pmtkyfa0befcsuf

ygarmuQrdkufu,fatmifoGif

a&S;OD;jrefrmEdkifiHta}umif;pmxJrS '¾m&D ESifh ordkif;trSef

yg&m'dkif; / rlvtaxmuftxg;rsm; ESifh t,lpGJrsm;
Myth and History in the Historiography of Early Burma:
Paradigms, Primary Sources and Prejudices

by - Michael A. Aung Thwin © Ohio University Center for

International Studies

Athens Monographs in International Studies - South East Asia

Series No. 102 1998 ISBN 0-98680-201-9

taemufwdkif;uordkif;a0befa&;orm;awG&J ht=um;rSm “ordkif;qdkwmaemufqHk;ydwfjzpfcJhwJh

ppfyGJrSmtEdkif&olua&;xm;wmjzpfw,f (History is written by the winner of the last war)
qdkwJhpum;wpfcGef;&dSygw,f?
 2

Oyrm'kwd,urBmppf}uD;rSm aemufqHk;ydwftEdkif&vdkufwJh r[mrdwfEkdifiHawGuppf&H_;oGm;wJh

0if&dk;wef;EdkifiHawGtay: ppfa&;t&tjyD;oyfacsr_H;cJh,Hkomru urBmppf}uD;&Jhordkif;a=umif;/
ppfjyD;acwfurBmhordkif; ppfat;umveJ hppfat;vGefumvordkif;awGudkyg ppfEkdifol&J htjrifu
aea&;om;=u a[majym&dkuful;wifjyae=uwm uae@acwftxd rqHk;Ekdifpwrf;
qdk&ravmufygbJ?

'ga=umifhordkif;qdkwm “ppfEdkifwJhola&;wJhtwdkif;yJ”qdkwJh oabmudkppfEdkifolEdkifiHom;awGxuf

ppf&_H;wJhwdkif;jynfawGeJ@ vlrsdK;awGu wefbdk;=uD;pGmay;jyD;em;vnf oabmaygufae=u &ygw,f?

jrefrmEdkifiH&Jhordkif;udkjyef=unfh&ifvJ t*FvdyfESifhjrefrmppfyGJoHk;}udrfwdkufcJh&mrSm oHk;}udrfpvHk; &_H;

cJhwJhtwGuf aemufqHk;rSm wdkif;jynfwifqHk;cJh&&kHwifrubJ jrefrmhordkif;udkyg e,fcsJ horm;u
olwdk@tjrifuae a&;om;cJh=uwmudkcHcJh&ygw,f? jrefrmhordkif;udkyxrqHk;urBmudka&;om;
wifjycJhol[m ordkif;okawoDwOD;awmifr[kwfbJ qmtmomz,f&m (Sir Arthur Phayre)
qdkwJh t*FvdyfudkvdkeDt&m&dS=uD;udk,fwdkifjzpfcJhygw,f/ tJ'Dol ha&;om;csufawG udktwnf,ljyD;
ol@aemufay:vmwJh G.H. Luce, Harvey, D.G.E. Hall pwJhe,fcsJ hordkif;q&mawGu qifhyGm;
yHkzsuf}u,Hkru olwdk@qu D wzefenf;emcH,lcJhwJhjrefrmordkif;q&mtcsdK@tay:rSmvJ wpkHw&m
=oZmvGrf;rdk;EdkifcJh}uw,f?

tar&duefjynfawmifpk [m0dkif,DwuUodkvf tm&Savhvma&;Xeu ygarmuQrdkufu,fatmif

oGif&J h a&S;OD;jrefrmEdkifiHta}umif;pmxJrS '¾m&DESifhordkif; (Myth & History in the
Historiography of Early Burma: Paradigms, Primary Sources, and Prejudies) qdkwJh
pmtkyf[m/ 'DtcsufawGudktus,fw0ifhaqG;aEG;xm;wJhpmtkyfwpftkyfjzpfygw,f? 'Dpmtkyfudk
1998 ckESpfuwnf;utkd[dkif;,dk;wuUodkvf/ EkdifiHwumavhvma&;Xmeuae &dkufESdyf xkwfa0
cJhwmjzpfygw,f?

rdkufu,fatmifoGif[m “yk8H - acwfopfjrefrmEkdifiHawmf. rlvZmwd (Pagan: Origin of

Modern Burma) qdkwJhyxrpmtkyfeJ hvlodrsm;wmrdk homrefavhvmol&J htjrifrSm ckpmtkyf
[mvJemrnft&yk8H&mZm0ifaemufqufwGJbJ/ rsufarSmufacwfeJ hrygwfoufbl;vdk htay:,H
txifa&mufp&m&SdEdkifygw,f? ,cka0befolyifv#ifvGefcJhwJh 2 ESpfavmufwHk;u 'Dpmtkyfudk
yxrt}udrfwHk;u orefum&SHumvSefavSsm=unfhjyD; qufrzwfjzpfbJ jypfcsxm;cJhbl;ygw,f?
odkaomfvnf; jrefrmh'Drdkua&pDta&;a&S hrwkd;/ aemufrqkwfeJ hwef haewJh'Duae htajctae rSm
jrefrmjynfjy\em&Jht&if;tjrpf[mbmjzpfEkdifovJvdk h eufeuf&_dif;&_dif;wl;qG=unfhbdk h vdkjyDvdk@
cHpm;rdwJhtwGuf pmtkyfawGudkjyefzGrd&mu 'DpmtkyfudkvJjyefzGifhrdygw,f? 'DvdkeJ@pmtkyf&Jh
ed*Hk;csKyftc%f;rSmvmwJh “,ae hacwfay:'¾m&Drsm;/ Current Myths qdkwJhacgif;pOfi,f
atmufu/ “rqHk;ao;aomacwfqef;csdef” (THE “UNFINISHED RENAISSANCE” ) ESifh
 3

rjyD;ao;aomawmfvSefa&; (THE “UNFINISHED REVOLUTION” ) qdkwJhusrf;jyKq&m&hJ

tac: “'¾m&D” (myth) ESpfckta}umif;&Sif;jy xm;wmudkausmfzwfrdwJh tcgusrSbJ 'Dpm tkyf
udkqufvufIvspfvsL&_rxm;EkdifawmhbJ tptqHk;zwf=unfhzdk@vdktyfw,fvdk@ cHpm;vmrd
ygawmhw,f?

pmtkyf&JhtcsD;edd'g%f;rSm “tajymif;tvJ odk@r[kwf ajymif;vJawmhrnfht&dyfta&mif wpfck

onf tEB&m,fESifhar#mfvifhcsuf ESpfckpvHk;udko,faqmifvmonf? Tonfu
tajcwnfrdjyD;om;olwdk@&Jh qufvufwnfwef@a&;udk cdsef;acsmufvdkufovdk
tajcrwnf&ao;olwdk@udkvJ tm;wufvmaponff/ (TwGif) ESpfzufpvHk;urdrdESifh
toHk;wnfhrnfh'¾m&Dudk pwifzefqif;=uawmhonf? ypPKyefudkxdef;csKyf&efomru
tem*gwfudkpdk;rdk;Edkif&eftwGufyg oifhawmfrnfh '¾m&Drsm;udkwDxGif vg=uonf”vdk h Claude
Levi Strauss udkd udk;um;&if; edd'g%f;csDxm;ygw,f?

“twdwfordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;xJrSwpHkwckaomtjzpftysufon/f ypPKyefEdkifiHa&;wGiftoHk;jyK&ef
vdktyfaeaom'¾m&D(rsm;)udk yHkaz:wnfaqmuf,l&eftwGuf aemufa=umif;jyefI
t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&ef vrf;qHkvrf;cGwpfck (a Critical Reinterpretive Juncture) jzpfvm”owJh?

qdkvdkwmu vwfwavmEdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufudkyHhydk;ay;Edkifatmifvdk@ twdyfuordkif;jzpf&yf

wpfcktwGif;odk htcsuftvufopf ('¾m&D) ufdk}um;nSyfxnfhoGif;/ odk hr[kwf/ tcsuftvuf
ta[mif;wckudk t"dy`g,ftopfxyfzGifhay;w,fvdk@ jzpfygw,f? (wu,fvdk@ toHk;jyK&rJJhordkif;
tjzpftysufu EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufESifhrudkufnD&if ylylaEG;aEG;tjzpftysufudkawmif rl&if;udk
rrSwfrdavmufatmif jyefvnfwnf;jzwfjyD;/ '¾m&DvkyftoufoGif; (dramatize) wwfyg
ao;w,f? Orm Hollywood u±kduful;jyocJhwJh “Beyond Rangoon” qdkwJh
±kyf±Sifum;qdkygawmh? 'DZmwfum;[m 1988 ckESpfujzpf&yfudk xkwfvkyfolawG&Jh
EdkifiHa&;&nf&G,fcsufudktaxmuftuljyKap&ef (xdk;)ZmwfuGufwcsdK@udk tquftpyfr&dS
vdkwmxufydk+yD; xdk;xnfhxm;vdk@ 1988 ckEpS fudkudk,fwdkifjzwfoef;cJh&olawGtzdk@ &,fp&m
[mowpfckvdkjzpfaeovdk jrefrmEdkifiHta=umif;bmrSrodwJh EdkifiHwum &kyf&Sif=unfh
y&d\wftzdk@vJ yDjyifwJhtEkynmypPnf;wpfck jzpfrvmbl;? pmtkyfa0befol)

usrf;jyKoltvdkt& a&S;a[mif;jrefrmEdkifiHta=umif;pmxJrSmteJqHk;'¾m&Dig;ck yg0ifaew,fvdk@

qdkygw,ff? OyrmtjzpfeJ@ aemufqHk;wckudkyJ wifjyyg&ap? (13) &mpkacwffyk8Heef;awmftwGif;
trwfrsm;tjzpf cpm;cJh=uwJh &mZo}uFef/ tocF,m/ oD[olpwJh trwfnDaemifoHk;OD;[m
ordkif;rSmwu,f&SdcJholawGjzpfaomfvJ olwdk@[m&Srf;vlrsdK;rsm;jzpf=uw,fqdkwmuawmh '¾m&D
vkyfZmwfwpfckomjzpfygowJh? 'Dtcsuf[m 1883 ckESpfusrS tmomz,f&mu jrefrmh
ordkif;udkurBmoHk; (t*Fvdyf) bmom pum;ESifh yxrqHk;t}udrfykHESdyfxkwfa0&mwGifrS pwif
yg&Sdvmjcif;jzpfw,f? jrefrmtaxmuf txm;/ &Srf;bufutaxmuftxm;/ w&kyf
 4

taxmuftxm;awGrSmawmh‚if;wdk@&Jh vlrsdK;a&;Zpfjrpfudkaz:jyxm;jcif;r&Sd,Hkru/ vlrsdK;a&;[m

vJ yk*Hacwfya'o&mZfEdkifiHa&;rSm txl;ta&;r}uD;cJhygbl;wJJh? ausmufpm/ rSifpm wGifr&Sd/
OD;ukvm;/ rSefeef;/ ZmwmawmfykHwdk hwGifryg/ &Srf;/ w&kyf/ tDwvD (rmudkydkvdk) ordkif;rSwfwrf;
rsm;wGifvJvHk;0raz:jyxm;ygbJESifh 'DnDtudkawG[m&Skrf;jzpfonf [laomvlrsdK;a&;wHqdyfudk
tmomz,f&mu yk*H&mZ0ifay:wGif tb,fa=umifhcyfEdSyfay;cJhygovJ?

nDtpfudkoHk;OD;teufti,fqHk;oD[olrSqif;oufaomowdk;rif;zsm;utif;0rif;qufudkpwif
cJhonfjzpf&m / jrefrmhordkif;wGiftif;0acwfonf &krf;rif;rsm;pdk;pHaom&Srf;acwfjzpfonf [kqdkvdk
&ma&mufw,fvdk@usrf;jyKq&muqdkygw,f? jrefrmjynfwGifjrefrmvlrsm;pkESifh jrefrmr[kwf
aomwdkif;&if;om;vlrsdK;pkrsm;t}um;tm;jydKifr_[mya'o&mZfacwfuwnf;u&SdcJhwJhoabm/
wjcm;vlrsdK;pkrsm;uvJ jrefrmjynftkyfpdk;cJhaomacwf umvrsm;&SdcJhonf[laomoabmudfkt
xl;rD;armif;xdk;jyvdkufjcif;jzifhvlrsdK;pkawGudk jrefrmawGeJ htm;+ydKif/ &efbuftaetxm;rSmwnf
ay;vdkufwJh ydkif;jcm;a0befr_qdkif&mpHepfykHw&yf (An analytical framework) udk tmom
z,f,mu aemifvmrnfh Luce, Harvey, Hall pwJhjAdwdo#udkvdkeDordkif;q&mrsm;twGufa&m/
‚if;wdk&Jh=oZm&dyfruif;wJhvGwfvyfa&;acwfOD;ujrefrmvlrsdK;ordkif;q&mrsm;tw$ufyg csay;
vdkufwJhoabmvdk@ usrf;jyKolu,lqygw,f? EdkifiHa&;rSmvlrsKd ;a&;udktr$rf;wifay;jcif;
(Reification of Ethnicity) &,f/ aemuf wdk;wufa&;t"dutjrif &,f (Idea of Progress)
'DESpfckudkvufpGJjyKjyD;/ wcg ordkif;rSmtrSwfw&jzpf&yfawG (Momentous Events) Oyrm
vlrsdK;a&;yÉdyuQrsm;/ jynfwGif;ppf/ EdkifiHjcm;uskK;ausmfr_/ eef;wGif;vkyf}uHr_/ rif;ajymif;rif;vGJ/
ykvdyfa&m*guyf/ tiwfab; - pwJh taemufwdkif; (EdkifiHjcm;om;) om;wOD;tzdk@ em;vnf&
vG,fwJhtcsufawGudkyJ tm&kHpdkufoGm;w,fvkd@vJ qdkxg;ygw,f?

wu,fawmh owdk;rif;zsm;&J htif;0[m jrefrmhordkif;wGif jrefrmpmayeJ h/uAsmvuFmtxGef;

um;qHk;acwf/ o#ifr[moDv0Ho/ o#ifr[m&Xom&/o#ifOwWrausmf/ cHkawmfarmifusbrf;/
pwJhvl/ &[ef;yk*d~Kvfausmfrsm; ay:xGuf&macwfjzpfaevdk@&Srf;acwfvdk@ qdkEkdif&efcJ,Of;aeygw,f?
usrf;jyKq&mudk,fwdkif&J h 1978 ckESpfuuGif;qif;okawoejyKcsuft&qdk&if ‚if;nDtpfudkrsm;&J h
zciff[m ausmufqnf v,fwGif;udk;c&kdifa'o&Sd bdEMu t&yfrS a'oqdkif&mt=uD;tuJ wpfOD;
jzpfjyD;/ ‚if;wdk@.rdcif[myk*Heef;wGif;olwpfO;D jzpfum/ ‚if;wdk@tm;vHk;[mvJ yk*Heef;wGif;rSm
ynmavhvmoif}um;&if; =uD;jyif;vm=uwJh jrefrmrif;&Jhtr_xrf;trwfrsm; jzpfcJh=uw,fvdk@
qdkygw,f? bdEMut&yf[m yk*Haumif;pm;vmwJh tcgwajz;ajz;wdrfaumoGm;wJhysLvlrsdK;wdk h&J h
ae&if;a'owpfckjzpfaevdk h 'DnDtpfudkoHk;OD; [mjzpfjcif;jzpfv#if ysLyk*Hom;ujym;rsm; jzpfzdk hu
ydkrsm;w,fvdk h vJaumufcsufcsjyygw,f? 'ga}umifh/ usrf;jyKolu/ jrefrm&mZ0iftapmifapmifeJ@
ausmufpmawGufdkwdkufqdkifjyD;aumufcsufcsykHuawmh/

jrefrmhpyg;usDjzpfaomausmufqnfa'oudkxdrf;csKyfxm;wJh 'DtrwfnDaemifoHk;OD;wdk@uyJ/
usK;ausmfvmol rGef*dkawG&Jh&efu/ yk*HudkumuG,fay;cJhjyD;/ xD;eef;rSm ESpfokH;q,feD;yg;}umaewJh
 5

ausmfpGmrif;udkeef;rScs/ ol@om;awmfapmepfudkeef;wifum/ yk*aH ejynfawmf tif;0&Jh }oZmcH

b0udk wjznf;jznf;usa&mufoGm;wJhtcsdef at'D 1368 ckESpftxd/ aemufxyfESpfw&m
eD;yg;wnfwef hcJhwJh/ yk*Heef;awmfrSmyJtr_xrf;cJh}uw,fvdk h,lqygowJh? 'ga}umifh'DnDaemifawG
[m&Srf;vm;/ ysLvm;/ jrefrmvm;qdkwmtaotcsmrodEdkifayrJh/ olwdk h[meef;vkol (Tyrants)
awGr[kwfcJh}ubJ/ yk*H&J haemufqHk;rif;awGtay:}oZmv$rf;xg;EdkifcJh}uwJh aemufuG,fu}udK;
udkifEdkifiHa&;orm;awG (King Makers) omjzpf}uygowJh? 'DOyrmuawmh/ udkvdkeDu|efb0
wHk;u/ jAdwdo#e,fcsJ hordkif;q&muyk*H&mZ0ifxJudkvkyf=uHxnfhoGif;cJhwJh wpfckaom'¾m&Dudk
usrf;jyKoluajc&mcHjyxm;wmyg?

qufvufjyD;awmh uae@oljzwfoef;ae&wJh rsufarSmufacwfrSmvJ '¾m&DawG&Sdaea}umif;

aqG;aEG;xm;jyefygw,f? 'gawGuawmh ta&;}uD;wJJhtcsufjzpfawGvdk@pmtkyfa0befolu
usrf;jyKq&mudkyJ wdkduf&kduf udk;um;&ygr,f?

“jrefrmEkdifiHrSm/ 1988 ckESpf (EdkifiHa&;) iv#if&J haemufydkif;rSmjzpfay:vgwJh / tajymif;tvJJawG

udkta}umif;jyKjyD;/ odyfr}umvSao;wJhtwdyfu jzpf&yfawGtay:rSD;jyD; '¾m&DawGay:cJhonf?
‚if;wdk@teufESpfckudktxl;owdjyKrdonf? yxr'¾m&DrSm 1920/ 1930 ckEpS frsm;. EkdifiHa&;t&
xl;jcm;csufudktajccHxm;jyD;/ aemufwckuawmh 1962 ckESpf tm%modrf;yGJudktajccHxm;
onf? Tumvrsm;ta=umif;jiif;ckHr_rsm;/ ,cifur&SdcJhbl;Ir[kwf/ odk@aomf 1988 ckESpf
ta&;tcif;ESifh aemufqufwGJjzpfvmwJh ypPKyefEkdifiHa&;.vdktifrsm; wenf;wzHkuGif;quf
jzpfaer_uTumvrsm;.ta&;ygr_udkyHk}uD;csJ@p&mrsm; jzpfvm&um;/ ‚if;umvrsm;onfvnf;
jyefvnf t"dy`g,fzGifhqdk&efaumif;aomvrf;qHkrsm;- Critical Reinterpretive Junctures
jzpfvm}ujyefonf?”(pm-153) vdk@az:jyjyD;/ ,cka0befcsuf&J@ tprSmwifjycJhwJh
“rqHk;ao;aomacwfqef;csdef”eJ h“rjyD;ao;aomawmfvSefa&;” '¾m&Dwdk@ta=umif;udk &Sif;jy
xm;ygw,f?

“1988ckESpfta&;tcif;aemufydkif;rSm/ 1920/ 1930 ESpfrsm;umvonf 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;/

atmifqef;wdk@vkyf}uHcH&r_/ xdk@aemuf 62 ckEpS f tm%modrf;yGJ/ ponf ponf wdk@a}umifh
jywfawmufoGm;&aom/ rjyD;qHk;ao;aomjrefrmwdk@&Jhacwfqef;csdefjzpfw,f qdkwJhwifjy
csufw&yf/ ay:xGufvmcJhygw,f? b,ftcsufawGu 'Dumvudk “acwfqef;csdef”vdk hac:E_dif&
ovJqdkwmuawmh r&Sif;vif;vSyg? jreffrmpmay/ tEkynm/ *Dw/ obif/ Oya'/ tkyfcskKyfa&;/
Ak'<omoemwdk@jyefvnfxGef;um;vmcJhvdk@vm;? r[kwfyg/ Tonfwdk@rSm yk*HudkqufcHaom/
ukef;abmifacwf odk@r[kwf xdk hxufydkapmaom 'kwd,tif;0acwfwkd@tm; owfrSwfEd_ifygonf?
axmifhufdk;&mhESpfq,f/ okH;q,fckESpfrsm;twGif;/ rmufhpf0g'/ trsdK;om;vGwfajrmufa&;ESifh
qdk&S,fvpfa&;pmayrsm; &efukef&Sdacwfynmwwfrsm;tay: pwif}oZmouf0ifcJhonfawmh
rSefygonf? odk@aomf 'gavmufeJ@awmh jrefrmhordkif;&J hacwfqef;csdef (Renaissance) vdk hac:I
r&Ed_ifpaumif;?”
 6

“tu,fpifppf/ Tumvonfwdkif;wyg;tkyftkyfpdk;cHb0udk jrefrmvlrsdK;rsm; tom;rusao;

aomumv/ wpfckwnf;aomtrsdK;om;a&;xHk;pOfvmESifhwdkif;&if;,Ofaus;r_udk/ udk,fpm;jyK ol/
aus;Zl;cH-aus;Zl;pm;pHepf (Patron-Client Relationship ) . t"dut}uD;tr_;jzpfol
jrefrm&Sifbk&ifvnf;r&SdawmhjyDjzpf&um;/ yk*d~Kvfa&;vHkjcHKr_uif;aomrif;rJhumv/ &mZ0wfr_xl
ajym/ "g;jy*ddk%f;rsm;}uD;pdk;um/ xdyfvef@pGmae}u&aomumv}uD;jzpfcJhonf? Tumv.
tqHk;oyfjzpfonfhv,form;olyek fwckrSty rnfonfhpGrf;pGr;f wref&dSaom vlwef;pm;ur#/
trsdK;om;a&;p±dkufvuQ%m/ bmompmayESifh,Ofaus;r_a&;&mrsm; jyefvnfxGef;um;a&;udk
xdxda&mufa&mufa&S@aqmifa&S@&GufjyKay; (Patronize) jcif;vJr&SdcJh&um;/ bmacwfrSvJ rqef;cJh
yg?” “'gayrJhvJatmifqef;.EdkifiHa&;b0onf acwfqef;csdef[k ,cktcg (aemufa=umif;jyefIf)
orkwfaeonfh xdkumvtwGif;rSmpwifcJh&um;/ ‚if;.EdkifiHa&;Zmwmpef;v*fw[kefxkd;
twufESifh TumvudkcGJxkwfIr&Ekdifpaumif; atmifjzpffcJh&onf?" 'Dae&mrSm atmifqef;.
EkdifiHa&;ar#mfrSef;csufrsm;onf/ 'kwd,urBmppf}uD;/ oludk,fwdkifvkyf}uHcHvkduf&r_ / ‚if;aemuf
1962 ckESpftm%modrf;yGJ/ wkd@a=umifhwppD jzpfukef}u& (in shambles) onf[lvdk?

T'¾m&Du ar;cGef;wckudk ar;=uap&efar#mfvifhygonf? ar;cGef;rSm“ 'Dvkdqdk&ifatmifqef;&J h

qHk;c%f;rwdkifvdkuf&wJh ‘acwfqef;csdfef’udpPudkb,folutjyD;owfay;rSmvJ? tajzrSm
“b,fol&Sd&OD;rSmvJ/ ol horD;aygh ” [lvdk? odk hjzifh Tacwfqef;csdef'¾m&Donf/ rsufarSmuf
EdkifiHa&;. &nf&G,fcsufudkjznfhqD;&ef/twGuf aemufa}umif;jyefIykH}uD;csJ hcHvdkuf&aom twdyf
ordkif;.umvw&yfudkjy&ef taumif;qHk;Oyrmwckjzpfvmawmhonf? pmrsufESm 155)”

tvm;wlyif EdkifiHa&;ZmwfckH.wzufpGef;wGifvnf; “tjcm;rjyD;ao;aomudpPw&yf” &Sdaejyefyg

onf? ‚if;rSm “rjyD;ao;aomawmfvSefa&;” [lIjzpfonf? ‚if;'¾m&Du 1948 ESifh 1962
ESpfckpvHk;udktoHk;jyKonf? ,ae@wdkif;jynfwGiftm%m,lxm;aom (ppf) tpdk;&onf 1962
upwifcJhaomwpfckck (1962 .t"dutaqmufttHkrSm (ae0if;.) awmfvSefa&;aumifpDf) udk
qufcHonfhoabm/ wzef 1962 udk,fwdkifuvJ/ 1948 wHk;utvHk;0jyD;rowfEkdifcJhaom/
vHk;0vGyfvyfa&;udpPudk tjyD;oyfqufvkyf&onfhoabmjzpfjcif;tm;jzif/h ‚if;wdk hudk,fudk‚if;wdk@
1948 ESifhygvSrf;I csdyfqufwGJcsnfxm;onf? Tae&mY/ ‚if;wdk h.EkdifiHa&;jydKifbufrsm;u 62
ckESpfaemufydkif;u jy\emrSefor#udk ‚if;wdk@ tay:yHkcsaeonfhwdkif/ vuf&Sdppfwyf.acgif;aqmif
rsm;onf 1962 ckESpfut&m&Sdi,frsm;r#omjzpfcJh}ujyD;/ trsm;wumhtrsm;pk}uD;rSm/ rnfodk@
r#t&mra&mufaom/ q,fausmfoufrsm;omjzpfchJ}uonf? “1988 tusyftwnf;umv
twGif;u/ tcdkuftwef@tm%m&vdkufaom apmarmifonfyifv#if 1962 wHk;u
wyf}uyfuav; (Corporal) rsSomjzpfcJhonf? 1962 wHk;ut"duZmwfaqmifjzpfcJhaom
AdkvfcsKKyfae0if;onfvnf; 1988 ckESpfaemufydkif;wGifrnfonfhEkdifiHa&;c%f;wGifr# ryg0ifawmh?
Tae&mwGiftHh}op&maumif;onfrSm/ ppftpdk;&.EkdifiHa&;jydKifbufrsm;u vuf&Sdppft&m&Sdrsm;
tm; ‚if;wdk@ESifhbmr#rygwfoufaom 1962 ESifhqufpyfay;vdkufjcif;tm;jzifh ‚if;wdk@twGuf
 7

vdktyfaeaom/ ordkif;tpOft&w&m;0ifjzpfjcif; (Historical Legitimacy) udk tyfESif;ay;vdkuf

&ma&mufoGm;.? tjyeftvSeftm;jzifh ppfAdkvfrsm;uvnf;/ atmifqef;pk}unftm;
ESpf&Snfvrsm;ESifh/ r}umc%qdkovdk csKyfaESmifaejcif;tm;jzifh/ ,cifu woufvHk;eD;yg;jynfy
wGifomaexdkifcJhaoma}umifh/ olrwGifr&SdcJhbl;aomzdESdyfcH&jcif;tm;jzifh w&m;0ifjzpfr_
(Legitimacy by Incarceration) udkzefwD;tyfESif;ay;vdkuf&ma&mufoGm;.?” pm-156)

“TrjyD;ao;aom acwfqef;csdef / awmfvSefa&; tqdkrsm;t& qdkcJhaomumvESpf&yfonf/

rsufarSmufacwfjrefrmhEdkifiHa&;tay:tawmf=oZm}uD;aeonf? txl;ojzifh 1962 ckESpf
ppfwyftm%modrf;yJGumvudkydkI tm±kHpdkuf}uonf? tkyfpkwpfcku Tumvudk,ae hjrefrm
EdkifiH&ifqdkifae&aom'kuQokuQtm;vHk;. t&if;cHtjzpfowfrSwfaeovdk/ tjcm;wzufuvnf;/
Tumvudk wdkif;wyg;tkyfpdk;v$rf;rdk;cHcJh&r_rS tjyD;oyfvGwfajrmufcJhaomumv tjzpfowfrSwf
onf? (Ttcsufudk em;vnf / vuQH Edkif&eftwGuf ygarmuQrdkufu,fatmifoGif.
tjcm;pmwrf;wckjzpfaom "1948ESifhjrefrmhvGyfvyfa&;'¾m&D (1948 and The Myth of
Independence - Cornell University - Southeast Asia Studies Program publication)"-
aumfeJwuUodkvfxkwf ta&S@ awmiftm&Savhvma&;pmpOf udkzwfxm;zdk@vdkygonf - jrifha&$)

1962 udkrlwnfI‚if;.a&S@ydkif;ESifhaemufydkif;ordkif;jzpf&yfrsm;udk/ taumif;ydkif;ESifh tqdk;ydkif;/

woD;wjcm;bmr# tquftpyfta&mt,Sufr&dScJhoa,mif yHkzsufjcif;cH&onf? 1962
rwdkifrDu tzGJ@tpnf;rsm;/ tjzpftysufrsm;/ vlyk*d~Kvfrsm;udk tm;vHk;taumif;csnf;eD;yg;
owfrSwfajymqdkavh&dS}uonf? Oyrm ppfjyD;acwfOD;Ektpdk;&vufxufu qdk&S,fvpfqefaom
pD;yGm;a&;ay:vpDrsm;ESifhvkyfief;pOfrsm;&SdcJhaomfvnf;/ OD;Ektpdk;&rSm ygvDref'Drdkua&pDjzpf&um;/
xdkacwfjrefrmjynfudkt"dutm;jzifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;jzpfonf[k,lqjyD;/ qdk&S,fvpf0g'udk
awmh ae0if;. 1962 ESifh/ (‚if;rS qufE$,fIvuf&Sdppftpdk;&) ESifhqufpyfay;avh&dS}uonf?
(pm-157)

tvm;wlyif atmifqef;.tem*gwfjrefrmjynftwGufpdwful;rSmvnf; ,ae@ol horD;u vlxk

t=um;wGifa[majymaeaom/ 'Drdkua&pD/ yk*v ~ dutcGifhta&;qdkonfrsm;ESifh tawmfcsnf;
qGJI qufpyf,l&rnfhtajcwGif&Sdonf? 1941 ckESpfwkH;u atmifqef;a&;om;cJhJaomtem*gwf
jrefrmjynftwGufpDrHudef; (Blue Print for Burma ) jyKpkcsufxnf;wGif/ “ygvDrefpHepf/
EkdifiHa&;twdkuftcHqdkwmawGr&Sdap&/ t"dy`g,fr&SdwJhwudk,fawmfyk*~vdu0g' tvdkr&Sd” [k
twdtusESifh/ cyf&Sif;&Sif;yifajymxm;cJhonf? olum;,ae hacwfol hta}umif;0g'jzef hae}u
olawG jzpfapcsifovdk/ 'Drdkua&pDa&; tawG;orm;wOD;r[kwfcJh? ol hjyKpkcsufxnf;wGif/ jrefrm
jynfudk *smr%DESifhtDwvDwdk hudk pHerlemjyKI tm;aumif;aomA[dktpdk;&ESifh/ wygwDpHepfwdk h
udktxl;tav;xm;az:jyxm;cJhonf? Oya'jyKa&;/ w&m;pD&ifa&;Xmewdk@xuf tkyfcsKyfa&;Xme
 8

tm; tm%mydkrdktyfESif;ay;xm;&efESifh/ wdkif;jynfwGifwyfrawmf.tc%f;u¾Yvnf; *syef.

erlemvdkuf&ef wdk hudkygrdef@qdkxg;onf? (pm-157)

Tonfwdk hrSm/ tm;udk;&mrJhjAdwdo#vufatmuftzdEdSyfcHb0u 0ef&kd;wef;EdkifiHrsm;buf,drf;cJh

aomatmifqef;.EkpOfumvu pdwful;rsm;jzpfcJhonf[kqdk&rnfhwdkifatmif/ aemufxyf
ajcmufESpf t=um/ trsdK;om;acgif;aqmiftjzpfESifh 1947 wGifwdkif;jynfodk holajym}um;cJhaom/
rl0g'a&;&mrdef@cGef;rsm;Yvnf;EdkifiHawmf/ tpdk;&tzJGJ hponfwdk hESifhygwfoufIawmh/ tESpfom&
tm;jzifhododomomuGmjcm;r_r&Sdyg? (pm-157) pifppfjrefrmEdkifiHY ,ae@jzpfaeaom
tm;jydKifyGJ.yxrvuQ%mrSm ae&m(tm%m) twGuf ESpfbufpvHk;u vlxkudkudk,fhbufygvg
ap&ef tm;xkwfae}uaom/ xdyfoD;csif;AdkvfvkyGJom (elite struggle for the throne (power)
jzpfonf? TonfrSm/ yk*HacwfrSonf jrefrmhordkif;wav#mufvkH;&dScJhonfh tpOftvm±kd;&m
ykHpHwpfckom (a traditional pattern) jzpfonf? rif;nDrif;om;rsm;u vuf±Sd±Sifbk&ifudk
ta}umif;wckckjyI vlolpka0;umykHuef xD;eef;vk}uaomyHkpHrsdK;/ TyHkpHrsdK;udk
ukdvdkeDacwfwav#mufvHk; vGwfvyfa&;acwfwav#mufvHk;tjyif ,ae@acwfumvtxd/
±kd;&mrysufqdk&rvdk usifhokH;aejcif;omjzpf.? (pm-158)

'kwd,tm;jzifh/ jydKifyJGwGifyg0if=uaom Zmwfaumifrsm;.yk*d~Kvfa&;rsm;uvnf;/ ta&;}uD;

aomtc%f;rSyg0ifaeonf (Personal and Generational)? olwdk@tm;vHk;onf/ ynma&;/
tdrfaxmifa&;/ aqGrsdK;awmfpyfr_/ tvkyftudkif/ vlr_ygwf0ef;usifESifhwdkif;jynf.
ordkif;a}umif;t& wOD;ESifhwOD;umv±Snf}umpGmxdawG@qufqHcJh}ubl;aom/ ta}umif;odawG
tcsif;csif;awG jzpf}uonf? Oyrm uGefjrLepfacgif;aqmifoef;xGef;onf atmifqef;ESifh
r,m;nDtpfudkjzpfum/ ,ckta0;a&mufnGef@aygif;tpdk;&.acgif;aqmifrSm/ pk}unf. 0rf;uJGJ
tpfudkjzpfonf? wcguae0if;.vl,HkjzpfcJhum/ aemufydkif;wGifp=k unfESifh,m,D vufwGJcJhol/
atmif}uD;onf/ ae0if;/ OD;Ek/ atmifqef;wdk@ESifhtwlwl/ &efukefwuUodkvfwGif/
e,fcsJ@qef@usifa&;ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfcJhonf? wjcm;wzufwGifvnf;/ ,ckpk}unf
.EdkifiHa&;twGif;pnf;xJwGifa&mufae}uaom/ ouf}uD;ydkif;trsm;pkrSm/ wcsdefuatmifqef;.
aemufvdkuf/ ppfjyD;acwfbDtdkifatt&m±Sda[mif;rsm;aomf‚if; qdk±S,fvpfacwfu ae0if;.
aemufvdkufrsm;aomf‚if; jzpf}uonf? (pm-158)

wwd,tm;jzifh/ tpOftvmaus;Zl;cH/aus;Zl;pm;qufqHa&;pHepf (Patron-Client Structure)

onf/ ,ae hwdkifjrefrmjynfae hpOfvlr_a&;b0.tajccHtkyfjrpfjzpfaeao;onf? TpHepfonf/
ydkus,fjyef haom trsdK;om;pD;yGm;a&;/ EdkifiHa&;rsufESmpmrsm;odk hul;pufoGm;um/ ,ae hjrefrmh
EdkifiHa&;.tajccHyÉdyuQudkarG;xkwfay;onfh/ ppfwyfESifht&yfbuf/ jrdK hjyESifhaus;vufwdk h t
}um;wif;rmr_ (military-civilian, urban-rural tensions) rsm;pwif&m Zpfjrpfjzpfvmonf?
wcsdefwnf;rSmyif(urBmhordkif;.vdktifopfjzpfaom) trdef@ay;pD;yGm;a&;ESifh aps;uGufpD;yGm;a&;
(Command economy and market economy) wdk@.tm;jydKifr_uvnf; ykp>m.(jy\em.)
 9

tpdyftydkif;wpfck ( part of the equation/problem ) jzpfvmjyefonf? (pm-158)

Tt&mrsm;tm;vkH;udk “t,l0g'a&;&mjy\em (ideological issue) qdkonfjzifh tay:,H
rsufESmzHk;pGyfay;xg;onf? wzufaomtkyfpku'Drdkua&pDa&;udk a=uG;ausmfaeovdk/
tjcm;wzufuvnf; trsdK;om;a&; (EdkifiH) wnfwef@a&; (national survival) udka=uG;ausmf
aeonf? odk@aomfa=uG;ausmfoHawGufdk/ (wu,fh)EdkifiHa&;&nfrSef;csuftjzpfxuf/ vlpkonfh
wyfvSef@oH (Rallying Cry)tjzpfomydkI oHk;pGJae}uyHk&onf? ppfat;acwfumvtwGif;u/
ta±S@awmiftm±S&dStpdk;&rsm;u uGefjrLepf0g'udkwu,ftjyKwfwdkufa&;xuf/ rdrdwdk@tm%m
wnfjrJa&;twGuf/ uGefjrLepfqef@usifa&;a=uG;ausmfoHrsm;/ tqufrjywfxkwfcJh=uonfudk
jyefajymif;owd&p&myif? ed*Hk;csKyfqdk&v#if ,ae@jrefrmjynf.jy\emrSm tpOftvm
±dk;&mvrf;a[mif;twdkif; jzpfaom EdkifiHa&;xdyfoD;rsm;. yk*~dKvfa&;tm%mvkyGJxufrydkajc? ”
(pm- 159)

wu,fawmhvJusrf;jyKolordkif;q&majymovdkygbJ/ jrefrmjynfjy\em[m - tedrfhqHk;tm;

jzifh - jy\em&J@vuf&SdtqifhrSm - yk*d~Kvfa&;awG t"du[kwrf [kwfodedkifwJh tcsufwcsuf
udkyJ=unfhyguodEdkifonf? ,kH=unfr_wnfaqmufa&;uwqifh/ trsdK;om;jyef vnf&if}um;aph
a&;qdkwJha=uG;a}umfoHudk =unfh&ifodavmufygw,f? t,ltqa&;&mrSm EdkifiHa&;pHepfESpfck&Jh
wkdufyGJomtrSefjzpf&if/ uae@trsm;}um;ae}u&wJh olremudk,fremaphpyfjyD;/ tm%m
cGJa0um/ a0pm;r#pm;vkyfa&;ajz&Sif;enf;udk/ &J&Jwif;wif;ajAmif urf;vSr;f aezdk@&m rjzpfEdkifbl;?
odk@jzpf&um; “,ae@jrefrmjynf&dSEdkifiHa&;yËdyuQonf trsm;=um;aezwfae}u&ovdk 'Drdkua&pD
ESifh tm%m&SifpHepfwdk@t}um;wdkufyJGqdkwmxuf/ ydkrdk&_yfaxG;axGjym;aom/ ordkif;a}umif;/
yk*d~Kvfa&;/ rsdK;quftopfESifhta[mif;/ *dk%f;*%/ taqmufttHk/ a&;&mwdkufyGJrsm;
(historical, personal cum generational, institutional) jzpfum/
taemufwdkif;owif;Xmersm;ESifh ppftpdk;&udkqef@usifaeolrsm;u t"duxm;ajymae}u onfh
t,ltqa&;&m ('Drdkua&pDa&; - ideological factor, democracy) qdkwmawGonf
jynfwGif;u jrefrmvlxk.vufawG@b0wGif ta&;r}uD;qHk;udpPwpfckjzpfaeonf?” (pm-158)

tqHk;rSmawmh &ifarmbG,f&m 'D acwfa[mif;-acwfopf (txl;ojzifhacwfopf) '¾m&Drsm;udk

az:xkwf&mrSm/ usrf;jyKolordkif;q&med*Hk;csKyfvdkufyHkuawmh/ TESpfOD;ESpfzufwdk@. tm;usrcH
vkyfZmwfcif;r_rsm;onf rsufarSmufacwfjrefrmhordkif;udkyHkyrf;ysufapygonf? odk@yifjzpf
jim;aomfvnf;/ '¾m&Dudkordkif;a}umif;trSefrS cGJxkwf&ef}udK;pm;&if;/ jy\em.
bufESpfbufvHk;udktjypfqdkaeol ordkif;okawoDomv#if/ bufESpfbuf=um;tvnfwGif
xD;xD;usef&pfcg jydKifyGJuawmhol@enf;ESifhol bufnDonfhyGJ (Fair Game) jzpfaeonf[kom
jzpfygawmhonf?

pmtkyfa0befol jrifha&$ (uae'g)