro ( ) nano (n) pico (p) -6 -9 -12

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _

4. Some physical quantities have extremely large magnitudes. These extremely lar ge and small values can be written in standard form or using standard prefixes. Write the quantities in standard prefixes: 9.1 x 101 MHz a. Frequency of radio w ave = 91 000 000 Hz = . 12.8 Mm = 1.28 x 10 1 Mm b. Diameter of the earth = 1 . Distance between the moon and the earth = 383 000 000 m = Mm 6.0 x 10 12 Tm d. Ma the earth = 6 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 kg = Derived quantities 1 a physical tity which combines several basic quantities A derived quantity is . th Determine the derived unit for the following derived omentum Formula area = length x width volume = length x width x height 2 Derived unit m x m = m2 m x m x m = m3 kg m3 kg m 3 Name of derived unit density velocity

mass volume displaceme nt time m m s 1 s

momentum = mass x velocity kg m s-1 Acceleration accelerati on change in velocity time m s 1 m s -1 s 1 s kg m s-2 Force pressure weight work power force = mass x acceleration Newton (N) pressure force area kg m s-2 / m2 kg ms -2 Nm J s -1 Kg ms-2 kg m-1 s-2 (Nm-2) Newton (N) Joule (J) m s 2

weight = mass x gravitational acceleration work = force x displacement power work time Watt (W) kinetic energy 1 K.E Joule (J) 4 mass velocity 2 2

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ Derived quantity potential energy charge Formula P.E = mass x gravitational acceleration x height Derived unit Kg ms-2 Ampere second (As) Name of derived unit Joule (J) charge = current x time voltage work charge Coulomb (C) Volt (v) Ohm () voltage J C-1 v A-1 resistance resistance voltage current

Note that the physical quantities such as width, thickness, height, distance, di splacement, perimeter, radius and diameter are equivalent to length. 1.3 1 SCALA R AND VECTOR QUANTITIES Quantity which has only magnitude or size Scalar quantit ies are Mass, Length, Speed, volume Examples : tion Examples : Study the following description of events car tude, direction or both to specify them. Description of events 1. The temperatur e in the room is 25 0C 2. The location of Ayer Hitam is 60 km to the north-west of Johor Bahru 3. The power of the electric bulb is 80 W 4. A car is travelling at 80 km h-1 from Johor Bahru to Kuala Lumpur 1.4 MEASUREMENTS Magnitude Directi on 2 3

Using Appropriate Instruments to Measure 1 2 measuring instrument with different measuring capabilities. There are various types of. measure a parti hoose the appropriate instrument to .. 5

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ 3 Examples of instrument and its measuring ability. Measuring instrument Measuring tape Meter rule Vernier caliper Micrometer screw gauge Range of measurement Smallest scale division Up to a few meters 1m 10 cm less than 2 cm (20 mm) 0.1 cm 0.1 cm (0.01 m) 0.01 cm 0.001 cm (0.01 mm) 4 Sample of measuring instruments : is use to measure electric current 4.1 Ammeter : .. incorret reading correct 1 2 3 1 2 3 0 4 reading 0 4 pointer mirror pointer mirror

Pointers image is behind the pointer Pointers image can be seen is use to determin e the volume of liquid. 4.2 Measuring cylinder : .................... wro sition of eye (eye are in a line perpendicular to the plane of the scale) wrong position of eye water 4.3 Ruler : wrong right wrong Reading = cm is use to determine the length 10 11 12 13 14 15 2.5 cm 4.4 Vernier calliper A venier calliper is used to measure :

small object depth of a hole a. b. . c. d. . A vernier calliper gives readings to an accuracy of external diameter of a cylinder or pipe internal diameter of a pipe or tube 0.01cm

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ inside jaws Vernier scale cm 0 1 2 3 4 Main SKALAscale UTAMA 5 outside jaws 0 10 Main scale in cm 1.0 Length of vernier scale = cm Vernier scale is divided into 10 divisions Length of the divisions = . cm 0 5 10 1 0.01 0 Vernier scale The differenct between the main scale and vernier 0.01 cm scale is = . cm 1 0 cm Main scale 0.2 cm = . 0.26 cm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0.06 cm Vernier scale = .. Final reading = .. Find the division of vernier scale which is coincides with any part of the main scale The diagram below shows a vernier calliper with reading. 0 1 0

5 10 0.15 Vernier calliper reading = . cm

4.5 Micrometer screw gauge. A micrometer screw gauge is used to measure : object s that are small in size a. diameter of a wire b. . diamet imble (50 division) moves the spindle by 0.50 mm. Division of thimble 0.5 50 = .. 0. spindle 4.5 mm = .. Anvil mm sleeve (main scale) Sleeve scale : A accuracy of mi imble (circular: . scale) 0.01 mm 0.22 mm screw gauge = .. Thimble scale 4.62 mm Tot ading : .. ratchet frame 7

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _

Example : 2.0 mm Sleeve scale : 0.22 mm Thimble scale : . 2.22 mm Total reading : me others measuring instruments : Analogue stopwatch digital stopwatch thermometer miliammeter .. Measuring tape . appropriate instruments. measuring cylinder .. beaker Hands-on activity 1.1 on page 1 of the practical book to learn more about choosi ng Exercise: Vernier Callipers And Micrometer Screw Gauge 1. Write down the read ings shown by the following (a) 7 8 Answer: 7.89 cm.. 0 5 10 (b) 4 A B 5 P 0 5 Q 10 Answer: 4.27 cm.. 8

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ (c) 6 7 Answer: 6.28 cm.. 0 5 1 0 1 (d) 0 Answer: 0.02 cm.. 0 5 10 2. (a) The following diagram shows the scale of a vernier calliper when the jaws are closed. 0 1 0 5 10 Zero error = 0.02 cm (b). The following diagram shows the scale of the same vernier calliper when there are 40 pieces of cardboard between the jaws. 5 6 0 5 10 Reading shown = 5.64.cm Corrected reading = 5.62..cm 3. Write down (a) 0 the readings shown by the following micrometer screw gauges. (b) 5 40 0 5 10 35 35 30

Answer: 6.87 cm Answer:12.32 cm.. 9

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ (c) 0 (d) 25 20 0 5 20 15 Answer:4.71 cm Answer:9.17 cm 4. (a) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges. 0 0 45 0 5 0 Zero error = - 0.02.. mm Zero error = +0.03.. mm (b) Determine the readings of the following micrometer screw gauges. 20 0 5 0 0 5 15 Zero error = +0.03mm Reading shown = 6.67..mm Corrected reading = 6.64..mm 5. Write down the readings shown by the following micr ometer screw gauges. (a) (b) 0 5 40 0 5 10 35 35 30

Answer: 6.88 mm (c) 0 Answer: ..12.32 mm (d) 0 5 20 25 20 15 Answer:4.71 mm Answer: 9.17 mm 10

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _

Accuracy and consistency in measurements. The ability of an instrument to measur e nearest to the actual value 1. Accuracy : The ability of an r no relative 2. Consistency : deviation among readings. The a e in the quantity measured. 3. Sensitivity : target

consistent but inaccurate consistent and accurate inaccurate and not consistent target

Accurate but not consistent inaccurate but consistent inaccurate but not consist ent .. .. Hands-on activity 1.2 on page 2 of the practical bo instruments. Errors in measurements

of approximation only. 1. All measurements are values how close the 2. In other word, it is a matter of error exist in all measurements. rrors 4.1 Occurs due to : a weakness of the instrument a) not at zero when not in use. c) Examples : Range of the me rror c) 11

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _

Absolute error : . Refer to the smallest reading that ca 1 cm . Then, Absolute error = 0.1 / 2 = 0.05 cm where th 0 1 cm 0 1 cm 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 +0.03 cm Zero error = Positive zero error Correct reading = observed reading zer o Zero error = - 0.04 cm Negative zero error error Horizontal reference 2 divisions below horizontal reference Horizontal reference 3 divisions above horizontal reference

Zero error of screw meter gauge Positive zero error Zero error = - 0.02 mm 4.2Ra ndom error .. Occurs due to a) carelessness in making the measurement. taking the readings. c) sudden change of ambient factors su alue but they are not consistent. Can be minimized by consistently repeating the measurement at different places in an identical manner. Parallax error : It occ urs because the position of the eye is not perpendicular to the scale of the ins trument wrong Example : right position of the eye (no error) wrong Positive zero error Zero error = +0.03 12

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ 1.5 SCIENCETIFIC INVESTIGATION Steps Making observation Drawing inferences Explanation 1 Gather all available information about the object or phenomenon to be studied. U sing the five senses, sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell. A conclusion from an observation or phenomena using information that already exist. Variables are factors or physical quantities which change in the course of a scientific invest igation. There are three variables : i. Manipulated variables - physical quantit y which change according to the aim of the experiment. ii. Responding variables - physical quantity which is the result by manipulated variable. 2 3 Identifying and controlling variables of the changed iii. Fixed variables physical quantities which are kept constant during the expe riment. 4 Formulating a hypothesis Statement of relationship between the manipul ated variable and the responding variable those we would expect. Hypothesis can either be true or false. 5 Conducting experiments i. Conduct an experiment includes the compilation and interpretation of data. ii . Making a conclusion regarding the validity of the hypothesis. Plan and report an experiment Situation : A few children are playing on a differ ent length of swing in a playground. It is found that the time of oscillation fo r each swing is different. Steps 1 2 3 Example : refer to the situation above The period of the oscillation depends on the length of the pendulum. When the length of the pendulum increases, the perio d of the oscillation increases. Investigate the relationship between length and period of a simple pendulum. Inference Hypothesis Aim 13

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ 4 Variables Manipulated variable : the length of the pendulum. Responding variable : Period Fixed variable : the mass of the pendulum and the d isplacement. 5 List of apparatus and materials Arrangement of the apparatus Retort stand with clamp, 100 cm of thread, bob, meter rule, 2 blocks of clamp wo od, protractor and stop watch. 6 Retort stand protractor ll bob 7 Procedures 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure above. 2. Measure the length of t he pendulum,l = 60.0 cm by using a meter rule. 3. Give the pendulum bob a small displacement 300.Time of 10 oscillations is measured by using a stop watch. 4. R epeat the timing for another 10 oscillations. Calculate the average time. Period = t10 oscillations 10 5. Repeat steps 2, 3 and 4 using l = 50.0 cm, 40.0 cm, 30 .0 cm and 20.0 cm Length,l / cm 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 Time for 10 oscillation s / s 2 1 Average 15.8 15.0 13.1 11.9 9.9 15.7 15.0 13.1 11.9 9.9 15.8 15.0 13.1 11.9 9.9 Period/ s (T = t10/10) 1.58 1.50 1.31 1.19 0.99 8 Tabulate the data 14

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ 9 Analyse the data T/s 1.4 1.2 Graf of period, T vs pendulums length, l 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 l / cm 10 Discussion 11 Conclusion Precautions : 1. Oscillation time is measured when the pendulum attained a stead y state. 2. Time for 10 oscillations is repeated twice to increase accuracy. 3. Discussion (refer to given questions) The period increases when the length of the pendulum increases. Hypothesis accep ted. Reinforcement Chapter 1 Part A :Objective Question 1. Which of the following is a base SI quantity? A Weight B Energy C Velocity D Mass 2. Which of the followin g is a derived quantity? A Length B Mass C Temperature D Voltage 3. Which of the following is not a basic unit? A Newton C ampere B kilogram D second 4. Which of the following quantities cannot be derived? A Electric current B Pow er C Momentum D Force 5. Which of the following quantities is not derived from t he basic physical quantity of length? A Electric charge B Density C Velocity D V olume 15

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ 6. Initial velocity u, final velocity v, time t and another physical quantity k is related by the equation v - u = kt. The unit for k is A m s-1 B m-1 s -2 C ms D m2 s-2 7. Which of the following has the smallest magnitude? A megametre B ce ntimetre C kilometre D mikrometre 8. 4 328 000 000 mm in standard form is A 4.32 8 x 10-9 m B 4.328 x 10-6 m C 4.328 x 106 m D 4.328 x 109 m 9. Which of the foll owing measurements is the longest? A 1.2 x 10-5 cm B 120 x 10-4 dm C 0.12 mm D 1 .2 x 10-11 km 10. The diameter of a particle is 250 m. What is its diameter in cm ? A 2.5 x 10-2 B 2.5 x 10-4 C 2.5 x 10-6 D 2.5 x 10-8 11. Which of the following prefixes is arranged in ascending order? A mili, senti, mikro, desi B mikro, mi li, senti, desi C mili, mikro, desi, senti D desi, mikro, mili, senti 12. Veloci ty, density, force and energy are A basic quantities B scalar quantities C deriv ed quantities D vector quantities 13. Which of the following shows the correct c onversion of units? A 24 mm3 =2.4 x 10-6 m3 B 300 mm3=3.0 x 10-7 m3 C 800 mm3=8. 0 x 10-2 m3 D 1 000 mm3=1.0 x 10-4 m3 14. Which of the following measurements is the shortest ? A 3.45 x 103 m B 3.45 x 104 cm C 3.45 x 107 mm D 3.45 x 1012 m 15. The Hitz FM channel broadcasts radio waves at a frequency of 92.8 MHz in the north region. What is the frequency of the radio wave in Hz? A 9.28 x 104 B 9.28 x 105 C 9.28 x 107 D 9.28 x 1010 16. An object moves along a straight line for time, t. The length of the line, s is 1 given by the equation s gt 2 . The 2 SI unit of g is A m2 s2 B m s-2 C s-1 D s-2 m 16

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ Part B : Structure Question 1. A car moves with an average speed of 75 km h-1 fr om town P to town Q in 2 hours as shown in Figure 1. By using this information, you may calculate the distance between the two towns. P Q

Figure 1 (a) (i) Based on the statements given, state two basic quantities and t heir respective SI units. Distance : m and time : s (ii) St = 0.2 x 10 m 2 = 2.0 x 10 m 3 1 . m to standard form. 5 x 10-3 (c) Complete Table 1 by writing the value of each given prefix. 10 10 10 10 -9 -6 6 9 Table 1 (d) Power is defined as the rate of change of work done. Derive the unit for power in terms of its basic units. kgms 2 m work Force displaceme nt 2 -3 Pow er = = Unit = = kg m s s time time (e) Calculate the volume of a wooden block wi th dimension of 7 cm, 5 cm breadth and 12 cm height in m3 and convert its value in standard form. Volume = (7 x 10 ) (5 x 10 ) (12 x 10 ) -6 = 420 x 10 -4 3 = 4.20 x 10 m -2 -2 -2 17

Physics Module Form 4 Teachers Guide Chapter 1 : Introduction To Physics ________ ________________________________________________________________________________ _ 2. Figure 2 shows an ammeter of 03 A range.

Figure 2 Mirror (a) (i) Name component X. ... To avoid parallax error e current readings obtained by three students.

Table 2 No (i) Did all the students use the ammeter in Figure2? ... (ii) Explain in (b)(i). 3rd readings obtained by student 2 and 3 are out of the meter range. f water in a measuring cylinder K, L, and M are three eye positions while measur ing the volume of the water. (a) (i) Which of the eye positions is correct while taking the reading of the volume of water? L . Figure 3 (b) The water in the measuring cylinder is replaced with 30 cm3 of merc ury. (i) In Figure 4, draw the meniscus of the mercury in the measuring cylinder . Figure 4 (ii) Explain why the shape of the meniscus of mercury is as drawn in (b)(i). The cohesive force is larger than the adhesive force 18