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olemjyKoifwef;rSm te,fe,ft&yf&yfu vma&mufoifwef;wuf=uwJh vlrsdK;aygif;pkHausmif;om;aygif;pkHwkd@eJ@ qkHqnf;cJh &w,f/
tvGef aysmfp&maumif;wJhoifwef;ausmif;=uD;wausmif;jzpfw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;wkd@rGefausmif;om;wpkvJ tvGefaysmf&$if
csrf;ajr@=uw,f/ rdwfaqGopf taygif; oif;opfawGeJ@awG@qkH&if;eSD;vmcJh&w,f aysmf&$ifcsrf;ajr@p&m tvGefaumif;wJh
ausmif;om;b0ukd tjynhf0 cHpm;ae=uw,f/ vlrsdK;aygif;pkHausmif;om;txJrS tnmom; Armausmif;om;awGvJ
trsm;tjym;yg0ifw,f/ twlwlpmoif twlwlpm;aomuf twlwlupm;&if;eJ@ wjznf;jznf; wOD;udkwOD; &if;eSD; cifrif
vm=uw,f/ taygif;toif; oli,fcsif;awGjzpfvm=uw,f/ wOD;udkwOD; aemufajymif ajymqdkwJhtxd cifrif&if;eSD; vm=u w,f/
wdkwkdajym&&iftJ'Doifwef;u oifwef;om;wOD; tnmom;wa,mufu rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif; rSwfwrf; wifxm;wJh
ukef;abmifacwfordkif; pmtkyfukd zwfxm;[efwlygw,f/ rSm;,Gif;wJh tawG;ac: ol@acgif;xJ a&mufaew,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udk
rGefvlrsdK;vkd@olrodbl; wvkdif;vkd@bJ olodw,f/ &kd;&kd;om;om;bJ em;vnfxm;[efwlw,f/ tJ'aD wmh atmufjynf atmuf&Gm
uvmwJh rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ rGefausmif;om;udkawG@v#if (wvkdif;av;) (wvkdif;av;) vkd@ac:ajymjyD; aemufajymifwwfonf
tJ'DArmausmif;om;av;rSm b,fvkd &nf&G,fcsufeJ@ ac:w,fqdkwmukdrod&ayrJh/ rif;atmifxGef;wdk@ rGefausmif;om; wpktaeeJ@
tJ'Dvkdrdrdwkd@tm; ac:onfudk tenf;i,fr#rcHcsifbl; rdrdvlrsdK;udkapmfum;w,fvkd@ cHpm;aerd=uw,f/ rdrdwkd@udk tJ'Dvdkac:wJhtwGuf
rcHr&yf ekdifatmifjzpfvmrd=uw,f/ rdrdwdk@udkwvdkif;ac:jyD; eSdyfpufaewmudk qufjyD;rcHawmhcsifbl;/ wzufuvJ rif;atmifxGef;eJ@
rGefausmif;om;wpkwkd@&J@ pdwfxJrSmjzpfrdwmu xkdtnmom;ausmif;om;[m trSefudkrodvkd@ igwdk@udk 'Dvkdwvkdif;vkd@
ac:qdkaewmbJjzpf&r,f/ igwdk@taeeJ@ol@udktrSeftwdkif;ajymjy&ifaumif;r,fvkd@ rif;atmifxGef;eJ@ rGefausmif;om;wpkwdk@u
pOf;pm;rdw,f/ wae@rSmtJ'Dtnmom;ausmif;om;&SdwJh tcef;qDudk rGefausmif;om;wpkwkd@ oGm;=ujyD;ajz&Sif;w,f/
rif;atmifxGef;uOD;aqmifjyD;atmufygtwkdif;yGifhyGifhvif;vif;bJajymvkdufw,f/
igwdk@udkrif;uwvkdif;wvdkif;vkd@ac:wm
igwdk@r=udKufbl;
ighwkd@vlrsdK;[mwvkdif;vlrsdK;r[kwfbl;
igwkd@
vlrsdK;[mjrifhjrwfwJhrGefvlrsdK;jzpfw,f/ rif;wkd@ Arm &mZ0ifuom 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;udkeSdrfwJh oabmeJ@ wvkdif; vkd@ a&;om;jyD;
ac:aewm/ igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;awG vkH;0r=udKufbl; eSdKif;,SOfjyD; ajym&r,fqkd&if/ igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;awG u
rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;udkt&nf;=uD;rsdK; vkd@eSdrfjyD;ac:ovkdygbJ rif;wkd@vJ =udKufrSm r[kwfbl; aemufwcg igwkd@

10

rGefausmif;om;udkwvkdif;vkd@rac:zkd@ igawmif;yefw,f/ igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;[m rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;xufapmjyD; pmay

xGef;um;cJhwJhvlrsdK; rif;wdk@Armpmay[m rGGefpmayrS wqifhaygufzGm;vmwm/ rGefvlrsdK;[m apmjyD; Ak'<bmom
w&m;udkudk;uG,fcw
Jh Jh vlrsdK;/,Ofaus;wJhvlrsdK;/ rGefvlrsdK; wkd@&J@oxkHjynf=uD;rSm/ Ak'<omoem pnfyif zG@HjzKd;aewJhtcsdefrSm/
ArmvllrsdK;wkd@yk*HrSm/ t&nf;=uD;&[ef;udk udk;uG,faejyD; yef;OD;qGwfqdkwJhp&kdufu xGef;um;aeqJbJ &Sdao;w,f/
ArmvlrsdK; awGt&nf;=uD; &[ef;udk;uG,f qnf;uyf/ ae&wJhb0rS Ak'<w&m;ppfw&m;rSefudk udk;uG,fqnf;uyfwwfwJh
b0a&mufatmif omoemjyK cJw
h Jh&Sift&[H[m rGef&[ef;oHCmwyg;jzpfw,f *gr%dw&kwf ol&Jaumif;udk
,SOfjydKifxkd;owf tedkif,ljyD; rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;udk olwyg;aus;u|ef jzpf&r,fhb0rS u,fwifay;cJhwmvJ rGefol&Jaumif;
ordefA&mH jzpfw,f/ 'D*k%faus;Zl;awGudk rif;wkd@ ArmvlrsdK;awG odwwfbdk@aumif;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;&J@ *k%faus;Zl;udk
ArmvlrsdK;awG[m/ b,fawmhrSvJ rodwwfbl;/ aus;Zl;uef;=uw,f/ Arm&mZ0ifu vGJvJrG Sm;rSm; a&;om;xm;wmudk
oif=um;jyD; rif;wkd@Armvli,f[m 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:rSm/ rSm;,Gif;wJh tjrifawG udef;atmif;ae=uwm/ rif;wkd@udk
igwdk@tjypfrwifcsifbl;/tjypfvJrjrifcsifbl; yk*H/tif;0acwfrSm rGefvlrsdK;udk rGefvdk@bJokH;eSKef;cJhw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,swkd@
om;tzacwfukef;abmifacwfordkif;usawmhrSbJ/ 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;udk eSdrfwJh oabmeJ@ wvkdif;vkd@ ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vm=uw,f/
t"dy`g,fu vl&kdif;awG rdp>maumifawGqkdjyD; ac:vmwm/ a&;om;vm=uwm/'kd@rGefvlrdsK;uppf&SKH;olqkdawmhwzufowf
teSdrfcHvmcJh&w,f/wvdkif;vlrsdK;vkd@ordkif;rSma&;om;cHcJh&w,f/ 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awG[m/ ,Ofaus;rSK tvGefjrifhrm;wJhvlrsdk;
jzpfw,f/ bmomw&m;udkif;&Skdif;w,f/ 'kd@vlrsdK;[m vl&kdif;r[kwfbl; Armya'o&mZf ordkif;q&m awG&J@ rSKdif;wkdufrSKudk
rif;wkd@vli,fawGcHae&wm/ igwkd@oabmaygufygw,f/ 'ga=umifhordkif;trSefudkrodem;rvnfwJh/ rif;wkd@Armvli,fawG
tay: ig'dk@u cGifhv$wf oD;cHcJhw,f//
rif;wkd@ em;vnfatmif &Sif;&Sif;ajym&if igwdk@rGefvlrsdK;[m xD;eJ@eef;eJ@ usiSef;eJ@ aevmcJw
h JhvlrsKd ; Armtif;0e,f txd
'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awG ykdifpdk;cJhbl;w,f/ 1752ckeSpfrSmtif;0e,f[m 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;&J@ ajczsm; atmuf a&mufcJhbl;w,f/ 'dk@rGefbk&if
Anm'vrif;[m tvGefpdwfxm;jrifhjrwfw,f bmomw&m; udkif;&SdKif;w,f owW0gwkd@tay: arwWm w&m;
=uD;rm;w,f Armjynfoljynfom;awGudk wa,mufrSrowfapcJhbl; OD;atmifaZ,svkdpdwfxm;r&SdcJhbl;/ ArmawG
tm;vkH;udk 'dk@rGefvlrsdK;awGu rsdK;jyKwfatmif rowfcJhbl; tu,fI 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;awGOD;atmifaZ,svkd &ufpuf=urf;wrf;wJh
pdwf&SdcJh&if/ rif;wkd@ArmawGudk rsKd;jyKwfatmif owfedkifcJhygw,f/ 'Duae@qkd&if rif;wkd@ ArmvlrsdK;qkdwm 'DurBmrSmawmif
r&Sdawmhbl; 'gayrJhrGefvlrsdK;[m/ bmom w&m;udkif;&kdif;wJhvlrsdK;/ ,Ofaus;wJh vlrsdK;/ owW0gawGtay: arwWm
w&m;=uD;rm;wJh vlrsdK;jzpfvkd@ rif;wkd@ArmawGudk rowfbJxm;cJhw,f oem;cJh w,f/ 'gayrJh 1757/ckeSpfrSm
igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ [Hom0wDekdifiHawmffudk rif;wkd@ArmvlrsdK;/a&$bdkOD;atmifaZ,su t*FvdyfeJ@ 'wf(csf) wdk@tulnDeJ@
vma&mufwkdufcdkuf zsufqD;vkdk@ ysufqD; cJhw,f/ igwkd@rGefvlrsKd;udkvJ/ rsdK;jyKwfatmifowfcJhw,f/ cav;i,feSifh rGef&[ef;
oHCm/ ukd,f0efaqmifrdef;cav;wkd@tyg0if/ rGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;udk wa,mufrusef vdkufvHzrf;qD; owfcJhw,f/
usLyifckwfusLikwf rusefqkdjyD; 'dk@rGef vlrsdK;udkowfcJhw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,s[m enf;enf;rSt=uifem w&m;r&Sdbl;
arwWmw&m; acgif;yg;w,f/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfw,f/ vlom;pdwfuif;rJ@w,f/ 'ga=umifh igwkd@rGefvlrsdK; wkd@&J@ b0[m/
'Dtajc 'Db0a&muf ae&wm/ vlenf;pk jzpfae&w,f igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;awG b,fawmhrS tcJra=ubl;/ igwkd@ rGefwkdif;jynfudk
rw&m; usL;ausmfwdkufcdkuf odrf;ydkufxm;wJh rif;wkd@ArmawGudk 'kd@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u b,fawmhrSra=ueyfbl; tckawmh
tm;redkifvkd@om oD;cH ae=uwm 'DavmufbJ igwkd@ajymcsifw,f/ aemufwcg igwkd@ rGefausmif;om;awGudk wvdkif;vkd@
rac:bkd@ igawmif;yef ygw,f 'Davmuf ajym&if rif;em;vnfr,f xifw,f/ uJigwkd@oGm;awmhr,f/
txufygtwdkif;rif;atmifxGef;eJ@rGefausmif;om;wkd@u
xkdtnmom;
Armausmif;om;udk
rdrdwdk@pdwfxJrmS &SdwJhtwkdif;
yGifhyGifhvif;vif;
raxmufrnSmajymvkdufw,f/rif;atmifxGef;taeeJ@tJ'Dvkdw&Snfwac:=uD;ajymcsvdkuf&wJhtwGuf
&ifxJrS
cHpm;csuftenf;i,fayghoGm;w,f/ rdrdajymoGm;wJhtxJrSmrdrdcHpm;csufeJ@twlcufxefrma=umwJh pum;vkH;awGvJygoGm;w,f
rajymoifhwJhpum;awG/ajymoifhwJhpum;awGa&mygoGm;w,f tJ'Dpum;vkH;awG[m tvkdvkd yg;pyfzsm;u rpOf;pm;bJ ol[mol
ay:xGufvmwmudk rif;atmifxGef;taeeJ@ tHh=ovdk@rqkH;jzpfaerdw,f/ rlvu&kd;&kd;eJ@ at;at; aq;aq; ajymbkd@ &nf&G,fxm;ayrJh
ajym&if;ajym&if;eJ@ cHpm;csufjyif;xefvmw,f/ cHpm;csufeJ@twl pum;vkH;av;awGvJ rma=um cufxefvmw,f
vkd@rif;atmifxGef;odvdkfufw,f/ xkdtnmom;Arm ausmif;om; taeeJ@ em;vnfoabmaygufonf raygufonfudk
pOf;pm;raeawmhbJ rdrdteSpfeSpftvvu jrdKodyfxm;cJw
h Jh &ifwGif;cHpm;csuftwdkif;zGifh[ajymcswmjzpfw,f/ e*kdu cHpm;csuf &SdaewJh
twGufpum;ajymwJhtcgtenf;i,f rmefygygajymqkdrdwmuvGJ&if rif;atmifxGef;ajymoGm;wJh ta=umif;&m tm;vkH;wkd@[m

11

trSefcsDjzpfw,f/
'gayrJhrif;atmifxGef;&J@pum;awG[mxkdtnmom;Armausmif;om;tbdk@&ifhoD;ykH&w,f/
tenf;i,fcHjyif;wJh
oabm
jzpfoGm;[ef&Sdw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;&J@ ajympum; awGudk vkH;0em,l[efr&Sdbl;/ rdrdtcef;rSausmckdif;xGufoGm;onfh
rif;atmifxGef;eJ@rGefausmif;om;wpkwkd@udk/aemufrSrsufeSm&GJ@jyjyD; vsmxkwfjyao;w,f wvkdif;vkd@ac:awmh bmjzpf&rvJqdkwJh
oabm yrmrcef@wJh[ef jycJhw,f 'gayrJh aemufausm vSnfhxGufoGm;wJh rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ rGefausmif;om;wpk uawmh
'Dausmif;om;&J@ yrmrcwJhtjyKrludk rodvkduf=ubl;/
tJ'DArmausmif;om;[m rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ rGefausmif;om;udkawG@wkdif;awG@wdkif; ,cifaemufaeustwkdif;wvkdif;vdk@bJ
aemufajymif ajymqkdaejyefw,f xrif;pm;cef;rSmvJaemufw,f/ pmoifcef; xJrSmvJ aemufw,f/ tm;upm;uGif; rSmvJ
aemufw,f a&csdK;wJh ae&mrSmvJ aemufw,f rif;atmifxGef;udkawG@&if ac:aeustwkdif; wvkdif;vkd@bJ qufvuf
ac:qkdaejyefw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;wa,muf qufvufjyD; oD;rcHekdifawmhbl;/ rdrdudktJ'Dvkd rac:bdk@ t=udrf=udrf awmif;yef
ajymqkdyg&ufeJ@ rdrdudkxyfrHac:aejyefw,f/pdwfxJrSmrausrcsrf;jzpfaerdw,f//
wae@rSm rif;atmifxGef;wa,muf xrif;pm;cef;r aqmifrSm apmapm a&mufoGm;jyD; xrif;pm;aew,f/ tJ'Dtnmom;
Armausmif;om;uvJxrif;pm;bkd@xrif;pm;cef;xJokd@0ifvmw,f/
tcef;xJrSmacgif;ikHxrif;pm;aewJh
rif;atmifxGef;udk
awG@&ifaemufrSaejyD; bmrajymnmrajymbJacgif;udkwcsufykwfvkdufjyD; wvkdif;av;vdk@ aemufajymif ac:qkdoGm;jyefonf/
'DwcgrSmawmh rif;atmifxGef;qufvufjyD; oD;rcHedkifawmhbl;/ tJ'Dausmif;om; vGefoGm;jyD;wJh aemufrSm rif;atmifxGef;[m
rdrdteD;tem;rSm&SdwJh/ acgif;avmif;acguf oHacsmif;aumuf ([kdacwfwkH;uAkH;ysuftcGHudk acgif;avmif;tjzpfausmif;rSm tokH;jyK
wwfw,f/ acgif;avmif;udk acgufbdk@twGuf oHacsmif;udktokH;jyKw,f/)udkaumufudkifjyD; xkdArmausmif;om; &Sd&mwJhae&mudk
wtm;ajy;v$m;oGm;w,f bmrajymnmrajymawmhbJ acgif;ikHjyD; xrif;pm;bdk@ [efjyifaewJh tJ'DArm ausmif;om;udk
aemufausmuaejyD; ausmif;om;&J@ OD;acgif;wnfhwnfhudk oHacsmif;aumuftc|efeJ@ wtm;vGJ&kduf csvkdufw,f/ tJ'Dtnmom;
Armausmif;om;&J@ OD;acgif;rSm oHacsmif;tc|efu eufeuf&Sdif;&Sdif; pl;0ifoGm;jyD;pdkufaxmifaeawmhw,f/ tJ'D ausmif;om;[m
pum;wcGef;awmifrS rajymekdif awmhbJ xkdifwJhae&mrSmyif arSmufvJusoGm;jyD; yGJcsif;yD;aoqkH;oGm;w,f/ wausmif;vkH;
&kwf&kwfoJoJjzpfoGm;w,f/ausmif;om;xkw&yfvkH;tkH;tkH;=uGwf=uGwfjzpfukefw,f/ csufcsif;yif rif;atmifxGef;udk &J@Xmeu
vlowfrSKeJ@ta&;,lzrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifvkdufw,f/ Ttjzpfysufudkoufqkdif&mrdbrsm;qDodk@ta=umif;=um;vkdufw,f/ Towif;udk
=um;&wJhESpfzufaomrdbaqGrsdK;wkd@rSmxdef@vef@ tHh=o=uukefw,f/ aoqkH;oGm;wJh ausmif;om;&J@ rdbawGarmifeSrawG
aqGrsdK;awG[m ,l=uKH;r&atmif0rf;enf;a=u;uGJcJh&w,f/ aoqkH;oGm;wJhom;i,fnDi,ftwGuf&ifxJrSm tylrD;xawmuf
avmifu|rf;jyD; ikda=uG;ylaqG;cJh=uw,f/ xkdtwl rif;atmifxGef;&J@ rdbwkd@ armifeSrwdk@aqGrsdK;wkd@uvJ pdwfeSvkH;a=uuGJ
0rf;enf;cJh=uw,f/ cspfwJhom;i,fnDi,ftwGuf tylrD;avmifu|rf;=uw,f/ ajzrqnf;edkfifjzpf=uw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;twGuf
urm0ufausmif;u rGefausmif;olom;tm;vkH;wkd@u 0rf;enf;a=uuGJcJh=uw,f rif;atmifxGef;twGuf qkawmif; arwWmykd@=uonf
rif;atmifxGef;&J@rdcif[mom;udkcspfwJhaZmeJ@pdwWZjzpfjyD;tjyif;xefemzsm;oGm;w,f//
aemufqkH;rSm rif;atmifxGef;udkvlowfrSKyk'fr (302)eJ@w&m;&kH;awmfrSm&JtrSKvkdufutrSKwifpGyfpJGw,f/ c&kdif&mZ0wf&kH;awmfrSm
eSpfOD;eSpfzuftrSKudk &ifqkdifajz&Sif;&w,f/ rif;atmifxGef;taeeJ@trSefudktrSefwkdif;&kH;awmfudkav#mufvJwifjyonf/ rdrdtjypfudk
0efcHw,f/ trSKtoGm;vmudk pkHprf;ppfaq;jyD; aemufqkH;rSmjypf'g%ftrdef@csrSwfwJh ae@a&mufvmw,f tJ'Dae@rSm eSpfzufrdbwdk@
armifeSraqGrsdK;wkd@ pkHnDvma&muf=uw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmrif;atmifxGef;rSm jypfrSKxif&Sm;w,fqkjd yD; axmif'g%f woufwu|ef;
csvkdufw,f//
rif;atmifxGef;rSmi,f&G,folausmif;om;wOD;jzpfjcif;/ aoqkH;olu&efpvSKyfaqmfwJhtwGufjzpfjcif;/ wcsufwnfaom&kdufeSufcsuf
jzpfjcif;/pwJhtcsufvufawGudkaxmufxm;jyD; rif;atmifxGef;tay:oufoufnSmnSmtrdef@cscJhw,f/ aopmaoaptrdef@rcsrSwfbJ/
woufwu|eftjypf'g%fukdomcsrSwfcJhw,fvkd@od&w,f/ jypfrSKtrdef@udk =um;vkduf&wJh rif;atmifxGef;wkd@ rdom;pkbufrmS
ajzrqnf;ekdfifjzpf=uw,f/ olwkd@om;i,fnDi,farmifi,f&J@axmifxJrSm b0qkH;&rJhtjzpfudkawG;jyD; ,l=uKH;r&jzpf=uw,f/
tvGef0rf;enf; a=uuGJ=uw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;udkoem=uw,f/ wzufrSmaoqkH;oGm;wJh rdom;pkwkd@ zufrSvJ0rf;enf;
a=uuGJ=uw,f/ aoqkH;oGm;wJhom;i,f nDi,ftwGuf,l=uKHr&jzpf=uw,f/ jyefvnftoufr&SifvmwJhom;i,fnDi,ftwGuf
ajzrqnf;ekdfifjzpf=uw,f/ ikda=uG;=uw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;taeeJ@axmif'g%fwoufwu|ef;jypfrSKcHoGm;&ayrJholwdk@om;i,frSmrl
'Dwoufjyefvnftouf&Sifp&mta=umif; vkH;0r&Sdawmhay/ 'gawGudkawG;awG;jyD; aoqkH;oGm;wJhom;i,fnDi,ftwGuf

12

ajzrqnf;ekdifjzpf=uw,f,l=uKH;r&atmif0rf;enf;yufvufjzpf=uw,f/ ynmtvGeaf wmfwJh rdrdwkd@.om;i,faoqkH;wJhtwGuf

aqGrsdK;armifeSrtm;vkH;wkd@u jyif;jyif;xefxef pdwWZ a0'em cHpm;=u&w,f/
'DvdkrvdkvmtyfwJhtrSKjzpf&wJhta=umif;udkprf;ppf=unfh&ifrrSefruefwJhordkif;rSwfwrf;a=umifhjzpfw,f/
rrSefruefwJhordkif;rS
ta=umif;&m[mvli,fawGudk tawG;ac:tqdyftawmufjzpfapcJhw,f/ tJ'DvkdrrSefuefwJh ta=umif;&mawGudk oif=um;rSwfom;
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13

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tJ'DvkdaxmifxJrSmpdwful,Ofaysmf&$ifaewJhrif;atmifxGef;wa,muf[m rar#mfvifhbJrdrd&J@urBmwckvkH;udk tpdyfpdyftrGmrGmjydKvJ
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14

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jzpfor# ta=umif; taumif;=uD;bJvdk@oabmxm;vkdufonf//
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ovkdolaX;jzpfoGm; =uw,f/ axmifrSvGwfvmjyD;aemufrif;atmifxGef;eSifhZeDonfwkd@onf urm0ufrSmraexkdifbJoHjzLZ&yfjrdK@odk@
ajymif;a&$@ oGm;a&mufaexkdfif=uw,f/um;0,fjyD;um;vkyfudkifjzifhtoufarG;0rf;a=umif;jyKw,f//
axmifuvGwfvmjyD;aemufrSmudkatmifxGef;eJ@u|efawmfwcgw&HoHjzLjrdK@rSmawG@qkH=uw,f/ rif;atmifxGef;b0rS edkifatmifxGef;
b0odk@ajymif;vJoGm;onfudkawG@&w,f/ oHjzLZ&yf-rk'Hk/ta0;ajy;um;toif;rSm OuUXwm0efudk xrf;aqmif aeonfudk
awG@jrif&w,f/ 1987-ckeSpfrSm ekdifwifatmif(yi&Gm) ekdifatmif&Sdef(urm0uf)eJ@ u|efawmfwkd@ OD;aqmifjyD;ausmif;om;wpk
awmckdxGufvmwJhtcsdefxd/ edkifatmifxGef;wa,muf[m/oHjzLZ&yf-rk'Hk-armfvjrdKif ta0;ajy; um;toif;rSmyif toif;OuUX
wm0efudk xrf;aqmifaev#uf &Sdonfukdod&w,f/ vlcspfvlcifaygrsm;jyD; oHjzLZ&yfjrdK@rSm tvGefxif&Sm;wJh jrdK@rsufeSmzkH;vl=uD;
wOD;jzpfaew,f//
(Tae&mYaoqkH;oGm;aom xkdausmif;om;tm; vGefpGmoem;rdonf xdkausmif;om;aooGm;onfhtwGuf/ u|efawmfvkH;0 pdwfraumif; jzpfrdonf/
tvGef0rf;enf;rdonf/
xkdaoqkH;oGm;aom
ausmif;om;.*k%f
rdbaqGrsdK;wkd@.*k%fudk
xdcdkufapvkdaomapoem/
u|efawmfY
vkH;0r&Sda=umif;odapvkdygonf/ Ttjzpfudk a&;om;jcif;tm;jzifh/ aoqkH;oGm;onfhausmif;om;. *k%feSifh edkifatmifxGef; wkd@.*k%f
oduQmudkxdckdufapekdifygonf[kjrifcJhv#if TtwGuf u|efawmfawmif;yefygonf/trSefudk trSeftwdkif; jynfolvlxkrsm; od&SdjyD; rrSm;oifh
onfudkrrSm;atmifocFefpm,ledkif&ef a&;om;jcif;omjzpfonf u|efawmftm; cGifhv$wf=u&ef aoqkH;oGm;aom ausmif;om; rdbeSifh
edkifatmifxGef;wdk@tm;tel;tnGwf awmif;yef ygonf// pma&;ol)

15

tydkif;(4)
vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@ta=umif;udkodcsif&if
tJ'DvlrsdK;wkd@ukd,fwdkifa&;om;xm;wJhorkdif;ukdavhvm&r,f/
xkdvlrsdK;wkd@&J@pkdufxlxm;wJh
ausmufpmwkdifawG ajrwl;jrKyfxm;wJh ausmufpmawGudkavhvm okawoejyKjyD;aumufcsufcs&r,f/ a&;xkd;xm;wJh urnf;pmawG
aqmufvkyfxm;wJh apwDykxkd; *lausmif;uefwkd@udk avhvmjyD;/ avhvmawG@&SdwJh oufao taxmufxm;tay:rSmom
vlrsdK;wrsdK;ta=umif;udk tqkH;jzwfjyK&r,f/ ukd;um;jyD;ajymqkd&rSmjzpfw,f/ qdkvdkwJhtcsufu rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ta=umif;udk
odcsif&ifrGefvlrsdK;wkd@ udk,fwkdifa&;om;xm;wJhorkdif;udkbJ avhvm&r,f rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ pkdufxlxm;wJhausmufpmwkdifawG ajrwl;jrKyfeSH
xm;wJh ausmufpmawG/ aqmufvkyfvSL'gef;xm;wJhapwDykxkd;*lausmif;uefawG urnf;a&;xkd;xm;wJh rSwfwrf;awGukd avhvm&r,f
tJ'DavhvmawG@&Sdcsuftay:rlwnfjyD;rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ywfoufwJhaumufcsuf awGudkcs&rSmjzpfw,f 'Dvkdr[kwfbJ rGefvlrsdK;wkdf@&J@
ta=umif;udk odcsifw,fqkdjyD; tjcm;olwyg;u a&;om;xm;wJh rGefvlrsdK; wkd@&J@ta=umif;udkavhvmjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:
aumufcsufcsr,f a0zefqkH;jzwfr,fqdk&ifvkH;vkH;rw&m;bl;/enf;vrf;vJrusbl;/ rSefuefrSKvJb,fenf;rS&ekdifrSmr[kwfbl;vdkd@
ajymcsifw,f/ 'gxufykdqdk;jyD;enf;vrf;ruswJhtcsufu rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ ta=umif;udk odcsifw,f qkdjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@&efoljzpfwJholu
a&;om; xm;wJhpmawG orkdif;rSwfwrf;awG avhvmjyD; aumufcsufcs=ur,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&@J &efolajymwJhpum;awGudk
em;axmifjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wdk@tay:tqkH;jzwfjyKae=ur,fqkd&iftvGef,kwWd,kwWefrJh&musaew,f/ tJ'Davmuf tawG;ac:c|wfacsmf
vGJrSm;wm avmurSmr&Sdedkifawmhbl;vkd@ajymcsifw,f//
vlrsdK;wrsdK;utjcm;vlrsdK;&J@ta=umif;udka&;om;ekdifatmiftJ'DvlrsdK;rSmbmtm%mawG&Sdvkd@vJ/ tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK; ta=umif;udk
tqkH;jzwfjyKekdifatmif tJ'DvlrsdK;rSm bmwHckd;awG&Sdaevkd@vJ/ tJ'Dar;cGef;awGudkajzprf;yg/ tajzay;& cufaerSm aocsmygw,f/
igwkd@Arm[mppfefdifwJhvlrsdK;rdk@ igwkd@a&;csifovkda&;om;ekdifw,f rif;wkd@ppf&SKH;wJh rGefvlrsdK;rdk@igwkd@a&;om;wJhtwkdif;cH,l&rnf/
ppf&SKH;wJhtwGufrGefvlrsdK;udkvJ igwkd@u trnfemray;csifovkd ay;edkifw,fvkd@tajzay;&,kHuvGJjyD; wjcm;tajzay;p&mr&Sdekdifygbl;
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ b0tjzpfu tJ'DvkdtedkifusifhcHae&w,f/ ppf&SKH;oGm;wJhtwGufppfekdifol&J@ tqkH;jzwfukd wzufowfcHae&w,f/
ppf&SKH;wJhtwGuf ajcvufawGudkwkwfjyD; wzufowf txkd;=udwf cHae&w,f/ yg;pyfudk ydwfcHxm;&jyD; wzufowfqJqkdwmudk
jidrfcHae&wJhb0a&mufaew,f/
ukef;abmifacwfrSmrGefeJ@Armwkd@[mjyif;jyif;xefxefppfjzpfcJh=uw,f/
&efoljzpfcJh=uw,f/
wzufeJ@wzufwOD;eJ@wOD;tjywf&Sif;wkdufcdkufcJh=uw,f/ tJ'DvkdrGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ppfjyKdifbuf&efolArmvlrsdK;wkd@ a&;om;xm;wJh
ordkif;awG rSwfwrf;awG pmayawGudk avhvmjyD; rGefvlrdsK;udk wvkdif;vkd@aumufcsufcsowfrSwfae=uw,f/ 'gw&m;ovm;/ jyD;awmh
edkifiHjcm;om;awGuvJ Armordkif;q&mawGa&;om;wJh rSefeef;&mZ0if ukef;abmifacwf &mZ0ifqkdwJh Armordkif; pmtkyfwdk@udk
udk;um;jyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;vkd@a&;om;vm=uw,f/ tqkH;jzwfjyKae=uw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ taeeJ@ odyfudkcHjyif;p&maumif;w,f
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSm zdeSdyfcsKyfcs,fwJhArmtpkd;&tqufqufatmufrSm ydwfavSmifjyD; nSif;qJcH ae&w,f/ bmrSwkef@jyefjyd;
ra&;om;edkifcJhbl; rdrdwdk@oabmtwkdif; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfa&;om;cJh&if Armtpdk;&uOya'awG trsdK;rsdK;eJ@zrf;qD;jyD; tjypfay;
ta&;,lhjyefw,f/ Armpma&;q&mawGudkpdwf=udKufa&;om;cGifhjyKxm;ay;rJh rGefvlrsdK;pma&;q&mawGudkawmh trsdK;rsdK;ydwfyif
wm;qD;w,f/'kuQay;cJhw,f/ bmrSvGwfvyfrSK/w&m;r#wrSKr&Sdbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@u Armpma&;q&mawG Armordkif;ynm&SifawG
csdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrfeJ@ wzufowf pdwf=udKuf a&;om;wJh pmawGudkzwfjyD;pdwfqif;qif;&J&JeJ@eSpfaygif;&mcsDjyD; oD;cHvmcJh&w,f//
vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@ uH=urRmudk tjcm;vlrsdK;wrsdK;u cs,fvS,fzefwD;wJhacwfr[kwfawmhbl; ukd,fuH=urRmudk udk,fuzefwD;wJhacwf
a&mufaejyD;jzpfw,f/rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@uH=urRmudktjrifusOf;ajrmif;jyD; ArmvlrsdK;0g'udktjynfh0eSpfeSpfjcdKufjcdKufvufudkifjyKxm;wJhArm
ordkif;q&mawG Armpma&;q&mawGuzefwD;acwfukefqkH;cJhjzpfw,f/aemufususefcJhjyD;jzpfw,f/
'gayrJhya'o&mZfacwfuArmordkif;ynm&SifawG/ Armpma&;q&mawGzefwD;vkdufwJhorkdif;rSwfwrf;awG/pmtkyfawGukd,ae@acwf
Armordkif;ynm&SifawG/Armpma&;q&mawGut=uGif;rJhqufcHjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:rSmya'o&mZfacwftwkdif;jyKrlusifh=uHaeonfrSm
tvGeftHh=obG,faumif;w,f/emrvnfekdifatmifjzpfvmrdw,f/ /rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vlrsdK;jzpfatmifzefwD;csif=uw,f/
vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@b0uH=urRmudkcs,fvS,fcsifovkdcs,fvS,fae=uw,f/zefwD;csifovkdzefwD;ae=uw,f
rGefvlrsdK;udk
aus;u|ef
vlrsdK;vkd@oabmxm;&mrusaebl;vm;/ u|efacwfudkjyefjyD;owd&rdw,f/ u|efacwfwkH;uppfwdkufvkd@ atmifekdifcJh&ifqef@usifbuf
&efolrSefor#udk owfypfvkd@&w,f u|eftjzpf a&mif;pm;vkd@ &w,f/ u|eftjzpfckdif;apvkd@&w,f aus;u|efwdk@&@JeHzl;jyifay:rSm
oHyljym;cyfeSdyfjyD; wHqdyftrSwfom; onmtrsdK;rsKd ;udkay;ekdifw,f/ eHygwf(1) (2)(3) xkeSdyfhjyD;vJ trSwfonmjyKxm;ekdifw,f/

16

,ckvJbmxl;ovJ/ppf&SKH;wJhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:Armya'o&mZfawG&J@jyKrlykH[m
u|efacwfueJ@
bmjcm;em;ao;ovJ/
igwkd@rGefvlrsdK;udkppfwkdufvkd@atmifedkifcJhwmbJ ppf&SKH;wJhigwkd@&efol rGefvlrsdK;udk igwkd@=udKufeSpfouf ovkd ac:qkdekdifw,f/
trnfemrtckckudkwyfrSwfay;ekdifw,f/
igwkd@a&;om;wJhordkif;pmtkyfawGrSmrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;qkdwJhtrnf
emrwckckudk
igwdk@ay;vkdufr,f/ tJ'Dvkda&;om;rSwfwrf;wifxm;vkd@&Sd&if rGefvlrsdK;r&Sdawmhbl;ppf&SKH;wvkdif;vlrsdK;tjzpfeJ@bJ urBmuodawmhr,f/
igwdk@[mppfekdifwJhvlrsdK;bJ/ ppfedkifolyDyDigwkd@vkyfcsifwmvkyfekdifw,f tJ'DvdktawG;ac:rsdK;eJ@ukefabmifacwfu Armorkdif;ynm&Sifwkd@
uorkdif;udkrSwfwrf;wifcJh=uw,f/ ,ae@acwfArmvl@abmifrSm'DtawG;ac:rsdK; r&Sdxkdufawmhbl;vkd@ u|efawmfjrifw,f/ 'gayrJh
,ae@xdArmorkdif;ynm&SiftcsdK@wkd@u rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;jzpfatmif=udK;pm;yrf;pm;orkdif;okawoejyKjyD; oufaoxlaewkH;bJ
qkdawmh tvGef0rf;enf;bkd@aumif;w,f/ ya'o&mZftaawG;ac:rdsK;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSmtckxufxd eSpfepS fjcdKufjcdKuf &if0,fydkuf
k J u|efjzpfxkdufwJholvkd@ tcsdL@jrefrmhorkdif;pmtkyfrSm
odrf;qnf;xm;wJh oabmroufa&mufaebl;vm;/ rGeb
f &k ifAnm;'vrif;2udv
rSwfwrf; wifxm;w,f/ 'g[mrGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;vkH;udkapmfum;&musaew,f/ u|efacwfwkH;uqdk&ifurBmhay:rSm pdwfaumif;
eSvkH;aumif;&SdwJhol qifjcifw&m;eJ@jynfh0jyD; udk,fcsif;pmem wwfwJholawG ay:ao;w,f/ u|efpepf[m raumif;bl;rw&m;bl;qkdjyD;
trsdK;rsdK;a&;om;uef@uGufqef@usifcJh=uw,f/ 'gayrJhArmvl@tzGJ@pnf;todkif;0kdif;rSm rGefvlrsdK;udk wvdkif;vdk@ trnfemrowfrSwf
ay;aewmudk uef@uGufol pdwfaumif;eSvkH;aumif;&SdwJhol Armynm&Sdqdkvkd@wOD;wa,mufrS ray:xGufcJhbl;/ odyfhudkxl;qef;w,f
odyfudktHh=obdk@ aumif;w,f/ wvkdif;vkd@ rGefvlrsdK;udk trnfemr owfrSwfay;aewmudk tm;vkH;ueSpfjcdKuf oabmusjyD;
jidrfoufae=uw,fvkd@pGyfpJGajym&rvkdjzpfaew,f/
'Dvkd&ifhoD;wJhpum;vkH;awGeJ@Armordkif;ynm&SifawGArmpma&;q&mawGukd
u|efawmfrpGyfpGJxkdufygbl;qdkwmvJemvnfygw,f/ 'gayrJhrGefvlrsdK;udk,fpm;tvGefpdwfrcsrf;ajr@vGef;vkd@ajym&csifjzpfw,f/
acwfeJ@tcsdefcgu ajymif;vJvmjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk wkdif;jynfwGi;f rSm ydwfavSmifxm;jyD; pdwf=udKufjiif;qJvkd@ r&awmhbl;
ajcvufawGudkwkwfaeSmifxm;jyD;=udKufeSpfoufovkd&kdufeSufjiif;qJvkd@r&awmhbl;
yg;pyfawGudkydwfxm;jyD;=udKufeSpfoufovkd
wzufowf acgif;acgufqJaevkd@r&awmhbl; ekdifiHwumodk@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@a&mufae=ujyD; jzpfw,f/ vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
udk,fhtjrifawGudk a&;om;vmekdifjyD; vGwfvGwf vyfvyfajymqkdvmekdifjyD; rrSefruefr[kwfr[wfwmawGudk csufcsif;wkef@jyef
a&;om;vmekdifjyd; jzpfw,f/ ArmpmykHeSdyfwkduf[m ArmjynfwGif;rSmom&Sdwmr[kwfawmhbl; ArmpmykHeSdyfwkdufeJ@Armpma&;om;
ykHeSdyfxkwfa0rSKudkyg eSpfaygif;&mcsDvuf0g;tkyfxm;jyD;rdrdwdk@pdwf=udKuf eSpfoufovkda&;om;ekdifwJhacwfvJ ukefqkH;oGm;jyD; jzpfw,f
wdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;wdk@tay:rSmArmvlrsdK;awGtrsdK;rsdK;csKyfcs,fjyD;vuf0g;=uD;tkyfcs,fvS,fvkd@r&awmhbl; urBmteSHrSm b,fae&mrSm
rqkd Armpmtkyfudk a&;om;xkwfa0vmekdifjyD; internet uwqifhvJa&;om;vmekdifjyD; ArmjynfwGif;rSm&Sd=uwJh jynfolawGudk
xkd;azgufjyD; ynmay;vmekdifjyD; rsufpdzGifhay;vmekdifjyD;jzpfw,f/ 'gawGudk tjrifusOf;ajrmif;wJh ArmawG Armq&mq&mawG
Armorkdif;ynm&SifawG owdxm;rdbkd@aumif;jyD;/ tJ'DvkdacwfeJ@tnD ajymif;vJjyD; rjrifwwf&if ajymif;vJjyD;rusifhokH;wwf&if
wae@ae@rSmrdrdwkd@ArmawGtbkd@ 0wfa=uG;wkef@vJ@S tcsdefcgvJ rvGJra&Smifom a&mufvm awmhr,f qkdwm owd&Sdapcsifw,f/
ArmvlrdsK;wkd@ta=umif;udktrsdK;rsdK;a&;om;jyD; tqkH;jzwfjyKvmrJh tvSnfhtajymif; uav;ukdvJ ajy;rvGwfatmif =uKHawG@&rSm
aocsmw,fvdk@ owday;csifw,f/ wcsdefwkH;u tif;0Armbk&if "rR&mZm"dywd[m rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@bk&if Anm'vrif;&J@
ajceif;zsm;atmufa&mufcJhbl;wJhorkdif;udkvJ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@a&;om; vmawmhr,f/ vlrsdK;wrsdK;&J@ta=umif;udk tjcm;vlrsdK;
wrsdK;ua&;om;xm;wJhtay: tajccHjyD;tqkH;jzwfjyKwmrSefuefw,fvkd@,lq&ifreG fvlrsdK;wkd@/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@/ &ckdifvlrsdK;wkd@
=uDdKufeSpfoufovkd a&;om;wJhorkdif;udk axmufxm;jyD; ArmvlrsdK;udktuJcwfwmvJrSefw,fvkd@ajym&Jekdif&r,f/ owdW&Sd&r,f/
wkdif;&if;om;wOD;OD;ua&;om;wJhorkdif;udk taxmufxm;jyKjyD; ArmvlrsdK;awGudktqkH;jzwfjyKwmcH&J&r,f/ ukd,fwOD;wnf;u
eSpfaygif;(250)ausmfausmfvuf0g;=uD;tkyjf yD; wzufowfa&;om;jyD;tqkH;jzwfjyKcJhw,fqdkawmh tckcsdefrSm wzufwkdif;&if;om;
vlrsdK;awGudkvJ tqkH;jzwfjyKekdifwJhtcGifha&;awGay;&awmhrSmaygh/ 'grSvJw&m;r#wr,fr[kwfvl;vm;/ OyrmvlwOD; wa,mufu
ArmvlrsdK;eJ@ ywfoufjyD; atmufygtwkdif;a&;om;xm;wmudkzwf&SK=unfhprf;yg
Arm[laoma0g[m&onf(b)[laoma0g[m&rS
qif;oufvmaomyk'fysufjzpfonf
umv=umjrifhvm
aomtcga0g[m&a&G@vsm;ajymif;vJwwfwJhoabmed,mrt&(b)[laom
a0g[m&rSonfbrm[laom
yk'fodk@ajymif;vJjzpfay:cJhonf/xkdrSwzef(brm)yk'frSonfArm[laomyk'fokd tqifhqifhajymif;vJjzpfay:vm cJhonf
qkdjyD; a&;om;=uw,fqdkygpkd@
2

&weoDcr[m&mZ0if/ pm 162/

17

ArmvlrsdK;awGtaeeJ@'Dta&;om;ukdzwfjyD;a'gotacsmif;vkdufxGufrSmaocsmw,f/ qwfqwfcgcgemusnf;rSmaocsmw,f/
txufyga&;om;xm;wJhpmyk'feJ@ywfoufjyD; atmufygar;cGef;rsm;udkvJ tcsdeftenf;i,f,l pOf;pm;jyD;u|efawmfwkd@ ajz=unfh=u&if
aumif;vdrfrnfxifygw,f//
(1) xkdodk@t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudkArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@=unf=unfjzLjzLvufcHekdifygrh vm;/
(2) 'Dvdkt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudkw&m;r#ww,frSefuefw,f/tusdK;ta=umif;ckdifvkHw,fqkdjyD;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@tm;twif;vufcH
vmatmif=udK;pm;oifhygrh vm;/
(3) 'Dvkdt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudkArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@vkH;0vufrcHrausbJvsufu|efawmfwkd@bmomu|efawmfwkd@vGwfvGwf
vyfvyfokH;eSKef;a&;om;ajymqkdaeoifhyghrvm;/
(4) 'Dvdkt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudka&;om;okH;eSKef;ajymqkdwJhtay:ArmvlrsdK;wdk@taeeJ@pdwfcsrf;ajr@pGm&Sdedkifyghrvm;
(5) 'Dvkdt"dy`g,fzGifhqkdcsufudka&;om;okH;eSKef;ajymqdkae=uwJhtay:ArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJhbmrSrajymrqdkrwkef@jyefbJacgif;ikH
cHaeekdifyghrvm;/acgif;ikHcHaebdk@u|efawmfwkd@ar#mfvifhoifhyghovm;//
txufygar;cGef;wkd@udkajz=um;=unfh&ifcHpm;csuftrSefudku|efawmfwkd@&=uvdrR,f/wvkdif;vkd@oufoufrJhtac:cHae&wJhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@
b0udkvnf;udk,fcsif;pmemvmwwfr,fvkd@xifygw,f/
'DOyrmudkray;csifygbl;/
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18

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19

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OD;atmifaZ,su emrfeSdrfhwJhemrnfwckudkay;jyD;wkdufw,fvkd@aumufcsufcsvkd@&w,f/

20

trSefw&m;udk&SmazGcsif&ifvGwfvyfwJhokawoDawGorkdif;ynm&SifawG&J@avhvmpl;prf;okawoejyKjyD;awG@&Sdcsufwkd@udk ukd;um;,lbkd@
vkdw,fvkd@u|efawmfajymcJw
h Jhtwkdif;/ 'Dae&mrSmvGwfvyfwJhordkif;ynm&Sif Forchhammer'&@JawG@&Sdcsufudk udk;um;jyD;wifjyvkd
ygw,f/ Forchhammer' [m emrnf=uD;wJh jAdwdo#vlrsdK;ordkif;ynm&SifwOD;jzpfw,f/ ol&J@okawoeavhvmawG@&Sdcsuft&qkd&if
wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m rnfonfh ae&mrSmrS rawG@&bl; rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ ywfouf qufEG,fjyD; wvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;rawG@&bl;vdkd@
olutcdkifrmqdkxm; w,f/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if b,fausmufpmrSmrS wvkdif;vkd@ rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmrawG@cJh&bl;wvkdif; qkdwJh
pum;vkH;[m OD;atmifaZ,suwrifwumoufouf wDxGifjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkckeSdrfwJhpum;vkH; jzpfw,f qkdwm udk oGm;awG@w,f/
atmufygtaxmufxm;udk =unfh&ifodomekdifygw,f/
Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJhpmtkyf "Burma" (with special reference to her relations with China),
Printed and Published at the "Rangoon Cazette" Press, 1893. Chapter VII, Page 72

rSmatmufygtwdkif;a&;om;xm;onfudkawG@&w,f/
"The use of the word 'Talaing' here disproves Forchhammer's contention, repeated by
Gay, and approved by Mr. Eales in his Census Returns, that the term was invented by
Alompra."
'Dpmyk'f&J@t"dy`g,fu/ ordkif;ynm&Sifrsm;jzpfwJh/ Forchhmmer, Gay eSifh Mr. Eales wkd@okawoe t=udrf=udrf jyKvkyfjyD;/
rSefuefonf[ktcdkifrm/wifjyxm;wJhtcsuf((contention)w&yf&SdcJhw,f/ tJ'gubmvJqkdawmh/ (wvdkif;qdkwJh a0g[m&

pum;vkH;[m OD;atmifaZ,su wrifwum wDxGifokH;pGJxm;aom pum;vkH;omjzpfw,f)vkd@ olwkd@u oufao om"u

taxmuftxm; jynfhjynfhpkHpkHeSifh wifjyxm;w,f (contention) tcdkifrm tqkdjyKcsuf jyKxm;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;[m
wvkdif;r[kwfbl;vkd@ tcdkifrmoufaoom"ujzifhjyxm;w,f/ tJ'Dawmh/ 'Dae&mrSm wvkdif;qdkwJh pum;udk okH;pGJae=ujcif;[m
xkdorkdif; ynm&Sif wkd@&J@ tckdifrmwifjyxm;wJhtqdkjyKcsuf (contention)udk rrSefuefbl;vkd@qkd&m usaew,f
'Dpmyk'fuaxmufjyxm;w,f/ qdkvkdwJhoabmu orkdif;ynm&SifawG oufaoom"u taxmuftxm;eJ@ rGefvlrdsK;[m
wvkdif;r[kwfbl;vkd@ tcdkdifrmwifjyxm;ygvsuf/ ,ckvkd wvdkif; pum;ukd xyfokH;aejcif;[m roifh bl;vkd@qkdwJh oabmygbJ
'Dpm&J@oabmu wvkdif;qkdwJh pum;udk rokH;oifhwJhta=umif; t"dy`g,f az:n$ef; aew,f/
Forchhmmer[m
tvGefxifay:ausmf=um;aom
a&S@a[mif;okawoe
ynm&SifwOD;jzpfw,f/
jrefrmedkifiHrSm/
a&S@a[mif;okawoe/ wl;az:a&;vkyfief; rsm;pGmudkvkyfudkifcJholjzpfw,f/ ausmufqnf rdwdvma'orSm orkdif;okawoe vkyfief;udk
vkyfudkifcw
Jh Jhxifay:wJhjAdwdo#orkdif;ynm&SifwOD;jzpfw,f/ jrefrmjynfeSifhqdkifwJh orkdif;pmtkyfrsm;udk vnf; a&;om;
xkwfa0cJholwOD;jzpfw,f/ 'Dvkdxifay:wJh yg&*lwOD;&J@ tcdkifrmoufaoom"ueJ@ wifjyxm;wJh tcsufudk vspfvsL&SkjyF;
rGefvlrsdK;ukdwvkdif;vdk@ qufvufokH;pGJac:a0:aejcif;[mrGefvlrsdK;udkapmfum;&muswJhtjyif okH;pGJac:a0:wJholrSm r,Ofaus;
ao;wmudkvnf;jyaew,fvkd@u|efawmfqkdcsifw,f/
tm;vkH;udkcsKyfjyD;ajymcsifwmu/ tu,fIrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:qfdkokH;eSKef;csif&if oufaoawGtaxmufxm;awG/ orkdif;
tcsufvufawGudkckdifckdifrmrmwifjyekdif&r,f/ okH;eSKef;olrSmoufaowifjybkd@wm0eftjynfh&Sdw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ rnfonfh
orkdif;pmtkyfrSma[m'Dvkda&;om;xm;w,f 'grdk@rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ ac:qdkekdifw,f/ odk@r[kwfrnfonfhrGefausmufpmrSm
a[m'Dvdka&;om;xm;wJha0g[m&tokH;eSKef;udkaxmufxm;jyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;vkd@ ac:qdkygw,f/ tJ'Dvkdckdifckdifrmrm
wifjyedkif&r,f/ 'DvkdjynfhpkHwJhordkif;taxmufxm;awGudk rSDjirf;jyD;rGefudkwvkdif;vdk@ ajymqkda&;om;&if rGefvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@vJ
vufcHrSmaocsmygw,f/ obm0vJusr,f/ vufvGwfpy,f okH;eSKef; wmrsdK;rvkyfoifhbl;/ wm0efrJhokH;eSKef;wmrsdK;
rjzpfoifhbl;vkd@u|efawmfajymcsifw,f/xkd@twlrGefvlrsKd ;wdk@udkuvnf;tu,fI ArmvlrsdK;udkt&nf;=uD;rsdK;vkd@ okH;eSKef;ajymqkdcsif&if/
tb,fa=umifh t&nf;=uD;rsdK;vkd@ArmvlrsdK;udkac:qdkokH;eSKef;&wJhta=umif;udk rGefvlrsdK;wkd@bufrS ckdifckdifrmrm oufao
taxufxm;awG ordkif;tcsufvufawGudkwifjyekdif&r,f/ 'grSvJwm0efausr,f/ vufvGwfpy,fwm0efrJhokH;eSKef;wmrsdK; rjzpfoifh
rjzpfxkdufbl;/
wvkdif;pum;tokH;eSKef;eJ@ywfoufjyD;tcsdK@wkd@uqifajcqifvufawGay;wwfao;w,f/
wvkdif;pum;vkH;[mppftwGif;/wOD;eJ@wOD;wkdufckdufowfjzwfae=utcsdefrSmokH;eSKef;wJha0g[m&bJ/
ppfa&;edkifiHa&;t&okH;eSKef;wJh
a0g[m& pum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ ppftwGif;rSmrdrdzufrSppfom;awGpdwf"gwfwuf=uGapjyD;wzuf&efoltay: txifjrifao;apwJh
pdwf"gwfppfqifa&;t& ac:qdkokH;eSKef;wJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ b,fvkdvkyfjyD;oufaoawG orkdif;taxmufxm; awGeJ@jyvkd@&rvJ/
oufaoawGjybkd@a&mvkdao;ovm;

21

txufygtwkdif;tcsdK@ArmawGuqifajcay;aumif;ay;=ur,f/
'Dvkdqkd&ifOyrmwckudk u|efawmfwifjyyg&ap/ u|efawmfwifjyrJh
Oyrmu'Dvkdyg/
Oyrmoli,fcsif;eSpfOD; jzpf=uwJh/ rjreSifhrvSwdk@[m/ armfvjrdKifaumvdyf/ t*FvdyfpmXmerSm usLwmtjzpftwlwl tvkyfvkyf=uw,f/
wOD;udkwOD;odyfcspf=uw,f/ pm;twloGm;twlvmtwl&SdcJh=uw,f/ 'gayrJh wae@usvkd@ yk*~dKvfa&;&m ta=umif;wcka=umifh
tcef@roifhvkd@ &efjzpf=uw,fqkdygawmh/ wa,mufudkwa,muf/wOD;udkwOD; rjr/rvSvkd@ ,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:=u awmhbl;/
rjru/ rvSu/kd zgrvkd@ac:r,f/ wzef/ rvSuvJ/ rjrudk rdef;r&$ifvkd@jyefqJwmaygh/ tJ'DvkdbJ/ ArmeSifhrGefvlrsdK;wdk@ppfjzpfawmh/
ArmuvJrGefudk rGefvkd@,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:qdkawmhbl;/ wvkdif;vkd@ ac:vmw,f/ wzefrGefvlrsdK;wkd@uvJ/ ArmudkArmvkd@
,Of,Ofaus;aus; rac:awmhbl;/ t&nf;=uD;rsdK;awGvkd@jyefvJ ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vmw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm rvS[m zgrr[kwfovdk
zgrvJrvSr[kwfbl;/ rvS[m armfvjrdKif'Du&Daumvdyfu t*FvdyfusLwmq&mr wOD;jzpfw,f/ ololigigtvGef av;pm;&wJh
q&mrjzpfw,f/ rsdK;&kd;vJaumif;w,f/ aqG=uD;rsdK;=uD; todkdif;0kdif; ujzpfw,f/ tusifhpm&dwWvJtvGefaumif;rGefw,f/ 'gayrJh
'D&efyGJu rjrqJqdkvkdufwJhpum;udk/ tpGJjyKjyD;/ rvSudkawG@wkdif; zgrvkd@ac:qkd=u&if w&m;ovm;/ jzpfxdkufovm;qkdwm
vlwkdif;pOf;pm;oifhygw,f/ wzef/rvSudk zgrvkd@ ac:wJholua&m vl,Ofaus;jzpfedkifyghrvm;/ todOm%facgif;yg;aomol
vl@*Gpmwa,mufrjzpfaebl;vm; pOf;pm;=unfhyg/ rGefvlrsdK;awG[m &efyGJrSmqJqcdk Jh=uwJh pum;vkH;eJ@ 'Duae@xd oufoufrJh qJqkd
cHae&qJbJ&Sdaew,f/ w&m;ovm; oifhovm; qkdwm pOf;pm;=unfh =uyg/ wzef rGefvlrsdK;udk ,ae@txd qJae=uwJh
ArmawGua&m/ b,fvkdtqifhtwef;&SdwJhvlpm;vJqdkwm udk,fhudk,fudkjyefpOf;pm;=unfhyg/ vl@,Ofaus; wa,muf awmh
vkH;0r[kwfedkifbl;qkdwmavmufbJ u|efawmfajymcsifw,f//

(1)

22

tydkif;(5)
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@vJwvdkif;a0g[m&eJ@ywfoufjyD;trsdK;rsdK;&Sm=uHtajzxkwf=uw,f/ rdrdvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uac:a0: orkwfwJh
tay:rSSm ra=urcsrf;jzpfjyD;trsdK;rsdK;awG;awm=uHpnf=uw,f/ tb,fa=umifhrGefvlrsdK;uaewvkdif;jzpfvm&ovJ/ 'gayrJh
trSefw&m;udk b,folrSr&cJh=ubl;/ 'Da0g[m& b,fuvmw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@eJ@b,fvkd oufqkdifw,f/b,fvkd t"dy`g,f&Sdw,f
qkdwmb,folrStwdusrajymekdfifjzpfaecJhw,f
tJ'Dvkdtajz&Smvkd@rawG@wJhaemufqkH;rSm
ukd,hftjrifeJ@udk,ftrsdK;rsdK;ajymqdk
vm=uw,f/ qufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuftrsdK;rsdK; (assumptions)xkwfjyD;udk,fhtjrifeJ@ udk,fa&;om;ajymqkdae=uwm &SdcJhw,f/
tJ'DtxJrSmu|efawmfodoavmuf xifay:wJh,lqcsufokH;&yf&SdcJhbl;w,f/
(1)
tdENd,awmifydkif;wdv*FCwkdif;u
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@qif;oufvmw,fvdk@tcsdK@wkd@uxifjrif,lqw,f/
tJ'Dxifjrif
,lqcsuf tay:tajccHjyKjyD; wdv*FCwkdif;uqif;oufvmwJhrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vdk@ac:qdkwmjzpfedkifw,f qkdwJh
qufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuf(assumption) w&yf/
(2)
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkOD;atmifaZ,su rD;&SKd@jyD;rowfcifpyg;usnfxJrS ydwfavSmifxm;pOfrGefvlrsdK;wdk@u rdrdwdk@&J@ taz(zcif)
udk wjyD;atmf[pfikd,dkae=uwJhtoH (telcjrmWYw>) udktpGJjyKjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:a0:wm jzpfedkfif w,f
qdkwq
Jh ufpyf,lwJh,lqcsu(f assumption)w&yf/
(3)
rGefbcifodk@r[kwfrGefrdcifeJ@vlrsdK;jcm;wOD;OD;wdk@tdrfaxmifusjyD; aygufzGm;vmwJh ujym; om;oRD;rsm;udk rGefppfppf
r[kwfwJh twGuftJ'DvkdaygufzGm;vmwJh om;oRD;wdk@udk wvkdif; rGefrppfol vkd@ac:a0:wmjzpfekdifw,f
qkdwaJh wG;ac:,lqcsuf (assumption) w&yf/
tJ'Dqufpyf,lwJh,lqcsuf (assumptions)okH;&yfudkwckpDu|efawmfa0zefokH;oyfjyD;aqG;aEG;oGm;ygr,f/
(1) tdENd,awmifydkif;wdv*FCwkdif;urGefvlrsdK;wkd@ tcsdK@qif;oufvmw,fvdk@ tcsdK@wkd@uxifjrif,lqw,f/ tJ'x
D ifjrif ,lqcsuf
tay:tajccHjyKjyD; wdv*FCwkdif;uqif;oufvmwJhrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vdk@ac:qdkwmjzpfedkifw,fqkdwJhqufpyf,lwJh ,lqcsuf
(assumption) w&yf
tdEdN,awmifydkif;wdv*FCu rGefvlrsdK;wkd@qif;oufvmwJh oufaotaxmufxm;orkdif;rSm vkH;0rawG@cJh&bl; tdENd,
awmif;ydkif;wdv*FCwdkif;urGefvlrsdK;wdk@ tcsdK@qif;oufvmw,fqdk@wJh t,lq[mtajctjrpfr&Sdbl;vkd@ajymcsifw,f/ ordkif;
ygarmuQ G.H.Luce / orkdif;ygarmuQa'gufwmoef;xGef;eSifh orkdif;q&mOD;boef;wkd@u rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mrGef*kdvkduftEG,fjzpfw,f/
rGef-crmwkd@ tkyfpk[mw&kwfjynfawmifydkif;usefpDjrpf0Srf;wGifpwiftajcwnfaexkdifcJhw,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD;
ygarmuQ G.H.Luce uola&;wJh Old Burma, Early Pagan(1969)pmtkyfrSm'Dvkda&;om;xm;w,f/
The pioneers in civilization both in Old Burma and Old Siam were the Mons. Significantly, the Mons
had played a major role as the most prominent agent in spreading and propagating Indian. And I hold that
the original homeland of the Mon-Khmers was Yangtze valley before they were pushed south by the
Chinese in time immemorial.

rGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mrlvyxrOD;pGmw&kwfawmifydkif; *kdbDoJuEWm&rSmaexkdifvmcJh=uw,f/ xkdaemufa&=unf&m jrufek&mae&m

a'oopfudk&mazG&if; w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;bufokd@ wjznf;jznf;a&$@ajymif;vm&mrSjrefrm jynfwGif;okd@ 0ifa&muf vm=u
w,fvkd@oufaotaxmufxm;awGeJ@ tcdkifrmqdkxm;w,f/
ordkif;ygarmuQa'gufwmoef;xGef;uvJatmufyg twkdif; rSwfcsufcs xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
rGefeSifhcar&fvlrsdK;wkd@um; rGef*kdvftEG,f0ifrsm;jzpfI 0/yavmif/ &d,efwdk@rSm rGef*kdvf tEG,frsm;jzpfaomfvnf;0wdk@Y
awmifzuf trsdK; (Australoid)a&maeSmrnf[k oHo,&Sdonf/3vkd@ qdkxm;w,f/
aemufjyD;OD;boef;a&;wJhjrefrmh&mZ0if/pmrsufESm-50/rSmvnf;atmufygtwkdif;a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&jyefw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@um;/wdbufwkd;bm;rif;(ysL/urf;,H/ouf)vlrsdK;wkd@
ra&mufvmrDuyif
w&kwfjynftaemufykdif;
ukef;jyifjrifhrsm;rSawmifbufokd@qif;vm=ujyD;v#if{&m0wDjrpf0/
ppfawmif;jrpf0/
oHvGifjrpf0t&yf
a'o
3

jrefrm&mZ0ifpmwef;trSwf(1)/ pm 86

23

wkd@YjrdK@&Gmwnfaxmif aexkdif=uonf[kxif&ef&Sdonf/
rGef&mZ0iforkdif;wapmifYrGefvlrsdK;wkd@onf/ a&S;ya0o%D
tcgu rGefwd[ktrnfwGifvsuf&Srf;(apmxkdifodk@r[kwfxkdif)vlrsdK;wkd@eSifhtwl {&m0wDjrpfeiS fhovGijf rpfwkd@t=um; uke;f jrifh
awmifwef;=uD; wpfav#mufjrdK@&GmjyKpk aexkdif=ua=umif;/ aemifumv&Snfvsm;rSawmifbufodk@ a&$@qif;Itqkdyg
jrpf=uD;wkd@.t0&Sdt&yfa'owkd@wGif aexkdif=ua=umif;eSifh qkdonf
tvGefxif&Sm;wJhtxufygordkif;ynm&Sif(3)OD;&J@
ta&;om;udk
=unfh&if
rGef-crmvlrsdK;wkd[mrGef*kdvftEG,fjzpfw,f/
w&kwfjynftaemufykdif;uke;f jrifhrSawmifbufodk@qif;oufvmjyD;jrefrmekdifiHwGif;odk@a&muf&Sdvmw,fqkdwmxif&Sm;w,f/tdENd,edkifiH
wdv*FCwkdif;u rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ qif;oufvmwmudkrawG@&bJ/
wzefThe New Encyclopaedia Britannica pG,fpkHusrf;rSmvJatmufyg twkdif;a&;om; az:jy xm;wmudkawG@&w,f/
Mon kingdom, also called HANTHAWADDY KINGDOM, kingdom of the Mon people, who were powerful
in Myanmar (Burma) from the 9th to the 11th and from the 13th to the 16th century and for a brief period in
the mid-18th century. The Mon migrated southward from western China and settled in the Chao Phraya
River basin (of southern Thailand) about the 6th century AD.
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@rif;aejynfawmf[m[Hom0wDedkifiHjzpfonf/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@onf/ 9-&mpkrS 11-&mpk/ 13-&mpkrS m16-

&mpktxdeSifh 18-&mpkYeSpftydkif;jcm;wkdawmif;wJhumvrsm;rSm ArmedkifiHwGif tvGefwHckd;=oZm=uD;rm;cJhwJhjzpfw,f/

w&kwfjynftaemufydkif;rSmawmifbufydkif;okd@a&G@ajymif;aexkdifvmjyD; apmzk&m;jrpf0rS ;f Chao Phraya River wkd@rSm
tajccs aexkdifvmcJhonf/
txufygpmyk'fawGt&rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rmS w&kwfuqif;oufvmw,fqkdwmxif&Sm;w,f
w&kwfjynf awmifydkif; usefpDjrpf0Srf;u qif;oufvmw,fqdkwm u|efawmfwdk@ xifxif&mS ;&Sm;od&w,f/tdENd,ekdifiHwdv*FCwdkif;u
qif;ouf vmw,f qkdwmudkwOD;wa,mufurS a&;om;xm;wm rawG@&bl;/ b,fordkif;pmtkyfrSmrSvJrawG@&bl;/ 'gayrJh
tcsdK@ordkif; pmtkyfrSm wdv*FCwkdif;eJ@ qufpyfjyD; rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ ta=umif;ukd a&;om;xm;wJhtcsufwcsuf&Sdw,f
b,fvkda&;om;xm; ovJqkdawm tdENd,awmifydkif; wdv*FCuvlrsdK;wkd@[m rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@ &mrn a'oudkvma&muf
wkdufckdufw,f/ 'gayrJh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ujyefvnfwdkufckdufacsrSKef;jyD;xkdusL;ausmfolwdv*FCwkdif;om;wkd@udk &mrna'orS armif;xkwf
ekdifcJh w,fvkd@ordkif;pmtkyfrSm a&;om;xm;wmudkzwfbl;w,f/ atmufyg pmyk'fu oufaojyv#uf&Sdonf/
txufjrpfnmYjrdK@jywnfaxmifaexkdifaom wdbufwkdbmrif;(ysL/urf;,H/ouf)wkd@tay:wGif rZdra'otdENd,
ajrmufykdif;rSomuD0ifrif;wkd@vma&muftkyfcsKyfouJhokd@
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@tay:wGifvnf;
tdENd,awmifydkif;(,ckr'&yfe,f)
w,fv*F%t&yfrrS if;rsm;vma&muftkyfpkd;[ef&Sdonf/ rnfodk@rqdkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@um;rdrdwkd@edkifiHodk@vma&muf=uaom tdENd,
wkdif;om;ukkvm;wkd@eSifh t=udr=f udrfwkdufckduf=u&onf(OD;boef;a&;jrefrmh&mZ0if/pm51)
txufygtaxmufxm;awGtm;vkH;udkaoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfh&if/tdENd,awmifydkif; wdv*FCwkdif;u rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ qif;ouf
vmwJhordkif;taxmufxm;awGvkH;0rawG@&bl;/ 'ga=umifhrGefvlrsdK;wkd@[mtdENd,awmifydkif;wdv*FCwkdif;u qif;oufvmwJh
vlrsdK;wrsdK; r[kwfa=umif;udku|efawmfwkd@ckdifckdifrmrmajymqkdvmekdifw,f/
'ga=umifheHygwf(1)(Assumption),lqcsufeJ@ywfoufjyD; oufaotaxmufxm;vkH;0r&Sdbl;wJhtwGufrSm;,Gif;w,fvkd@ajym&r,f/
wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@toHwl&kd;rSm;jzpfwJhwdv*F%pum;vkH;udkqufpyfawG;ac:,lwJht,lqvkd@,lq&bG,f&Sdw,f/ ed*kH;csKyfaumufcsuf
cs&&if/'Dt,lq[m=uH&mr&wJhtqkH;rSmjzpfedkifekd;ekd;/ jzpfedkifaumif;&J@qkdjyD;twif;t"rRqufpyf,lwJh ,lqcsu(f Assumption)
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ta=umif;tppfrSefudk&Smr&wJhtcg/awG;awm=uHq&ifxGufay:vmwJh,lqcsufw&yfomjzpfw,f?
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rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ qif;oufvmwJh twGufrGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkdk@ac:qdk&a=umif;ArmawGtaeeJ@ajymqkdwm/ a&;om;wmr&SdcJhbl;/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uom rdrdwkd@bmomrdrdwkd@ awG;xifajymqkdae=uwmjzpfw,f/ udk,fhvnfyifukd,fuGif;pGyfae=uwmjzpfw,f/
'grdk@'Dt,lqudkvkH;0tajcjrpfr&Sdbl;/ ordkif; taxmufxm;r&Sdbl;vkd@bJ u|efawmf aumufcsufcsajymcsifw,f/
(2) rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udkOD;atmifaZ,surd;&SKd@jyD;rowfcifpyg;usnfxJrS ydwfavSmifxm;pOf rGefvlrsdK;wdk@urdrdwdk@&J@ tazudk
wrf;wjyD;wdkifwnfatmf[pfikd,dkae=uwJhtoH (telcjrmWYw>)udk tpGJjyKjyD;rGefvlrsKd ;udkwvkdif;vkd@ ac:a0:wm
jzpfedkfifw,f qdkwJh,lqcsuf(assumption) w&yf

24

'Dt,lqeJ@ywfoufjyD;ordkif;tjzpftysuftcsdK@udk'Dae&mrSmwifjyrSom
pmzwfolrsm;&Sif;&Sif;vif;oabmaygufrSmjzpfw,f/
[Hom0wDrGefvlrsdK;wkd@aejynfawmfudkodrf;ydkufjyD;aemuf t&yf&yfrSm&SdwJhrGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@udkOD;atmifaZ,su vkdufvHzrf;qD;
apw,f/ zrf;qD;csKyfaeSmifvkd@&wJhrGefvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wdk@udk rD;&SKd@rowfcifpyg;usnfvkdusnfrSmtvkHydwfavSmifxm;w,f/ tJ'DtxJrmS
txl;ojrifhrdef;cav;awG/ edk@pkd@uav;i,fawG/ausmif;om;t&G,fcav;i,fawG/touf=uD;wJhvltkdawG rsm;w,f/ t&G,faumif;wJh
a,musFm;awG[mOD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$bkdArmppfom;awGudkwkdufckduf&if;touftaocHoGm;=uwmrsm;w,f/ usefwJhtenf;i,f
a,musFm;awG[m xGufajy;a&Smifwdrf;vdkuf=uvdk@r&Sdoavmufjzpfw,f/ awm=udKawmif=um;usef&pfwJh olwkd@[m rdef;cav;awG/
cav;awGeJ@touf=uD;ol&G,ftdkolwkd@om&Sdw,f/ 'Dordkif;tjzpftysufeJ@ywfoufjyD;/ aemifvmaemufom; rGefvlrsdK;wdk@tjzpfrSef
od&Sdekdif&eftwGuf a&S@rGefpmqkdawGatmufygtwkdif; pyfqdkxm;cJhw,f vuFmvkd a&;pyfxm;cJhw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,srowfcif
pyg;usnfxJrSm ydwfavSmifxm;pOfrGefvlrsdK;wdk@&J@ tajcaeudkrsufpdeJ@wyftyfaocsm/rsuf0g; xifxifawG@jrif&ouJhodk@ay:vGifatmif
atmufygtwkdif;uvuFmeJ@pyfqkdxm;w,f/
-------bOtlek.nj minjlwjek.njgNO minjTmOtHj p>cjgHjy.otO ek.njgHjer.tJ aJkuEmigNO mix.tjd,bkj

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edoy.okuEek. kMinjkuEen.j tL-bOkuElTO ^y.okuEedo k.yepL.tjpLO TuYnjmocjpLnj xocjSokjsnjnHO
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gu%jn}bm.---

txufygvuFmudk&kd;&dk;pum;ajyeJ@bmomjyefa&;om;&r,fqkd&ifatmufygtwdkif;jzpfw,f/
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(telcjrmWYw>)udt
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25

'gvJbJ=uHqawG;awmjyD; qufpyf,lwJh aumufcsufw&yf omjzpfw,f/ rdrdwdk@udk bma=umifhwvkdif;vkd@ ArmawGu

ac:&ovJrodwJhtay:rSm tajccHjyD; 'Dta=umif;a=umifh jzpfwef&mw,f/ 'gav;awmh jzpfaumif;yg&J@qkdwJhawG;awm
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'geJ@ywfoufjyD;rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udku|efawmfavhvmokawoejyK=unfhtcg
atmufygwkdufqdkifwJhtjzpfysufwcku&Sd
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(telcjrmWYw>)vkd@atmf[pfwkdifwnfidk,kdae=uw,f/'gutrSefjzpfw,f//
tJ'Dvkdatmf[pfidk,fdkqlnHae=uwJhtwGuf Armtapmifhppfom;awGa'goxGufvm=uw,f/ 'geJywfoufjyD;OD;atiffaZ,sqDodk@
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rGefvl=uD;vli,f
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tJ'Dvkdrdrdwdk@eSHab;udkoHc|efeJ@wtm;xkd;cH&vkd@emusifvGef;jyD;udk,fudk,fhukdawmifrxdef;edkif=uawmhbl;/ vl;vdSrfhjyD;wtm;atmf[pf
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toHtm;jzifhqifwl&kd;rSm;jzpfaew,f/ toHqifwl&dk;rSm;jzpfwJh'Dpum;eSpfvkH;udkqufpyf,ljyD; wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m (telcj)
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qufpyf awG;awm=uHq,lwJh ,lqcsuf jzpfaew,f/pum;vkH;eSpfvkH;uvJtoHqifwl&kd;rSm;jzpfaewJhtwGuf qufpyf=uHqawG;awm
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trSefwu,frSmrGefawGatmf[pfw(Jh telcj)pum;vkH;eJ@Armppfom;awGa[mf[pfajymifavSmifaewJhwvkdif;pum;vkH;wkd@[mw
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jzpfvmw,f qkdwJhawG;awm,lqcsuf[m,kwWdrwefjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/ tajctjrpfr&SdbJrdrdwdk@xif&mpdkif;ajymqkdae=uwmudk
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26

pGyfpJaG jymqkdjyD;wkdufckdufacsrSKef;cJhw,f/tJ'DawmhOD;atmifaZ,swkd@a&$$bkdArmawG
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wkdufzsufav./----------rwW&mwGifwvkdif;wwyfwnfI
aomif;usef;ykefuef=uavonf/
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ajrSmfvifhIae=uygonftvsifcsDwufvmrnfhta=umif;udkpmeSifhvlapv$wfonf---
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27

wrf;wjyD;wdkifwnfatmf[pfikd,dkae=uwJt
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(3) rGefzcifodk@r[kwfrdcifeJ@vlrsdK;jcm;wOD;OD;wdk@tdrfaxmifusjyD; aygufzGm;vmwJhujym;om;oRD;rsm;udk rGepf pfppf r[kwf wJh
twGuf tJ'DvkdaygufzGm;vmwJh om;oRD;wdk@udk wvkdif; rGefrppfol vkd@ac:a0:wmjzpfekdifw,fqdkwJhawG;ac:,lqcsuf
(assumption) w&yf/
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olwdk@[mujym;jzpfayrJh rGefvlrsdK;bJjzpfrSmaygh/ vlwOD; wa,mufrGefjzpfw,frjzpfbl;qkdwm rGefppfppfrGefujym;eJ@ rqdkifbl;
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rGefvlrsdK;rjzpfekdifbl;/
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w&kwfujym;awG ukvm;ujym;awG pydeu
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r[kwfawmhbl; ujym;wkdifeJ@ qdkifaewJh oabmudk az:n$ef;aew,f/ 'gqkd&ifbmjzpfvkd@rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;udkomwvkdif;vkd@ac:ae=uovJ
bmjzpfvkd@rGefvlrsdK;wrsdK;udkom oD;jcm; &nf&G,fjyD; wvkdif;vkd@ ukef;abmifquf orkdif;rSm xl;xl;jcm;jcm; a&;rSwfae&ovJ/ 1740ckeSpfrSmtif;0"rR&mZm"dywdrif;udk awmfvSefykefuef=uwJh tkwfzkdrwW&m;ujynfolvlxkawGudkwvdkif;vdk@owfrSwfjyD; Armwkd@
wkdufckduf acsrSKef;cJhw,f/ tJ'DvkdwkdufckdufacsrSKef;cJhpOfuokH;eSKef;wJhwvkdif; a0g[m&t"dy`g,feJ@ rGefujym;wvkdif;&J@t"dy`g,fwkd@[m
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vkH;vkH;rSm;,Gif;w,f/ vkH;vkH; tajcjrpfr&Sdbl;/tqifhwef;tvGefedyfhjyD; uav;tvGefqefwJh awG;awm,lqcsufw&yfomjzpfw,f
qkdwm aumufcsufwifjyvkduf&w,f/
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bmomrdrd wkd@awG;awm=uHpnf pOf;pm;jyD;xkwfaz:a&;om;vm=uwJh,lqcsufawGjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f tvGefxl;qef;bdk@
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twGuf ,lqcsufawGudkxkwfaz:jyD;jiif;csufxkwfp&mrvkdbl;xifygw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;ukdokH;pGJa&;om;ajymqdkae=uwJh
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSmomvkH;vkH;vsm;vsm;wm0ef&Sdw,f/wvkdif;a0g[m&J@t"dyg`,ftppfrSefukdxkwfaz:a&;om;&Sif;vif;wifjyekdif&r,f/Arm
vlrsdK;wkd@ taeeJ@rvif;&Sif;rwifjybJ/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@urdrdwkd@bmomrdrdwkd@trsdK;rsdK;awG;awmpOf;pm;jyD;t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdae=uw,fqdkwm
tvGef&Dp&mjzpfaew,f/
,ckvkdwvdkif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;tay:rGefvlrsdK;wdk@taeeJ@trsdK;rsdK;t"dy`g,faz:jyD;trsdK;rsdK;xifa}u;ay;aewm[m/
bmeJ@oGm;wl
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(31)qkdwJh*%ef;ocsFmudk
a&;om;xm;w,f/
aemufr=umcif
vleSpfa,mufu

28

tJ'DopfwkH;ae&mudka&mufvm=uw,f/olwkd@[moli,fcsif;awGjzpf=uw,f/ wa,mufaomolu pmwwfaywwftbd"rRmq&m

wOD;jzpfw,f/ wa,mufaomolu opfukefo,fjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmhtbd"rRmq&mu opfwkH;ay:u *%ef;ocsFm
(31)udkjrif&ifjrifcsif;
ol@&J@tjrifudkxkwfaz:
ajymvkdufw,f/
'D*%ef;udka&;om;wJhol[momrefyk*~dLvfawmhrjzpfekdifbl;
tbdrRmq&mwOD;aomf4if;/w&m;orm;wOD;aomf4if;jzpf&r,f/ vlom;awGudk owdoHa0*&apvkdwJhapoemeJ@(31)bkHudk &nfn$ef;jyD;
a&;om;xm;wmjzpf&r,f vkd@ol@&J@xifjrifcsufudkyGifhyGifhvif;vif;ajymvkdufw,f/ opfukefo,fuvJ ra&Smhbl;/ olxifjrifcsufudk
'Dvkdajymcsvkdufw,f/ 'D*%ef;a&;om; xm;wJhol[m tbd"rRmq&mwOD;awmh vkH;0rjzpfedkifbl;/ opfwkH;ay:rSm*%ef;pmvkH;
a&;om;xm;wmudkaxmuf&ifopfukefo,f wOD;jzpf&r,f/ opfwkH;udk (31)opft&G,fpm;cGJpdyfbdk@ owfrSwfa&;om;xm;jzpf&r,f/
(31)bkH;&nfn$ef;jyD; a&;;om;xm;wm vkH;0rjzpfekdfifbl;
vdk@jiif;csuf xkwfvkdufw,f/ wa,mufeJ@wa,mufra&Smhbl;/ rdrdt,lqudktcdkifrmajymqkdjyD;&yfwnf=uw,f/ trSefrSm
t&l;wa,mufu rdrdaumuf&xm;wJhajrjzLtydkif;pav;eJ@vuf,m;jyD;wckckukda&csifaew,f/ opfwkH;udkawG@awmh(opfwkH;)vkd@
opfwkH;ay:rSma&;om;csifw,f/'gayrJholrSmpmrwwfbl;/opfwkH;a0g[m&udkraygif;wwfbl;/1/2/3/ponfh*%ef;udkomola&;wwfw,f
/'geJ@opfwkH;eJ@toHqifwl&kd;rSm;&SdwJh(13)*%ef;udkopfvkH;ay:rSma&;csbkd@olt=uH&vmw,f/'gayrJholrsm;udkvSnfhpm;csifwJhpdwfuvnf;
ol@rSm&Sdao;awmh/
(13)vdk@&kd;&kd;om;om;a&&ifoludktxif=uD;rSmr[kwfbl;qkdjyD;
(13)*%ef;udkajymifjyefvSefjyD;(31)vdk@a&;cs
vdkufwmjzpfw,f/wjcm;tawG;ac:ol@rSmvkH;vkH;r&Sdyg/
'Dae&mrSmtbd"rRmq&ma&m/opfukefonfygeSpfOD;pvkH;[m rdrdwkd@oef&mudkvkd&mqGJajymqkdae=ujcif;omjzpfaew,fudku|efawmfwkd@
awG@&w,f/ trSefw&m;eJ@vkH;vkH; vGJrSm;aeonfudkawG@&ayr,f/ wvkdif;a0g[mpum;vkH;vJxkdenf;wljzpfay:aew,f/ rdrdwkd@
pdwfoef&mvkd&mqGJajymqkda&;om;ae=uonfudkawG@jrif&w,f//

29

tykdif; (6)
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rGefeSifhArmwkd@=um;jzpfyGm;wJhppfyGJawGrSmvJ'Dtwkdif;wzufudkwzufwOD;udkwOD;ykwfcwfajymqkd=uw,f/
1752ckeSpfrSmtif;0udk
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f kd@udk awmfvSefbkd@ pwnf pnf;&kH;pOfuyif
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30

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awG@&w,f/
Moreover kings and ministers,great and small, rich men and common people, whenever they celebrated the marriage
of their children, had to send them to these teachers at nightfall, sending, as it was called, the flower of their virginity.
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31
Nor could they be married till they were set free early in the morning. If they were married without sending to the
teachers the flower of their virginity, it is said that they were heavily punished by the king for breaking the custom. The
sending of the flower of virginity meant an act of worship.(G.E Harvey/ The History of Burma/p. 18)

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32

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These practices although forbidden by the Indian Government are still prevalent in parts of the
country today.
NGOs estimate 5000 to 15000 girls are still dedicated to such or similar practices every year.

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33

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34

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35

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tykdif;(7)
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36

(Assumptions)
awGjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/
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167// rGefjynfudkwkdufjcif;
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9
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vkd@yg&Sdw,f&ckdif&mZ0ifrSmvJwvkdif;qkdwJhpum;vkH;vkH;0rawG@&bl; rGefvkd@bJrSwfwrf;wif a&;om;xm;wmudk awG@&w,f/
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f dk@r[kwf &mref(&mrn)
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The Burmese and [BCEF: Mon soldiers] [D: Raman host], however, scattered because of the royal
majesty and power.--------------------All the chief ministers and army officers who [BCEF: set out in pursuit of]
[D: pursued] the enemy slashed [BCDF: and killed] Burmese and Mon all along the way to Kancanaburi.10
At the same time the Raman army officers had advanced and reached Martaban just as the boat carrying
the report from [BCD: Tenasserim] [EF: Tanao], Marit and Tavoy reached Martaban.11

txufygt,k',eef;wGif;rSwfwrf;udkavhvm=unfh&ifrGefvlrsdK;eJ@rGefppfom;wkd@udk rGefppfom;/&mrefvkd@bJ rSwfwrf;wifxm;wmudk

awG@jrif&w,f/wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;okH;eSKef;xm;wmvkH;0rawG@&bl;/
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tm;vkH;udkcsKyfjyD;ajym&&iftzufzufrSu|efawmfavhvmcJhw,f/wvkdif;eJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@wkduf&kduf ywfoufekdifwJh tcsufvufawG
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9

q&mawmfOD;Om%."n0wD&mZ0if/ pm 65

10
11

The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya. P. 131

The Royal Chronicles of Ayutthaya. P. 136

37

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,lvkduf=ujyeffw,f tjcm;wkdif;&if;om;udpPudk pdwf=udKuftrdef@csqkH;jzwfbkd@=udK;pm;=ujyefw,f 'grvGefbl;vm;/ tvGeft"dy`g,f
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odekdifygw,f/ udk,fcsif; pmempdwfeJ@ pOf;pm;bkd@aumif;w,f/ tckawmhrGefvlrsdK;tay:xm;&SdwJhoHo,pdwfwckxJeJ@ rGefvlrsdK;wOD;
wa,mufudkrS rar;rjref;bl; udk,fhoabmeJ@ukd,fhokawoejyKae=uw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udpPudkrGefvlrsdK;udk acgufxm;jyD; rdrdvkyfcsifovkd
vkyfedkifwJhoabmjzpfaew,f 'Dvkyf&yfawG[mbmudkaz:jyaeovJqkdawmh rdrdwkd@udk,fudk oufOD;qHydkif ya'o&mZf t&Sifocif
vkdoabmxm;jyD; wkdif;&if;om;udpPudk ukdk,fhoabmtwkdif; trdef@cs tqkH;jzwf jyKae=uwJh oabmoufa&mufaew,f/
,ae@acwfumvrSm 'DvdkrsKd ; rdrdwkd@oabmtwdkif; tqkH;jzwfjyKxkdufrjyKxdkufqdkwm pOf;pm;rdbdk@ aumif;w,f/

38

wu,fvdk@
wkdif;&if;om;awGunDnGwfjyD; ArmvlrsdK;udktrnfemrwckck0kdi;f jyF;ay;=u&if vufcHekdifyhgrvm;
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tvGef0rf;enf;bkd@aumif;w,f
rGefvlrsdK;udk
b,fvkdoabmxm;&musae ovJqkdwm pOf;pm; rd=u&J@vm;/ ppfekdifolyDyDppf&SKH;ol tay:tedkdifusifhcsifovkdtedlifusifhaewJhoabm
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rGefvlrsdK;udkrsdK;jyKwfjyKwfjyKef;atmifOD;atmifaZ,seJ@om;tzwkd@uowfjzwfcJhjyD;jzpfw,f/ OD;atmifaZ,swkd@om;tz owfvkd@
rukef=uGif;usefaeao;wJh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udk wa,mufrusefrsdK;jyKwfatmif aemufydkif;tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfwJh ukef;abmifquf
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pG,fpkHusrf;awGrSmyg rGefvlrsdK;udk ArmvlrsdK;u wvkdif;vkd@ac:=ua=umif; a&;om;vm=uw,f/ tcsdK@urBmhordkif;pma&;q&mawGqkd&if
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ukef;abmifqufr[m&mZ0iforkdif; pmtkyfrsm;udkrSDjirf;ukd;um;jyD;a&;om;wJh *sD/tD [m0D (G.E Harvey) . History of Burma
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ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tqdk;0g;qkH; vl@tcGifha&;csdK;azgufrSKvkyf&yfwckudk,ae@xdArmwkd@uqufvuftaumifxnf az:aer,fqkd&if
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39

=uD;rm;wJhvl@tcGifha&;csdK;azgufrSKwckjzpfw,f/
,ckacwfrSm'Drdkua&pDeJ@ vl@tcGifha&;twGuftm;wGef;cGefpkduf
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owfypfjyD;
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csdK;azgufrSKwckjzpfw,f/ 'gawGudkowdxm; rd=uapcsifw,f/
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40

tykdif;(8)

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41

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r.z.woqkT.\ muhj 341

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rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;/ wwdd,wGJ/ pm 387- 388
rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;/ wwdd,wGJ/ pm 390
16
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14
15

44

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wcg Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmvJatmufygtwkdif;awG@&w,f
An ex-monk of Shan race was elected king with the title of Mengtara Buddha Ketthi in 1740, and during his time the
usual struggles with Siam Zimme, &c., went on.-------------------The Shan king was succeeded by one of his officers
called Binya Dala, and it is perhaps to this man that Chinese account refers.18
17
18

rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;wwd,wGJ/pm-373

Burma/Edward Harper Parker. P. 77

45
(Mengtara Buddha Ketthi) udkbk&if tjzpfwifajrmuf=uw,f/

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19

rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;wwd,wGJ/pm-390

46

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20

armifaomf.ukef;abmifacwfppfwrf;/pm-81-82

47

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Jh Jh taxmufxm;rawG@&bl;/ aemufqkH;rSmEdward Harper Parker
a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrS atmufyg pmyk'fukd oGm;awG@rS tenf;i,fpdwfxJrSm &Sif;vif;ayghyg;oGm;w,f/
(In such a situation revolt was bound to ensue. It begun in 1740 with a colony of Gwe Shans at Okpo near Madaya, not
many miles away from the capital. They were discontented because of the exorbitant taxes demanded on their areca

48
palms. So, under the leadership of a minlaung Gonna-ein, they united with a band of Mon deportees settled at
Madaya and drove the Burmese out of the district.)21

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wzef Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfxJrSm atmufyg twdkif; a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@&jyefw,f
Binya Dala gave out publicly that it was his intention to reestablish the Empire of Bureng Naung, and allied himself with
the Gwe Shans of Madara (near Ava) with a view of extending his conquests from Prome and Taungu over Burma23
21

Burma, p. 75

22

OD;odrf;armif.tavmif;bk&m;/pm-217

23

Burma/Edward Harper Parker. P. 77

49

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24

a&$bdkedgef;//pm-24

50

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51

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'geJ@ywfoufjyD; Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmygwJhrSwfwrf;udkavhvm=unfhawmhrS u|efawmfpdwfxJrmS
r&Sif;vif;jzpfaewJhtar;awG&J@tajzudk&awmhw,f/Edward Harper Parker uatmufygtwdkif; a&;om; xm;w,f/
The King of Burma had sent envoys to the Empereror of China, representing the great danger which
then threatened his kingdom, and asking for support. In reply to his appeal two Chinese and Manchu
officers arrived at capital with an escort of one hundred horsemen and a thousand foot. They
suggested that an attack should be made on the Talaing stockade a Madara. This was done, and as it
failed, the Chinese officers retired without making any promise of assistance.

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52

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(George
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'DudpP[momreftcGeftwkwfudpPa=umifhvkd@rjzpfedkifygbl;/ 'Davmuftiftm;=uD;rm;wJh tkwfbkdrwW&muvlawG&J@ tkH=uGrSK[m
ekdifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufwckckawmh&Sd&r,f/ tif;0rSm&Srf;vlrsdK;tm%mjyefvnfxlaxmifbkd@ edkifiHa&;OD;wnfcsuf&Sd&r,fvkd@ u|efawmf
27
28

Burma/ Edward Harper Parker, p. 83

a'gufwmwdk;vS. ukef;abmifa&$jynf/ pm 12/

53

xifjrifrdw,f/
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vGwfajrmufa&;twGufvufeufudkif awmfvSefae=uwJh rGef/u&if/&ckdif/&Srf;/u,m; ucsif/csif;wkd@udkvJ ekdfifiHwumu
txifao;oGm;atmif 'g;jrtkyfpkolckd;tkyfpkolykefawGvkd@
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tkwfzdkrwW&mrSm&SdwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.trsdK;om;awmfvSefykefuefrSKudkao;wdrfoGm;atmifvkyf=uHjyD; taumufcGeftay:rauseyfvkd@
aomif;usef;=uw,fvdk@wrifwuma&;om;xm;jzpfw,f/ tJ'DawmhtkwfzdkrwW&mrSm&SdwJhvlrsdK;[mrGefvlrsdK;r[kwfbl;/ &Srf;trsdK;om;
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xif&Sm;w,f/1740-ckeSpftkwfbdkrwW&mykeu
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Jh Jhtcsdefcgukdodekdifw,f/
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tiftm;enf;vmwJh tcsdefudk apmifhqkdif;cJhw,f/ tJ'Dvdkapmifhqkdif;vmcJh&if;eJ@rar#mfvifhbJ 1740-ckeSpfrSm [Hom0wDedkifiHrSm
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tif;0bk&iftaeeJ@vJbmrSrwwfekdifbl;/olckd;'g;jrawGudkvJreSdrfedkifcJhbl;/wkdif;oljynfom;wkd@uvJbk&iftay:rSmt,kH=unfr&Sdjzpfvm
=uw,f/rif;avmif;udkar#mf=uw,f/rif;avmif;ay:rSwkdif;jynfat;csrf;om,mr,f/
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trsdK;rsdK;ay:xGufaew,f/ *kd%f;trsKd ;rsdK; tkyfpktrsdK;rsdK;ay:jyD;aomif;usef;olawGtvGefaygrsm;w,f/ ol@e,feJ@ol*kd%f;awGxlaxmif
jyD; =uD;pkd;=uw,f/*kd%f;acgif;aqmifawGvJrdrdwdk@oufqkdifwJhe,frSm udk,fykdif=oZmtm%mawGxlaxmifvm=uw,f/ udk,fhe,frSm
29

armifaomf.ukkef;abmifacwfppfwrf;/ pm 49

54

udk,fpdk;rdk;=uw,f/
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aomif;usef;vm=uw,f/
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OD;atmifaZ,s[mol@*kd%feJ@olacgif;aqmifvkyfjyD;a&$bdke,frSm=uD;pkd;ae=uw,f/OD;atmifaZ,s[mbk&ifodyfhjzpfcsifoljzpfw,f/ol@udk
olbk&ifvkd@awmiftr$rf;wiforkwfaew,f/'Dvdkrdrdudk,fudkb&k ifrif;vkd@txifa&mufaewJh
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30

rSefeef;r[m&mZ0ifawmf=uD;/ wwdd,wGJ/ pm 390

55

awmfvSefykefuefrSKjzpfw,f/ trSefudkzkH;uG,fjyD;awmfvSefa&;udk ao;odrfatmiftcGeftaumufudk

ra=ueyfvkd@
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usa&mufvmjyefw,f/

56

tydkif;(10)
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h Jhyk*~dKvfawGtzkd@r,kH=unfekdifavmufatmifjzpfae=urSmaocsmw,f/ 'grdk@wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@qufpyfrSK/
wvkdif;qdkwJha0g[m&&J@t"dy`g,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&&J@ aemufcH ordkif;pwJh tcsufvufwkd@udk &SmazGaz:xkwfbkd@ wm0efuusefae
ao;w,fvkd@ u|efawmfucH,lvdkufw,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD; oufaojy edkifbkd@twGuf ckdifrmwJhoufao taxmufxm;awG
udk&SmazGcJh&w,f/ ae@rtm; nrtm;pmtkyfawGtajrmufrsm; udkzwf&SKjyD; &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@wvkdif;a0g[mwkd@&J@ qufpyfrSKudk
&SmazGcJh&w,f/
tajymvG,f
oavmuf
wu,fvufawG@rSm&SmazGwJhtcg
vG,fvG,feJ@rdrdvkdcsifwJhoufaoawG
ordkif;taxmufxm;awGudk r&edkifcJhbl;/ t*FvdyfbmomeJ@ a&;om;xm;wJh pmtkyftrsdK;rsd;udk &SmazGzwf&SKayrJh
vkHavmufckdifrmwJhwvdkif;a0g[m&eJ@
&Sr;f vlrsKd ;wkd@
qufpyfrSK
taxmufxm;awGudk
rawG@edkifbJjzpfaecJhw,f/
'gayrJhu|efawmftaeeJ@pdwf"gwfrusqif;oGm;bl;/ u|efawmfwifjycJw
h Jht,lq[m rSefuef&r,fvdk@ pdwfxJrSm ckdifckdifjrJjrJ
,kH=unfqJbJ&Sdw,f/ 'grkd@ZJrG av#mhbJrawG@,awG@atmif&SmazGw,f/ pm=unfhwkduftpkHoGm;a&mufjyD;pmtkyf pmwrf;awG tpkHvifudk
vkdufvH&SmazGzwf&SK&wJhtjyif
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.ordkif;rSwfwrf;udk&SmazGzwf&SK&jyefw,f/
atmufyg&Srf;orkdif;rSpmyk'fukd=unfh&SK
avhvmwJhtcgtpetenf;i,f&vmw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwdk@udk,folwkd@ Tai ac:a=umif;od&w,f/
In their own language the Shans call themselves Tai or Tai Long and their country Mong Tai instead of
Shan State. The origin of the name Shan is not very clear, but has been discussed by many scholars. One of
the hypotheses concerning the origin of the name Shan is that Shan, Siam and Assam had been derived from
the word "Sian" (Hsian, Sein), which designates a group of mountainous people who migrated down for
Yunnan in the 6th. century AD. Another says that the Shan people were named after the "Mighty Shan", the
Great Mountain Ranges of China from where they had migrated. A third hypothesis suggests that Shan is a
corrupt word of Syam, a name given to Kshatriya (warriors) on duty of the Khmer empire in the early period
of the Tai history. In fact, all peoples of Mon-Khmer language family call the Tai "Shan", "Shen", "Sham",
or "Syam". However, all hypotheses lead to the names Shan and Tai as being one and the same race.31

'Dae&mrSmtwkdjcKH;jyD;bmomjyefa&;om;&r,fqkd&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
&Srf;omompum;rSmolwkd@udk,folwkd@Tai odkr[kwf Tai Long vkd@ac:w,f/ &Srf;jynfudkvJ&Srf;jynftpm; Mong Tai vkd@
ac:qdkokH;eSKef;=ua=umif;/&Sr;f emrnfjzpfvmykHudkwdwdususrod&bl; &Srf;emrnfeJ@ywfoufjyD; ynm&Siftawmfcyfrsm;rsm;[m
ukd,fhtjrifeJ@udk,f aqG;aEG; wifjy=uw,f/ ynm&SifwOD;u &Sr;f pum;vkH;[m Siam(pD,H/xkdif;/) eSifh Assam (tmoH)
pum;vkH;rsm;u qif;ouf vmw,fvkd@qdkw,f/ wjcm;aomynm&SifwOD;u &Srf;pum;vkH;[m olwdk@tprlvaecJw
h Jhw&kwfjynf&Sd
(Mighty Shan ) (rdkufwD&Srf;) &kd;rawmifwef;udk tqGJjyKjyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:w,fvkd@qdkw,f/ wwd,,lqcsufu&Srf;pumvkH;[m
olwkd@&J@ ol&Jaumif; trnfemr (Syam) rSqif;oufvmwJhpum;vkH;ysufjzpfw,fvkd@qdkw,f/ rGef-crmtkyfpkrSvlrsdK;tm;vkH;wkd@u
Tai udk &Srf;/&Sif/ o#rf;/odk@r[kwf pD,Hvkd@ac:=uw,f/'gayrJh 'Dt,lqtm;vkH;wkd@[m Tai eJ@&rS ;f twlwlbJ jzpfw,fqdkwmudkn$ef;jy
aew,f/
txufygpmyk'ft&&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwkd@udk,fol&rS ;f vkd@rac:bl;/olwdk@udk,folwkd@(Tai)vlrsdK;okd@r[kwf(Tailong)vlrsdK;vkd@ac:qdk=u
w,f/ rGeef J@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uom Tai vlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;aewmjzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ Tai
vlrsdK;wkd@[mvlrsdK;wrsdK;wnfjzpfw,f/ twlwlbJjzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;w,fqdkwmod&w,f/ u|efawmf odu|r;f wJh
31

The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P. 1

57

&Srf;vlrsdK;&Srf;ausmif;om;rsm;udkar;=unfhawmhvJolwdk@udkolwkd@Taivkd@ac:ajym=ua=umif;od&w,f/olwdk@vlrsdK;udkrGefeJ@Armwkd@uom
&Srf;vkd@ac:qkdae=uwm/(Tai)vlrsdK;wkd@uolwkd@ukd,folwkd@(Tai)vkd@bJac:w,f/od=uw,f/&Srf;vkd@olwkd@tcsif;csif;rSmrac:/rajym/rokH;
eSKef;bl;/rod=ubl;/rGefeJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@uolwdk@udk&Srf;vkd@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;ae=uudkawmholwkd@odw,f/
Tai vlrsdK;udk rGefvlrsdK;wkd@u (aoH)vkd@ac:cJhw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u Tai vlrsdK;udk &Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@ac:aewmjzpfw,f/ rGefeJ@Arm[m
ta&;om uGmjcm;w,f/ toHxGufu wlavmufeD;yg;jzpfw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ac:a0:wJh aoHtoHudk,ljyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u &Sr;f vkd@
ac:a0: w,fvkd@u|efawmf,lq&w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm u|efawmfajymcsifwmu &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@uolwkd@udkolwdk@ Tai vdk@ac:jyD;rGefeJ@
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u &Srf;vdk@ac:w,f/ Tai toHxGufeJ@ &Srf;toHxGufcsif; vkH;0rwlwmudkawG@&r,f/(Tai) toHxGufudktu,fvkd@
rGefbmomeJ@a&;om;r,fqkd&if wmJ vkd@wduswJh toHxGufudk&edkifygw,f/ Armpm ta&;om;eJ@a&;r,fqkd&if wJ/ w vkd@
teD;pyfqkH;a&;vkd@&w,f/ tckawmh rGefeJ@Arm vlrsdK;wkd@u&Srf;vdk@ ac:vdkuf=uw,f/ bma=umifhrGefeJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@uTai vkd@rac:bJ
k Jhpum;vkH;uqif;oufvmwmukdawG@&w,f/
&Srf;vkd@bma=umifhac:qkdokH;eSKef;ovJqkdwmukdaoaocsmcsmavhvmwJhtcg/ Siam qdw
Tai rS&Srf;vlrsdK;trnfemrodk@ ajymif;vJ vmykHudkavhvmwJhtcg wdwdusustajzudk rawG@&bl;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ ta=umif;udk
avhvmcsif&if TaivlrsdK;wkd@ta=umif;ukdbJ&SmazGavhvm&w,f/ atmufygpmyk'fukdavhvmwJhtcg Tai ac: &Srf; vlrsdK;wkd@rSm
rsdK;EG,fpkuGJtajrmuftrsm;&SdwmudkawG@&jyefw,f/
Why Tai Nation
Tai People have many different subgroups namely, Tai Nue (Northern or Chinese Shan), Tai Lam (Black Shan of
Laos,Vietnam), Tai Sa (in China), Tai Mao (living along the China/Shan State border), Tai Khun, Tai Sipson Panna
(Eastern Shan StateI), Tai Kham Ti ( Northrn Shan State, Kachin State), Tai Ahom (Assam, India) Tai Lue (Lanna,
Thailang), Tai Long (Thailand,Central Shan State), Tai Leng (Kachin, Shan State border), Tai Loi (Mountain Shan/Hill
Shan), Tai Lai. All Tai/Shan people call themselves Tai and not as members of the different subgroups. Identifying
themselves separately only serves to classify them as a people.(Tai-Nation. Org/p.1)

'Dpmyk'fudkoifhav#mfovkdbmomjyef&&if
(Tai )&Srf;vlrsdK; wkd@rSmtkyfpkuJrG sdK;EG,fpkawGtajrmufrsm;&Sdw,f/4if;wkd@rSm Tai Nue (ajrmufydkif;&Srf; okd@r[kwf w&kwf&Srf;), Tai
Lam (avm/Ad,uferf&Srf;rJ), Tai Sa (w&kwfjynfxJrSm&SdwJh&Srf;), Tai Mao(w&kwfArme,fpyfae&Sr;f ), Tai Khun, Tai Sipson
Panna (&Srf;jynfta&S@ydkif;ae@&Srf;), Tai Kham Ti ( ajrmufykdif;&Srf;eJ@ucsifjynfe,f&Srf;), Tai Ahom (tmoHjynf&Srf; tdENd,&Srf;),
Tai Lue (xkdif;jynf&Sd&Srf;), Tai Long (xkdif;jynf&Sr;f eJ@&Srf;jynftv,fydkif;&Srf;), Tai Leng (ucsifjynfe,feJ@ &Srf;jynfe,fpyf&Sd&Srf;),
Tai Loi (awmifay:&Srf;), &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[molwkd@udk,folwkd@ Tai vkd@ac:=uw,f/ tkyfpkuGJemrnf taeeJ@rac:=ubl;/
oD;jcm;rsdK;EG,fpkudk&nfn$ef;wJhtcgrSmomtkyfpktEG,ftrnfemrudkwyfjyD;ac:=uw,f/
txufyg'Dpmyk'fudkavhvm&if&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@rSmtkyfpkuGJrsdK;EG,fpkawGtajrmufrsm;&SdwmudkawG@edkfifw,f/tkyfpktrnfudkokH;pGJcJw,f/tm;
vkH;wOD;udkwOD;(Tai)vdk@bJac:ajym=uw,f//
'gayrJhtxufyg Tai &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkwkd@udkavhvm&ifrGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;awGac:qkdokH;eSKef;aewJh auG@&rS f;trnfemrudkrawG@cJh&bl;/
arm&Srf; (Tai Mao) trnfemrudk aw@G&w,f/ arm&Srf;trnfemrudkawmhpmzwfolrsm;tu|rf;0ifjyD;jzpfr,fu|efawmfxifygw,f/
arm&Srf;wkd@XmeDoDcsif;vJ&Sdw,f/arm&Srf;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@&if;eSD;jyD;omjzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSmTai rsdK;EG,fpk trnf pm&if;xJrSm auG@&Srf;eJ@qufpyfwJh rsdK;EG,fpktrnfemrudk rawG@&wJhtwGuf u|efawmf pdwfxJrSm
txl;qef; jzpfrdjyefw,f wcgtkwfbkdrwW&mrSawmfvSefykef=uwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;udk auG@&rS ;f vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ac:a0:okH;eSKef;aewmudk
32
vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wmudkawG@&w,f/
u|efawmfwkd@ odcJh&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm=unfhwJhtcg aoHaumJ
Armordkif;rSmauG@&Srf;vdk@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;rSm &Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<uwWdudk aoHaumJrsdK;EG,fvkd@
a&;om;xm;wmudkawG@w,f/ rGefpum;vkH; aoH [m&Srf;vlrsdK;ukdac:jyD; aumJ[m &Srf;rsdK;eG,fpkwpk&J@trnfjzpfw,f/
32

edkifxGef;odef;a&;om;wJh[Hom0wDordkif;rSwfpkrS

58

aoHaumJ
[m&Srf;rsdK;EGk,fpktrsm;rSrsdK;EG,fpkwpkjzpfw,f/ ArmawGu auG@ &Sr;f vkd@ ac:vkdufw,f/ rGeftoHxGuf aumJ
eJ@ArmtoHxGuf auG@ wkd@[mwlnDrSK&Sdw,f/ wcgrGeftoH aoH [mArmtoH &Sr;f eJ@wlnDw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ywfoufjyD;
rGefeJ@ArmtokH;eSKef;[m vkH;0wlnDw,fvkd@ajym&if &edkifw,f/ ta&;om;wm rwlnDrSK&Sdw,f/rGeftoHxGuf aumJudk Armwkd@u
auG@ vkd@,lvkdufwmjzpfekdifw,f/'grdk@aoHaumJrGeftokH;eSKef;eJ@ArmtokH;eSKef; auG@&rS ;f qdkwmwlnDw,f toHxGufrSm wlnDrSK&SdjyD;
auG@&rS ;f rsdK;EG,fpkudk &nf&G,fwmtwlwljzpfw,f/
'gayrJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk pm&if;xJrSmauG@&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpktrnfemrudk rawG@&wJhtwGuf u|efawmfrSm=uH&cufaew,f/ rGefeJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u
&Srf;vlrsdK;pkwpkudk auG@&rS ;f vkd@ ac:qkdayrJh TaivlrsdK; awGtaeeJ@tjcm;emrnfeJ@ rdrdwkd@ukd,fudkrdrdwdk@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;wm
jzpfedkifw,fvkd@bJaemufqkH;rSmaumufcsufcs&awmhw,f/ 'grdk@ auG@&Srf;eJ@ywfoufjyD; u|efawmf avhvm wJhtcg wduswJh
ordkif;tcsufvufawGudkrawG@&bl;/ Armorkdif; ynm&SifawGvJauG@&Srf;ta=umif;ukdwdwdususrod=ubl;/ OD;boef;a&;wJh
jrefrmhorkdif; pmtkyfrSm atmufygtwkdif; a&;om;xm;wmukdawG@&w,f/
auG@vlrsdK;wkd@ta=umif;t&mudkpmaytxift&Sm;rawG@&acs/ auG@vlrsdK;wkd@ae&mrSmyJcl;teD;&Sdt0kdif;&GmeSifhrEWav;'Dp=wdwf&Sd tkwfzkd
t&yfrsm;jzpf=uonf/33
'DavmufbJodcJh&w,f/'gxufykdjyD;auG@&Srf;ta=umif;udkrodcJh&bl;/
txufyg Tai rsdK;EG,fpktrnfemrtrsm;tjym;rSm auG@&rS f;trnfrawG@wmudk axmuf&SK&if rGefvlrsdK;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wJh
auG@&Srf;tac:ta0:eJ@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@tac:ta0: tokH;eSKef; rwlwm aocsmw,f/ Oyrmqkd&ifrGefvlrsdK;eJ@Armwkd@u
TaivlrsdK;udk&Srf;vdk@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;jyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@uolwkd@ukd,fholwkd@ Taivkd@ac:a0: w,f/ tac:a0:csif;rwlnD=ucJhovkd ,ckvJ
rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u auG@&rS ;f vkd@ac:a0:wmeJ@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ ac:a0:wm rwlwmbJjzpf&r,fvkd@ aemufqkH;rSmu|efawmf
aumufcsufcsvkdufw,f/
auG@&Sr;f vkd@rGefvlrsdK; ArmvlrsdK;wdk@ ac:aewJh rsdK;EG,fpk[m &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ac:a0:okH;eSKef;wJh arm&Srf; (Tai Mao)jzpfaeovm;vdk@
u|efawmfpOf;pm;aerdw,f/ Tai &Sr;f vlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@ arm&Sr;f vkd@ac:a0:aewmudk rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@u auG@&Srf;vdk@
ac:a0:aeovm;vkd@u|efawmfpOf;pm;awG;awmaerdw,f/ aemufqkH;rSmtxufyg &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpktrnfpm&if;rsm;txJu wtkyfpk &J@
trnfemr[m auG@&Srf;jzpfekdifw,fvkd@bJ u|efawmfpdwfxJrSm cH,lvkdufw,f/
'DtcsufawG[myXrtqifhtaeeJ@u|efawmf&SmazGawG@&Sdcsufrsm;jzpfw,f tkwfbkdrwW&muawmfvSefykefuefwJh &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkudk
bma=umifhrGefeJ@Armwkd@u auG@&Srf;vkd@ ac:&ovJ auG@&rS ;f vkd@rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@ac:a0:aewJhrsdK;EG,fpk[m b,f&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk
xJrSm yg0ifaeovJ u|efawmf wa,mufwnf; av;av;eufeufpOf;pm;aerdw,f u|efawmftav;eufxm; t"du
&SmazG&rSmuauG@&rS ;f ta=umif;jzpfw,f/ auG@&rS ;f eJ@wvkdif; pum;vkH;wkd@&J@ qufpyfrSKudku|efawmf&SmazG wifjy&rSmjzpfw,f/
oufaotaxmufxm;ckdifckdifvkHvkHu|efawmfrSmvkdtyfaew,f/ 'grkd@auG@&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkeJ@ ywfoufwJh ordkif;tcsufvufawGudk
rawG@,awG@atmif u|efawmf&SmazG&OD;rSmjzpfw,f/ pmtkyfrsdK;pkHzwf&SKavhvmjyD; rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ okH;eSKef; ac:qkd
ae=uwJhauG@&rS ;f rsdK;EG,fpkta=umif;udk u|efawmfxyfrHavhvm&jyefw,f
atmufyg Tai &J@orkdif;pmtkyfudkawG@&SdawmhrS auG@&Srf;&J@tptevrf;pudkawG@&Sd&awmhw,f/
In the 10th. and 11th. century, there is little doubt that a powerful Tai kingdom, the Nam Mao Long
Kingdom, had been founded in the northern region of Nam Mao (now called Shwe Li River). It is believed
that this was a branch of the "Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom founded in the 7th. century by the Tai of Yunnan.
Sao Hom Hpa of the Nam Mao line was the ruler of the Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom in Burma for 80

33

jrefrmorkdif;/ OD;boef;/ pm-116

59
years until he died in 1104. During that period the Tais were the main rivals of the Burmans and Mons,
when the three groups were struggling for dominance in Burma.34

10-&mpkeJ@11-&mpkrSm oHo,tenf;i,f&Sdwmu tvGeftm;=uD;wJh&Srf;ekdifiHawmfwckudkerfarm (,cktac:a&$vDjrpf)&J@

ajrmufbufydkif;rSm xlaxmifcJhw,fvkd@,lq&w,f/ 'DedkifiH[m 7-&mpk ,leef&Srf;vlrsdkK;wkd@ xlaxmifwJh Tai Mao Kao
armaum&Srf; ekdifiH=uD;&J@ tpdyftydkif;wckvkd@ ,kH=unf&w,f/ Nam Mao rsdK;eG,fuapm[kefz[mArmjynfrSm&SdwJh Tai Nam
MaoLongKingdomedkifiHawmfudkeSpfaygif;(80)eSpfxdtkyfcsKyfcJhw,f/1104-ckeSpfrSm uG,fvGef oGm;w,f/ tJ'D umv rSm
Armjynfpkd;rkd;a&;twGuf &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[mArmeJ@ rGefwkd@&J@t"dujydKifbuf awGjzpfcJhw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm Tai Nam
&J@t"dy`g,fudkwvkH;jcif;pmzwfolrsm;emvnfoabmvG,fatmifu|efawmftenf;i,f&Sif;jyygr,f/
MaoLongKingdom
(Tai=&Srf;/ Nam=jrpf/a&/ Mao=a&$vDa'o/Long= vkif/ Kingdom=edkifiHawmf=uD;)jzpfw,f/
h ,f/
txufygpmyk'frS"Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom armaum&Srf; ekdifiHawmf udku|efawmftm; txl;yifpdwf0ifpm;apcJw
armaum&Srf;ekdifiHawmf vkd@qdkxm;w,f/ (Kao) aum pum;vkH;[m rGefvlrsdK;wkd@ac:a0:okH;pGJwJh HaumJ eJ@eD;pyfrSK&Sdaew,f/
Kaw
aumpum;vkH;udkbJreG fvlrsdK;wdk@u
aumJvkd@rdrdwdk@bmomeJ@ajymif;vJ
a&;om;vm=ujyD;
aoHaumJvk@d
jzpfvmovm;pOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmw,f/ wzefreG fvlrsdK;wkd@tokH;teSKef;ta&;om; aumJ udkArmwdk@urdrdwdk@bmompum;eJ@ auG@
vkd@ajymif;vJ a&;om;vmovm;u|efawmfrSmpOf;pm;p&mjzpfvmw,f/
aum(Kao)pum;vkH;eJ@ywfoufjyD;u|efawmfeJ@tvGef&if;eSD;wJh&Srf;trsdK;om; Ph.D bGJ@twGuf =ooa=wvD;,mekdifiH e,lapmufa0;
wuUokdvfrSmynmqnf;yl;aewJhudkpdkif;avmifvif;(Sai Lao Leang ) udkar;=unfhwJhtcg/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@bmompum;t& (9)*%ef;
t"dy`g,f&Sdw,fvkd@ u|efawmftm;&Sif;jyw,f &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;t&w&kwfjynfawmifydkif; ,leefjynfrSmwcgwkH;u&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.
xlaxmifwJh udk;wkdif;udk;Xge&Srf;ekdifiHawmf=uD;wnf&SdcJhbl;onf[u
k dkpkdif;avmifvif;(Sai Lao Leang) uyifxyfrH&Sif;jyonf/
aum(9)[mxkdudk;(9)wkdif;udk;(9)XmeekdifiHawmf=uD;udk&nfn$ef;wmjzpfedkifw,fvkd@u|efawmftm;t=uHjyKajymjyw,f/
udkpkdif;&Sif;jywJhtcsufeJ@ the Nam Mao Long Kingdom, had been founded in the northern region of Nam Mao
(now called Shwe Li River). It is believed that this was a branch of the "Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom founded
in the 7th. century by the Tai of Yunnan. pmyk'fygtcsufvufwkd@[mudkufnDaewmudkawG@&w,f/ Nam Mao Long
Kingdom[mw&kwf,leefjynfe,frSmwnf&SdcJhbl;wJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ udk;wkdif;udk;XmeekdifiHawmf=uD;&J@wkdif;/Xmewck jzpfw,f
qdkwmxif&Sm;w,f/udk;wdkif;udk;Xme&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@tifyg,mekdifiHawmf=uD;[mtvGefus,f0efw,f/tif;tm;vJtvGef=uD;rm;wJhtifyg
,mekdifiHawmf=uD;wckjzpfw,f/xkdudk;wkdif;udk;Xme&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@.tifyg,m=uD;xJrSm Nam Mao Long Kingdom edkifiHawmfvJ
XmewcktaeeJ@yg0ifcw
Jh ,f/ Nam Mao Long Kingdom [mArmjynfwGif;odk@ (Tai Long)&Srf;wdk@ 0ifa&muf vmjyD;aemuf/
Jh JhekdifiHawmfwckjzpfw,f/ Armjynfajrmufydkif; a&$vDjrpf0Sr;f rSm
Armjynftxufydkif;a&$vDjrpf(Nam Mao) udktajccHwnfaxmifcw
wnf&SdwJh (Tai Long)&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ edkifiHawmfjzpfw,f/'Dtcsufvufwkd@udk u|efawmf&Sif;&Sif;odvm&awmhw,f/ (Nam
Mao=a&$vDjrpf// Long=Tai Long=&Srf;vlrsdK;)
tusdK;ta=umif;tm;vkH;wkd@udkfqufpyfjyD;u|efawmfpOf;pm;wJhtcg/ "Tai Mao Kao" Kingdom udk;wdkif;udk;Xmearm&Srf;
qdkwm/a&$vDjrpfwav#mufrSm (Armjynftxufykdif;eJ@w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;tyg0if) udk;wkdif;udk;XmeedkifiHawmf=uD;udk (Tai Long)
&Srf;vlrsdK;=uD;uxlaxmifcJhbl;onf/ 'Dudk;wkdif;udk;XmeekdifiHawmf=uD;udkta=umif;jyKjyD; 'Dae&m'Da'o 'DedkifiHawmf=uD;rSm aexkdifwJh
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@u (aoHaumJ)vkd@ ac:qdkvdkuf[efwlw,fvdk@,lq&w,f/ bmjzpfovJqkd&if/&Srf;tac: aum pum;vkH;eJ@
rGeftac: aumJpum;vkH;wkd@[mwlnD;rSK&Sdaew,f/ wcgrGefvlrsdK;wkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;wJhpum;vkH;udk (aumJ)udkyifArmvlrsdK;wkd@u
rdrdbmompum;eJ@(auG@)vdk@a&;om;okH;wmjzpfedkifw,fvkd@u|efawmfaumufekwfcsvdkufw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ac:qdkwJh aoHaumJ
ArmawGGac:aewJh auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;qkdwm'DedkifiHawmf=uD;u (Tai Long)&Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;wmjzpfedkifw,f/ 'DekdifiHawmf=uD;udk
34

The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P. 1

60

ta=umif;jyKjyD;rS'DekdifiHawmfrSae=uwJh
&Srf;vlrsdK;udk(aoHauJ)aum&Srf;vkd@
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ (auG@)&Srf;ac:wmjzpfekdifw,fvdk@bJu|efawmfaumufekwfcsuf,lqvdkufawmhw,f/

rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uac:qkdjyD;

ArmjynfxJodk@0ifa&mufvmwJhrlv&Srf;vlrsdK;[m/ (Tai-Long)vlrsdK;pk=uD;jzpfw,f/
ArmjynfxJudk0ifa&mufvmjyD; a&$vDjrpf0Srf;
(Nam Mao) a&$vDjrpfudktajccHjyD;edkifiHawmfwnfaqmufaexkdifojzifh (arm&Srf;) vkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;vmwmjzpfw,f/ csKyfjyD;ajym&&if
(arm&Srf;)vkd@emrnfwGifvmwJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk[m(Tai
Long)rsdK;EG,ftkyfpk=uD;rS
qif;oufvmwmjzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSmydkrdk&Sif;atmiftenf;xyfrHjyD;a&;om;wifjyvkdygw,f/ ArmjynfudktpyXrOD;qkH;0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk[m (TaiLong)&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkjzpfw,f/ Armtac: a&$vDjrpf0Srf;[m/ (Tai) vlrsdK;wkd@tac: (Nam Mao)jzpfw,f/(Tai=&Srf;/ Nam=jrpf/a&/
Mao=a&$vDa'o)Armjynfodk@(Tai-Long)
rsdK;EG,fpktaeeJ@0ifa&mufvmw,f/
/a&$vDjrpf0Srf;
(Nam
Mao)
t&yfa'orSmtajcwnfaexkdifojzifh/armf&rS f;vkd@trnfemrwGifvmwmjzpfw,f/
atmufygpmyk'ft&qkdvJ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[mrdrdbmomeJ@rdrdwkd@udk,fudk (Tai) odk@r[kwf (Tai Long) vkd@ac:qkd=ua=umif; az:jy
xm;w,f/In their own language the Shans call themselves Tai or Tai Long and their country Mong Tai
instead of Shan State.

wzefatmufygpmyk'fudku|efawmftav;eufxm;avhvm=unfh&SKaerdjyefw,f/
The Shan imgrants of upper Burma were the oldest branch of Tai ethnic group being known as Tai
Long or Tai Yai, that is Great Tai. Tai Mao and Tai Nua were also classified as Tai Long.35

Armjynftxufydkif;udktapmqkH;0ifa&mufcdkvkHwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;pk[m"Tai Long" or "Tai Yai"wkd@jzpfjyD;/ &Sr;f =uD;vkd@ ac:w,f/

Tai Mao (arm&Srf;)eJ@ Tai Nua (&Srf;i,f)wkd@udkvJ "Tai Long"tkyfpkrSmyg0ifw,f 'Dpmyk'fudk=unfh&ifa&$vDarm&Srf;(Tai
Mao)vJ "Tai Long" tkyfpkjzpfw,fvdk@qdkxm;w,f/
tm;vkH;udkjcKHjyD;ajym&&if ArmjynfxJudk0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpki,ftm;vkH;wkd@[m/ (Tai Long) rsdK;eG,ftkyfpk=uD;rS qif;ouf
vmwmudkawG@&w,f/(Tai Long) t&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk=uD;[mtvGeft"duusw,fqkdwm u|efawmfwkd@ awG@&w,f/ 'Dtxdawmh
u|efawmfwkd@ &Sif;&Sif; odvmjyD;jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh auG@&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ta=umif;udkavhvmvkdwJh u|efawmf[maemufqkH;rSm"Tai
Long".vlrsdK;wkd@ ta=umif;udkbJ t"duxm;avhvm&awmhw,f/ wzefatmufyg pmyk'fudkavhvm&ifrGefvlrsdK;/ArmvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
twlwla&maeSm aexkdifwJh &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk[mTai Long rsdK;EG,fpkjzpfaewmudkawG@&jyefw,f/'Dtcsuf[mt"duuswJhtcsufjzpfw,f/
The Tai Long did not only establish their power in the lowland and upland of Burma Proper, but slowly, by following
the rivers they infiltrated to all the river valleys of South-east Asia. Small groups, as well as setting amongst the Mons
and Burmese, went as far as Cambodia and Vietnam. The majority made their homes in the Shan State and some
went further west into Thailand and Laos.
Tai

Long

vlrsdK;wkd@[mArmjynfajrjyef@eJ@ Armjynftxufykdif;rSm tm%mxlaxmif,kHrubl;/ wajz;ajz;eJ@jrpfukd

vkdufoGm;jyD;a&S@awmiftm&Sjrpf0Srf;wav#mufrSm oGm;a&mufaexkdifvm=uw,f/ tkyfpki,fwpk[mrGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
a&maeSmaexkdifjyD;uarBm'D,m;AD,uferftxdjyef@eSHa&mufoGm;w,f/ trsm;pkuawmh &Srf;jynfe,frSmtajccsaexkdifjyD;tcsdK@[m
xkdif;ekdifiH/vmtkdedkifiHtxdjyefeSH@oGm;w,f

'Dpmyk'fudk=unfh&if Tai long &Srf;rsdK;EG,f[m rGefvlrsdK;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@&if;&if;eSD;eSD;a&ma&maeSmaeSmeD;eD;uyfuyfaexkdif =uwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;

jzpfaewmudk awG@&w,f/ 'grkd@rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ac:qdkokH;eSKef;aewJh auG@&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpk[m wjcm;&Srf;rsdK;EG,f tkyfpkrjzpfekdifbl;/
Tai Long &Srf;rsdK;EG,ftkyfpkbJjzpfedkifw,fqkdwm u|efawmf ckdifckdifrmrm ajymvm ekdifawmhw,f/ 'Dtqifhtxdawmh pmzwfolrsm;
&Sif;vif; vdrfhr,fvkd@u|efawmfxifygw,f/

35

The Shan Settlement in Myanmar/p. 2

61

aemufwqifhu|efawmfxyfrHavhvm&rSmuauG@&Srf;vdk@u|efawmfwkd@ac:qkdokH;eSKef;aewJh (Tai Long )&Srf;eJ@wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@ wkd@[m

b,fvkd qufpyfrSK &Sdw,f qdkwJhtcsufbJjzpfaew,f/ 'DqufpyfrSK[mt"duusjyD; ta&;=uD;qkH;tpdyfydkif;jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;eJ@ Tai
Long pum;vkH;wkd@&J@ qufpyfrSKukdu|efawmf tvGefodcsifw,f/ bmjzpfvJqkdawmh wvkdif; eJ@ Tai Long pum;vkH;eSpfvkH;&J@
toHxGufudk aoaocsmcsmavhvm&iftvGefwlnDaewmudk awG@&w,f/ toHxGufcsif; tvGefeD;pyfaewJhtcsufudk u|efawmf
txl;pdwfpm;rdw,f/'gayrJhwlw,fvkd@ckdifckdifrmrmajymr&ao;bl;/
oufaoawGom"uawGvkdao;w,f/
'Dpum;vkH;
eSpfckqufpyfrSK[m tvGefpdwf0ifpm;bdk@ aumif;w,f pmvkH;eSpfvkH;wkd@&J@qufpyfrSKudk aoaocsmcsmodcsifwJhpdwf u|efawmfrSm
ykdrdkjyif;jyif;ysysjzpfay:vmw,f/ ckdifrmwJh oufaotaxmufxm;eJ@ pmzwfoludkwifjycsifw,f/ 'DpmvkH;eSpfvkH;&J@ qufpyfrSK
rawG@or# u|efawmfrSm pdwfrat;ekdifbJ jzpfaeao;w,f/ 'grdk@auG@&Srf;vkd@u|efawmfwkd@odwJh(Tai Long) &Srf;
eJ@wvkdif;pum;vkH;wkdk@&J@qufpyfrSKukd
u|efawmfrem;
raexyfrHjyD;pmtkyfawGudk
zwf&jyefw,f/
todu|rf;
&Srf;ausmif;om;/&Srf;oli,fcsif; awGudk csO;f uyfjyD; ar;jref;pkHprf; &jyefw,f/ 'gayrJhu|efawmf tvGefvkdcsifaewJh tajz twdusukd
r&ekdifbJ jzpfaejyefw,f/ aemufqkH;rSm u|efawmf tvGefvkdcsifaewJh ckdifrmwJhqufpyfrSK taxmufxm;wckudk
uHaumif;axmufrvkd@rar#mfvifhbJ atmufygpmtkyfwtkyfrSm awG@&cJhw,f/ pmtkyf[m vGefcw
Jh Jh eSpfaygif;(100)ausmfu
tdENd,ekdifiHpmykHeSdyfwkdufrS&kdufeSdyfhxkwfa0xm;wJht*Fvdyfbmompmtkyfwtkyfjzpfw,f/ orkdif;ynm&Sifa'gufwmvl@&J@ pmtkyfpifu
jzpfw,f/ (Dr. Lues collection in Australia National library).
Linguistic Survey of India
VOL. II
MOM-KHMER AND SIAMESE-CHINESE FAMILIES
(INCLUDING KHASSI AND TAI)
COMPILED AND EDITED BY

G.A. GRIERSON, C.I.E., PH.D., D.LITT., I.C.S.

CALCUTTA
OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF GOVERNMENT PRINTING, INDIA.
1904

txufygpmtkyfpmrsufeSm (64)rSatmufygpmyk'fudkuHaumif;axmufrvkd@u|efawmfoGm;awG@rdw,f/ pmyk'frSmatmufyg twkdif;

jzpfw,f/
"We have seen that the Northern Shans were always spoken of by the other branches of the family as the
Tai Long' (wvki)f or 'Great Tais'. In Shan the letters l and r are freely interchanged, so that another form
of the name is 'Tai Rong'. One section of the Shans who at various times entered Assam has retained this
name, and its members are now known as Tairongs, Turungs, or Sham (i.e., Shan) Turungs. .Their
own tradition is that they originally came from Mung-mang Khau-shang on the North-East of Upper
Burma, and settled on the Turungpani River, which took its name, 'the Tai-Rong Water', from them."36

'Dpmyk'fudktwkdcsKH;jyD;bmomjyef&&ifatmufygtwkdif;jzpfw,f/
36

Mon- Khmer and Siamese Families.p.64/(The above is based on the note on page 284 of Mr. Gait's Census Report.)

62
ajrmufydkif;&Srf;wkd@udktjcm;&Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkwkd@u 'Tai Long' (wvki)f

okdr[kwf (Great Tai )&Srf;=uD; vkd@

tjrJwrf;ac:qdkwmudk u|efawmfwkd@=um;od&cJhw,f/ &Srf;wkd@rSm l eJ@ r pmvkH;rsm;ukd vGwfvGwfvyfvyf zvS,fjyD;okH;aewmudk awG@&
w,f/ xkda=umifh tjcm;emrnfykHpHwcku Tai Rong jzpfw,f/ &Srf;rsdK;EG,fpkrsm;rSrsdK;EG,fpkwpk[m tmoHjynfe,fxJodk@
0ifa&mufoGm;jyD; 'Demrnfudk &vmw,f/ 'DrsdK;EG,fpk0ifwkd@udk Tairongs, Turungs, odk@r[kwf Sham vkd@od=uw,f/
olwkd@&J@udk,fydkif"avh xkH;pH[m rl&if;tm;jzifh txufArmjynfta&S@ajrmufydkif; Mung-mang Khau-shang uvmw,f/
Turungpani jrpfrSm tajccsaexkdifw,f/
'Dordkif;ynm&Sifu/ ol@&J@t*Fvdyfvdka&;om;xm;wJhpmwrf;rSm/ &Srf;pmvkH;(wvki)f udkygyl;wGJjyD; a&;om;xm;wmudk xl;xl;qef;qef;
awG@&w,f/ (wvki)f qkw
d Jh &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@pum;vkH;ta&;om;[m wvkdif;pum;vkH;&J@ta&;om;eJ@ tvGefeD;pyf aewmudk
awG@&jyefw,f/ 'DpmvkH;eSpfvkH;[mta&;om;csif;tvGefeD;pyfrSK&Sd,kHrubl; toHxGufcsif;vJtvGefwlnDaewmudk awG@&w,f/ tvGef
xl;qef;aewmudkawG@&w,f/ u|efawmfudktxl;pdwfvSKyf&Sm;apcJhw,f/ 'geJ@u|efawmfodu|rf;wJh &Srf;trsdK;om;udkpkdif;avmifvif;udk
csOf;uyfjyD; &Srf;bmomta&;om;udk ar;jref;&jyefw,f/ udkpdkif;avmifvif;uvJ pdwf&n
S f vuf&SnfeJ@ a&;jyw,f/ &Sif;jyygw,f/
udkpkdif;avmifvif;&Sif;vif;csuft&qdk&if(Tai)pmvkH;udk&Srf;bmompmayeJ@(w;)vkd@a&;om;=uw,f (Long)uk(d vli)f vk@d &Sr;f bmom
pmayeJ@ a&;om;=uw,f/ udkpkdif;avmifvif;&Sif;jyawmhrS Tai Long pum;vkH;udk &Srf;bmomeJ@ (w;vlif)a&;om;ykHudk
u|efawmf&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; od&awmhw,f/'g[m&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@pmaya&;om;rSKeJ@ywfoufjyD;yxrtqifh u|efawmf odvkduf&w,f/
Tai Long udk (w;vli)f vdk@&Srf;bmompmayeJ@ a&;om;=uw,f qdkwm&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odayrJh/ u|efawmfrSmauseyfrSKr&ao;bl;/
bmjzpfvkd@vJqkd&if udkpkdif;avmifvif;a&;om;wJh (w;vlif)pmvkH;eJ@ pmwrf;rSmyg&SdwJh (wvkif)pmvkH;wkd@[mtenf;i,f
uGmjcm;aewmudkawG@&w,f/ u|efawmfpdwfxJrSm tvkdqENrjynfhao;bJ jzpfaerdjyefw,f/ 'geJ@ (wvkif)[m &Srf;bmompmvkH;
r[kwfbl;vm;vdk@ udkpdkif;avmifvif;udk u|efawmfur&Jw&JeJ@ar;vdkufjyefw,f/ 'DawmhrSudkpkdif;avmifvif;uqufvufjyD;xyfrH
&Sif;vif;jyjyefw,f/ udkpkdif;avmifvif;&J@tajz[mu|efawmfvkdcsifwJhtajztwdusjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/ (wvkif) pmvk;H vJ
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@&Srf;bmomta&;om;bJjzpfw,fvkd@ udkpdkif;avmifvif;utckdifrmtwdusajz=um;w,f/ (wvkif) pmvkH;[m
&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@ ta&;om;tppftrSefjyD; acwfa[mif; &Srf;bmompmay ta&;om; tokH;eSKef;jzpfw,f/ ,ckacwfrSm (w;vlif)
vkd@ajymif;vJ a&;om;vm=uw,f/ (Tai Long) udk,cifacwfwkH;uokH;eSKef;Ia&;om;aewJh &Srf;bmompmayeJ@ (wvkif) ae&mrSm
&Srf;toHxGufykdrdkwdwdusus&ekdifatmifqkdjyD;,ckacwfopfrSm (Tai Long)udk &Srf;pmayeJ@ w;vlifvkd@ ajymif;vJa&;om;
vm=uwmjzpfw,f/ ,ckacwfopfrSm(w;vli)f vkd@ajymif;vJa&;om;vmwJhta=umif;&if;udkyg udkpdkif;avmifvif;updwf&Snfvuf&Snf
&Sif;jyw,f/u|efawmfrSm0rf;omvGef;vkd@rsuf&nfrsm;yifpdk@rdw,f/tHh=ovGef;vkd@pum;yifajymrxGufavmufatmifjzpfrdw,f/
u|efawmf&ifxJrSmteSpfeSpfeSpftvvuwif;usyfydwfpdk@vmcJw
h Jhjy\emtvkH;=uD;vJ,ckrSyifajyaysmufoGm;awmhw,f/
rdrdtvGefvkdcsifaewJhtajzufkdvJ&vdkufwJhtwGuf/
u|efawmfpdwfonfvJtvGefat;csrf;oGm;w,f/
udkpkdif;avmifvif;udkvJ
twdkif;rod aus;Zl;wifrw
d ,f/ udkpkdif;avmifvif;&J@ &Sif;jycsufutvGef&Sif;vif;ygw,f/ (wvkif)[m a&S@a[mif;&Srf;bmom
ta&;om;jzpfw,f/ ,cifacwfa[mif;rSm&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@u (Tai Long) udk (wvkif) pmvkH;ta&;om;eJ@a&;om;okH;ESKef;cJhw,f/
u|efawmhpdwfxJrSm r&Sif;rvif;jzpfcJhwmawG &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; od&wJhtwGuf0rf;omvkd@rqkH;jzpfrdw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@
ywfoufjyD; &SKwfaxG; vmcJh&wJhu|efawmfrSm ,ckrSbJ&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; jzpfvmawmhw,f/ u|efawmfvJ udk,fvdkcsifwJh
tajz&vdkufwJhtwGuf twkdif;rod0rf;omoGm;rdw,f/ aemufwqifhusefwJh tcsufu (wvkif)a0g[m&pum;vkH;uae
wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;odk@ ajymif;vJ jzpfay:vmykHudk &Sif;vif;wifjybdk@twGuf jzpfw,f/ 'DtwGufu|efawmftbdk@
vG,fuloGm;jyD;jzpfw,f/
'Dae&mrSm ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@jrefrmrSKjyKjyD; jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;om;wwfwJh tavhtxudkpmzwfolrsm; owd&atmifjyefvnf
az:jy&r,f xifygw,f/ zsmykif qkw
d Jh rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ ta&;om;udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u zwf&wmv#macgufaew,fracsmaebl;/
rajyjypfbl;jrefrmrSKjyKjyD; zsmykH a&;om; vmwmudkpmzwfolrsm;owd=ur,fxifygw,f/ zsmykif rGefpumvkH;rSzsmykHjzpfvmykHudk
u|efawmf&Sif;vif;wifjycJhjyD;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ (wvkif) pum;vkH;udkvJ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@ac:&wm v#macgufaeykH&w,f/
vkif[m Armpma&;om;zGJ@xkH;rSKppfppfr[kwfbl;/ zwf&wmvJ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ taeeJ@ cufcJw,f v#macgufaew,f/ rajyjypfbl;/
'gudkArmvlrsdK;u rdrdwdk@jrefrmpma&;om;zGJ@xkH;rSKppfppfeJ@ vkdif; vkd@ ajymif;vJa&;om;jyD; jrefrmrSKjyK vkdufwmjzpfw,f/
zsmykifqkdwJh rGefa0g[m&udkjrefrmpmzGJ@xkH;rSKyD;yD;ooeJ@zsmykH vkd@ajymif;vJa&;om;wwfwJh ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ jrefrmjyKrSKudk jrif&if/

63

,ckvJ&Srf;vlrsdK;awGu
(wvkif)
vkd@a&;cJw
h Jha0g[m&udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u jrefrmpmzGJ@xkH;rSK yDyDooeJ@ wvkdif;
vdk@ajymif;vJa&;om;vmwmudkvJjrifvdfrfhr,fvdk@u|efawmfar#mfvifhw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmykdrdk&Sif;atmif jrefrmpmzGJ@xkH;rSKeJ@ ywfoufjyD;
u|efawmftenf;xyf&Sif;jycsifygw,f/ ykif vkif ukif bkif rkif wkd@ta&;om;rdsK; ArmawGa&;om;avh r&Sdbl;/
tvGef&Sm;yg;w,f/ jrefrmpm zGJ@xkH;rSKvJr[kwfbl;/ tJ'Dvdkta&;om;rsdK;udk ArmawGa&;&ifvJ rGefvlrsdK;/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@
toHxGufouJhokd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@toHrxGufedkifbl;/rGefeJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@upmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@toHxGufw,f/'gayrJh
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u
pmvkH;eSpfvkH; taeeJ@ toHxGuf w,f/ ta&;rSmpmwvkkH; toHxGufrSmpmeSpfvkH;jzpfaew,f/ Oyrm vkif pmvkH;udk avhvm=unfhyg
rGefeJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@u vkif
vkd@bJ pmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@ toHxGufw,f/ 'gayrJhArmwdk@u tJ'Dvkdta&;om;rsdK;udk
a&;&ifpmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@ toHrxGufwwfbl;/ pmvkH;eSpfvkH;cGJjyD;toHxGufw,f/ *dwvkifvkd@ArmawGa&;avh&Sdw,f/ vkif
pmvkH;udktoHxGufwJh ae&mrSm pmvkH;wvkH;taeeJ@ toHrxGufekdifbl;/ pmvkH;eSpv
f kH;cJGvkdufjyD;toHxGuf&w,f/ vkif pmvkH;udk
vk+vif pmvkH;eSpfvkH;cJGjyD;/ vk ukdoD;jcm; toHwvkH;xkwfw,ff vifudkvJ oD;jcm; toHwvkH;xkwfw,f/ 'ga=umifh *dwvkif
pmvkH;udktoHxGufzwfwJhtcg *dwvkvif vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wdk@u toHxGufwmudk u|efawmfwdk@=um;&w,f/ wcg vkifysdK
vkd@ArmvlrsdK;awGa&;om;rSKudk awG@vdrfr,f/ vkifysdK pmvkH;udktoHxGuf&mrSm vkvifysdK vkd@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u toHxGufw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@vdk pmvkH;wvkH; taeeJ@toHrxGufwwfbl;/'grdk@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ta&;om; (wvkif) pmvkH;rS
(vkif)pmvkH;ukdArmvlrsdK;wdk@u toHxGufwJh ae&mrSm v#macgufaewwfw,f/ pmvkH;eSpfvkH;taeeJ@ toHeSpfrsdK; xkwfae&w,f
rajyjypfbl;/ toHajyjypfwJh ta&;om;udk jyKjyifajymif;vJjyD;a&;om;vmw,f/ (vkif) ae&mrSm (vkdif;)vkd@ajymif;vJ
a&;om;vmwmjzpfw,f/
vkdif;vkd@a&;om;awmhrSArmvlrsdK;wkd@taeeJ@ac:a0:&wmoufawmifhoufom&Sdvmw,f/toHxGuf&mrSmvnf;vG,fvG,fululeJ@
toHwvkH;wnfudkxGufvmekdifawmhw,f/aemufqkH;rSm (wvkdif;) a0g[m&[m (wvkif) Tai Long qkdwJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@
a0g[m&pum;vkH;rSqif;oufvmw,fqkdwm&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;od&awmhw,f/
tcdkifrmqkH;oufaoom"ujzpfw,fvdk@u|efawmfjrifw,f 'gxufykdrdkckdifrmwJh oufao taxmufxm;qdkwmr&Sdedkifawmhbl;/
'ga=umifh wvkdif; a0g[m&[m &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@a0g[m&pum;vkH; (wvkif) rSajymif;vJ a&;om;vmwJh a0g[m&
pum;vkH;jzpfw,fqkdwm u|efawmf ckdifcdkifrmrmajym&J vmawmhw,f/
txufygaumufekwfcsufudktaxmufuljyKwJhtaxmufxm;tcsdK@udku|efawmfxyfrHwifjycsifao;w,f/OyrmrGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvlrsdL;wkd@
urGefbmompmeJ@ ref vkd@a&;om;=uw,f/'gudkArmvlrsdK;wkd@uArmpmtoHxGufeJ@ rGef vdk@ajymif;vJa&;om; okH;eSKef;vmw,f/
wcg ytkd@0fvlrsdK; wkd@urdrdwkd@bmompmayeJ@ ytkd@0f vkd@a&;om;w,f'gukdArmvlrsdK;wkd@u ArmpmtoHxGufeJ@ ytkd@vdk@ajymif;vJ
a&;om; okH;eSKef;vmw,f/ 'Dtaxmufxm;awGudk=unfh&if &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@bmompmayeJ@ wvkifvkd@a&;om;wmudkvJ
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u rdrdbmompmaytoHxGufeJ@ wvkdif;vkd@ajymif;vJa&;om;okH;eSKef;vmw,fqdkwmjiif;r&atmif tvGef,kwWdwef
aejyefw,f/
tprlvuwnf;uu|efawmfxifrSwf,lqcJw
h Jhtwkdif; wvkdif;a0g[m&[m rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@a0g[m&pum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;udk
&nfn$ef;wJh pum;vkH;vJr[kwfbl; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@a0g[m&pum;vkH;vJr[kwfbl;qkdwm rSefuefaew,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&[m
=urf;wrf;&kdif;jywJhpum;vkH;wvkH;vJr[kwfbl;/npfywfqJqdkwJhpum;vkH;wvkH;vJr[kwfbl;qkdwmrSefuefaew,f/ tvGefaumif;rGef
oef@&Sif;wJhpum;vkH;wvkH;jzpfw,f/tvGef,Ofaus;odrf;arG@jyD;wefbdk;&SdwJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@udkudk,fpm;jyKwJhpum;vkH;
wvkH;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ (wvki)f pum;vkH;udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@ujrefrmrSK jyKvkduf&mrS &&SdvmwJha0g[m& pum;vkH;jzpfaew,f/
tpyXrrl&if;t"dy`g,ftrSefukdrodbJ/tvGJokH;pm;jyKrdwJhtwGufrvdkvmtyfwJhtusdK;oufa&mufrSKawGudkjzpfay:apcJhw,f/ rGefArm
cspf=unfa&;udkvJysufjym;apcJhw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;w&yfvkH;udkvJeSpfaygif;&mcsDjyD;
'Dpum;vkH;eJ@nSif;yrf;eSdyfhpuf'kuQay;vmcJhw,f/
t"dy`g,frq
Jh JqkdvmcJhw,f/rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udktnGef@wkH;apcJhw,f/Armtm%m&rif;tpkd;&wkd@.npfywfrSKjzpfw,f/aumufuspfpif;vJrSKjzpf
w,f/ =uD;rm;wJhvl@tcGifh a&;csdK;azgufrSKjzpfw,f/
aemufqkH;rSmckdifckdifrmrmaumufcsufcsvkd@&wmuwvkdif;a0g[m&[m &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ (wvkif)a0g[m&rS ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmwJh
pum;vkH;jzpfjyD; Tai Long &Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;wJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,fqkdwm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;od&awmhw,f/ wdwdususckdifckdifrmrm
ajymekdifjyD;jzpfw,f/
u|efawmfvJ twkdif;rod 0rf;omoGm;w,f/ teSpfeSpftvvu aysmufqkH; oGm;wJh tvGefwefbdk;rjzwfedkifwJhywWjrm;wvkH;udk
jyefvnf
&SmazGawG@&SdwJhvlwOD;uJhodk@twdkif;rod
u|efawmf
0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpfrdawmhw,f/
rGefwrsdK;om;vkH;vJ

64

u|efawmfeJ@xyfwlxyfr#
0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpf=ur,fvkd@xifygw,f
wvkdif;qkdwJha0g[m&[m
rGefvlrsdK;xk w&yfvkH;udk eSpfaygif;250'kuQay;cJhw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;a=umifh rGefvrl sdK;xkw&yfvkH;wkd@[meSpfaygif;rsm;pGm
pdwfqif;&J yifyrf;vmcJh&w,f/ emwm&Snf elema&m*gqkd;wckuJhokd@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udktjrJwrf;eSdyfhpufnSif;yrf;vmcJhw,f/
ArmvlrsdK;awGu wvkdif; a0g[m& pum;vkH;eJ@ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@udktrsdK;rsdK;eSdrfcHcJh&=uw,f/ &SKwfcsuJh&J@cJh=uw,f/ qJqdkcJh=uw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;wkd@rSmbkrodbrodbJ wvkdif;pum;vkH;eJ teSdyfhpuf cHvmcJh&w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@pnf;yGm;a&;/vlrSKa&;/ynma&;wkd@udkyg
xdckdufqkH;&SKH;epfemapcJhw,f/ ,ckawmheSpf&Snfvrsm; cHpm; vmcJh&wJhemwm&Snfelema&m*grS rGefvlrsdK;wkd@uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif;
aysmufuif;edkifjyD;jzpfw,f/ vlopfpdwfopfeJ@ urBmopfudk OD;wnfa&S@&SKekdifjyD;jzpfw,f/ acgif;armh&ifaumhcg wvdkif;
qkdvmolrsm;udk&ifqdkif&JekdifjyD;jzpfw,f/ 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpfbkd@ tvGefaumif;w,f/ rGefvlrsdK;xkw&yfvkH; ukd,fpdwfeSpfjzm usef;rm
csrf;om=uygap 0rf;ajrmuf 0rf;omjzpf=uygap vdk@ u|efawmf av;av;eufeufqkawmif; vkdufygw,f/
wvkdif;a0g[m&[m&Srf;vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;w,fqkdwm u|efawmfwkd@ tm;vkH;od&jyD;jzpfw,f/ aemufqkH;&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odbdk@vkd
aeao;wJhtcsufwcsufuusefaeao;w,f/ b,fvkda=umifhrqDrqdkifwvkdif;a0g[meJ@ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ywfoufvmcJh&ovJqkdwJh
jy\embJjzpfw,f/ bma=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udk wvkdif;vkd@ OD;atmifaZ,swkd@ nDtpfudkwkd@u orkwfpGyfpGJjyD;ac:qdkcJh&ovJ pwJhar;p&m
ta=umif;awGu&Sdaeao;w,f/'Dtcsufudkr&Sif;jyekdifor#pmzwfolrsm;taeeJ@vJauseyf=urSmr[kwfbl;/pdwfxJrSmrwifrusjzpfaerSm
aocsmw,/f'grdk@'DtcsufeJ@ywfoufjyD;&Sif;vif;wifjybkfd@u|efawmfrSmwm0ef&Sdao;w,f/ 'geJ@ywfoufjyD; aemuftywf rSm
u|efawmfxyfrHaqG;aEG;wifjyoGm;rSmjzpfygw,f/qufvufzwf&SKoGm;yg/

65

tydkif;(11)
wvkif(0g)wvkdif;qkw
d Jhpum;vkH;[mrGefpum;vkH;r[kwfbl;/ rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@vJrqdkifbl;/ qJqdk=urf;wrf;wJhpum;vkH;wvkH;vJr[kwfbl;
tvGefwefbdk;&SdwJhpum;vkH;/tvGef,Ofaus;odrfharG@wJhpum;vkH;qdkwm&Sif;vif;wifjycJhjyD;jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m (Tai)
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@pum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ wvki(f Tai Long) pum;vkH;rSqif;oufaygufzGm;vmwJhpum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefuef=uwJhtkwfbdkrwW&mu &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk&nfn$ef;okH;pGJcJhw,fqdkwmvJ u|efawmfwkd@ &Sif;&Sif; vif;vif; od=ujyD;
jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhusefaeao;wJhjy\memu bma=umifhordkif;rSmrSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;a&;om;jyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk wvdkif;vkd@ac:a0:cJh =uovJ/
bma=umifh rGefvlrsd;udk,ckxufwkdifwvkdif;vkd@ rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;ac:qdk okH;pGJae=uao;ovJ qdkwJhtcsufygbJ/
twdwforkdif;rSmrGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@(wvkif)od@k r[kwf (wvkdif;)a0g[m&wkd@&J@qufpyfywfoufrSK b,fvkd&SdcJhovJ/ bma=umifh
a&$bdkArmOD;atmifaZ,swkd@u
rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;vkd@ac:cJhovJqkdwJhtcsufudkraqG;aEG;cif
tif;0rif;udkawmfvSefykefuefwJh
tkwfbdkrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u &Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@&kd;&kd;rac:qkdbJ bma=umifh (auG@wvdkif;) okdr[kwf (wvkdif;)
tac:a0:eJ@okH;pGJac:qdkcJhovJqkdwJhtcsufudkyxrOD;qkH;em;vnfbdk@vdkw,f/ omreftcsdefrSm&Srf;vlrsKd ;vkd@okH;eSSKef;ac:a0:cJhjyD; awmfvSef
ykefuefwJhumvrSmbma=umifh wvkdif; udkokH;eSKef;ac:a0:cJhovJ/ 'Dtcsuf[m odyfhta&;=uD;wJh tcsufjzpf w,f/
wOD;eJ@wOD;&efjzpfwJh ppfwGif;tcsdefumvrSm okH;eSKef;wmudkaxmuf&if wvkdif; (wvkif)a0g[m&tac:ta0:eJ@ywfoufjyD;
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@twGuf
twdwfrSmem;usnfwJh
aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;wckckawmh&SdcJhrSmbJqkdwm
awG;q,lvkd@&edkifygw,f/
'Dpum;vkH;udk tokH;csjyD; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@urdrdwkd@&J@ArmvlrsdK;pdwf"gwfudkwuf=uGapwJh&nf&G,fcsufjzpfw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&udk
ekdifiHa&;ppfa&;t&okH; w,fqkdwm xif&Sm;w,f/ 'ga=umifh wvkif (Tai Long) vlrsdK;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ twdwf umvrSm
wvkdif (Tai Long) vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ twdwfordkif;a=umif;udk
qufpyfwJh aemufcHordkif;a=umif;udku|efawmfavhvm&jyefw,f/
u|efawmfvkdufvH&SmazGavhvmwJhtcg atmufyg ta=umif;udkod&SdcJh &w,f/
wvkdif (Tai Long) vlrsdK;awG [m usm;uJhodk@ &J&ifhjyD; usm;waumifvkdvJvsifjrefjzwfvwfw,fvkd@ajymqkd=uw,f/
wvkiv
f lrsdK;wkd@&@JrlvZmwd ajr[m w&kwfjynf tv,fydkif;a'ovkd@qkd=uw,f/ wvkiv
f lrsdK;awG[m olwdk@&J@rlv&yfajr
ZmwdjzpfwJh w&kwfjynftv,fydkif;rS awmifydkif;bufodk@ a&=unf&m jrufek&mudk &SmazG&if;wjznf;jznf;eJ@ Armjynf
a&S@ajrmufydkif;xJokd@ bDpD(1)&mpkavmufu a&mufvm=uw,f/ Armjynfa&S@ajrmufydkif;ae&muaewqifh wjznf;jznf;
atmufbufydkif;odk@a&$@qif;vm=uw,f/ eSpfaygif;&mpkrsm;pGm =umanmifvmwJhtcg Armjynftnmydkif;a'otxd a&muf&Sd
vm=uw,f/ waumif;/ Aefarmf/rdk;eJ/ rdk;aumif;/ oDaygpwJhjrdK@jyedkifiH(Mong)rsm;udk wnfaxmifjyD; tajcwus aexkdifvm=uw,f/
atmufyg&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm&ifod&Sdedkifygw,f/
5 million people inhabited the Shan State (Mong Tai), the majority being the Shan or Tai. The early history of the
area is hazy, though it appears that the first entry of the Shans into Burma took place in the 1st. century BC, when
rebellions in Central China drove many people from that area to seek their fortune elsewhere. These people moved
south into Burma and founded such ancient Shan cities as, Ta Gong, Mongnai, Hsenwi and Hsipaw.

Most of Northern Shan Chronical also indicate that a great wave of Shan imigration took place in A.D. 6th
Century with the Shan shifting from the mountain of southern Yunnan into the Nam Mao valley and to
adjacent region, establishing many Mongs like Bhamo, Mong Mit, Hsipaw and other37
&Srf;jynf(Mong Tai)rSmvlOD;a&5oef;&Sdw,f/trsm;pkrSm(Tai) &Srf;vlrsdK;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f&J@ yxrOD;ydkif;orkdif;[m

rxifr&Sm;jzpfcJhw,f w&kwfjynftv,fydkif;ykefuefrSKjzpfay:wJh bDpD(1)&mpkeSpfrSm tJ'Da'orSm &SdwJhvlawGk[m tjcm;ae&m

opfajr,mopf&SmazGvm&mrSyxrOD;qkH;jrefrmekdifiHxJodk@0ifa&mufvmw,f
tJ'DvlawG[m
jrefrmekdifiHxJodk@
0ifvmjyD;
awmifbufydkif;odk@wajz;ajz;a&$@ajymif;aexkdifvm=u&if;a&S;a[mif;&Srf;jrdK@ekdifiHjrdKiHrsm;jzpfwJhwauif/ rdk;eJ/ &Sif0D/ odDayg jrdK@edkifiH
rsm;udkxlaxmifcJh=uw,f/ajrmufydkif;&Srf;wdk@&J@ordkif;rSwfwrf;rSmvJ at'D(6)&mpkrSm ,leefawmifydkif; awmifwef;rS &Srf;wkd@[m
tiftm;=uD;=uD;rm;rm;eJ@a&$vDjrpf0Srf;&J@rsufeSmcsif;qkdifae&mrsm;wkd@rSm ajymif;a&$@oGm;jyD; Aefarmf/ rkd;rdwf/ oDayg eJ@tjcm;jrdK@ edkifiH
rsm;udkxlaxmifaexkdifvmw,f
'Dpmyk'fudk=unfh&if&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[m(Tai)trnfeJ@jrefrmekdifiHxJudkbDpD(1)&mpkrSm0ifcJhw,f/ waumif;jrdK@/rdk;eJjrdK@ rdk;rdwf/ Aefarmf/
&Sif0DjrdK@/ oDaygjrdK@ponfhjrdKjyedkifiHwkd@udkxlaxmifcJhw,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ 'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfwkd@av;av;eufeuf xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;&rJh
37

The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P,1

66

ordkif;tcsufvufawGtajrmuftrsm;&Sdw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[m w&kwfjynfawmifydkif;uae a&$@ajymif;oGm;jyD; e,fjcm;ajrjcm;

jrefrmekdifiHrSmjrdK@ekdifiHopfrsm;udkoGm;a&mufwnfaxmifw,fvkd@ orkdif;rSwfwrf;rSm qdkxm;w,f/ ordik f;rSwfwrf; pmrsufeSmrSm
jrdK@ekdifiHopfrsm;udkxlaxmifw,fqdkwJhpma=umif; wa=umif;avmufbJyg&Sdw,f/ 'DrSwfwrf;pma=umif;udk=unfhjyD; jrdK@jyedkifiHopfudk
vG,fvG,fululeJ@ xlaxmifedkifw,fvkd@u|efawmfwkd@ xifjriffaumif; xifjrif=ur,f/ ordkif;tauG@taumufwckck okd@r[kwf
ordkif;a=umif;ajymif;vJrSKwckckjzpfay:ajymif;vJjzpfay:bdk@qdkwm vG,fvG,fululeJ@ajymif;vJjzpfay:vmwmr[kwfbl;/ 'Dtcsufudk
u|efawmfwkd@owdrlbdk@vkdw,f/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if e,fjcm;ajrjcm;rSm jrdK@edkifiHopfrsm;udk xlaxmifw,f qkdwm vG,fvG,fululeJ@
oGm;a&mufxlaxmifekdifwm r[kwfbl;/ rlvuwnf;u&SdaewJh Xmae wkdif;&if;om;wkd@eJ@ aemufrS a&mufvmwJhvlrsdK;jcm;wkd@[m
rvGJra&Smifom&ifqkdifajz&Sif;&rJh
ydyuQawG
wkdufckdufrSKawG
ckcHawmfvSefrSKawG
owfjzwfrSKawG&SdrSmaocsmw,f/
'gawGudku|efawmfwkd@rjrif&if vG,fvG,f ululeJ@ a&opfajropfae&mopfrSm jrdK@jyedkifiHopfwkd@udkae@csif;ncsif; xlaxmifekdifw,fvdk@
vGJrSm;pGm,lqwwfw,f/ 'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfwkd@rodwJhta=umif;&mu &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@jrdK@jyekdifiH opfxlaxmifwJh'Da'oawGrSm
tprlvyxraexkdifol
wkdif;&if;om;awG[mb,folawGvJ/aemufwcsufrlv&SdaewJh
wdkif;&if;om;eJ@
aemufrS
0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@qufqHa&bJjzpfw,f/&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@0ifa&mufvmjyD; jrdK@jyedkifiHopfawGudkxlaxmifwJh ae&ma'oawGudk
=unfhvkdfuf&if Armwdkif;&if;om;awGaexkdifwJha'oe,fajrawGjzpfaewmudkawG@&ayr,f/ tJ'Dawmhu|efawmfwkd@ t"duxm;
owdjyK&rJhorkdif;tcsufvufu tprlvyxrtajccsaexkdifae=uwJhwdkif;&if;om;Armtnmom;awGeJ@ aemufrSa&mufvmwJh
&Srf;vlrsdK; wkd@&J@ qufqHa&;bJ jzpfw,f/
tprlvtajccsaexkdif&Sdae=uwJh wkdif;&if;om;tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@eJ@aemufrS0ifa&mufvmwJh&Srf;(Tai Long) vlrsdK;
wkd@&J@=um;rSmydyuQawG/ &ifqkdifwdkufcdkfufawG/awmfvSefykefuefrSKawG/ owfjzwfrSKawG tajrmuftrsm;&SdrSm aocsmw,f/
rnfonfhvlrsdK;wkd@&J@orkdif;udkbJavhvmavhvm'DtajccHydyuQordkif;tcsufvufudkawG@&r,f/
tprlvaexkdifwJhwkdif;&if;om;eJ@
aemufrS0ifaa&mufvmwJhvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ydyuQukdtxif&Sm;awG@&rSmjzpfw,f/
tprlvyxr&Sdae=uwJh Xmaetnmom;wkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@ taeeJ@vJ vG,fvG,fululeJ@ rdrdwdk@e,fajra'oudk
usL;ausmfvmoludkvufajrSmuf t&SKH;ay;rSmr[kwfbl;/ aemufrS0ifa&muf vmoludk &ifqkdifwkdufckduf=urSmaocsmw,f/
toufeJ@vJjyD; rdrdwkd@ e,fajra'oukdckHcHumuG,frSm aocsmw,f/ 'DtcsufawG[mordkif;rSmjrKyfuG,faecJhw,f/ aemufrS
0ifa&mufvmwJh vlrsdK;jcm;u tiftm;=uD;rm;jyD; rlv&SdaewJh wkdif;&if;om;wkd@ tay: ppfa&;t&tekdif,ljyD;rS jrdK@jyedkifiHopfwdk@udk
xlaxmifekdifw,fqdkwJhtcsufudk u|efawmfwkd@xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;rSomv#if jynfhpkHr,fvdk@xifjrifygw,f/'Dae&mrSm(Tai Long)vlrds;eJ@
tnmom; wkdif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@qufpyfrSKudk u|efawmfwkd@ avhvm pOf;pm;=unfh&if/ &Srf; (Tai Long)ordkif;rSm
waumif;jrdK@/ rdk;eJjrdK@/ rdk;rdwf/ Aefarmf/ &Sif0DjrdK@/ oDaygjrdK@ edkifiHawmfwkd@udk xlaxmifcJhw,fvkd@qkdxm;w,f/ waumif;jrddK@[m
u|efawmftm; txl;pdfwf0ifpm;apcJhw,f/ pmzwfolrsm;vJ'Dtcsufudkjrifrdvdrfr,fvdk@u|efawmfxifygw,f/waumif;jrdK@[m/
tdk;pnfqdyfurf;jrdK@vkd@&Srf;bmompum;t&t"dy`g,f&Sdw,f/
(Several northern towns have shan names-Tagaung is Takawng Drum Ferry Mogaung is Mongkawng Drum Town
G.E Harvey/The History of Burma/ p15.)

ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ordkif;udkavhvm&if Armtpwaumif;uvkd@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSmtqkd&SdcJhw,f/ Armtpwaumif;uqdw

k Jh ordkif;
rSwfwrf;udkvlwkdif; =um;bl;w,f/ waumif;[m tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkawG&J@ tprlvyxrXmaejzpfw,f/ wdkif;&if;om;
ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@tprlvyxrjrdK@edkifiHvkd@ tckdifrm qkd=uxm;w,f/ 'Dpm&J@oabmt& ajym&&if vGefcJhaom eSpfaygif; rsm;pGmuyif
tprlvyxr uwnf;u waumif;rSm wdkif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;pkawG aexdkifvkyfudkif pm;aomufvmcJh=uw,f/
tJ'Dawmhwaumif;rSm rlv&Sdae=uwJh wdkif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;pkeJ@aemufrS a&mufvmwJh wvkif vlrsdK;wkd@[mwOD;eSifhwOD;
xdyfwdkuf &ifqkdif=ujyD; ydyuQjzpf=urSm aocsmw,f/'Dtcsufudk rnfolrS
rjiif;ekdifwJh tcsufjzpfw,f tav;euf
xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&rJhtcsufjzpfw,f/atmufygpmyk'fvJArmwdkif;&if;om;wkd@eJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ydyuQjzpfjzpfay:cJw
h Jhtajcaeudkaz:n$ef;ae
w,f/
The Tai Long did not only establish their power in the lowland and upland of Burma Proper, but slowly, by following
the rivers they infiltrated to all the river valleys of South-east Asia.. Sao Hom Hpa of the Nam Mao line was

the ruler of the Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom in Burma for 80 years until he died in 1104. During that period

67
the Tais were the main rivals of the Burmans and Mons, when the three groups were struggling for
dominance in Burma.38

(wvkif)vlrsdK;wkd@[mArmjynftxufykdif;ajrvwfydkif;wkd@rSmtm%mxlaxmifvm&kHrubl;/
wjznf;jznf;eJ@jrpfpOfwav#muf
a&S@wdk;oGm;jyD;a&S@awmiftm&Sjrpf0Srf;wav#mufodk@jyef@eSH@0ifa&mufoGm;w,f/
ArmjynfrSm&SdwJh (Tai Nam Mao Long Kingdom ) ekdifiHawmfudk apm[GefzueSpfaygif;(80)tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfcJhw,f/ 1104-ckeSpf
ArmeJ@rGefvlrsdK;wkd@&J@
t"du
uG,fvGefoGm;w,f/
tJ'DtcsdefumvrSm
ArmekdifiHpkd;rdk;a&;twGuf&Srf;(Tai)vlrsdK;wkd@[m
jydKifbufjzpfvmw,f/
'Dpmyk'ft&&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@[mjrefrmjynftxufydkif;tv,fydkif;rSmtm%mxlaxmifcJhw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;/rGefvlrsdK;wkd@eJ@ tm%m jydKifzuf
jzpfvm=uw,fvkd@qdkxm;w,f/ 'gxuf&Sif;atmifajym&&iftnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@eJ@aemuf0ifa&mufvmwJh wvkif&Srf; (Tai
Long)vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tm;jydKifrSK/ tm%mvkrSKawGu jyif;jyif;xefxefjzpffrSmaocsmw,f/ bmjzpfvkd@vJ qdk&ifwvkif&Srf;(Tai
Long)vlrsdK;wdk@tm%mxlaxmifw,fvkd@qkdxm;wJhae&ma'oawG jrdK@ekdifiHrsm;udk=unfh&if tnmom; Armwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkawG
aexkdif=uwJh jrdK@&Gma'oawGjzpfaew,ffqkdwm u|efawmfwkd@ awG@&w,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ aexkdfifwJh a'oe,fajreJ@
tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;wkd@aexkdifwJhae&m a'oe,fajrawG[m wckeJ@wck xyfaew,f/qufpyfaew,f tcsdK@qkd xyfwlxyfr#jzpf
aew,f/ 'DtcsufuvJ&Srf;eJ@Armwkd@&J@rvGJra&Smifjzpf&rJhydyuQudkxifxif&Sm;&Sm;n$efjyaewJh tcsufjzpf w,f/ aemufrS 0ifa&muf
vmwJh (Tai Long) &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ rlv&SdaewJh wkdif;&if;om;Armtnmom;wkd@[m rvGJra&Smifom ydyuQjzpfrSmaocsmw,f/
vG,fvG,fululeJ@ jrdK@jyedkifiHopfrSmrdrdwkd@tm%m/ rdrdwkd@tkyfcsKyfa&;udkxlaxmifedkifrSmr[kwfbl;/ 'Dtcsufudku|efawmfwkd@
arhypfvkdfufvkd@r&bl;/; rlvyxr&SdaewJh Armwkdif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkwkd@uvJ vG,fvG,fululeJ@t&SKH;ay;tnHhcHjyD; vufatmufcH
tjzpfcH,lrSm r[kwfbl;/ aemufrS 0ifa&mufvmwJh wvkif Tai Long &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk cspfcspf =unf=unf &if;&if;eSD;eSd; =udKqdk
vufcHrSmr[kwfygbl;/rdrdwdk@yxrrlv&SdaewJhtkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfeJ@tkyfcsKyftm%mwkd@udkvkH;0pGef@vGwfjyD;/ vlrsdK;jcm;tkyfcsKyfa&;pHepfopf/
tm%mopfukd=unf=unfjzLjzLvufcH=urSmr[kwfbl;/ ydyuQawG/awmfvSefckcHrSKawG jyefvnfwdkufckdufrSKawG rvGJra&Smifom
&SdrSmaocsmw,f/
'gayrJhaemufrS0ifa&mufolu(Tai Long)(wvkif)vlrsdK;wkd@[m usm;vkd&J&ifhjyD;usm;waumifuJhokd@ vsifjref jzwfvwf w,f/
ppfa&;ppf&mu|rf;usifw,f/ ppftwwfynmxufjrufw,f/wkdufa&;ckdufa&; =uG,f0w,f/ &JpGrf;owWd=uD;rm;w,f 'grdk@rlv
yxr&Sdae=uwJh
wdkif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@xuf
ppfa&;ppf&mrSmtrsm;=uD;omvGefw,fvkd@,lq&w,f/
e*kdrlv&SdaewJh
wkdif;&if;om; tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@tay:rSm tedkif&vkdufjyD; jrdK@ekdifiHawmfwkd@udkxlaxmif tkyfpkd; vmedkifw,fvdk@ aumufcsufcs
&rSmjzpfw,f/ ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@taeeJ@t&kH;ay;jyD;rausreyfbJ/&Srf; (Tai Long)wkd@.pkkd;rdk;tkyfcsKyfrSKatmufrSmaevmcJh&w,fvkd@
ajymqkdekdifw,f/ b,fordkif;udk =unfh=unfh ordkif;tauG@taumufwckck odk@r[kwf ordkif;jzpfay: ajymif;vJrKS wckckjzpfay:bkd@u
tcsdeftwdkif;wmumvwckudk rv$Jra&Smifom jzwfausmfvm&w,f/ vlrSKydyuQ awGajrmufrsm;pGmudk ausmfv$m;ajz&Sif;jyD;rS
pHepfopfwckodk@r[kwf vlrSKtaqmuftkHopf wckudk xlaxmifvkd@&w,f/ rlv&SdaewJh tnmom; Armwkdif;&if;om;wkd@&J@
tm%mtkyfcsKyfrSKudk jzdKzsufjyD;rS (Tai Long) &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ tkyfcsKyfa&;opf w&yfodk@ ul;ajymif; vmwmjzpfw,f/
'DvdktkyfcsKyfrSKpHepfopfw&yfudkxlaxmifwJhae&mrSm ydyuQawG awmfvSefrSKawG/wkdufyGJawG/ owfjzwfrSKawG/ nSif;yrf;eSdyfhpufrSKawG/
zdeSdyfcsKyfcs,frSK awGudk jzwfausmfvm&rSm aocsmw,f/ Xmae&Sdwkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pkwdk@udk wkdufckdufwefonfudk wkdufckduf
acsrSKef;ypf&r,f/ 'gawG[m orkdif;rSm=uKHawG@&wJhvlrsdK;pkydyuQqdkwm u|efawmfwkd@ odem;vnfekdifygw,f/ 'gxufydkrdkjyD; u|efawmfwkd@
xnfhoGif; pOf;pm;=unfh&if (Tai Long) &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@=um;rSm vlrsdK;a&;ydyuQawG/ vlrsdK;zdeSdyfrSKawG
nSif;yrf;eSdyfhpufrSKawGtqifhwef;cGJjcm;rSKawGtekdifusifhrSKawG owfjzwfrSKawG[m rvGJra&Smifom&SdcJhrSm aocsmw,fvkd@ ajymedkifw,f/
aemufqkH;rSmtm;vkH;udkcsKyfjyD;ajym&&ifppfa&;ppf&mrSm u|rf;usifwJh wvkif vlrsdK;udk wdkif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;u ppfa&;t&
&SKH;edyfhoGm;jyD; wvkifvlrsdK; wkd@&J@ wdkufckdufrSK acsrSKef;zsufpD;rSKudk rvGJra&Smifom cHcJh&w,f/wdkif;&if;om;Armwkd@u tm;rekdifvkd@
t&SKH;ay; vufajrmufwmbJjzpfw,f/ &Srf;ArmvlrsdK;a&;ydyuQa=umifh wkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;eJ@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@=um;rSmvlrsdK;rkef;wD;rSK
&SdcJh=urSmaocsmw,f/ 'Dordkif;ydyuQ udkta=umif;jyKjyD; wvkifvlrsdK; udk tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkawGu usL;ausmfapmfum;ol
awmifay:om;t&dkif;vkd@ jrifvdkuf=uw,f/ tJ'Duwqifh tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@. &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rSm wvkif
awmifay:om;udk rdrde,fajrudk usL;ausmfapmfum;vmoloauFwtjzpfeJ@ jrifvm=uawmhw,fvkd@ u|efawmf ajymcsifw,f/
aemufawmh wvkif&Srf;vlrsdK;tay: wdkif;&if;om; ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@ cHpm;csuf udk az:n$ef;wJh pmyk'fwyk'fvnf;&Sdo;w,f
38

The Tai of The Shan State/Nel Adams alias Sao Noan Oo. P,1

68

ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@&ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rSm tjrJwrf;udef;atmif;aewJh pum;ykHwcktjzpf

usef&pfcJhw,f/
tJ'gubmvJqkdawmh
w&kwfuzd &Sr;f utd &SdwJhArmtaemufrSm qdkwJh pum;pkygbJ/ tJ'Dpum;pk[m orkdif;a=umif;trSefudkwdwdususaz:jyaew,f/
tnmom; ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@ &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rS emusnf;rSKcHpm;csufeJ@twl aygufzGm; vmwJhpum;&yfjzpfw,f/ tnmom;
ArmvlrsdK;pkwkd@&J@ cHpm;csufudk o&kyfaz:xm;wJh pum;ykHjzpfaew,f/ twdwfu tjzpftysufudk tajccHjyD; ordkif;wGifusef&pfcw
Jh Jh
'Dpum;pk[m wvkifeSifhwkdif;&if;om;ArmvlrsdK;pk wkd@. b0tjzpfrSefudk az:nGef;aew,f/ 'Dpmyk'fudk=unfhvkduf&if
wvkif&Srf;eSihf tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pk wkd@=um;rSm ydyuQjzpfcJhw,f qkdwm jiif;r&atmifrSefuefaew,f/ 'Dpum;pku u|efawmf&J@
awG;ac:rSKudktjynfh0axmufcH aew,f/
wdkif;&if;om;tnmom;
tJ'Dvkdrdrde,fajra'oudk usL;ausmf 0ifa&mufvmoljzpfwJh wvkif(Tai Long), vlrsdK;udk
ArmvlrsdK;pktaeeJ@u taumif;rjrif=ubl;/ wvkiv
f lrsdK;wkd@tay:cHjyif;aompdwf emusnf;aompdwfjzpfay:aecJh=uw,f/
wvkif (Tai Long) vlrsdK;qkdv#if
usL;ausmfapmfum;jcif;udkcH&wJh tnmom;ArmvlrsdK;pk. &ifwGif;eSvkH;om;rSm
awmifay:om;rdp>maumif usL;ausmfol tjzpfeJ@bJ jrifaeawmhw,f/ acwfumv =umanmif;vmaomtcg tnmom;
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@tjrifrSmusL;ausmfapmfum;olawmifay:om;rdp>maumif eJ@ wvkif (Tai Long),vlrsdK;wkd@[m wom;wnf;
jzpfoGm;w,f/ usL;ausmfapmfum;ol awmifay:om;vdk@ajymvkduf&if wvkifudk ajy;jrif =uw,f wvkifvkd@ ajymvkduf&if
usL;ausmfapmfum;ol awmifay:om; vkdk@ odvm=uawmhw,f tJ'Dvkdom;pOf ajrquf vufqifhurf; ajymqkdvm=u&mrS
wvkifqkd&if usL;ausmfapmfum;ol awmifay:om; vkd@tnmom;ArmawG&J@ &ifwGif; eSvkH;om;rSm pGJpGJjrefjrefwnf&SdcJhw,f
'Dae&mrSmbmeJ@oGm;wlovJqkdawmh
t*Fvdyf*syefwkd@udk
u|efawmfwkd@
ckeSdrfwifpm;ajymqkd
cJh=u
ovkdjzpfw,f/
e,fcsJ@rdp>maumifawGvdk@ ajymvkdufwmeJ@ t*Fvdyfudk &nfn$ef;rSef;odw,f/
zufqpf rdp>maumifawGvkd@ ajymvkdufwmeJ@
*syefudkqkdvkdw,fqdkwmvlwdkif;odw,f/ e,fcsJ@rdp>maumifeJ@ t*Fvdyf[m wom;wnf;jzpfoGm;ovkd/ zufqpfrdp>maumifeJ@
*syefwkd@[mwom;wnf;jzpfoGm;ovkd (wvkif)vlrsdK;eJ@ usL;ausmfapmfum;ol
awmifay:om;rdp>maumif qdkwm
wom;wnf; jzpfoGm;w,f/ usL;ausmfoloauFwtjzpfeJ@ wvkdiv
f lrsdK;udk ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u jrifvm =u w,f/
'Dae&mrSmu|efawmfajymcsifwJhtcsufuArmvlrsdK;wdk@rSmeSpf&Snfvrsm;pGJusef&pfaecJw
h Jh wvkif vlrsdK;wkd@tay: cHpm;csufudk
tif;0rif;utokH;csjyD; tkwfbkdrwW&muawmfvSefykefuefwJh&rS ;f vlrsdK;wdk@udkaomif;usef;wJh wvkdif;awG auG@&Srf;awGvdk@
okH;eSKef;vkdufwmjzpfw,f/ auG@&Srf;qdw
k Jhpum;vkH;[mArmvlrsdK;wkd@u Tai Long &Srf;vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;okH;eSKef;wJh pum;vkH;om
jzpfw,f/ wvkdif;qdw
k pJh um;vkH;vJ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@ rodu|rf;wJh pum;vkH;jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK; wkd@u rdrdwkd@udk,fudk wvkif(Tai
Long)bJodw,f/
ArmvlrsdK;wdk@u
wvkifpum;vkH;ukd
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@
toHxGufovkd
rxGufwwfbl;/
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@urdrdwkd@toHxGufwwfwJhtwkdif; wvkdif;vkd@bJ toHxGufjyD; okH;eSKef;ac:a0:vkdufw,f/ 'grdk@&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@u wvkdif;
auG@wvkdif;pum;vkH;wdk@[m rdrdwkd@&Srf;vlrsdK;udk&nfn$ef;wJh pum;vkH;tjzpf rodvkdufbl;/ auG@wvkdif;pum;vkH;&J@
Zpfjrpfudkprf;ppf&if auG@&Srf;pum;vkH;eJ@ wvkif(wvdkif;)pum;vkH;eSpfvkH;wdk@udk aygif;pyfac:qdk vkdufwm jzpfw,f/
'grdk@ wvkdif; auG@wvkdif; pwJh pum;vkH;wkdudk okH;eKef; vkdfufwm[m&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@awmfvSefykefuefrSKudk ao;odrfatmif
jyKvkdufwmjzpfw,f/tif;0Armrif;wkd@&J@vSnfhpm;rSKw&yfjzpfw,f/tkwfbkdrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ trsd;om; awmfvSefykefuefrSK udk
tjcm;e,fajra'orSm&SdwJh &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@rodatmif tjcm;e,fajra'orS&Sr;f vlrsdK;wkd@redkf;=um;atmif/ ryg0ifvmekdifatmif
rsufaphvSnfhvkdufwmjzpfw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&mu auG@wvkdif;qdk&if b,folrSrodbl;/ aomif;usef;ol tjzpftif;0rif;u
vkyf=uHjyD; 0g'jzef@vkdufw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&muawmfvSefwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk wkdufckdufzkd@ ArmvlrsdK;awGudk pnf;&kH;awmhvJ &Sr;f vlrsdK;udk
oGm;wkdufr,fvdk@ rajymbl;/ auG@wvkdif;vlrsdK;oGm;wkdufzkd@qkdjyD; pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif; cJhw,f/ oabmu tkwfbkdrwW&mu
awmfvSefwJhvlrsdK;udk
awmifay:om;usL;ausmfolawG rdp>maumiftjzpf jrifatmif
auG@wvkdif;awGwvkdif;awG
qkdjyD;tif;0rif;u emrnf a&G;jyD; ay;vkdufw,f/ 'DawmhrSpnf;&kH;vSKyfaqmfrSK[m ydkrdkxda&mufw,f ydkrdkjyD;ArmvlrsdK;pdwf"gwfudk
ydkrdkwuf=uG vmapw,f/ a=umuf&GH@rSKr&SdbJ &J&ifhapw,f/ usL;ausmfapmfum;ol awmifay:om;rdp>maumifudkoGm;a&muf
wkdufckduf &r,f qkdawmh/ Armwkdif;u pdwf"gwfwuf=uGjyD;vkdvkdvm;vm;bJ ppfxJ0ifvm=uw,f/
&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@&kd;&kd;om;om;okH;eSKef&ifArmvlrsdK;udkpnf;&kH;&rSmcufcJekdifw,f/ bmjzpfvJqdkawmh&Srf;vlrsdK;[m ,Ofaus;rSKt&jrifhrm;wJh
vlrsdK; Ak'b
< momtvGefudkif;&SdKif;wJhvlrsdK;jzpfw,f/ppfa&;ppf&mu|rf;usifw,f/ jyD;awmhwcsdefu &Srf;rsdK;EG,fwkd@[mtif;0rSmrif;jzpfjyD;
ArmvlrsdK;tay: tkyfpkd;cJw
h JhacwfumvvJ&Sdcw
Jh ,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;udktxifao;tjrifao;jzpfatmifvSnfhpm;vkd@r&bl;/ 'Dtjyif&Srf;
vlrsdK;wkd@rSm &JpGrf;owWdeSifh jynfhpkHwJh vlrsdK; opPm&SdwJhvlrsdK;vkd@ ArmvlrsdK;wkd@u odxm;=uawmh pnf;&kH;&wmcufrSm aocsmygw,f

69

tJ'Dawmh&rS ;f vlrsdK;udkedyfhusapwJhemrnfwckudka&G;jyD;ay;vkdufwm xif&Sm;w,f/ArmawGtxifjrifao;edkifwJh auG@wvdkif;vlrsdK;

(wvkdif;) vlrsdK;vkd@ orkwfjyD;jynfolvlxkudkpnf;&kH;cJhwmjzpfw,f aomif;usef;=uwJh usKL;ausmfolawmifay:om; usL;ausmfol
rdp>maumif vkd@ ArmawG em;vnfodxm;wJh (wvdkif;) trnfay;vkdufwm/ rnfonfhppfyGJrSmrqdk &efoludkwkdufwJhae&mrSm &efoludk/
edyfhusapwJh emrnfa&G;jyD; ay;wwfbdk@vJ tvGefta&;=uD;w,f/ 'g[mppftwwfynmw&yfbJ/ Oyrm *syefawmfvSefa&;umvrSm
*syefudk zufqpfrdp>maumifawGt*Fvdyfe,fcsJ@udke,fcsJ@rdp>maumifawGqkdjyD; ArmawG pnf;&kH;a&;qif;cJhpOfu emrnfysuf a&G;jyD;
ay;cJh=uw,f/ ,ckacwf trsdK;om;vGwfvyfa&;twGuf/ vufeuf awmfvSefae=uwJh/ rGefvlrsdK; &Srf;vlrsdK; u&ifvlrsdK;wdk@udk/
rGefaomif;usef;ololykefawG/ &Srf;aomif;usef;ololykefawG/ u&ifaomif;usef;ololykefawGqkdjyD; ppftpkd;&u emrnfysufwyfjyD;
wdkufcdkfuf acsrSKef; aewmudk =unfh&if/ u|efawmfajymwJhtcsufudkem;vnfoabmaygufr,fvkd@xifygw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 1740ckeSpfrSmawmfvSefykefuefwJh tkwfbkd rwW&mu &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udk tif;0rif;u aomif;usef;ol awmifay:om;rdp>maumif
(wvdkif;)awGvkd@
orkwfjyD;
wdkufckdufacsrSKef;
vmwm
jzpfw,f/
&Srf;vlrsdK;udk
usL;ausmfolawmifay:om;
awmifay:om;rdp>maumif tjzpfeJ@ tnmom; ArmawGu jrif=uatmif wvkdif; (0g) wvkif vkd@ csdK;eSdrfwJhemrnf ay;vkdufwm
jzpfw,f/
tJ'Dawmhusefaeao;wJhjy\emu bma=umifhrGefvlrsdK;udkvJwvkdif;vkd@ ac:a0:orkwfjyD;wkdufckdufcJhovJ qdk@wJhtcsufbJ jzpfw,f/
'geJ@ywfoufjyD;&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odbdk@vdkao;w,f/ 'Dorkdif;tcsufudkaemuftywfrSm qufvufaqG;aEG;oGm;rSm jzpfw,f//

70

tydkif; (12)
ordkfif;a=umif;udkaoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfhwJhtcg wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;[m rlvwvkif (Tai Long) pum;vkH;u qif;ouf
vmw,fqdkwm u|efawmfwkd@&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;odcJh&jyD;jzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhtb,fa=umifhwvkdif;a0g[m& pum;vkH;udk rSm;rSm;,Gif;,Gif;
ok;H pJGaeovJqdkwJhta=umif;&if;udk avhvmwJhtchgbmoGm;awG@ovJqkdawmh anmif&rf;acwfaeSmifydkif;eJ@ ukef;abmifacwfOD;ykdif;rSm/
wvdkif;a0g[m&orkdif;a=umif;udkodoltvGefenf;vmwmudkawG@&w,f/ ukef;abmifacwfaemufykdif;rSm wvkif a0g[m& aemufcH
orkdif;a=umif;udkvlawGvkH;vkH;rod=uawmhbl;vdk@ ajym&ifydkrdkrSefuefw,f/jrefrmrSKjyKvkdufwJhtwGuf rl&if;tp rlvorkdif;a=umif;
aysmufuG,foGm;w,f/ ajc&maumufr&atmifjzpfoGm;w,f/wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m wvkif (Tai Long)vlrsdK;udk &nfn$ef;wJh
pum;vkH; tjzpf odolr&Sd oavmuf jzpfvmw,f/ wvkdif;pum;a0g[m&[m (wvkif)a0g[m&u qif;ouf
vmwmudkvJrodawmhbl;/ wvkdif; pum;vkH;udk rlvpumvkH;vkd@ ,lqvm=uw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&[musL;ausmfol
apmfum;oludk&nfn$ef;wJh t"dy`g,fudkbJ odvm=uawmhw,f/ aemufydkif;rSm rGefvlrsdK;udk oD;jcm;&nfn$ef;wJhpum;vkH;jzpfvmw,f/
OD;atmifaZ,swkd@ acwfrSm rGev
f lrsdK;udk wvkdif;vlrsdK;vkd@bJ okH;eSKef; ppfxdk;vmw,f/ &efolrGefudk ppfa&;t& wdkufcdkufacsrSKef;wJhtcg
wvdkif;a0g[m&udkoGifoGifokH;eSKef; vmwmudk awG@&w,f/
'ga=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udktb,fa=umifh wvkdif;a0g[m&eJ@ &nfn$ef;okH;pGJwmeJ@ywfoufjyD; avhvmwJhtcg tajzokH;rsdK;ukd awG@&Sd&w,f/
(1) 1740-ckeSpfrSmtkwfbdkrwW&m&Sd &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@awmfvSefykefuefrSKeJ@ [Hom0wDwyfwkd@yl;aygif;jyD; tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefuefwJh twGuf &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ rGefvlrsdK; wkd@udk wom;wnf;jrifvkdufw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
vGJvGJrSm;rSm; a&ma&maeSmaeSmjrifvdkufw,f 'Dta=umif;a=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;(wvkif)vkd@okH;eSKef;vmw,f/
(2) rlv&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@pum;vkH;jzpfwJhwvkipf um;vkH;udk
jrefrmrSKjyKvkdufwJhtwGuf
wvkdif;pum;vkH;taeeJ@bJ
odvmw,f/ rlvwvkif a0g[m&pum;vkH;[m wdrfjrKyfaysmufuG,foGm;w,f wjznf;jznf;acwfumv
=umanmif;vmwJhtcg
wvkiaf 0g[m&&J@aemufcHorkdif;a=umif;udka&mrlvt"dy`g,fudkyg
ArmvlrsdK;wkd@
rodjzpfvmw,f/ wvkdif;pum;vkH;[m usL;ausmfapmfum;oltjzpfomodvmw,f/ rGefvlrsdfK;udkvJusL;ausmfol
tjzpfArmvlrsdK;wkd@udkjrifapcsifwJhtwGufwvkdif;pum;vkH;udktokH;jyKvkdufw,f/ rGefvlrsdK;wdk@udk ppfa&; ekdifiHa&;t&
wkdufckduf&mrSm wvkdif;a0g[mudk vufeufwcktjzpftokH;jyKvmw,f/
(3) ukef;abmifacwfaemufykdif;rSm wvkdif;pum;vkH;udktokH;jyKjyD; rGefvlrsdK;udk0g;rsdKbkd@twGuf ArmvlrsdK;awG =udK;pm;
vmwmudkawG@&w,f/rGefvlrsdK;vdk@okH;eSKef;a&;om;ajymqkd&rJhae&mrSm
wvdkif;pum;vkH;udkwoGif;oGif;tokH;jyK
vmw,f/ vlrsdK;udk0g;rsdKbkd@twGufwvkdif;pum;vkH;[mtokH;cscHjzpfvmw,f/
txufygaumufekwfcsuf(3)ckeJ@ywfoufjyD;wckpDudku|efawmfwkd@avhvmokH;oyf=unfh&atmif/
(1) 1740-ckeSpfrSmtkwfbdkrwW&m &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@awmfvSefykefuefrSKeJ@ [Hom0wDwyfwkd@yl;aygif;jyD; tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefuefwJh twGuf &Srf;vlrsdK;eJ@ rGefvlrsdK; wkd@udk wom;wnf;jrifvkdufw,f/
rGefvlrsdK;udk&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@eJ@
vGJvGJrSm;rSm; a&ma&maeSmaeSmjrifvdkufw,f 'Dta=umif;a=umifh rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;(wvkif)vkd@okH;eSKef;vmw,f/
txufygaumufekwfcsufe@J ywfoufjyD;u|efawmfwkd@avhvmokH;oyfr,fqdk&ifyxrOD;qkH;wvkdif;a0g[m&[m b,fvkdta=umif;u
pjyD;jzpfay:vmw,f/ b,fvkdta=umif;a=umifhokH;pGJvmcJh=uw,fqkdwJh rlvta=umif;&if;udkOD;pGmtenf;i,f tpjyefaumuf
avhvm&rSmjzpfw,f/ wvkdif;a0g[m&ay:aygufvmwJhta=umif;&if;[m tkwfbkd rwW&m&Sd &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ trsdK;om;awmfvSef
ykefuefrSKut"dujzpfaewmudk awG@&w,f/ wzefrGefvlrsdK;wkd@ rif;aejynfawmf[Hom0wDrSm ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;jzpfvmwmudk
ta=umif;jyKjyD; tkwfbdkrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@ ykefuefawmfvSefrSK[m jzpfay:vmwmjzpfw,f/ tkwfbdkrwW&m awmfvSef
ykefuefrSKudkta=umif;jyKjyD; (auG@wvkdif;)qkdwJh a0g[m& ay:xGufvmwmjzpfw,f/ awmfvSef ykefuef=uwJh&Srf;vlrsdK;udk
auG@wvkdif;vkd@tif;0rif;u
okH;eSKef;jyD;
wkdufckdufacsrSKef;cJhw,f/
&Srf;vlrsdK;vkd@&kd;&kd;om;om;rokH;bl;/
aomif;usef;olauG@wvkdif;qdkjyD;okH;eSKef;cJhw,f'geJ@ywfoufjyD; u|efawmf&Sif;vif;wifjycJhjyD; jzpfw,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@ awmfvSef
ykefuefrSK ao;oddrfoGm;atmif/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@trsdK;om;awmfvSefrSKray:vGifatmifeJ@ tjcm;&Srf;trsdK;om;awG awmfvSefa&;rSm
ryg0ifvmatmif csdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrftrnfemrwyfvkdufwmjzpfw,f/
auG@wvkdif; okH;eSKef;vkdufwJhtwGuf &Srf;trsdK;om;
wkd@udk,feSKdufuyifrodbJjzpfoGm;w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm u|efawmf txl;tav;eufxm;jyD; pmzwfolrsm;udk owdxm;apcsifwJhtcsufu
auG@wvkdif;qkdwm&Srf;vlrsdK;udkoD;jcm;&nfn$ef;wJhpum;vkH;a0g[m&jzpfw,fqkdwJhtcsufygbJ/

71

wzefrGefvlrsdK;eJ@wvkdif;a0g[m&pum;vkH;wkd@&J@qufpyfrSKta=umif;&if;udkavhvm&if[Hom0wDrSm
rif;jzpfvmwJh&Srf;rif;om;
ordefaxmAk'<udwWdrif;u t"duta=umif;&if;jzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/ 1740-ckeSpfrSm[Hom0wDjrdK@pm; ArmvlrsdK; rif;&Jatmifekdifukd
rGefvlrsdK;wdk@ur=udKufeSpf=ubl;/
tJ'DtcsdefyJcl;ajrmufydkif;awm&yfrSm/
rif;avmif;tjzpfemrnf=uD;jyD;vlxktiftm;eJ@jzpfaewJh
ordefaxmAk'<udwdWudkrGefvlrsKd ;wkd@u oGm;a&muftulnDawmif;w,f/rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ordefaxmAk'<udwWdwkd@ yl;aygif;jyD; rif;&Jatmifekdifudk
vkyf=uHowfjzwfvkdufw,f/
[Hom0wDrGefekdifiHrSm
ordefaxmAk'<udwWdurif;jzpfvmw,f/ordefaxmAk'<udwWd[mrGefrsdK;EG,f
rif;nDrif;om;wOD;r[kwfbl;/ &Srf;rsdK;EG,f rif;nDrif;om; wOD;jzpfw,f/ordefaxmAk'<udwWdudkrGefvlrsdK;wkd@u (aoHaumJ)
auG@&Srf;rsdK;EG,fvkd@ordkif;rSm rSwfwrf;wif xm;w,f/
1740-ckeSpfawmfvSefykefuefrSKudkavhvm&iftif;0rif;udkjzKwfcsjyD;tif;0aejynfawmfrSm &Srf;rif;tm%mjyefvnf xlaxmifa&;
twGuf
&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@awmfvSefykefuefrSKjzpfw,fqkdwm
u|efawmfwkd@odcJh&jyD;jzpfw,f/
'DawmfvSefykefuefrSK[mvJ
[Hom0wDrSm &Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<udkta=umif;jyKjzpfvmwmjzpfw,f/ 'DawmfvSefykefuefrSKudk OD;aqmifwJhrwW&m tkwfbdku
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@udkaomif;usef;ol olykefawGauG@wvdkif;qkdjyD; tif;0rif;ucsdK;csdK;eSdrfeSdrfemrnfay;jyD; wkdufckduf acsrSKef;cJhw,f/
'gayrJhwkdufckdufacsrSKef;vkd@rekdfifcJhbl;/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@awmfvSefykefuefrSKtiftm;u tvGef=uD;rm;w,f/ w&kwfjynfudk tulnD
awmif;jyD; acsrSKef;&wJhtxdjzpfw,f/ 'gayrJhracsrSKef;ekdifcJhbl;/ awmfvSefykefuefwJh&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@ tiftm; tvGef=uD;rm;
wmudkcef@rSef;,lekdifw,f/ tkwfbkdrwW&mu&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@awmfvSefykefuefrSK[m omreftcGefaumuftay:rauseyf=uvkd@
tif;0rif;udk awmfvSef ykefuefw,f vkd@rSefeef;orkdif;rSmqdkxm;ayrJh wu,fhvufawG@rSm wjcm;pDjzpfaew,f/ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@
trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufrSK awmfvSefa&; jzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f/
tkwfbdkrwW&m awmfvSefykefuefrSKjzpfay:&wJhta=umif;&if;udkaoaocsmcsmavhvmokH;oyf&iftcsufeSpfcsufudkawG@&jyefw,f/
(1) [Hom0wDrSm&Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;tjzpfudk&vkdfuf&wJhta=umif;wa=umif;&,f/
(2) tif;0rSmArmbk&iftiftm;enf;jyD;wkdi;f jynfudkaumif;rGefpGmrtkyfcsKyfekdifwJhta=umif;wa=umif;&,f
'Dta=umif;eSpfcsuf[mtkwfbdkrwW&m&Sd&Srf;acgif;aqmifwdk@awmfvSefykefuefbdk@twGuf t"duwGef;tm;ay;wJhta=umif;&if; awG
jzpfw,f/jrefrmhordkif;udk=unfh&iftif;0aejynfawmfrSm Armbk&ifwvSnfh&Srf;rif;wvSnfhwjyefpD tkyfcsKyfrif;vkyfcJhwmudk orkdif;udk
avhvmolwkdif;od&Sdw,f/ 'grdk@tif;0rSmArmbk&iftiftm;enf;vmwJhtcg tcGifhaumif;,ljyD;&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@u tif;0rSm &Srf;rif;qufudk
jyefvnfxlaxmifbdk@=udK;pm;vmcsifjzpfw,f
[Hom0wDrGefwkd@edkifiHrSmrif;avmif;qdkjyD;jynfoljynfom;awGu &Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<udwWd (ordef"0fAk'<auoD)39udk
rif;ajrSmufjyD;udk;uG,fae=uw,f/
[Hom0wDekdifiHrSm
&Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoD
rif;jzpfvmwJhtajcaeu
&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@&J@edkf;=um;rSKudkjyefvnfjzpfay:apcJhw,f tif;0edkfifiHrSm&Srf;rif;t%mjyefvnfxlaxmifa&;qkdwJh teSpfeSpftvv u
&Srf;vlrsdK;wdk@&J@ar#mfvifhawmifhwcsufudkjyefvnf
edkf;=um;x=uGvmapcJhw,f/
tif;0rSmArmbk&iftiftm;enf;vmwmudk
tcGifhaumif;,ljyD; tif;0ekdifiHawmfrSm&Srf;bk&if &Srf;rif;tm%mjyefvnfxlaxmifbkd@twGuf awmfvSefykefuefwkdufyJG0if vm=uwm
jzpfw,f [Hom0wDu&Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoDudkyifhaqmifjyD; tif;0rSmeef;wifbkd@&nf&G,f=uw,f/
tkwfbdkrwW&m&Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@awmfvSefykefuefwJhtcg ,dk;',m;jynfuvmwJh rif;avmif;v0tdefudk=uKdqdk=ubkd@ vSKyfaqmf
cJh=uw,fvdk@ rSefeef;&mZm0ifrSma&;xm;wJhtcsuf[m rSm;,Gif;aewmudkawG@&w,f/ ,dk;',m;jynfuvmwJh rif;avmif;v0tdeu
f dk
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ordkif;taxmufxm;awGudk aoaocsmcsmavhvm=unfhwJhtcg tJ'DtcsdefrSm rif;avmif;tjzpf ausmf=um;jyD; [Hom0wDrSm
rif;jzpfaewJhrif;avmif; &Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmAk'<auoDudk =udKqdk=ubkd@vSKyfaqmfxm;jcif;jzpfw,f qkdwmxif&Sm; aew,f
tkwfbdkrwW&mu&Srf;vlrsKd ;wkd@ edk;=um;vm&wmvJ [Hom0wD rGefedkfifiHrSm&Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<auoD rif;jzpfvmwJh
tcsufut"duta=umif;&if;jzpfw,f/ tif;0edkfifiHrSm &Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<auoDudkeef;wif=ubkd@ &nf&G,f=uwmjzpfw,f/
'grkd@rif;avmif;&Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<auoDudk =udKqdk=ubkd@ &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@uvSKyfaqmf=uwmjzpfw,f/ tif;0rif;udk
awmfvSefykefueff ae=ujyD;jzpfwJh ta=umif;udk [Hom0wDu&Srf;rif;om; ordefaxmAk'<auoDqDudk vlapv$wfjyD; ta=umif;=um;
cJhw,f/ [Hom0wDrSppfwyfawG tjrefqkH;vmjyD;tif;0ukdodrf;ykdufbdk@ vlv$wf ta=umif;=um;cJhw,f &Srf;jynf&Sd&Srf;vlrsdK;
tm;vkH;wkd@udkvJ pnf;&kH;odrf;oGif;&xm;jyD;jzpfa=umif; [Hom0wDrS &Srf;rif;rsdK;EG,f ordefaxmauoDudkta=umif;=um;cJhw,f/
&Srf;vlrsdK; tm;vkH;wkd@udkvJ rif;avmif; ordefaxmAk'<auoDudk=udKqdkaxmufcHbkd@vSKyfaqmfxm;cJhw,f/
tif;0rSArm
39

ordeaf xm=ordef"0f=rif;avmif;

72

bk&if"rR&mZm"dywdudkjzKwfcsjyD;tif;0rSmbk&ifrif;vkyfbkd@ordefaxmAk'<auoDudk
vlapv$wfjyD;ta=umif;=um;cJhwmjzpfw,f/
ordefaxm Ak'<auoDvJ ppftiftm;wkd@eJ@ tif;0udkwkdufckdufbdk@ csDwufcJhw,f/ [Hom0wDrS ordefaxmAk'<auoD wyfcsDwuf
vmwmudk Armwkd@u [Hom0wDwvkdif;wyfawG csDwufvmw,fvkd@okH;eSKef; rSwfwrf;wifxm;cJhw,f /[Hom0wDrSm
rif;jzpfaeol[m rGefrif;rsdK;EG,fr[kwfbJ &Srf;rif;rsdK;EGk,f ordefaxmAk'<auoDu rif;jzpfaewJhtcsdefcgjzpfw,f/ tif;0ukdwkdufckdufbdk@
apv$wfvdkufwJh [Hom0wDwyfudk =unfh&ifvJ &Srf;ppfol=uD;rl;rwf awGOD;pD;wJh wyfawGjzpfaewmudkawG@&w,f
Oyrmtrwf=uD;apmjA/ apmjAmqm/ apmjA[wWd&mZm/ apmjAykH&Gwf/
apmjAaumiftdef40pwJhtrwf0ef=uD;wdk@[m
&Srf;vlrsdK;&Srf;emrnfrsm;jzpf=uw,f/ 'grdk@[Hom0wD wvkdif;wyfqdkwm ordefaxm Ak'<auoDudk &nf&G,f okH;eSKef;wJhtwGuf
rSefw,fvkd@qkd&r,f/ 'Dae&mrSmokH;wJhwvkdif;a0g[m&[m rGefvlrsdK;udkr&nf&G,fao;bl;qkdwmxif&Sm;w,f/
tkwfbdkrwW&mu &Srf;vlrsdK;wkd@tulnDawmif;w,fqdkwmvJ &Srf;rif;om;ordefaxmauoDrif;&J@wyfudktulnD awmif;wmjzpfw,f/
'Dordkif; tcsufvufawG[m odyfhta&;=uD;wJhtcsufawGjzpfw,f/ tkwfbkdrwW&mu&Srf;wdk@ tulnD awmif;wJhtwdkif; [Hom0wDrS
&Srf;rsdK;EG,f ordefaxmAk'<auoDrif;uvJ ppftulwyfawGydk@jyD; tif;0udkwkdufapw,f/ ordefaxmauoDwyf[m tif;0jrdK@&kd;wkdifxd
a&mufcJhw,f/ csif;wGif;jrpf/{&m0wDjrpftnmtxda&mufw,f/ &Srf;jynfxda&mufw,f/ 'gayrJhtif;0udk rodrf;ydkufcJhedkifbl;/
ppfjyefaemufqkwfcJh&w,f/ tif;0eef;awmfrSm &Srf;rif;ordefaxmAk'<auoDudk eef;wifay;bkd@&Srf;trsdK;om;wkd@&J@ trsdK;om;
&nfrSef;csufvJ txrajrmuf ratmifjrifbJ jzpfoGm;w,f/ tif;0rSmeef;wufxkdifbdk@ar#mfvifhcsuf&SdcJhwJh ordefaxmAk'<auoDvJ
rdrd&nfrSef;csufratmifjrifojzifhpdwf"gwfusjyD;
1746-ckeSpfrSmZif;r,fbufokd@
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[Hom0wDtifyg,m=uD;udk jyefvnfxlaxmifr,fvkd@Anm'vuurBmodausjimcJhw,f/
Edward Harper Parker a&;om;wJh Burma pmtkyfrSmvJatmufygtwkdif;awG@&w,f
An ex-monk of Shan race was elected king with the title of Mengtara Buddha Ketthi in 1740, and during his time the
usual struggles with Siam Zimme, &c., went on.--------------For some superstitious reason or other he suddenly
abdicated and left his kingdom in 1746,..The Shan king was succeeded by one of his officers called Binya Dala,
and it is perhaps to this man that Chinese account refers. Binya Dala gave out publicly that it was his intention to
reestablish the Empire of Bureng Naung, and allied himself with the Gwe Shans of Madara, 41

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40
41

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Burma/Edward Harper Parker. P. 77

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42

owif;pmq&mOD;odrf;armif.tavmif;bk&m;/ pm 357-358

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tkwfbdkrwW&mauG@&Srf;wkd@vma&mufyl;aygif;bkd@
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43
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76

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usL;ausmfapmfum;ol rdp>maumifqkdwJh t"dy`g,feJ@ArmvlrsdK;wkd@rSm&if;eSD; vmcJh=uw,f/ teSpfeSpftvvu ArmvlrsdK;wkd@&J@
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rGefvlrsdK;udkwvkdif;tjzpfjrifatmifOD;atmifaZ,swkd@u

77

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twGufwvkdif;pum;vkH;[m tokH;cscHjzpfvmw,f/
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pmtkyf=unfhv#ifodomxif&Sm;wJhoufaotjzpfawG@jrif&r,f/ tJ'gtjyif urBmhpG,fpkHusrf; tbd"gefwkd@rSmvJ rGefvlrsdK;udk
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atmufygoufaotaxmufxm;awGudkavhvm=unfh&ifodomekdifygw,f/
The New Encyclopaedia Britannica page. 242 rSmrGefvlrsdK;ta=umif;udkatmufygtwkdif;t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdxm;w,f/
Mon, also spelled mun, Burmese Talaing, people living in the eastern delta region of Myanmar(Burma) and in westcentral Thailand, numbering in the late 20th centur more tha 1.1 million. The Mon have lived in their present area for the
last 1200 years, and it was they who gave Myanmar its writing (Pali) and its religion (Buddhism).
Mon Language, also called TALAING, or PEGUAN,
The Oxford English Dictionary(1989 Second Edition), pmtkyf&J@pmrsufeSm(984)rSm rGefvlrsdK;eJ@ywfoufjyD; atmufyg

twkdif;t"dy`g,fzGifhqkdxm;wmudkawG@&jyefw,f/
Mon: A. sb. A people of Indochinese origin, also called TALAING, now inhabiting eastern Burma and western Thailand
but having their ancient capital at Pegu in Southern Burma;---------Moan, the name by which the Talaings now call
themselves.

1911-ckeSpfxkwfoef;acgifpm&if;udk=unfh&ifrGefvlrsdK;udkrGefvlrsdK;vkd@raz: jyawmhbJwvkdif;vlrsdK;taeeJ@ az:jyxm;wmudk awG@&w,f/

atmufygoef;acgif;pm&if;tpD&ifcHpmudkavhvm&ifodedkifygw,f/
Census of India, 1911,Volume IX, BURMA
Part 1- Report by C. Morgan Webb, M.A. I.C.S (1912)

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219. Talaing.- Upon the conquest of Pegu by Alaungpaya in 1757 the Burmese strongly discouraged the use of the
Talaing language, Its teaching in the Buddhist monasteries or other schools was then prohibited and in the
interval between 1826 and the reoccupation of Pegu by the British in 1852 the language practically became extinct in
Burmese territoryBut the remarkable vitality shown by the language is a demonstration that the absorption of the
Talaing race by the Burmese and the disappearance of the Talaing language are neither so immediate nor so inevitable
as has been generally assumed.
Talaing
1911
1901
Strengthe race
320,629
321,898
Numbers peaking racial language.
179,443
154,483

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